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[[Count]] {{nihongo|'''Makino Nobuaki''', also '''Makino Shinken'''|牧野 伸顕||extra= November 24, 1861 – January 25, 1949}} was a Japanese politician and imperial court official. As [[Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan]], Makino served as [[Emperor Hirohito]]’s chief counselor on the monarch’s position in Japanese society and policymaking. In this capacity, he significantly contributed to the militarization of Japanese society by organizing support for [[Japanese nationalism|ultranationalist]] groups <ref>{{harvnb|Bix|2001|pages=163-164}} "For the ruling [Japanese] elites discussion of the ''kokutai'' was invariably linked to the problem of controlling dangerous thought...Prime Minister Kiyoura thereupon formed, in February 1924, a Central Association of Cultural Bodies in response to Hirohito's call for the improvement of thought and 'the awakening of the national spirit.' Invited to the association's convocation meeting to discuss a national campaign against 'dangerous thoughts' associated with the labor movement and the Left were representatives from Shinto, Christianity, and Buddhism, including the leaders of Nichiren. [¶]The [Nichiren] sect, founded in the thirteenth century, was then enjoying its golden age of influence and growth, and two of its leading proselytizers—Honda Nisshō and Tanaka Chigaku—immediately seized on this 'national spirit' campaign to draw up an appeal asking the [imperial] court to issue a rescript conferring on Nichiren, the founder of their religion, the posthumous title of 'Great Teacher Who Established the Truth', so that they could then use it for proseltyzing purposes. After the court granted Nichiren the title, Imperial Household Minister Makino is alleged to have declared: 'This decision was due to the emperor's benevolent awareness that the present ideological situation in Japan requires better guidance by sound thought, and especially, firm religious belief.'"}} </ref> <ref>{{harvnb|Bix|2001|p=164}}"''...the imperial house, controlled by Makino and Hirohito, awarded [Nichiren's founder] the title [of 'Great Teacher Who Established the Truth'] because it considered the social situation bad enough to warrant the services of the most passionate enemies of Taishō democracy, the Nichiren believers. When Honda went to the Imperial Household Ministry to receive the award, he met Makino and told him that the Nichiren religion [wa]s "the banner of an army on the offensive in the 'ideological warfare' of the present day." Honda also expressed his patriotism and boasted about the Nichiren's sect's antidemocratic, anticommunist nature. That Buddhism (or the faith of Nichiren believers, many of whom were upper-echelon army officers and civilian right-wing ideologues) had to be called on to supplement emperor ideology indicates that the official creed was never able to exercise a controlling influence on all groups in Japanese society.''"}}</ref> and preempting the Emperor's from intervening against [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria |
[[Count]] {{nihongo|'''Makino Nobuaki''', also '''Makino Shinken'''|牧野 伸顕||extra= November 24, 1861 – January 25, 1949}} was a Japanese politician and imperial court official. As [[Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan]], Makino served as [[Emperor Hirohito]]’s chief counselor on the monarch’s position in Japanese society and policymaking. In this capacity, he significantly contributed to the militarization of Japanese society by organizing support for [[Japanese nationalism|ultranationalist]] groups <ref>{{harvnb|Bix|2001|pages=163-164}} "For the ruling [Japanese] elites discussion of the ''kokutai'' was invariably linked to the problem of controlling dangerous thought...Prime Minister Kiyoura thereupon formed, in February 1924, a Central Association of Cultural Bodies in response to Hirohito's call for the improvement of thought and 'the awakening of the national spirit.' Invited to the association's convocation meeting to discuss a national campaign against 'dangerous thoughts' associated with the labor movement and the Left were representatives from Shinto, Christianity, and Buddhism, including the leaders of Nichiren. [¶]The [Nichiren] sect, founded in the thirteenth century, was then enjoying its golden age of influence and growth, and two of its leading proselytizers—Honda Nisshō and Tanaka Chigaku—immediately seized on this 'national spirit' campaign to draw up an appeal asking the [imperial] court to issue a rescript conferring on Nichiren, the founder of their religion, the posthumous title of 'Great Teacher Who Established the Truth', so that they could then use it for proseltyzing purposes. After the court granted Nichiren the title, Imperial Household Minister Makino is alleged to have declared: 'This decision was due to the emperor's benevolent awareness that the present ideological situation in Japan requires better guidance by sound thought, and especially, firm religious belief.'"}} </ref> <ref>{{harvnb|Bix|2001|p=164}}"''...the imperial house, controlled by Makino and Hirohito, awarded [Nichiren's founder] the title [of 'Great Teacher Who Established the Truth'] because it considered the social situation bad enough to warrant the services of the most passionate enemies of Taishō democracy, the Nichiren believers. When Honda went to the Imperial Household Ministry to receive the award, he met Makino and told him that the Nichiren religion [wa]s "the banner of an army on the offensive in the 'ideological warfare' of the present day." Honda also expressed his patriotism and boasted about the Nichiren's sect's antidemocratic, anticommunist nature. That Buddhism (or the faith of Nichiren believers, many of whom were upper-echelon army officers and civilian right-wing ideologues) had to be called on to supplement emperor ideology indicates that the official creed was never able to exercise a controlling influence on all groups in Japanese society.''"}}</ref> and preempting the Emperor's from intervening against [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria|the Imperial Army's invasion of Manchuria]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bix|2001|pp=235-236}} "...[On] September 19, the palace learned—through newspaper reports based on Kwantung Army explanations—of the clash in Manchuria. Responsibility according to the army spokesman, rested with the Chinese. Chief Aide-de-Camp Nara Takeji promptly informed the emperor, adding that he believed 'this incident [would] not spread.' Nara may also have suggested, then or a few hours later, that Hirohito convene an imperial conference to take control of the situation—an idea that Makino and Saionji quickly negated on the ground that 'the virtue of his majesty' would be 'soiled' if the decisions of such a conference should prove impossible to implement."</ref> |
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|the Imperial Army's invasion of Manchuria]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bix|2001|pp=235-236}} "...[On] September 19, the palace learned—through newspaper reports based on Kwantung Army explanations—of the clash in Manchuria. Responsibility according to the army spokesman, rested with the Chinese. Chief Aide-de-Camp Nara Takeji promptly informed the emperor, adding that he believed 'this incident [would] not spread.' Nara may also have suggested, then or a few hours later, that Hirohito convene an imperial conference to take control of the situation—an idea that Makino and Saionji quickly negated on the ground that 'the virtue of his majesty' would be 'soiled' if the decisions of such a conference should prove impossible to implement."</ref> |
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Even after his retirement in 1935, he remained a close advisor to the throne through the end of [[World War II]] in 1945.<ref>Peter Wetzler, "Hirohito’s First Adviser: Count Makino Nobuaki." in ''Hirohito and War'' (University of Hawaii Press, 1998) pp . 139-178 </ref> |
Even after his retirement in 1935, he remained a close advisor to the throne through the end of [[World War II]] in 1945.<ref>Peter Wetzler, "Hirohito’s First Adviser: Count Makino Nobuaki." in ''Hirohito and War'' (University of Hawaii Press, 1998) pp . 139-178 </ref> |
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Revision as of 20:04, 21 April 2023
Makino Nobuaki 牧野 伸顕 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan | |
| In office 30 March 1925 – 26 February 1935 | |
| Monarchs | |
| Preceded by | Hamao Arata |
| Succeeded by | Saitō Makoto |
| Foreign Minister of the Japanese Empire | |
| In office February 1913 – April 1914 | |
| Monarch | Taishō |
| Preceded by | Katō Takaaki |
| Succeeded by | Katō Takaaki |
| Personal details | |
| Born | November 24, 1861 Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan |
| Died | January 25, 1949 (aged 87) Tokyo, Japan |
| Parent(s) | Ōkubo Toshimichi Hayasaki Masako |
| Occupation | Politician, cabinet minister, diplomat |
Count Makino Nobuaki, also Makino Shinken (牧野 伸顕, November 24, 1861 – January 25, 1949) was a Japanese politician and imperial court official. As Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan, Makino served as Emperor Hirohito’s chief counselor on the monarch’s position in Japanese society and policymaking. In this capacity, he significantly contributed to the militarization of Japanese society by organizing support for ultranationalist groups [1] [2] and preempting the Emperor's from intervening against the Imperial Army's invasion of Manchuria.[3]
Even after his retirement in 1935, he remained a close advisor to the throne through the end of World War II in 1945.[4]
Early life and education
Born to a samurai family in Kagoshima, Satsuma Domain (present day Kagoshima Prefecture), Makino was the second son of Ōkubo Toshimichi, but adopted into the Makino family at a very early age. In 1871, at age 11, he accompanied Ōkubo on the Iwakura Mission to the United States as a student, and briefly attended school in Philadelphia. After he returned to Japan, he attended Tokyo Imperial University, but left without graduating.[5]
Career
Upon beginning his career as a diplomat, Makino was assigned to the Japanese Embassy in London. There, he made the acquaintance of Itō Hirobumi. Following his service abroad, he served as governor of Fukui Prefecture (1891–1892) and Ibaraki Prefecture (1892–1893). He resumed his career in diplomacy as an Ambassador to Italy (1897–1899) and later Ambassador to the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Switzerland.
In March 1906, Makino was appointed Minister of Education under Prime Minister Saionji Kinmochi. While serving in the 1st Saionji Cabinet, he was elevated in rank to danshaku (baron) under the kazoku peerage system.[6] When Saionji began his second term as Prime Minister on 30 August 1911, Makino again joined his Cabinet as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce. He was also appointed to serve on the Privy Council. Over the course of his political career, he aligned his policies closely with Itō Hirobumi and later, with Saionji, and was considered one of the early leaders of the Liberalism movement in Japan.[7]
After victory in World War I, Makino was appointed to be one of Japan's ambassador plenipotentiaries to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, headed by the elder statesman, Marquis Saionji. At the conference, he and other members of the delegation put forth a racial equality proposal that did not pass.
On September 20, 1920, he was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers. In February 1921, he became Imperial Household Minister and elevated in rank to shishaku (viscount). Behind the scenes, he strove to improve Anglo-Japanese and Japanese-American relations, and he shared Saionji Kinmochi's efforts to shield the Emperor from direct involvement in political affairs.
In 1925, he was appointed Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan. In his efforts to preserve the monarchy’s exalted status, Makino increasingly positioned himself alongside Japan’s ultranationalist movement. In 1928, he oversaw the organization of nationwide enthronement ceremonies that energized the cult of personality surrounding Emperor Hirohito. He also authorized royal support for radical right wing groups and counseled Hirohito to legitimize the Army’s illegal invasion of China. In this manner, he played a central role in fueling militarism within Japan in the 1930s.
On May 15, 1932, Makino's residence got attacked by ultra nationalist League of Blood, but Nobuaki didn't get hurt. It was part of the May 15 Incident.
In 1935, he relinquished his position as Lord Keeper and was elevated in the title to hakushaku (count). Although he formally retired his positions in 1935, his relations with Hirohito remained good, and he still had much power and influence behind the scenes. This made him a target for radicals in the Japanese military. He only narrowly escaped assassination at his villa in Yugawara during the February 26 Incident in 1936. He continued to be an advisor and exert a moderating influence on the Emperor until the start of World War II.[8]
Later life and death
Makino was also the first president of the Nihon Ki-in Go Society, and a fervent player of the game of go.
After the war, his reputation as an "old liberalist" gave him high credibility, and the politician Ichirō Hatoyama attempted to recruit him to the Liberal Party as its chairman. However, Makino declined for reasons of health and age. He died in 1949, and his grave is at the Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo.
Personal life
Noted post-war Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida was Makino's son-in-law. One of his grandchildren Ken'ichi Yoshida was a literary scholar. The former Prime Minister, Tarō Asō, is Makino's great-grandson. His great-granddaughter, Nobuko Asō, married Prince Tomohito of Mikasa, a first cousin of Emperor Akihito. In addition, Ijūin Hikokichi, the former minister of foreign affairs, was the brother-in-law of Makino.[9]
Honours
- 1925: Grand Cordon Order of Leopold.[10]
- 1930: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion
Notes
- ^ Bix 2001, pp. 163–164 "For the ruling [Japanese] elites discussion of the kokutai was invariably linked to the problem of controlling dangerous thought...Prime Minister Kiyoura thereupon formed, in February 1924, a Central Association of Cultural Bodies in response to Hirohito's call for the improvement of thought and 'the awakening of the national spirit.' Invited to the association's convocation meeting to discuss a national campaign against 'dangerous thoughts' associated with the labor movement and the Left were representatives from Shinto, Christianity, and Buddhism, including the leaders of Nichiren. [¶]The [Nichiren] sect, founded in the thirteenth century, was then enjoying its golden age of influence and growth, and two of its leading proselytizers—Honda Nisshō and Tanaka Chigaku—immediately seized on this 'national spirit' campaign to draw up an appeal asking the [imperial] court to issue a rescript conferring on Nichiren, the founder of their religion, the posthumous title of 'Great Teacher Who Established the Truth', so that they could then use it for proseltyzing purposes. After the court granted Nichiren the title, Imperial Household Minister Makino is alleged to have declared: 'This decision was due to the emperor's benevolent awareness that the present ideological situation in Japan requires better guidance by sound thought, and especially, firm religious belief.'"}}
- ^ Bix 2001, p. 164"...the imperial house, controlled by Makino and Hirohito, awarded [Nichiren's founder] the title [of 'Great Teacher Who Established the Truth'] because it considered the social situation bad enough to warrant the services of the most passionate enemies of Taishō democracy, the Nichiren believers. When Honda went to the Imperial Household Ministry to receive the award, he met Makino and told him that the Nichiren religion [wa]s "the banner of an army on the offensive in the 'ideological warfare' of the present day." Honda also expressed his patriotism and boasted about the Nichiren's sect's antidemocratic, anticommunist nature. That Buddhism (or the faith of Nichiren believers, many of whom were upper-echelon army officers and civilian right-wing ideologues) had to be called on to supplement emperor ideology indicates that the official creed was never able to exercise a controlling influence on all groups in Japanese society."}}
- ^ Bix 2001, pp. 235–236 "...[On] September 19, the palace learned—through newspaper reports based on Kwantung Army explanations—of the clash in Manchuria. Responsibility according to the army spokesman, rested with the Chinese. Chief Aide-de-Camp Nara Takeji promptly informed the emperor, adding that he believed 'this incident [would] not spread.' Nara may also have suggested, then or a few hours later, that Hirohito convene an imperial conference to take control of the situation—an idea that Makino and Saionji quickly negated on the ground that 'the virtue of his majesty' would be 'soiled' if the decisions of such a conference should prove impossible to implement."
- ^ Peter Wetzler, "Hirohito’s First Adviser: Count Makino Nobuaki." in Hirohito and War (University of Hawaii Press, 1998) pp . 139-178
- ^ Wetzler, (1998)
- ^ 牧野伸顕関係文書（書翰の部 Archived 2010-03-24 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Wetzler, (1998)
- ^ John Van Sant, Peter Mauch, and Yoneyuki Sugita, The A to Z of United States–Japan Relations (2010) p. 234.
- ^ Hui-Min Lo (1 June 1978). The Correspondence of G. E. Morrison 1912-1920. CUP Archive. p. 873. ISBN 978-0-521-21561-9.
- ^ Royal Decree of 1925/-Mémorial du centenaire de l'Ordre de Léopold. 1832-1932. Bruxelles, J. Rozez, 1933.
Resources
- Agawa, Hiroyuki. The Reluctant Admiral: Yamamoto and the Imperial Navy. Kodansha International (2000). ISBN 4-7700-2539-4
- Beasley, W. G. Japanese Imperialism 1894–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822168-1
- Wetzler, Peter. "Hirohito’s First Adviser: Count Makino Nobuaki." in Hirohito and War (University of Hawaii Press, 1998) pp . 139-178.
- Makino, Nobuaki. Makino Nobuaki nikki. Chūō Kōronsha (1990). ISBN 4-12-001977-2 (Japanese)
External links
Media related to Makino Nobuaki at Wikimedia Commons
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
| Other | |
- 1861 births
- 1949 deaths
- People from Satsuma Domain
- People from Kagoshima
- Politicians from Kagoshima Prefecture
- Kazoku
- People of Meiji-period Japan
- University of Tokyo alumni
- Education ministers of Japan
- Foreign ministers of Japan
- Government ministers of Japan
- Governors of Fukui Prefecture
- Governors of Ibaraki Prefecture
- Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
- Ambassadors of Japan to Austria-Hungary
- Ambassadors of Japan to Italy
- 20th-century diplomats