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==Family==
==Family==
[[File:Marie karel2.jpg|thumb|right|Charles, his wife Mary and their children in the ''Bible of Naples'', 1340]]
[[File:Marie karel2.jpg|thumb|right|Charles, his wife Mary and their children in the ''Bible of Naples'', 1340]]
In 1270, he married [[Maria Arpad of Hungary|Maria of Hungary]] (c. 1257 – 25 March 1323), the daughter of [[Stephen V of Hungary]] and [[Elizabeth the Cuman]].{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=138}} They had fourteen children:
In 1270, he married [[Maria Arpad of Hungary|Mary of Hungary]] (c. 1257 – 25 March 1323), the daughter of [[Stephen V of Hungary|Stephen V, King of Hungary and Croatia]] and [[Elizabeth the Cuman]].{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=138}} They had fourteen children:
# [[Charles Martel of Anjou]] (1271-1295), titular [[King of Hungary]]{{sfn|Musto|2003|p=78}}
# [[Charles Martel of Anjou]] (1271-1295), titular [[King of Hungary]] and [[King of Croatia|Croatia]].{{sfn|Musto|2003|p=78}}
# [[Margaret, Countess of Anjou|Margaret]] (1273– 31 December 1299),{{sfn|Musto|2003|p=78}} [[List of Counts and Dukes of Anjou|Countess of Anjou]] and Maine, married at [[Corbeil-Essonnes|Corbeil]] 16 August 1290 to [[Charles of Valois]]
# [[Margaret, Countess of Anjou|Margaret of Anjou]] (1273– 31 December 1299),{{sfn|Musto|2003|p=78}} [[List of Counts and Dukes of Anjou|Countess of Anjou]] and Maine, married at [[Corbeil-Essonnes|Corbeil]] on 16 August 1290 to [[Charles, Count of Valois]], the third son of King [[Philip III of France]].
# [[Saint Louis of Toulouse]] (9 February 1274, [[Nocera Inferiore]] – 19 August 1298, Chateau de [[Brignoles]]), [[Bishop of Toulouse]]{{sfn|Musto|2003|p=78}}
# [[Saint Louis of Toulouse|Louis of Anjou]] (9 February 1274, [[Nocera Inferiore]] – 19 August 1298, Chateau de [[Brignoles]]), [[Bishop of Toulouse]]{{sfn|Musto|2003|p=78}}
# [[Robert of Naples|Robert the Wise]] (1276-1343),{{sfn|Musto|2003|p=78}} [[King of Naples]]
# [[Robert of Naples|Robert of Anjou]] (1276-1343),{{sfn|Musto|2003|p=78}} known as "Robert the Wise", succeeded as [[King of Naples]].
# [[Philip I of Taranto]] (1278-1331/2),{{sfn|Musto|2003|p=78}} [[Principality of Achaea|Prince of Achaea]] and [[Principality of Taranto|Taranto]], [[Despot of Romania]], titular [[Latin Emperor|Emperor of Constantinople]] and titular King of Albania
# [[Philip I of Taranto|Philip I of Anjou-Taranto]] (1278-1331/2),{{sfn|Musto|2003|p=78}} [[Principality of Achaea|Prince of Achaea]] and [[Principality of Taranto|Taranto]], [[Despot of Romania]], titular [[Latin Emperor|Emperor of Constantinople]] and titular King of Albania.
# [[Blanche of Anjou]] (1280 – 14 October 1310, [[Barcelona]]), married at [[Villebertran]] 1 November 1295 [[James II of Aragon]]{{sfn|Musto|2003|p=78}}
# [[Blanche of Anjou]] (1280 – 14 October 1310, [[Barcelona]]), became [[Queen of Aragon]] by her marriage at [[Villebertran]] on 1 November 1295 to King [[James II of Aragon]].{{sfn|Musto|2003|p=78}}
# [[Raymond Berengar of Andria|Raymond Berengar]] (1281–1307), [[Count of Provence]], Prince of [[Piedmont]] and [[Andria]]
# [[Raymond Berengar of Andria|Raymond Berengar of Anjou]] (1281–1307), was Prince of [[Piedmont]], and Count of [[Andria]] and possibly [[Count of Provence|Provence]]
# John (1283 – aft. 16 March 1308), a priest
# John of Anjou (1283 – aft. 16 March 1308), a priest
# Tristan (1284–bef. 1288)
# Tristan (1284–bef. 1288)
# [[Eleanor of Anjou]], (August 1289 – 9 August 1341, Monastery of St. Nicholas, [[Arene, Elis]]), married at [[Messina]] 17 May 1302 [[Frederick III of Sicily]]{{sfn|Musto|2003|p=78}}
# [[Eleanor of Anjou]], (August 1289 – 9 August 1341, Monastery of St. Nicholas, [[Arene, Elis]]), became [[Queen of Sicily]] by her 2nd marriage at [[Messina]] on 17 May 1302 to King [[Frederick III of Sicily|Frederick II of Sicily]].{{sfn|Musto|2003|p=78}} Her 1st marriage was to Felipe II de Toucy, son of [[Narjot de Toucy (died 1293)|Narjot de Toucy, Lord of Laterza]], which was dissolved by the Pope because they were related and had not sought permission from the Pope to marry.{{sfn|Dunbabin|2011|p=xii}}
# [[Maria of Naples]] (1290 – c. 1346), married at [[Palma de Majorca]] 20 September 1304 [[Sancho I of Majorca]], married 1326 Jaime de Ejerica (1298 – April 1335)
# [[Maria of Naples|Maria of Anjou]] (1290 – c. 1346), married firstly at [[Palma de Majorca]] on 20 September 1304 to King [[Sancho I of Majorca]] and became Queen of Majorca, married secondly in 1326 to Jaime of Ejerica (1298 – April 1335), a member of the [[House of Barcelona]]. There was no issue from both marriages.
# [[Peter Tempesta|Peter]] (1291 – 29 August 1315, [[Battle of Montecatini]]), Count of Gravina
# [[Peter Tempesta|Peter Tempesta of Anjou]] (1291 – 29 August 1315, [[Battle of Montecatini]]), was Count of [[Counts and dukes of Gravina|Gravina]] and of[[Eboli]] from 1306.{{sfn|Kelly|2003|p=xvi}}
# [[John of Durazzo]] (1294 – 5 April 1336, Naples), Duke of Durazzo, Prince of Achaea, and Count of Gravina, married March 1318 (div 1321) [[Matilda of Hainaut]] (29 November 1293–1336), married 14 November 1321 Agnes of Périgord (d. 1345){{sfn|Musto|2003|p=78}}
# [[John of Durazzo|John of Anjou]] (1294 – 5 April 1336, Naples), [[Kingdom of Albania (medieval)|Duke of Durazzo]], Prince of Achaea, and Count of Gravina, married firstly on March 1318 (div 1321) [[Matilda of Hainaut|Matilda of Hainaut, Princess of Achaea]] (29 November 1293–1336), the daughter of [[Isabella of Villehardouin]] and [[Florent of Hainaut]]; married secondly on 14 November 1321 to [[Agnes of Périgord]] (d. 1345), the daughter of Helie VII, Count of Périgord.{{sfn|Musto|2003|p=78}}
# Beatrice (1295 – c. 1321), married April 1305 [[Azzo VIII d'Este]], marchese of Ferrara etc. (d. 1308); she married secondly 1309 [[Bertrand III of Baux]], Count of Andria (d. 1351)
# Beatrice of Anjou (1295 – c. 1321), married firstly on April 1305 to [[Azzo VIII d'Este|Azzo VIII d'Este, Marquis of Ferrera]] (d. 1308); she married secondly in 1309 to [[Bertrand III of Baux|Bertrand III of Baux, Count of Andria]] (d. 1351).


==Ancestry==
==Ancestry==

Revision as of 00:53, 16 July 2021

Charles II
King Charles II from the Bible of Naples, c. 1340
King of Naples
Count of Provence and Forcalquier
Reign1285–1309
Coronation29 May 1289
PredecessorCharles I
SuccessorRobert
Count of Anjou and Maine
Reign1285–1290
PredecessorCharles I
SuccessorCharles III
Prince of Achaea
Reign1285–1289
PredecessorCharles I
SuccessorIsabella and Florent
Born1254
Died5 May 1309 (aged 54–55)
Naples, Kingdom of Naples
SpouseMary of Hungary
Issue
More
HouseAnjou-Naples
FatherKing Charles I of Naples
MotherBeatrice of Provence

Charles II, also known as Charles the Lame (French: Charles le Boiteux; Italian: Carlo lo Zoppo; 1254 – 5 May 1309), was King of Naples, Count of Provence and Forcalquier (1285–1309), Prince of Achaea (1285–1289), and Count of Anjou and Maine (1285–1290); he also styled himself King of Albania and claimed the Kingdom of Jerusalem from 1285. He was the son of Charles I, King of Sicily,—one of the most powerful European monarchs in the second half of the 13th century—and Beatrice of Provence. His father granted Charles the Principality of Salerno in the Kingdom of Sicily (or Regno) in 1272 and made him regent in Provence and Forcalquier in 1279.

After the uprising known as the Sicilian Vespers against Charles' father, the island of Sicily became an independent kingdom under the rule of Peter III, King of Aragon and Valencia, in 1282. A year later, his father made Charles regent in the mainland territories of the Regno (or the Kingdom of Naples). Charles held a general assembly where unpopular taxes were abolished and the liberties of the noblemen and clerics were confirmed. He could not prevent the Aragonese from occupying Calabria and the islands in the Gulf of Naples. The Sicilian admiral, Roger of Lauria, captured him in a naval battle near Naples in 1284. As Charles was still in prison when his father died on 7 January 1285, his realms were ruled by regents.

Early life

Charles II was the sole heir of his father's vast dominion.[1] By the time of Charles' birth, his father had seized Provence and Forcalquier (in the Holy Roman Empire), Anjou and Maine (in France), and the Kingdom of Sicily (a fief of the Holy See).[2] In the 1270s, his father also proclaimed himself King of Albania (in reference to his conquests along the Eastern coast of the Ionian Sea), partially asserted his claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and inherited Achaea (in the Peloponnese).[2] Charles' mother Beatrice died in 1267, but his father's determination to keep his empire intact deprived Charles of his maternal inheritance during his father's lifetime.[3]

Charles's father arranged a double marriage alliance with Stephen V of Hungary in 1269.[4][5] Stephen's daughter, Mary of Hungary, was engaged to Charles, and Charles' sister, Elizabeth of Sicily, to Maria's brother, Ladislaus IV of Hungary.[5] Charles fell seriously ill in late 1271.[6] To encourage prayers for his recovery, his father donated Charles' wax sculptures to churches frequented by pilgrims in the whole kingdom.[7] After Charles recovered, his father made a pilgrimage at the shrine of Saint Nicholas in Bari and sent gifts to the sanctuary of Mary the Virgin at Rocamadour.[7]

Charles was knighted together with his brother, Philip of Sicily, together with 100 Italian and French young noblemen at Pentecost 1272.[8] On this occasion, his father also granted him the Principality of Salerno, which had customarily been held by the crown princes during the reign of the Norman kings of Sicily;[8] stipulating that Charles could not claim other territories, most probably in reference to Provence.[6]

Regent

His father appointed him to administer Provence in late 1279.[3] He accompanied his cousin, Philip III of France, to a meeting with Peter III of Aragon at Toulouse in December 1280.[9] Peter was the son-in-law of Manfred of Sicily who had lost the Kingdom of Sicily to Charles' father in 1266.[10] Peter insolently ignored Charles during the meeting, although both Philip III and James II of Majorca, who was also present, reminded Peter that Charles was closely related to him.[11]

[B]y no means could [Charles] find a cheerful countenance nor any comfort in ... [Peter III of Aragon]; rather was [Peter] harsh and angry towards him. [Philip III of France] and [James II of Majorca] took [Peter III] into a chamber one day and asked him how it was that he did not speak with [Charles]; that he knew full well that he was his near blood-relation, as he was the son of his cousin, the daughter of the count of Provence and besides, that his wife also, the daughter of the King of Hungary, was his blood-relation. But though there were many ties between them, they could obtain nothing from him in the end. And [Charles] invited [Philip III], [Peter III] and [James II] to a banquet, but [Peter III] would not accept it, wherefore the banquet had to be given up. But [James II] showed great civility to [Charles] and [Charles] to him. And so, on their departure from the interview, [Charles] left with [James II] and [Muntaner] saw them both enter Perpignan, and a great feast was made for them, and [James II] detained [Charles] for eight days.

— Ramon Muntaner The Chronicle[citation needed]

The envoys of Charles' father with the representatives of Rudolf I of Germany and the Holy See started negotiations about the restoration of the Kingdom of Arles in 1278.[12] They reached a compromise, that Pope Martin IV included in a papal bull on 24 May 1281.[13] The bull prescribed that the kingdom, which should include the Dauphiné, Savoy and the nearby territories,[14] was to be given to Charles' son, Charles Martel, on the day of his marriage with Rudolf's daughter, Clemence.[13] Charles was appointed regent for his minor son.[13]

Heavy taxation, forced loans and purveyance caused widespread discontent among Charles I's Italian subjects, especially in the island of Sicily.[15] A French soldier's arrogance caused a popular riot—known as the Sicilian Vespers—in Palermo on 30 March 1282.[16][17] The riot quickly spread and put an end to Charles I's rule in the island.[16][18] Peter III of Aragon came to Sicily accompanied by a large fleet in late August.[16][19] He was proclaimed king on 4 September.[20]

Charles I and Peter III agreed that a judicial duel should decide their conflict.[21] Before leaving for France in January 1283, Charles I appointed Charles and Charles' cousin, Robert II, Count of Artois, co-regents.[21] He authorized them to take measures, after consulting with the papal legate, Gerard of Parma, to prevent the spread of the rebellion to the mainland territories.[21] Charles and his troops left Reggio Calabria and marched as far as San Martino di Taurianova—an easily defensible town—on 13 February 1283.[22] After his departure, Peter III captured Reggio Calabria.[22]

Coat of arms of Charles II of Naples: the arms of the House of Anjou impaled with the cross of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

Charles held a general assembly for the barons, prelates and the envoys of the towns at his camp near San Martino.[21][23] The royal monopoly of salt and the practise of regular exchange of small coins was abolished.[21] The assembly also decided that the monarchs could levy the most unpopular tax, the subventio generalis, only after consulting with the representatives of their subjects.[21] The liberties of the noblemen and the clergy were confirmed and the commoners' obligations to contribute to the maintenance of royal fortresses and the flee were reduced.[23][24] The reforms adopted at the assembly made the continuation of his father's active foreign policy impossible.[25]

Charles strengthened the position of native aristocracy, appointing members of the Aquinas, Ruffo and Sanseverino families to the royal council.[26] He also tried to make his father's most unpopular officials scapegoats for the abuses.[27] In June 1283, he ordered the imprisonment of all male members of the della Marre and Rufouli families, who had been responsible for the collection of taxes and custom duties.[28] The heads of the families were executed and their relatives were to pay huge ransoms.[27]

Charles did not have funds to finance a lengthy war.[29] He had to borrow thousands of ounces of gold from the Holy See, the kings of France and England, the ruler of Tunis and Tuscan bankers, and from the towns of the Regno.[29] Gerard of Parma also persuaded the Southern Italian prelates to cede a part of their revenues to Charles for the war against the rebels and their supporters.[29] He could then equip 40 new galleys in Provence.[29][30] The Aragonese fleet had meanwhile imposed a blockade on the island of Malta.[29] Charles dispatched his new fleet to the island, but the Sicilian admiral, Roger of Lauria, attacked and almost annihilated the Provençal galleys before they reached Malta.[29][30] Lauria soon occupied the islands of Capri and Ischia, which enabled him to make frequent raids against the Bay of Naples.[29] After he also captured Nisida, he imposed a blockade on Naples.[31]

Captivity

The inhabitants of Naples urged Charles to expel the Aragonese garrison from Nisida.[31] Although his father had forbidden him to attack the Aragonese until his arrival, Charles decided to invade the islet.[31] Believing that most Aragonese ships had left the Bay of Naples, he sailed for Nisida on 5 June 1284, but the Aragonese galleys soon surrounded and defeated his fleet.[31][25] During the battle, Charles fell into captivity.[25] He was first taken to Messina where the crowd demanded his execution in revenge for Conradin (Manfred of Sicily's young nephew, who had been beheaded at Charles I's order in 1268).[32] To save Charles' life, Constance of Sicily—Peter III of Aragon's wife—imprisoned him at the fortress of Cefalù.[32]

Charles I died on 7 January 1285.[33] On his deathbed, he had made Robert of Artois regent for the minor Charles Martel who would rule as vicar general until Charles was released from captivity.[34][35] The Provençal delegates held a general assembly at Sisteron and decided to do their utmost to secure Charles' release.[36] Pope Martin IV partially ignored Charles I's last will.[37] He did not acknowledge the right either of the captive Charles or of his minor son to rule, claiming that an interregnum followed the king's death.[37] The pope confirmed Artois' regency, but he made Cardinal Gerald co-regent, authorizing them to administer the kingdom on behalf of the Holy See.[37] The regents appointed the most powerful ruler of the Peloponnese, William I de la Roche, Duke of Athens, bailiff of Achaea to secure the local lords' loyalty.[38][39] Odo Poilechien—who had been made baillif during Charles I's reign—continued to rule Acre which was the only town to acknowledge Charles' rule in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[40]

Pope Martin died on 29 March 1285.[41] The crusade that he had declared against Aragon started in late May, but Peter III's resistance forced the crusaders to withdraw in September.[37] At Peter's order, Charles was moved from Cefalù to Catalonia.[42] Peter died on 10 November; his eldest sons, Alfonso III and James succeeded him in Aragon and Sicily, respectively.[43] Henry II of Cyprus, who was regarded the lawful king of Jerusalem by most local lords, forced Odo Poilechien to leave Acre in June 1286.[40] Since the Knights Templar and Hospitallers supported Henry, their estates were confiscated in the Regno.[44]

Charles' sons sent a letter to Edward I of England, asking him to intervene to secure their father's release.[45] Edward accepted their offer and mediated a fourteen-month truce in July 1286.[46] James entered into negotiations with Charles about the conditions of Charles' release.[47] Charles was ready to renounce the island of Sicily and Calabria in favor of James for at least the rest of his own lifetime,[48] but Pope Honorius IV sharply opposed this plan.[47] After Honorius died on 3 April 1287, Edward I mediated a compromise, which was completed in the presence of the delegates of the College of Cardinals in Oloron-Sainte-Marie in July.[49][50] However, Philip IV of France refused to sign it, because it did not arrange for the compensation of his younger brother, Charles of Valois, who had laid claim to Aragon.[49]

The new pope, Nicholas IV, who was enthroned in February 1288, also disapproved the treaty, but allowed Edward I to continue the negotiations.[51][52] A new agreement, repeating most terms of the previous compromise, was signed at Canfranc in October.[53][52] According to the treaty, Charles was to be released for a ransom of 50,000 marks of silver, but he also had to promise to mediate a reconciliation between Aragon, France and the Holy See.[53][52] He pledged that he would send his three sons—Charles Martel, Louis and Robert—and 60 Provençal noblemen as hostages to Aragon to secure the fulfilment of his promise.[52][54] He also promised that he would return to Aragon if he could not persuade his allies to make peace with Aragon in three years.[53][52] After Edward I gave further guarantees, Alfonso III released Charles who went to Paris to start negotiations with Philip IV.[52][55] Philip again repudiated the treaty and Charles left France for Italy to meet with the pope.[52]

Reign

Start of his reign

Pope Nicholas IV crowned Charles "King of Naples" in Rieti on Whit Sunday 1289.[56] To persuade Charles to continue the war for Sicily, the Pope granted the tenth of Church revenues from Southern Italy to him.[56] The Pope also absolved Charles from the promises that he had made to secure his release.[57] King Edward I protested against the pope's decision and continued to mediate between Charles and King Alfonso III.[57] At Edward's request, King Alfonso released Charles' eldest son Charles Martel in exchange for Charles' fifth son, Raymond Berengar, Count of Andria.[57]

Influenced by Bartolomeo da Capua and his other advisors, Charles adopted a concept about the establishment of a purely Christian kingdom.[55] He ordered the expulsion of the Jews and Lombards from Anjou and Maine, accusing them of usury.[55] Applying the blood libel against the Jews of Southern Italy, he forced many of them to convert to Christianity.[55] He also introduced the Inquisition in the Regno.[55]

King Alfonso III then invaded Charles' realm and laid siege to Gaeta, because he thought that the burghers were ready to rise up against Charles, but the town resisted.[56] Charles Martel and Robert of Artois led troops to the town and surrounded the besiegers.[56] King Edward I sent envoys to Charles, urging him to respect the treaty of Canfranc.[58] The Pope dispatched two cardinals to prevent the reconciliation, but Charles and Alfonso nevertheless signed a two-year truce.[56] To secure stability in Achaea, Charles decided to restore a line of local rulers in the principality.[59] He arranged a marriage for Isabella of Villehardouin—the daughter of the last native prince of Achaea, William of Villehardouin—with a successful military commander, Florent of Hainaut.[59] In September, he granted Achaea to them, but he kept his right to suzerainty over the principality and also stipulated that if Florent predeceased her, Isabella could not remarry without his consent.[59]

Negotiations

Charles left Southern Italy to start new negotiations with Philip IV.[60] Before visiting Paris, he went to the Aragonese frontier to offer himself for imprisonment on 1 November in accordance with the treaty of Canfranc, but nobody came to arrest him.[58] Charles and Philip IV signed a treaty at Senlis on 19 May 1290.[60] Charles gave his daughter, Margaret, in marriage to Charles of Valois, giving Anjou and Maine to him as her dowry in return for his promise to abandon his claim to Aragon with the pope's consent.[60][61] Philip IV also promised that he would make peace with Aragon as soon as Alfonso III and the Holy See were reconciled.[60][61]

The envoys of all parties, but James of Sicily, started negotiations with the mediation of English delegates at Perpignan, and continued them in Tarascon in late 1290 and early 1291.[60][61] They reached a compromise which was included in a treaty in Brignoles on 19 February 1291.[60][61] The document confirmed most terms of the treaty of Senlis and restored the peace between Alfonso III, Philip IV and Charles.[60] Charles received the districts of Avignon held by the French monarch.[60] The Holy See also accepted the terms of the treaty because Alfonso of Aragon promised that he would lead a crusade against the Mamluks of Egypt.[62]

The treaty of Brignoles deprived Alfonso's brother, James of Sicily, of Aragonese support, but Alfonso unexpectedly died on 18 June.[63][64] James succeeded Alfonso in Aragon, but he did not want to cede the island of Sicily and Calabria to Charles and made his younger brother, Frederick, his lieutenant.[63] The Mamluks occupied the last strongholds in the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the summer of 1291.[65] Pope Nicholas IV called for a new crusade and urged the Christian "kings, princes and prelates" to send their proposals about the recovery of the Holy Land.[65][44] Charles was the only monarch to answer the pope.[44] He suggested that the sole grand master of the united military orders, who should be appointed from about the royal princes, was to rule the reconquered Kingdom of Jerusalem.[44]

After realizing that his new subjects would not support a war for Sicily, James sent envoys to Rome to start negotiations about his submission shortly before Pope Nicholas died on 4 April 1292.[63] Charles was also willing to reach a compromise, because he wanted to secure Hungary for his family.[66] Charles' brother-in-law, Ladislaus IV of Hungary, had been murdered on 10 July 1290.[66][67] The Hungarian noblemen elected Ladislaus' cousin, Andrew III, king, although Andrew's legitimacy was doubtful.[68] Charles' wife regarded herself Ladislaus' lawful heir.[68] Claiming that Hungary was the fief of the Holy See, Pope Nicholas IV granted Hungary to her son, Charles Martel, in 1292.[69] The most powerful noblemen in Croatia and Slavonia—two realms ruled by the kings of Hungary—accepted the pope's decision.[69] Charles made donations to them to secure their support, but Charles Martel could never assert his claim.[70]

The death of Pope Nicholas IV gave rise to a prolonged interregnum.[66] Charles continued the negotiations with James with the mediation of Sancho IV of Castile.[66] An agreement was completed in Figueras in late 1293.[66] James agreed to give up Sicily in return for a compensation.[66] To put an end to the interregnum in Rome, Charles persuaded the cardinals to elect Peter of Morrone—a hermit who had been known for his apocalyptic visions—pope.[66] Being grateful to Charles, Pope Celestine V granted him Church revenues from France, the Holy Roman Empire and England to finance a new military campaign against Sicily.[71] After Celestine abdicated in December 1294, the cardinals elected Benedetto Caetani pope.[72] Pope Boniface VIII was determined to put an end to the war, because he wanted to declare a new crusade for the reconquest of the Holy Land.[64]

Peace

Pope Boniface VIII confirmed the compromise between James and Charles in Anagni on 12 June 1295.[72] However, the Sicilians refused the Treaty of Anagni and James of Aragon's brother, Frederick, was crowned king of Sicily on 12 December 1295.[73] Frederick soon made a raid against Basilicata.[74]

An attempt was made to bribe Frederick into consenting to this arrangement, but being backed up by his people he refused, and was afterwards crowned King of Sicily. The ensuing war was fought on land and sea, but Charles, though aided by the Pope, his cousin Charles of Valois and James, was unable to conquer the island, and his son the prince of Taranto was taken prisoner at the Battle of La Falconara in 1299. Peace was at last made in 1302 at Caltabellotta. Charles gave up all rights to Sicily and agreed to the marriage of his daughter Eleanor and King Frederick; the treaty was ratified by the Pope in 1303. Charles spent his last years quietly in Naples, which city he improved and embellished.

He died in Naples in May 1309, and was succeeded by his son Robert the Wise, with his eldest grandson Charles I of Hungary excluded from Neapolitan succession.

Family

Charles, his wife Mary and their children in the Bible of Naples, 1340

In 1270, he married Mary of Hungary (c. 1257 – 25 March 1323), the daughter of Stephen V, King of Hungary and Croatia and Elizabeth the Cuman.[75] They had fourteen children:

  1. Charles Martel of Anjou (1271-1295), titular King of Hungary and Croatia.[76]
  2. Margaret of Anjou (1273– 31 December 1299),[76] Countess of Anjou and Maine, married at Corbeil on 16 August 1290 to Charles, Count of Valois, the third son of King Philip III of France.
  3. Louis of Anjou (9 February 1274, Nocera Inferiore – 19 August 1298, Chateau de Brignoles), Bishop of Toulouse[76]
  4. Robert of Anjou (1276-1343),[76] known as "Robert the Wise", succeeded as King of Naples.
  5. Philip I of Anjou-Taranto (1278-1331/2),[76] Prince of Achaea and Taranto, Despot of Romania, titular Emperor of Constantinople and titular King of Albania.
  6. Blanche of Anjou (1280 – 14 October 1310, Barcelona), became Queen of Aragon by her marriage at Villebertran on 1 November 1295 to King James II of Aragon.[76]
  7. Raymond Berengar of Anjou (1281–1307), was Prince of Piedmont, and Count of Andria and possibly Provence
  8. John of Anjou (1283 – aft. 16 March 1308), a priest
  9. Tristan (1284–bef. 1288)
  10. Eleanor of Anjou, (August 1289 – 9 August 1341, Monastery of St. Nicholas, Arene, Elis), became Queen of Sicily by her 2nd marriage at Messina on 17 May 1302 to King Frederick II of Sicily.[76] Her 1st marriage was to Felipe II de Toucy, son of Narjot de Toucy, Lord of Laterza, which was dissolved by the Pope because they were related and had not sought permission from the Pope to marry.[77]
  11. Maria of Anjou (1290 – c. 1346), married firstly at Palma de Majorca on 20 September 1304 to King Sancho I of Majorca and became Queen of Majorca, married secondly in 1326 to Jaime of Ejerica (1298 – April 1335), a member of the House of Barcelona. There was no issue from both marriages.
  12. Peter Tempesta of Anjou (1291 – 29 August 1315, Battle of Montecatini), was Count of Gravina and ofEboli from 1306.[78]
  13. John of Anjou (1294 – 5 April 1336, Naples), Duke of Durazzo, Prince of Achaea, and Count of Gravina, married firstly on March 1318 (div 1321) Matilda of Hainaut, Princess of Achaea (29 November 1293–1336), the daughter of Isabella of Villehardouin and Florent of Hainaut; married secondly on 14 November 1321 to Agnes of Périgord (d. 1345), the daughter of Helie VII, Count of Périgord.[76]
  14. Beatrice of Anjou (1295 – c. 1321), married firstly on April 1305 to Azzo VIII d'Este, Marquis of Ferrera (d. 1308); she married secondly in 1309 to Bertrand III of Baux, Count of Andria (d. 1351).

Ancestry

References

  1. ^ Dunbabin 1998, p. 117.
  2. ^ a b Small 2004, p. 212.
  3. ^ a b Dunbabin 1998, p. 43.
  4. ^ Dunbabin 1998, p. 90.
  5. ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 107.
  6. ^ a b Dunbabin 1998, p. 185.
  7. ^ a b Dunbabin 1998, pp. 185, 230.
  8. ^ a b Dunbabin 1998, pp. 184, 200.
  9. ^ Runciman 1958, p. 209.
  10. ^ Dunbabin 1998, pp. 99, 168.
  11. ^ Runciman 1958, pp. 209, 317.
  12. ^ Dunbabin 1998, pp. 39, 44.
  13. ^ a b c Runciman 1958, p. 192.
  14. ^ Dunbabin 1998, p. 139.
  15. ^ Dunbabin 1998, pp. 103–105.
  16. ^ a b c Harris 2014, p. 205.
  17. ^ Dunbabin 1998, pp. 106–107.
  18. ^ Dunbabin 1998, p. 108.
  19. ^ Runciman 1958, p. 227.
  20. ^ Runciman 1958, p. 228.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Dunbabin 1998, p. 110.
  22. ^ a b Runciman 1958, p. 238.
  23. ^ a b Runciman 1958, p. 239.
  24. ^ Dunbabin 1998, pp. 110–111.
  25. ^ a b c Dunbabin 1998, p. 112.
  26. ^ Dunbabin 1998, p. 111.
  27. ^ a b Dunbabin 1998, p. 107.
  28. ^ Dunbabin 1998, pp. 73, 107.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g Runciman 1958, p. 244.
  30. ^ a b Dunbabin 1998, p. 125.
  31. ^ a b c d Runciman 1958, p. 246.
  32. ^ a b Runciman 1958, p. 251.
  33. ^ Lock 2006, p. 121.
  34. ^ Dunbabin 1998, p. 232.
  35. ^ Bárány 2010, p. 77.
  36. ^ Dunbabin 1998, p. 54.
  37. ^ a b c d Runciman 1958, p. 257.
  38. ^ Lock 1995, pp. 95–96.
  39. ^ Runciman 1958, p. 258.
  40. ^ a b Housley 1984, p. 529.
  41. ^ Runciman 1958, p. 259.
  42. ^ Runciman 1958, pp. 260, 325.
  43. ^ Runciman 1958, pp. 259, 261–262.
  44. ^ a b c d Housley 1984, p. 530.
  45. ^ Bárány 2010, pp. 68–69.
  46. ^ Bárány 2010, p. 69.
  47. ^ a b Runciman 1958, p. 263.
  48. ^ Housley 1982, p. 22.
  49. ^ a b Runciman 1958, p. 264.
  50. ^ Bárány 2010, p. 70.
  51. ^ Bárány 2010, pp. 70–71.
  52. ^ a b c d e f g Runciman 1958, p. 265.
  53. ^ a b c Small 2004, p. 213.
  54. ^ Bárány 2010, p. 72.
  55. ^ a b c d e Abulafia 1999, p. 517.
  56. ^ a b c d e Runciman 1958, p. 266.
  57. ^ a b c Bárány 2010, p. 73.
  58. ^ a b Bárány 2010, p. 74.
  59. ^ a b c Lock 1995, p. 95.
  60. ^ a b c d e f g h Runciman 1958, p. 267.
  61. ^ a b c d Bárány 2010, p. 75.
  62. ^ Housley 1982, pp. 78, 92–93.
  63. ^ a b c Runciman 1958, p. 268.
  64. ^ a b Housley 1982, p. 93.
  65. ^ a b Lock 2006, p. 122.
  66. ^ a b c d e f g Runciman 1958, p. 269.
  67. ^ Engel 2001, p. 109.
  68. ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 110.
  69. ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 207.
  70. ^ Fine 1994, p. 208.
  71. ^ Housley 1982, p. 176.
  72. ^ a b Runciman 1958, p. 270.
  73. ^ Runciman 1958, p. 270–271.
  74. ^ Runciman 1958, p. 271.
  75. ^ Runciman 1958, p. 138.
  76. ^ a b c d e f g h Musto 2003, p. 78.
  77. ^ Dunbabin 2011, p. xii.
  78. ^ Kelly 2003, p. xvi.

Sources

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  • Bárány, Attila (2010). "The English relations of Charles II of Sicily and Maria of Hungary". In Kordé, Zoltán; Petrovics, István (eds.). Diplomacy in the Countries of the Angevin Dynasty in the Thirteenth–Fourteenth Centuries. Accademia d'Ungheria in Roma. pp. 57–77. ISBN 978-963-315-046-7.
  • Dunbabin, Jean (1998). Charles I of Anjou. Power, Kingship and State-Making in Thirteenth-Century Europe. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-78093-767-0.
  • Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.
  • Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
  • Harris, Jonathan (2014). Byzantium and the Crusades. Longman. ISBN 0-582-25370-5.
  • Housley, Norman (1982). The Italian Crusades: The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades against Christian Lay Powers, 1254-1343. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821925-3.
  • Housley, Norman (1984). "Charles II of Naples and the Kingdom of Jerusalem". Byzantion. 54 (2): 527–535. ISSN 0378-2506.
  • Lock, Peter (1995). The Franks in the Aegean, 1204-1500. Longman. ISBN 0-582-05139-8.
  • Lock, Peter (2006). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. ISBN 9-78-0-415-39312-6.
  • Musto, Ronald G. (2003). Apocalypse in Rome: Cola di Rienzo and the Politics of the New Age. University of California Press.
  • Nicol, Donald M. (1984). The Despotate of Epirus, 1267-1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-13089-9.
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  • Small, Carola M. (2004). "Charles I of Anjou; Charles II of Anjou". In Kleinhenz, Christopher (ed.). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 212–214. ISBN 978-0-415-93930-0.
  • Takayama, Hiroshi (2004). "Law and monarchy in the south". In Abulafia, David (ed.). Italy in the Central Middle Ages, 1000-1300. Oxford University Press. pp. 58–81. ISBN 0-19-924704-8.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles II of Naples.
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Naples
1285–1309 		Succeeded by
King of Albania
1285–1301 		Succeeded by
Prince of Achaea
1285–1289 		Succeeded by
Count of Anjou and Maine
1285–1290 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Count of Provence and Forcalquier
1267–1309 		Succeeded by
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