Feldsher
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A feldsher (German: Feldscher, Polish: Felczer, Czech: Felčar, Hungarian: Felcser, Russian: фельдшер, Swedish: Fältskär, Finnish: Välskäri) is a health care professional who provides various medical services limited to emergency treatment and ambulance practice.[1] As such, a feldsher is one kind of mid-level medical practitioner.
In Russia, Ukraine and in other countries of the former Soviet Union, feldshers provide primary-, obstetric- and surgical-care services in many rural medical centres and clinics across Russia,[2] Armenia,[3] Kazakhstan,[4] Kyrgyzstan,[5] Mongolia[6] and Uzbekistan.
Similar types of mid-level practitioners are known by different titles in different countries, including advanced practitioner (United Kingdom), clinical associate/clinical officer (in parts of sub-Saharan Africa), community health officer (India), medical assistant (United States), nurse practitioner (Australia, Canada and US), and physician assistant (Canada and US). The International Standard Classification of Occupations, 2008 revision, collectively groups such workers under the category paramedical practitioners.[1]
History
The word Feldsher is derived from the German Feldscher, which was coined in the 15th century. Feldscher (or Feldscherer) literally means "(battle-)field shearer" and was the term used for barber surgeons in the German and Swiss armies from the 17th century until professional military medical services were established, first by Prussia in the early 18th century. Today, Feldshers do not exist in Germany anymore, but the term was exported with Prussian officers and nobles to Russia. An All-Russia Union of Feldshers was founded in 1905. They were regarded as "Middle Medical Workers".[7]
The Feldsher system of rural primary care provided some of the inspiration for China's barefoot doctors.
Today feldshers can be found in every medical setting from primary to intensive care.[8] They are often the first point of contact with health professionals for people in rural areas.
Education and training
Training for feldshers can include up to four years of post-secondary education, including medical diagnosis and prescribing.[4] They have clinical responsibilities that may be considered midway between those of physicians and those of nurses. They do not have full professional qualifications as physicians.[9]
The training program typically includes basic pre-clinical sciences: anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, microbiology, laboratory subjects, etc.; and advanced clinical sciences: internal medicine and therapeutics, neurology and psychiatry, obstetrics, infectious diseases and epidemiology, preventive medicine, surgery and trauma, anesthesiology and intensive care, pediatrics, and other clinical subjects such as ophthalmology, otolaryngology, dermatology and sexually transmitted diseases, ambulance service and pre-hospital emergency medical care, army field medical-surgical training.
See also
- Allied health professions
- Clinical officer, a similar category of health care provider in sub-Saharan Africa
- Health care providers
- Medical assistant
- Mid-level practitioner
- Nurse practitioner
- Physician assistant, a similar category of health care provider in the United States
References
- ^ a b
World Health Organization (2010). "Occupation group: Paramedical practitioners. Feldsher (Examples of occupations)" (PDF). Classifying Health Workers. Geneva. page 4/14 in PDF.
Ambulance workers. ISCO code: 2240.
- ^ Farmer R et al., "The Russian Health Care System Today. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 2003; 70(11) (PDF)
- ^ World Health Organization. National Health Accounts of the Republic of Armenia 2006. Yerevan, 2007 - (PDF)
- ^ a b "European Observatory on Health Care Systems: Health Care Systems in Transition: Kazakhstan. Copenhagen, 1999 (PDF)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
- ^ World Health Organization and Ministry of Health, Kyrgyzstan. Integrated Management on Emergency and Essential Surgical Care (IMEESC). Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, 2005 (PDF)
- ^ Mongolia health system review. T︠S︡olmongėrėl, T︠S︡. (T︠S︡ilaazhavyn), Kwon, Soonman., Richardson, Erica., Asia Pacific Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Copenhagen, Denmark: World Health Organization, on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. 2013. ISBN 9789290616092. OCLC 849860631.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Khwaja, Barbara (26 May 2017). "Health Reform in Revolutionary Russia". Socialist Health Association. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
- ^ "Primary Health Care". World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Archived from the original on 31 May 2010. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
- ^ Floyd K et al. Health-systems Efficiency in the Russian Federation: Tuberculosis Control. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2006; 84(1): 1-80 (PDF)
- Kossoy E. & Ohry A. The Feldsher: Medical, Sociological and Historical Aspects of Practitioners of Medicine with below University Level Education, the Magnes Press, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1992. (ISBN 965-223-789-2).
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