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A [[shootdown]] of a Russian [[Sukhoi Su-24#Variants|Sukhoi Su-24M]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.ibtimes.com/what-fencer-su-24-what-know-about-russian-plane-shot-down-turkey-2197848|title=What Is A Fencer Su-24? What To Know About The Russian Plane Shot Down By Turkey|work=International Business Times|author= Lydia Tomkiw| date=24 November 2015| accessdate =24 November 2015}}</ref> bomber aircraft by [[Turkish Air Force]] [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16 fighter jet]] occurred near the [[Syria–Turkey border]] on 24 November 2015.<ref name=TurkishGeneralStaffPressRelease>{{cite web | last=Press release | title = Hava sahası İletim | url = http://www.tsk.tr/3_basin_yayin_faaliyetleri/3_1_basin_aciklamalari/2015/ba_97.html | language = Turkish | trans-title = Transmission of Airspace | work = [[General Staff of the Republic of Turkey#Chief of the General Staff|Turkish Armed Forces Chief of Staff]] | date = 24 November 2015 | accessdate = 24 November 2015}}</ref> According to Turkey, the aircraft was fired upon while in Turkish [[airspace]] because it violated the border up to a depth of {{convert|1.36|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} for about 17 seconds after being warned to change its heading 10 times over a period of five minutes.<ref name=unscstatement/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://live.aljazeera.com/Event/Turkey_downs_Russian_jet/207502662|title=Turkey downs Russian jet|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=24 November 2015|accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref> The Turkish government also said that it did not know the nationality of the aircraft at the time of the incident.<ref name=unscstatement/><ref name=BBC/> The [[Russia Defence Ministry]] denied the aircraft ever left Syrian airspace, counter-claiming that their satellite data showed that the Sukhoi was about {{convert|1000|m|yd}} inside Syrian airspace when it was shot down.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sputniknews.com/military/20151124/1030695406/mod-su-24-flight-path.html|title=Russian Defense Ministry Video Proves Su-24 Never Entered Turkish Airspace|author=Sputnik|date=24 November 2015|publisher=sputniknews.com|accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref> An anonymous U.S. defense official said the aircraft was shot down in Syrian airspace<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/11/25/us-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-impact-idUSKBN0TE04M20151125#b4s3MWqL4TD5QR2k.97|title=Russian jet hit inside Syria after incursion into Turkey: U.S. official|agency=Reuters|accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref> after being in Turkish airspace for two to three seconds, although a U.S. military spokesperson in Iraq, Col. Steve Warren confirmed that warning was given to the Russian aircraft prior to engagement.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/turkey-shoots-down-russian-warplane-near-border-syria-n468671|title=Turkey Shoots Down Russian Warplane Near Border With Syria|publisher=NBC News|accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref>
A [[shootdown]] of a Russian [[Sukhoi Su-24#Variants|Sukhoi Su-24M]]<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.ibtimes.com/what-fencer-su-24-what-know-about-russian-plane-shot-down-turkey-2197848|title=What Is A Fencer Su-24? What To Know About The Russian Plane Shot Down By Turkey|work=International Business Times|author= Lydia Tomkiw| date=24 November 2015| accessdate =24 November 2015}}</ref> bomber aircraft by [[Turkish Air Force]] [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16 fighter jet]] occurred near the [[Syria–Turkey border]] on 24 November 2015.<ref name=TurkishGeneralStaffPressRelease>{{cite web | last=Press release | title = Hava sahası İletim | url = http://www.tsk.tr/3_basin_yayin_faaliyetleri/3_1_basin_aciklamalari/2015/ba_97.html | language = Turkish | trans-title = Transmission of Airspace | work = [[General Staff of the Republic of Turkey#Chief of the General Staff|Turkish Armed Forces Chief of Staff]] | date = 24 November 2015 | accessdate = 24 November 2015}}</ref> According to Turkey, the aircraft was fired upon while in Turkish [[airspace]] because it violated the border up to a depth of {{convert|1.36|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} for about 17 seconds after being warned to change its heading 10 times over a period of five minutes.<ref name=unscstatement/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://live.aljazeera.com/Event/Turkey_downs_Russian_jet/207502662|title=Turkey downs Russian jet|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=24 November 2015|accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref> The Turkish government also said that it did not know the nationality of the aircraft at the time of the incident.<ref name=unscstatement/><ref name=BBC/> The [[Russia Defence Ministry]] denied the aircraft ever left Syrian airspace, counter-claiming that their satellite data showed that the Sukhoi was about {{convert|1000|m|yd}} inside Syrian airspace when it was shot down.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sputniknews.com/military/20151124/1030695406/mod-su-24-flight-path.html|title=Russian Defense Ministry Video Proves Su-24 Never Entered Turkish Airspace|author=Sputnik|date=24 November 2015|publisher=sputniknews.com|accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref> An anonymous U.S. defense official said the aircraft was shot down in Syrian airspace<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/11/25/us-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-impact-idUSKBN0TE04M20151125#b4s3MWqL4TD5QR2k.97|title=Russian jet hit inside Syria after incursion into Turkey: U.S. official|agency=Reuters|accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref> after being in Turkish airspace for two to three seconds, although the U.S. military spokesperson in Iraq, Col. Steve Warren, confirmed that warning was given to the Russian aircraft prior to engagement.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/turkey-shoots-down-russian-warplane-near-border-syria-n468671|title=Turkey Shoots Down Russian Warplane Near Border With Syria|publisher=NBC News|accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref>


The Russian pilot and [[weapon systems officer]] both ejected from the aircraft; the latter was rescued,<ref name="weapon"/> while the former was shot and killed in mid-air in his parachute by [[Syrian Turkmen]] rebels.<ref name="National Post">{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/news/turkey-blasts-russian-warplane-out-of-the-sky-says-jet-violated-its-airspace-pilots-fate-unclear|title=Syrian rebels fired on parachuting Russian pilots, killing at least one after Turkey shot down warplane: official|newspaper=[[National Post]]|date=25 November 2015|accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref> A Russian [[Naval Infantry (Russia)|naval infantryman]] from the search-and-rescue team launched to retrieve the two airmen was also killed when a rescue helicopter was shot down by the rebels.<ref name="National Post"/> The shootdown was the first destruction of a [[Russian Air Force|Russian]] or [[Soviet Air Forces]] warplane by a [[NATO]] member state since the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html|title=Turkey downing that Russian fighter jet is terrible news for the war on ISIS.|author=|date=|work=Slate Magazine|accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maxim.com/maxim-man/article/turkey-russia-warplane-ISIS-2015-11|title=A NATO Country Just Shot Down a Russian Warplane for the First Time Since the Cold War|work=Maxim}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html|title=Turkey downing that Russian fighter jet is terrible news for the war on ISIS.|work=Slate|accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref> Reactions to the incident included harsh rhetoric from Russia and an attempt to temper the situation by NATO afterwards. Russia has deployed the guided missile cruiser [[Russian cruiser Moskva|''Moskva'']] armed with [[S-300_(missile)#Sea-based_S-300F_.28SA-N-6.29|S-300F (SA-N-6 Grumble)]] long-range [[surface-to-air missile|SAM missile]]s positioned off [[Latakia]], off the Syrian coast<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/russia-deploys-missile-cruiser-in-mediterranean-to-destroy-any-target-after-plane-shot-down-by-a6747721.html|title=Russia deploys warship to Mediterranean to destroy 'any target' after plane shot down by Turkey|author=Victoria Richards|date=25 November 2015|work=The Independent|accessdate=27 November 2015}}</ref> and [[S-400 (missile)|S-400 (SA-21 Growler)]] mobile SAM systems to [[Khmeimim Air Base]].
The Russian pilot and [[weapon systems officer]] both ejected from the aircraft; the latter was rescued,<ref name="weapon"/> while the former was shot and killed in mid-air in his parachute by [[Syrian Turkmen]] rebels.<ref name="National Post">{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/news/turkey-blasts-russian-warplane-out-of-the-sky-says-jet-violated-its-airspace-pilots-fate-unclear|title=Syrian rebels fired on parachuting Russian pilots, killing at least one after Turkey shot down warplane: official|newspaper=[[National Post]]|date=25 November 2015|accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref> A Russian [[Naval Infantry (Russia)|naval infantryman]] from the search-and-rescue team launched to retrieve the two airmen was also killed when a rescue helicopter was shot down by the rebels.<ref name="National Post"/> The shootdown was the first destruction of a [[Russian Air Force|Russian]] or [[Soviet Air Forces]] warplane by a [[NATO]] member state since the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html|title=Turkey downing that Russian fighter jet is terrible news for the war on ISIS.|author=|date=|work=Slate Magazine|accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maxim.com/maxim-man/article/turkey-russia-warplane-ISIS-2015-11|title=A NATO Country Just Shot Down a Russian Warplane for the First Time Since the Cold War|work=Maxim}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/11/24/turkey_downing_that_russian_fighter_jet_is_terrible_news_for_the_war_on.html|title=Turkey downing that Russian fighter jet is terrible news for the war on ISIS.|work=Slate|accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref> Reactions to the incident included harsh rhetoric from Russia and an attempt to temper the situation by NATO afterwards. Russia has deployed the guided missile cruiser [[Russian cruiser Moskva|''Moskva'']] armed with [[S-300_(missile)#Sea-based_S-300F_.28SA-N-6.29|S-300F (SA-N-6 Grumble)]] long-range [[surface-to-air missile|SAM missile]]s positioned off [[Latakia]], off the Syrian coast<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/russia-deploys-missile-cruiser-in-mediterranean-to-destroy-any-target-after-plane-shot-down-by-a6747721.html|title=Russia deploys warship to Mediterranean to destroy 'any target' after plane shot down by Turkey|author=Victoria Richards|date=25 November 2015|work=The Independent|accessdate=27 November 2015}}</ref> and [[S-400 (missile)|S-400 (SA-21 Growler)]] mobile SAM systems to [[Khmeimim Air Base]].

Revision as of 07:18, 29 November 2015

2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown
A Russian Sukhoi Su-24M at Khmeimim Air Base (17 days before shootdown)
Shootdown
Date24 November 2015
SummaryShootdown by Turkish Air Force F-16 fighter jet
Killings by Syrian Turkmen rebels
Shootdown of a rescue helicopter by Turkmens
SiteSyria–Turkey border
Aircraft
Aircraft type1 Sukhoi Su-24M
1 CSAR helicopter (during rescue operation)
OperatorRussian Air Force
Crew2 + CSAR helicopter with unknown crew
Fatalities1 pilot, 1 marine (during rescue operation)
Survivors1 weapon systems officer[1]

A shootdown of a Russian Sukhoi Su-24M[2] bomber aircraft by Turkish Air Force F-16 fighter jet occurred near the Syria–Turkey border on 24 November 2015.[3] According to Turkey, the aircraft was fired upon while in Turkish airspace because it violated the border up to a depth of 2.19 kilometres (1.36 miles) for about 17 seconds after being warned to change its heading 10 times over a period of five minutes.[4][5] The Turkish government also said that it did not know the nationality of the aircraft at the time of the incident.[4][6] The Russia Defence Ministry denied the aircraft ever left Syrian airspace, counter-claiming that their satellite data showed that the Sukhoi was about 1,000 metres (1,100 yd) inside Syrian airspace when it was shot down.[7] An anonymous U.S. defense official said the aircraft was shot down in Syrian airspace[8] after being in Turkish airspace for two to three seconds, although the U.S. military spokesperson in Iraq, Col. Steve Warren, confirmed that warning was given to the Russian aircraft prior to engagement.[9]

The Russian pilot and weapon systems officer both ejected from the aircraft; the latter was rescued,[1] while the former was shot and killed in mid-air in his parachute by Syrian Turkmen rebels.[10] A Russian naval infantryman from the search-and-rescue team launched to retrieve the two airmen was also killed when a rescue helicopter was shot down by the rebels.[10] The shootdown was the first destruction of a Russian or Soviet Air Forces warplane by a NATO member state since the 1950s.[11][12][13] Reactions to the incident included harsh rhetoric from Russia and an attempt to temper the situation by NATO afterwards. Russia has deployed the guided missile cruiser Moskva armed with S-300F (SA-N-6 Grumble) long-range SAM missiles positioned off Latakia, off the Syrian coast[14] and S-400 (SA-21 Growler) mobile SAM systems to Khmeimim Air Base.

Background

Further information: Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War and Spillover of the Syrian Civil War

After the 2012 shooting down of a Turkish jet by Syrian forces, Turkey changed its rules of engagement and, according to the new rules, it would consider all "military elements" approaching from Syria an enemy threat and would act accordingly.[15][16] Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan then said "a short-term border violation can never be a pretext for an attack".[17][18]

Russia is one of several countries directly involved in the Syrian conflict. On 30 September 2015, Russia began its air campaign against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and other anti-government forces.

In early October, Turkey and NATO protested against what they saw as Russia's deliberate violations of Turkish airspace.[19][a] The Russian Defence Ministry admitted that a Russian Su-30 aircraft had entered Turkish airspace "for a few seconds" because of bad weather, adding that measures had been taken to prevent a repeat of such incidents.[26][27] From 3–15 October, five discussions between senior ranking officials from Turkey and Russia occurred, concerning Turkish rules of engagement and Russian violations of Turkish airspace.[28] On 19 November, Russian Ambassador to Turkey Andrei Karlov and the Russian military attaché Colonel Andrei Victorovich Dovger were summoned by Turkey.[29] Russia, who was criticised by Turkey for having conducting operations near the Turkish border, a region inhabited by Syrian Turkmen and largely free of ISIL or other like-minded groups, was notified that Turkey's rules of engagement were in place and it would react to any violations of its border security. Russia was also warned Turkey would not be indifferent to "attacks targeting the life security of Turkmen" in the Bayırbucak area.[30][31] The preceding week Turkey had called for the U.N. Security Council to discuss attacks against Turkmens.[32] Approximately 1,700 people had fled the area within the prior three days due to battles between Syrian government forces and anti-government groups.[32] Russia has bombed the area near the Turkish border to support the Syrian government's forces.[32]

Shootdown

Different flight paths and crash sites according to Turkish and Russian sources. The narrow strip of Turkish territory crossed by the flight path as drawn by Turkish sources corresponds to Topraktutan (Beysun), an abandoned village in Yayladağı district containing the southernmost point of Turkey.
File:2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown Turkey claim.jpg
Map released by the Turkish Armed Forces. The cyan line is the border between Turkey and Syria and the red line crossing the border is Turkey's claim of the Su-24 flight path.
Initial map released by the Russian Ministry of Defence. The red line represents what Russia claims was the Su-24M's flight path, while the blue line is the Turkish F-16 flight path. Dashed white lines represent the border.[33]
Second Map released by the Russian Ministry of Defence. The now different red line represents what Russia claims was the Su-24M's flight path, while the blue line is the Turkish F-16 flight path.

On 24 November 2015 at 9:24 am, a Russian Sukhoi Su-24 attack aircraft was shot down near the Syrian-Turkey border by two patrolling Turkish Air Force F-16 fighter jets as it was returning to the Khmeimim Air Base.[34][35] The Economist mentioned that the two Su-24s were believed to have been on their way to strike Syrian Turkmen targets.[31] The Syrian government forces supported by the Shiite militias and the Russian air force were fighting against the Syrian Turkmen brigades, Army of Conquest and al-Nusra Front fighters.[36]

Early reports from multiple Russian news agencies citing the Russian Defence Ministry, indicated that the aircraft had been downed by a ground-based strike from Syrian Turkmen rebels,[37] but the MoD later confirmed the Turkish reports that the aircraft had been downed by Turkish fighter jets. CNN Türk reported that the Turkish military had released a graphic of the Russian aircraft's flight pattern, which shows it crossing the southern tip of Hatay Province before being shot down and crashing near Turkmen Mountain.[38]

According to Turkey's statement to the UN Security Council, two aircraft, whose nationalities were unknown at the time, violated Turkish airspace up to a depth of 2.19 km (1.36 mi) for about 17 seconds.[4][39] According to Turkish officials, the aircraft were given 10 warnings within the span of 5 minutes to change their course.[38] The Russians claim there were no warnings. An analyst has noted that while Turkey has claimed that radio warnings were issued on a dedicated mutually agreed radio channel and the international Guard (emergency) channel (243.0/121.5 MHz), the Su-24M is not able to monitor this channel without optional radio equipment, which may or may not have been installed.[40][41] According to Turkey however, one aircraft left Turkish national airspace after violating it and the other aircraft was subsequently fired upon by Turkish F-16s patrolling the area and crashed into Syrian territory after being hit while in Turkish airspace.[4] Based on its heat signature, an anonymous American official stated that the jet was hit in Syrian airspace after a short incursion into Turkey,[42] but did not reference its location when it was fired upon.

According to the Russian Defense Ministry, the Su-24 was downed at an altitude of 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) within one kilometre of the Turkish border and in Syrian airspace, while returning to the Khmeimim Air Base in Syria.[35] Russia has steadfastly maintained that "throughout its flight, the aircraft remained exclusively above Syrian territory."[34] The Russian Defence Ministry confirmed the aircraft was a Su-24 but said that it had proof the jet was within Syrian airspace.[38] In addition, according to the commander-in-chief of the Russian Aerospace Forces, Viktor Bondarev, Turkey’s F-16 fighter within Syria’s airspace for 40 seconds and went 2 kilometers inside Syrian territory, while the Russian bomber did not violate the Turkish state border.[43]

According to the surviving Su-24 navigator, Captain Konstantin Murakhtin, neither of the pilots in the two Turkish F-16 jets gave them any warning before engaging. He said "it's impossible that we violated their airspace even for a second...We were flying at an altitude of 6,000 metres in completely clear weather and I had total control of our flight path throughout."[44][45]

Casualties

Both pilots ejected after the aircraft was hit.[38] It was reported that one of the pilots was captured by Turkmen Syrian opposition fighters in Syria. The fighters who were videotaping the pilot's body shouted things such as "Allah Akbar"[46] and that the pilot should have been burned when captured[47][failed verification] and a video allegedly showing his body was circulated.[48] Initially, the deputy commander of a Turkmen rebel brigade in Syria, later identified as Alparslan Çelik, a Turkish citizen and Grey Wolves member,[49] claimed his forces shot dead the two pilots as they descended with parachutes,[50] while a Turkish official believed that both were alive.[51] Later, Russia's military general staff spokesman Lt. Gen. Sergei Rudskoi confirmed that one pilot, Lieutenant Colonel Oleg Anatolyevich Peshkov, was killed by groundfire,[52][53] while the other pilot, who was the navigator, was rescued.[54][1]

The shooting of an ejecting aircraft pilot is in contravention of the Geneva Convention's Article 42, which states: "No person parachuting from an aircraft in distress shall be made the object of attack during his descent."[55] RT journalist Roman Kosarev, who himself was under attack on the same day in Latakia, was the first to interview the rescued pilot.[56]

The pilot of Su-24, Oleg Peshkov, 45, was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation, while the surviving weapon systems officer, Konstantin Murakhtin, and the killed rescuer, Alexander Pozynych, received the Order of Courage.[57]

Search and rescue

Main article: Special forces operation to rescue Russian pilot (November 2015)

The Turkish state-owned Anadolu Agency showed the initial video footage of the aircraft crashing and the two pilots parachuting down. Russian helicopters reportedly conducted low-altitude combat search and rescue flights in the area to look for the pilot.[46] Two Mil Mi-8 helicopters were sent on the mission to find and recover the pilots from the crash site. One of these helicopters was damaged by the small-arms fire of Syrian Turkmen Brigade militants, resulting in the death of a naval infantryman, and was forced to make an emergency landing.[58][59] The rescue was conducted in cooperation with Hezbollah and Syrian Arab Army special operations units.[60] The Free Syrian Army's First Coastal Brigade claimed that they subsequently destroyed the abandoned helicopter using a U.S.-made BGM-71 TOW missile.[61]

Aftermath

On 25 November, the foreign ministers of Russia and Turkey spoke for an hour by telephone, and both governments stated that day that they would not initiate a war as a result of the shootdown incident. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov told journalists that his country would "seriously reevaluate" its relationship with Turkey, however.[62][63][64] The Russian Defence Ministry broke off military contacts with the Turkish Armed Forces and Russian defence officials said that future airstrikes in Syria would see fighters escorting Russian bombers.[65] According to the Russian Minister of Defense Sergey Shoygu, Russia will deploy S-400 surface-to-air missile systems to Khmeimim Air Base in Syria, where the Russian Aerospace Forces group is stationed.[66][67]

Russia also started bombarding rebels – including Turkmen insurgents – in Latakia, ignoring demands made by Turkey over the past week to end its military operations close to the Turkish border.[68] A Turkmen commander said missiles fired from Russian warships in the Mediterranean were also hitting the area.[69] Russian Defence Ministry Spokesman Igor Konashenkov said that "the moment our pilot was in safety the area was heavily bombed by the Russian Air Force and shelled by Syrian government forces rocket artillery" and as a result "the mysterious groups [responsible]" were killed in the assault.[70] A Turkish supply convoy, reportedly carrying small arms, machineguns and ammunition, was bombed by what is believed to have been Russian airstrikes in the northwestern town of Azaz, in north-western Syria. Claimed as an aid convoy by the Turks, no organization has as yet confirmed that the convoy belonged to them. At least seven people died and ten people were injured as around 20 trucks went up in flames.[71] Turkish state-run Anadolu Agency accused Russia of supporting the Kurdish YPG, PYD and Syrian Democratic Forces.[72]

On 26 November, Russia deployed the guided missile cruiser Moskva armed with S-300F (SA-N-6 Grumble) long-range SAM missiles positioned off Latakia, off the Syrian coast[73] and S-400 (SA-21 Growler) mobile SAM systems to Khmeimim Air Base.[74] The Russian military warned it would shoot down any aerial target that would pose a potential threat to its planes.[75]

On 26 November, the Russian Ministry of Defense has broken off contact with the Turkish military. All existing channels of communication between the two sides have been shut down, the ministry said.[76]

On 27. November, Russia announced that it had also suspended its participation in joint Black Sea naval drills indefinitely. The Russian navy's envoy in charge of coordinating the actions of Russia’s Black Sea Fleet with the Turkish navy has reportedly been recalled.[77]

On 27 November, Russian Foreign minister Sergey Lavrov announced that Moscow will halt the existing visa-free regime starting on January 1, saying that Turkey has become a conduit for terrorists and has been reluctant to share information with Moscow about Russian citizens accused of involvement in terrorist activities.[78]

On 28 November, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree imposing a raft of punitive economic sanctions against Turkey. The decree, which will be entered into force immediately, said charter flights from Russia to Turkey would be banned, that tour firms would be told not to sell any holidays there, and that unspecified Turkish imports would be outlawed, and Turkish firms and nationals have their economic activities halted or curbed.[79]

Reactions

Involved parties

The MICEX and RTS Index and Borsa Istanbul fell over 1%, while the Turkish lira also dropped following news of the shootdown.[80]

  •  Russia: A few hours following the incident, Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke from Sochi, where he was meeting with King Abdullah II of Jordan,[81] warning of a "stab in the back by terrorist accomplices,"[38][82] that Russia would not put up with attacks like this one[32] and that Russia–Turkey relations would be affected. Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov was due to visit Turkey the next day to discuss, while Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was due to visit Russia later in the year.[83][84] Lavrov canceled his trip after the incident.[65] Lieutenant General Sergey Rudskoy said that forces threatening Russia would be targeted.[85] Protesters pelted the Turkish embassy in Russia with eggs before police cleared the area.[86] On 26 November, Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev announced that Russia would draft broad economic sanctions against Turkey that would affect their joint investment projects,[87] including the possible shelving of a multibillion-dollar deal to build Turkish Stream gas pipeline through Turkey.[88] Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov said that Turkey would regret its actions.[89] Russian President Putin accused Turkey of helping Islamic State in the illegal oil trade, saying that funds from the sale of oil were used to support terrorists.[90] A bill penalizing denial of the Armenian Genocide has been introduced in the Russian State Duma.[91]
  •  Syria: Syrian Information Minister Omran al-Zoubi said the shooting would be added to the criminal record of insurgent groups fighting in the country and of those countries that were financing and arming them; he mentioned Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Qatar as the strongest such backers.[92]
  •  Turkey: Erdogan warned everyone that Turkey had the right to defend its airspace. He said worse incidents have not taken place in the past because of Turkey's restraint. He also stressed that Turkey's actions were fully in line with the new rules of engagement adopted after Syria shot down a Turkish jet in 2012.[6] Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu offered condolences and said the Turkish pilots did not know it was a Russian plane.[93] Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu defended the action saying Turkey has the right to defend itself against border violations, but that it did not amount to an aggression against any foreign territory and the country called for NATO to hold an extraordinary meeting later in the day.[94] He further called for working towards solving the crisis in Syria.[92] Davutoğlu also said that attacks on Turkmen could not be legitimised under the justification of attacking ISIL.[62] Writing on Twitter, Turkey's Ambassador to the United States, Serdar Kilic, asked that Turkey's warnings "should be taken seriously".[95] Davutoglu said Turkey would cooperate but did not offer an apology.[96] Dozens of protesters were reported outside the Russian consulate in Istanbul demonstrating against Russian military operations in the Turkmen-populated areas of Syria.[92] On 28 November 2015, Turkish President Erdogan expressed regret over the aircraft downing, saying his country was "truly saddened" by the incident and "We wish it hadn’t happened as such, but unfortunately such a thing has happened. I hope that something like this doesn't occur again".[97] Despite Erdogan's statement of regret, Russian President Putin formally issued a decree within hours of Turkey's statement which placed a ban on trade of some goods, forbade extensions of labor contracts for Turks working in Russia as of 1 January 2016, ended chartered flights from Russia to Turkey, disallowed Russian tourism companies from selling vacation packages that would include a stay in Turkey, and called for ending visa-free travel between Russia and Turkey, while ordering tighter control over Turkish air carriers in Russia “for security reasons”, according to The New York Times.[98]

Others

Broader European stock markets also fell as a result of the shooting.[99]

  •  European Union: President of the European Council Donald Tusk called upon Turkey and Russia to stay calm; he was supported by the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs Federica Mogherini, following her meeting with Secretary General of NATO Jens Stoltenberg, who urged both parties to avoid escalation.[100][101]
  •  Armenia: Defense Minister Seyran Ohanian said it was a blow to efforts to fight terrorism .[102]
  •  Cyprus: The office of President Nicos Anastasiades stated that the shootdown would undermine efforts to fight terrorism.[103]
  •  Czech Republic: President Miloš Zeman said Turkey’s attack fuels previously-raised suspicions that it is supporting such non-state groups in Syria,[104] while Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka and Foreign Minister Lubomír Zaorálek called for better co-ordination among those fighting in the region.[92]
  •  France: President François Hollande called the plane incident "a serious one" and said that Turkey is providing information to NATO to investigate the circumstances. He also called for the prevention of any escalation of the situation.[95]
  •  Georgia: Defense minister Tinatin Khidasheli has said that Turkey has every right to respond to airspace violations by Russia. Furthermore, she said that Russia had deliberately violated the airspace of NATO and EU member states in recent months, despite repeated warnings. Also, she noted that Turkey is an important and respected partner and player in today's world.[105]
  •  Germany: Chancellor Angela Merkel said that while countries have the right to defend their airspace, the event took place against a context of tension, and that she had spoken to the Turkish prime minister in an effort to promote calm.[106] German Vice-Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel called Turkish actions unpredictable.[107] Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier called for "prudence and common sense" in response to the incident and that Syria peace talks in Vienna should not be derailed.[108]
  •  Greece: Popular Unity leader Panagiotis Lafazanis was refused permission by police to deliver a speech directed to Erdogan, stating that the international community was disturbed by the event.[109]
  •  Iran: President Hassan Rouhani said that Russia and Turkey should discuss with a view to avoiding further such incidents.[110] Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif added that the recent escalation of tensions between Russia and Turkey could be settled through mutual discretion and prudence.[111] General Yahya Rahim Safavi, a revolutionary guards adviser to the Ayatollah Ali Khameini, said that the shooting was a "tactical mistake."[112]
  •  Israel: An Israeli military official stated that Israel would not shoot down any Russian aircraft which overflew Israeli territory.[113]
  •  Latvia: Minister of Defence Raimonds Bergmanis told LNT television that NATO allies are united with Turkey, who had the right to protect its airspace. He added that there is much evidence regarding breaches of Turkish airspace carried out by Russian military aircraft.[114]
  •  Lithuania: Foreign Minister Linas Linkevicius supported Turkey's right to defend itself.[115]
  •  Pakistan: A few days later, the Foreign Office expressed concerns about the ongoing tensions between Turkey and Russia and recommended that the two countries should negotiate.[116]
  •  Serbia: President Tomislav Nikolić said that the incident was the fault of Turkey and that Turkey often violated Greek and Syrian airspace itself and that now "one can hardly expect aid from Turkey in the fight against terrorism,".[117]
  •  Ukraine: National Security and Defence Council Secretary Oleksandr Turchynov said that the Turkish Air Force acted professionally as any civilised country should operate when its sovereign space is violated by another state's warplane. He added that Ukraine should shoot down Russian jets if they violate Ukraine's airspace too.[118][119]
  •  United Kingdom: British Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond said the incident was potentially serious but also said that Turkey was an important ally of the United Kingdom and European Union. When asked by British opposition Labour MP Dennis Skinner whether Turkey could still be considered an ally, Hammond said that Turkey is an important NATO ally in the context of the fight against ISIL and the migration crisis.[120][121]
  •  United States: President Barack Obama assured his Turkish counterpart, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, in a phone call, of support for his country's right to defend its sovereignty and that it was important to find out exactly what had happened and to take measures to "discourage any kind of escalation".[65] Department of State Spokesperson Mark Toner stated that if "[Syrian] Turkmen are being attacked by these Russian strikes, they have every right to defend themselves."[122]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ On 15 October, Turkish jets shot down a drone operating in Turkish airspace.[20][21][22][23][24] United States defense officials said that the drone was Russian, however, Russian defense officials on their Facebook page stated that none of their aircraft were shot down.[20][21][22][23][24] On 17 October, Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu said Turkey would shoot down any aircraft violating its air space.[25]

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