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'''Willard Anthony Watts''' (born 1958) is a former [[broadcast meteorologist]] from the [[USA]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-17048991 |title=Openness: A Heartland-warming tale |newspaper=BBC News |author=Black, Richard |date=15 February 2012}}</ref> president of ''IntelliWeather Inc'',<ref name=intelliweather /> and founder of the ''Surface Stations project'', a volunteer initiative to document the siting and maintenance of U.S. [[weather station]]s.<ref name=hockey /> He operates ''[[Watts Up With That?]]'', a weather and [[climate change]]<ref name=oxfordhandbook /><ref name="Springer Science & Business Media" /> [[blog]] that focuses on the [[global warming controversy]] and his opinion that the [[Scientific opinion on climate change|human role in global warming]] is insignificant.
'''Willard Anthony Watts''' (born 1958) is a former [[broadcast meteorologist]] from the [[USA]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-17048991 |title=Openness: A Heartland-warming tale |newspaper=BBC News |author=Black, Richard |date=15 February 2012}}</ref> president of ''IntelliWeather Inc'',<ref name=intelliweather /> and founder of the ''Surface Stations project'', a volunteer initiative to document the siting and maintenance of U.S. [[weather station]]s.<ref name=hockey /> He operates ''[[Watts Up With That?]]'', a weather and [[climate change]]<ref name=oxfordhandbook /><ref name="Springer Science & Business Media" /> [[blog]] that focuses on the [[global warming controversy]] and his opinion that the [[Scientific opinion on climate change|human role in global warming]] is insignificant. It is described by [[climatologist]] [[Michael E. Mann]] in ''[[The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars]]'' as having "overtaken ''[[Climate Audit]]'' as the leading [[climate change denial]] blog".<ref name=hockey />


==Education and career==
==Education and career==

Revision as of 12:54, 30 May 2015

For other people called Anthony Watts, see Anthony Watts.
Willard Anthony Watts
Anthony Watts speaking in Gold Coast, Australia, June 2010
Born1958 (age 65–66)[1]
NationalityAmerican
Alma materPurdue University(no degree earned)
Occupation(s)Blogger
business owner
former broadcast meteorologist
Years active1974-present[2]
Known forViewpoints on climate change

Willard Anthony Watts (born 1958) is a former broadcast meteorologist from the USA,[3] president of IntelliWeather Inc,[4] and founder of the Surface Stations project, a volunteer initiative to document the siting and maintenance of U.S. weather stations.[5] He operates Watts Up With That?, a weather and climate change[6][7] blog that focuses on the global warming controversy and his opinion that the human role in global warming is insignificant. It is described by climatologist Michael E. Mann in The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars as having "overtaken Climate Audit as the leading climate change denial blog".[5]

Education and career

Watts attended classes at Purdue University, but did not graduate and has stated that he does not hold a degree in climatology.[8][9] He started his broadcast career by assisting with the setup of a radio program for his high school in Indiana. [2] In 1978, Watts became an on-air meteorologist for WLFI-TV in Lafayette, Indiana.[10]

He joined KHSL-TV, a CBS affiliate based in Chico, California in 1987.[10] He stopped using his first name "Willard" to avoid confusion with NBC's The Today Show weatherman Willard Scott.[10] Watts temporarily resigned from KHSL in 2001, but was able to negotiate more personal time to devote to his private business, ITWorks.[11] Then in 2002 he left KHSL to focus on ITWorks full time.[12] Watts has been the chief meteorologist for KPAY-AM, a Fox News affiliate based in Chico, California since 2002,[9][13][14] and the director and president of IntelliWeather Inc. since 2000.[4]

Watts was a member of the Chico, California school board from 2002 to 2006.[15][16][17] In 2006, he was briefly a candidate for county supervisor, to represent Chico on the Butte County Board of Supervisors, but withdrew his candidacy due to family and workload concerns.[18] In 2010, Watts went on a speaking tour to 18 locations around Australia.[19]

Climate change opinion and activities

Watts rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.[20][5][6][7] He believes that global warming is occurring, but that it is not as bad as has been reported, and that carbon dioxide plays a much smaller part than the sun in causing climatic change.[21][22][23] Watts claims that variations in solar irradiance, the Sun's magnetic field and solar wind are driving changes to the climate.[21] The scientific consensus is that the primary cause of climate change is an increase in greenhouse gasses, including carbon dioxide.[24][25][26][27] Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent warming,[28] and data collected on solar irradiance[29] and ozone depletion,[30] as well as comparisons of temperature readings at different levels of the atmosphere[31] have shown that the sun is not a significant factor driving climate change.

Watts is a signatory to Manhattan Declaration, which calls for the immediate halt to any tax funded attempts to counteract climate change or reduce CO2 emissions, and suggests the consensus among climate scientists is "false".[32] Watts says he advocates for alternative energy sources and for the United States to "disengaged from Middle East Oil."[33][34]

Climate change blogging

Main article: Watts Up With That?

Watts established Watts Up With That? (WUWT) in 2006. The blog is focused on the global warming controversy, and hosts material suggesting that the human role in global warming is insignificant.[34][35][36][37][38][39] It was described by climatologist Michael E. Mann in The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars as "the leading climate change denial blog,"[a] having surpassed Climate Audit in popularity. In 2010, British journalist Fred Pearce called WUWT "a soapbox for the largely sceptical news and views" of Watts, and "perhaps the most visited climate website in the world."[34] Columbia Journalism School writer Curtis Brainard has written that "scientists have repeatedly criticized [Watts] for misleading readers on subjects such as the reliability of the U.S. surface temperature record."[41]

Between 2008 and 2013, WUWT won internet voting-based awards for "best science blog" and "best blog" from the Bloggies and the conservative Wizbang Weblog Awards.[42][43] In 2013, Leo Hickman wrote that 13 of the 17 blogs nominated for the Science or Technology category for the Bloggies "were either run by climate sceptics, or popular with climate sceptics". When asked about concerns that the awards were being gamed, Bloggies founder Nikolai Nolan said that "legitimate science blogs don't want to make an effort to compete."[44]

The Guardian columnist George Monbiot described WUWT as "highly partisan and untrustworthy".[45] Hickman, at The Guardian's Environment Blog, also criticized Watts, stating that Watts "risks polluting his legitimate scepticism about the scientific processes and methodologies underpinning climate science with his accompanying politicised commentary."[46]

In 2009, Watts was involved in popularizing the Climatic Research Unit email controversy,[47] wherein emails of several climatologists were published by a hacker. Watts argued that the emails showed the scientists were manipulating data, and while a series of independent investigations cleared the scientists of any wrongdoing,[48] public accusations resulting from the event continued for years.[47] The scientific consensus that global warming is occurring as a result of human activity remained unchanged throughout the investigations,[49] however, the reports may have decreased public confidence in the IPCC, and conclusively altered the Copenhagen negotiations that year.[50]

Surface Stations project

In 2007, Watts launched the Surface Stations project, in which volunteers take photographs of weather stations forming part of the U.S. Historical Climatology Network to record their condition.[5][51] In March 2009 The Heartland Institute published a paper authored by Watts, in which he argued that the surface temperature record in the United States was inaccurate and that the actual temperature was lower than reported. Watts presented pictures from volunteers participating through his website to show that many surface weather stations were situated near artificial heat sources such as pavement and air conditioners, but did not show any comparison of the data from these sites and the data from well situated stations.[5][52] Watts stated, "The reliability of the whole surface temperature record is called into question".[53]

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) investigated the matter. While acknowledging the suboptimal conditions of many stations, NOAA concluded that the overall effect was insubstantial. To the very limited extent that there was any measurement bias, it was in the opposite direction of what Watt expected: stations that were considered poorly situated reported slightly cooler temperatures.[52][54]

Watts was co-author with climatologists John Nielsen-Gammon, John Christy and Roger A. Pielke, Sr. on a paper with Souleymane Fall as lead author, which found that mean temperature trends were nearly identical between poorly sited and well-sited stations, but poor siting led to a difference in estimated diurnal temperature range. The poorly positioned stations led to an overestimate of trends in minimum temperatures, balanced by a similar underestimate of maximum temperature trends. This meant that the mean temperature trends were nearly identical across the stations.[55]

Watts said he would accept the findings of the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature project (BEST), but in 2012 it released a paper confirming previous results that surface temperature is rising. Richard A. Muller, founder of BEST, directly addressed Watts' concern about the condition of weather stations, saying, "we discovered that station quality does not affect the results. Even poor stations reflect temperature changes accurately."[56] Watts subsequently released a draft paper which continued to claim that poor station quality had produced "spurious" results.[57]

Connection with Heartland Institute

The Heartland Institute published Watts' preliminary report on weather station data, titled Is the U.S. Surface Temperature Record Reliable?.[58] Watts has appeared as a paid speaker at the International Conference on Climate Change the Heartland Institute have sponsored since 2008.[59]

Documents obtained from the Heartland Institute and made public in February 2012 reveal that the Institute had agreed to help Watts raise $88,000 to set up a website, "devoted to accessing the new temperature data from NOAA's web site and converting them into easy-to-understand graphs that can be easily found and understood by weathermen and the general interested public."[60][61][62] The documents state that $44,000 had already been pledged by an anonymous donor, and the Institute would seek to raise the rest.[59] Watts stated, "Heartland simply helped me find a donor for funding a special project having to do with presenting some new NOAA surface data in a public friendly graphical form, something NOAA themselves is not doing, but should be. I approached them in the fall of 2011 asking for help, on this project not the other way around."[63][64] He added, "They do not regularly fund me nor my WUWT website, I take no salary from them of any kind."[63][65]

Notes

  1. ^ Sources include:[5][40][6][7]

References

  1. ^ "School board shakeup". Chico News & Review. October 31, 2002. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  2. ^ a b Watts, Anthony. "FAQS: Why do you blog?". http://wattsupwiththat.com. Retrieved 11 April 2015. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  3. ^ Black, Richard (15 February 2012). "Openness: A Heartland-warming tale". BBC News.
  4. ^ a b Scherffius, Andrew; et al. (4 April 2013). "High School Students Debate Climate Change: Adapt or Geoengineer?". Scientific American.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Mann, Michael (1 October 2013). The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars: Dispatches from the Front Lines. Columbia University Press. p. 72, 222, 27. Since then, a number of other amateur climate change denial bloggers have arrived on the scene. Most prominent among them is Anthony Watts, a meteorologist...and founder of the site "Watts Up with That?" which has overtaken climate audit as the leading climate change denial blog.
  6. ^ a b c Dunlap, Riley E.; McCright, Aaron M. (2011). Dryzek, John S.; Norgaard, Richard B.; Schlosberg, David (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society. Oxford University Press. p. 153. ISBN 0199566607. In recent years these conservative media outlets have been supplemented (and to some degree supplanted) by the conservative blogosphere, and numerous blogs now constitute a vital element of the denial machine...the most popular North American blogs are run by a retired TV meteorologist (wattsupwiththat.com)...Having this powerful, pervasive, and multifaceted media apparatus at its service provides the denial machine with a highly effective means of spreading its message.
  7. ^ a b c Farmer, G. Thomas; Cook, John (2013). Climate Change Science: A Modern Synthesis: Volume 1-The Physical Climate. Springer Science & Business Media. One of the highest trafficked climate blogs is wattsupwiththat.com, a website that publishes climate misinformation on a daily basis.
  8. ^ Grant, John (2011). Denying Science: Conspiracy Theories, Media Distortions, and the War Against Reality. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1616143991. ...there's no record of him having graduated, however, and he's been reticent in discussing this.
  9. ^ a b Tuchinsky, Evan (December 6, 2007). "Watts, me worry?". Chico News & Review. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
  10. ^ a b c "Anthony Watts, Meteorologist". KHSL-TV. Archived from the original on March 6, 2001. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
  11. ^ Gascoyne, Tom (September 6, 2001). "Forecast: Less Anthony Watts?". Chico News & Review. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
  12. ^ Smith, Laura (January 31, 2002). "Forecast: No more Watts for KHSL". Chico News & Review. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
  13. ^ "Anthony Watts: Chief Meteorologist". KPAY-AM. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
  14. ^ "KPAY 1290: Contact". KPAY-AM. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
  15. ^ "Chico Unified School District: Board of Education". Chico Unified School District. Archived from the original on April 25, 2003. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
  16. ^ "November 5, 2002 General Election Results". Butte County Election Office. Retrieved 2002-07-09.
  17. ^ "November 7, 2006 General Election Results". Butte County Election Office. Retrieved 2002-07-09.
  18. ^ Indar, Josh (March 16, 2006). "One out, one in, one on". Chico News & Review. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
  19. ^ AAP (June 10, 2010). "Climate sceptic to tour". The Weekly Times. Retrieved 2012-07-09.[dead link]
  20. ^ Chris Mooney, Sheril Kirshenbaum (2010). Summary of Unscientific America: How Scientific Illiteracy Threatens Our Future. Basic Books. p. 114. ISBN 046501917X. Anthony Watts is an extremely popular blogger, drawing hundreds of comments per post and well over half a millino visitors per month. Yet his blog contains highly questionable information–presented very "scientifically" of course, replete with charts and graphs–but all directed toward the end of making the scientific consensus on human-caused global warming seem faulty (in fact, it's extremely robust)
  21. ^ a b Anthony Watts. It's the Sun, stupid, wattsupwiththat.com, April 6, 2007.
  22. ^ Ryan Olson, Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, Chico Enterprise Record, 2007.
  23. ^ Michels, Spencer. "Climate Change Skeptic Says Global Warming Crowd Oversells Its Message". PBS NewsHour.
  24. ^ "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level." IPCC, Synthesis Report, Section 1.1: Observations of climate change, in IPCC AR4 SYR 2007.
  25. ^ IPCC, "Summary for Policymakers", Detection and Attribution of Climate Change, «It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century» (page 15) and «In this Summary for Policymakers, the following terms have been used to indicate the assessed likelihood of an outcome or a result: (...) extremely likely: 95–100%» (page 2)., in IPCC AR5 WG1 2013.
  26. ^ IPCC, Synthesis Report, Section 2.4: Attribution of climate change, in IPCC AR4 SYR 2007."It is likely that increases in GHG concentrations alone would have caused more warming than observed because volcanic and anthropogenic aerosols have offset some warming that would otherwise have taken place."
  27. ^ [Notes-SciPanel] America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change; National Research Council (2010). Advancing the Science of Climate Change. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. ISBN 0-309-14588-0. (p1) ... there is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities. While much remains to be learned, the core phenomenon, scientific questions, and hypotheses have been examined thoroughly and have stood firm in the face of serious scientific debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations. * * * (p21-22) Some scientific conclusions or theories have been so thoroughly examined and tested, and supported by so many independent observations and results, that their likelihood of subsequently being found to be wrong is vanishingly small. Such conclusions and theories are then regarded as settled facts. This is the case for the conclusions that the Earth system is warming and that much of this warming is very likely due to human activities.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Hegerl, et al., Chapter 9: Understanding and Attributing Climate Change, Frequently Asked Question 9.2: Can the Warming of the 20th century be Explained by Natural Variability?, in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007.
  29. ^ US NRC (2008). "Understanding and responding to climate change: Highlights of National Academies Reports, 2008 edition, produced by the US National Research Council (US NRC)" (PDF). Washington, D.C., USA: National Academy of Sciences: 6. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  30. ^ USGCRP (2009). Karl, T.R.; Melillo. J.; Peterson, T.; Hassol, S.J. (ed.). Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-521-14407-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  31. ^ Simmon, R. and D. Herring (November 2009). "Notes for slide number 7, titled "Satellite evidence also suggests greenhouse gas warming," in presentation, "Human contributions to global climate change"". Presentation library on the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Climate Services website. Archived from the original on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-23. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ "Manhattan Declaration on Climate Change" (Press release). The Heartland Institute. March 4, 2008. Retrieved 2013-06-03. {{cite press release}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  33. ^ Anthony Watts. Pipe Dream or Viable Energy? wattsupwiththat.com, October 19, 2007.
  34. ^ a b c Pearce, Fred (2010). The Climate Files: The Battle for the Truth about Global Warming. Guardian Books. p. XVI. ISBN 0852652291.
  35. ^ Morello, Lauren (December 14, 2012). "Early Drafts of Next Climate Report Leaked Online". Scientific American.
  36. ^ Samenow, Jason (May 12, 2011). "Say goodbye to the sunshine". Washington Post.
  37. ^ Schneider, Birgit; Nocke, Thomas (2014). Image Politics of Climate Change: Visualizations, Imaginations, Documentations.
  38. ^ Coady, David; Corry, Richard (2013). The Climate Change Debate: An Epistemic and Ethical Enquiry.
  39. ^ Kirilenko, Andrei; Stepchenkova, Svetlana (May 2014). "Public microblogging on climate change: One year of Twitter worldwide" (PDF). Global Environmental Change.
  40. ^ Manne, Robert (August 2012). "A dark victory: How vested interests defeated climate science". The Monthly: 22–29. More importantly, it was becoming clear that the most effective denialist media weapon was not the newspapers or television but the internet. A number of influential websites, like Watts Up With That?, Climate Skeptic and Climate Depot, were established.
  41. ^ Brainard, Curtis (2015). "2.13 The changing ecology of news and news organizations: implication for environmental news". In Hansen, Anders; Cox, Robert (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Environment and Communication. Routledge. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-134-52131-9. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ "The 2008 Weblog Awards - Best Science Blog". Wizbang. 2008. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
  43. ^ Madrigal, Alexis (2007-11-09). "Dueling Sites Top Conservative Run Weblog Awards". Wired.
  44. ^ Hickman, Leo (1 March 2013). "Climate sceptics 'capture' the Bloggies' science category". guardian.co.uk.
  45. ^ George Monbiot (15 May 2009). "How to disprove Christopher Booker in 26 seconds". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
  46. ^ Leo Hickman (24 February 2010). Academic attempts to take the hot air out of climate science debate "Academic attempts to take the hot air out of climate science debate". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 April 2010. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
  47. ^ a b Anders Hansen, Robert Cox (2015). The Routledge Handbook of Environment and Communication. Routledge. p. 172. ISBN 1134521316. In 2009, an unknown party acquired a large cache of private emails between climate scientists...and published them online. Cherry-picking quotes in order to make the scientists appear as though they were discussing data manipulation, bloggers such as Watts whipped up a pseudo-scandal that reverberated for years despite the fact that a series of nine investigations in the U.S. and the U.K. cleared the scientists of any wrongdoing.
  48. ^ The eight major investigations covered by secondary sources include: House of Commons Science and Technology Committee (UK); Independent Climate Change Review (UK); International Science Assessment Panel (UK); Pennsylvania State University first panel and second panel (US); United States Environmental Protection Agency (US); Department of Commerce (US); National Science Foundation (US)
  49. ^ Biello, David (Feb., 2010). "Negating 'Climategate'". Scientific American. (302):2. 16. ISSN 00368733. "In fact, nothing in the stolen material undermines the scientific consensus that climate change is happening and that humans are to blame"; See also: Lubchenco, Jane (2 December 2009) House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming (House Select Committee). "The Administration's View on the State of Climate Science". House Hearing, 111 Congress. U.S. Government Printing Office. "...the e-mails really do nothing to undermine the very strong scientific consensus and the independent scientific analyses of thousands of scientists around the world that tell us that the Earth is warming and that the warming is largely a result of human activities." As quoted in the report published by Office of Inspector General.
  50. ^ Jonas Anshelm, Martin Hultman (2014). Discourses of Global Climate Change: Apocalyptic Framing and Political Antagonisms. Routledge. p. 154. ISBN 1317671066.
  51. ^ James Lawrence Powell (2012). The Inquisition of Climate Science. Columbia University Press. p. 136. ISBN 0231157193. deniers say that the U.S. historical temperature record is unreliable because some weather stations are sited near trees, buildings, parking lots, air conditioners, and the like, causing the stations to record unrepresentative, and presumably warmer, local temperatures. The person most behind this claim is Anthony Watts...In 2007, Watts founded SurfaceStations.org...By early June 2009, thanks to a grass roots network of volunteers, SurfaceStations.org had examined about 70 percent of the 1,221 stations [and] classified 70 of the stations as having "good or best" reliability... since 1950, temperatures recorded at the 70 "good or best" stations are indistinguishable from the rest.
  52. ^ a b Henson, Robert (2 May 2011). The Rough Guide to Climate Change. Penguin.
  53. ^ Olson, Ryan (June 29, 2007). "Watts' up? Spotlight shines on local weatherman's latest research". Oroville Mercury-Register. Archived from the original on July 5, 2007.
  54. ^ Haydn Washington (2013). Climate Change Denial: Heads in the Sand. Routledge. p. 51. ISBN 1136530053. There is a denial movement seeking to cast doubt on the surface temperature record using photographs of weather stations positioned near car parks, air conditioners and other warming influences (Watts, 2010). These photos attempt to communicate that the global warming trend is being inflated by poor temperature data... Poor sites show a cooler trend than good sites. All those photographed weather stations near car parks are actually giving cooler readings than pristine weather stations.
  55. ^ Fall, Souleymane; Watts, Anthony; Nielsen-Gammon, John; Jones, Evan; Niyogi, Dev; Christy, John R.; Pielke, Sr., Roger A. (2011). "Analysis of the impacts of station exposure on the U.S. Historical Climatology Network temperatures and temperature trends" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 116 (D14120). Bibcode:2011JGRD..11614120F. doi:10.1029/2010JD015146.
  56. ^ Brian C. Black Ph.D., David M. Hassenzahl Ph.D., Jennie C. Stephens, Gary Weisel, Nancy Gift (2013). Climate Change: An Encyclopedia of Science and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 1505. ISBN 1598847627. We have done an initial study of the station selection issue...we see a global warming trend that is very similar to that previously reported by the other groups. We have also studied station quality. Many U.S. stations have low quality rankings according to a study led by Anthony Watts. However, we find that the warming seen in the "poor" stations is virtually indistinguishable from that seen in the "good" stations.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  57. ^ Donald, Ros (3 August 2012). "'There's plenty of room for scepticism' – climate study author Richard Muller". The Guardian.
  58. ^ Watts, Anthony (2009). Is the U.S. Surface Temperature Record Reliable? (PDF). Heartland Institute. ISBN 978-1-934791-29-5. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
  59. ^ a b Gascoyne, Tom (February 23, 2012). "Leaked documents hit home Climate-change scandal has a local connection". Chico News & Review. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
  60. ^ "2012 Fundraising Plan" (PDF). The Heartland Institute. January 15, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  61. ^ Hickman, Leo (February 15, 2012). "Climate sceptics – who gets paid what?". The Guardian. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
  62. ^ Watts, Anthony (February 15, 2012). "Some notes on the Heartland Leak". Watts Up With That?. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
  63. ^ a b Hickman, Leo (February 15, 2012). "Leaked Heartland Institute documents pull back curtain on climate scepticism". The Guardian. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  64. ^ Burleigh, Nina (February 17, 2012). "Secret papers turn up heat on global-warming deniers". Salon. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  65. ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne (February 14, 2012). "Leak exposes how Heartland Institute works to undermine climate science". The Guardian. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
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