Qit'at Jaradah: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Small island in the Persian Gulf}} |
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{{OSM Location map |
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| width = 257 |
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| height = 310 |
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| coord = {{coord|25.7|50.9}} |
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| title = Qit'at Jaradah Island |
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| zoom = 8 <!--(1=whole world, 18=a street)--> |
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| caption = Location, approximately mid-way between [[Bahrain]] and [[Qatar]] |
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| minimap = file |
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| map_width = |
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| mini-file = BlankMap-PersianGulf.png |
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| map caption = <!--Muharraq Island (Bahrain)--> |
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| mini-width = 108 |
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| locator map = {{Location map|Bahrain|label=|mark=Red pog.svg|marksize=5|position=right|caption=Location of Qisrat Jaradah in Bahrain|float=center|width=220|lat=26.178|long=50.90}} |
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| mini-height = 75 |
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| minipog-x = 56 |
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| minipog-y = 42 |
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| scalemark = 180 |
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| nolabels=1 |
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| mark-coord = {{coord|26.178|50.90}} |
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| label=Qit'at Jaradah |
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| label-pos = bottom |
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| label1 = Q A T A R| mark-coord1={{coord|25.59|51.26}}| label-pos1=top| label-angle1=-40| label-color1=#888866| mark-size1=0| label-size1=14 |
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| label2 = B A H R A I N| mark-coord2={{coord|25.97|50.57}}| label-angle2 = 0 |
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| label3 = P e r s i a n G u l f| mark-coord3={{coord|26.35|51.0}}| label-pos3=top| label-angle3=0| label-color3=#77A1CB |
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}} |
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| image_caption = |
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| map = |
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| map_caption = Location of Qit'at Jaradah in Bahrain |
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| native_name_lang = |
| native_name_lang = |
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| location = [[Persian Gulf]] |
| location = [[Persian Gulf]] |
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| type = [[Island]] |
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| coordinates = {{Coord|26.178|N|50.90|E|region:BH_type:isle_dim:50000_source:enwiki|display=inline,title}} |
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.178|N|50.90|E|region:BH_type:isle_dim:50000_source:enwiki|display=inline,title}} |
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| archipelago = [[Bahrain]] |
| archipelago = [[Bahrain]] |
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| waterbody = [[Persian Gulf]] |
| waterbody = [[Persian Gulf]] |
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| total_islands = 1 |
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| major_islands = |
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| major islands = {{hlist |item_style=line-height:1.4em;white-space:nowrap; |South Jaradah|North Jaradah{{nbsp|4}}}} |
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| area_m2 = 48 |
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| area_footnotes = <br> (at high-tide)<br> {{convert|45000|m2|abbr=on}}<br>(at low-tide) |
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| elevation_m = 0 |
| elevation_m = 0.4 |
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| Country heading = Sovereign state |
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| elevation_footnotes = <br> (at high tide) |
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| country = [[Bahrain]] |
| country = [[Bahrain]] |
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| country_admin_divisions_title = [[Governorates of Bahrain|Governorate]] |
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| country_admin_divisions = [[Muharraq Governorate]] |
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| demonym = [[Bahraini (disambiguation)|Bahraini]] |
| demonym = [[Bahraini (disambiguation)|Bahraini]] |
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| population = 0 |
| population = 0 |
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| population_as_of = 2016 |
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| density_km2 = 0 |
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| ethnic_groups = |
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| ethnic groups = [[Demographics of Bahrain|Bahraini]], [[Ethnic, cultural and religious groups of Bahrain|non-Bahraini]] |
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| timezone1 = [[UTC+03:00#Arabia Standard Time|AST]] |
| timezone1 = [[UTC+03:00#Arabia Standard Time|AST]] |
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| utc_offset1 = +3 |
| utc_offset1 = +3 |
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| website = {{URL|http://www.bahrain.com/}} |
| website = {{URL|http://www.bahrain.com/}} |
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| iso_code_type = [[ISO 3166-2:BH|ISO code]] |
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| iso_code = BH-14 |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Qisrat Jaradah''' are a group of cays in [[Bahrain]]. It lies off the east of [[Bahrain Island]], with a distance of {{convert|32|km|abbr=on}} east of the capital, [[Manama]], on [[Bahrain Island]]. |
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'''Qit'at Jaradah''' is a [[cay]] in the [[Persian Gulf]] to the east of [[Bahrain Island]], located {{convert|32|km|abbr=on}} east of [[Manama]], the capital of [[Bahrain]]. Historically, the feature is above water only during spring [[low tide]];{{r|stpg}} it sits approximately midway between Bahrain and [[Qatar]],{{r|IMB}} within the {{convert|12|mi|adj=on}} [[territorial waters]] of both countries.{{r|pf}} It was one of several maritime features contributing to a long running dispute between Bahrain and Qatar. |
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==Administration== |
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The island belongs to [[Muharraq Governorate]] . |
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== |
==Geography== |
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While historically Qit'at Jaradah has not been considered an [[island]], Bahrain claimed in 2000 that the cay measured approximately {{convert|12x4|m}} at [[high tide]] with an elevation of approximately {{convert|0.4|m}}, and {{convert|600x75|m}} at low tide.{{r|pf|ICJ}} The opposing view is that it is a [[low-tide elevation]].{{r|ICJ}} The feature is uninhabited and without vegetation.{{r|ICJ}} |
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<gallery widths=180> |
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File:Un-bahrain.png|Map 1 |
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==History== |
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File:Muharraq Governorate in Bahrain 2014.svg|District Map |
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Bahrain first claimed ownership of the cay in 1936, supported by the British Maritime Boundary Award of 1947. Qit'at Jaradah would be in Qatari waters with respect to the equidistant line that otherwise divides the nations in this area. The British were influenced by the ''de facto'' operations of oil companies at the time.{{r|ICJ}} Although awarded to Bahrain, the feature was not classified as an island with [[territorial waters]] of {{convert|3|mi}}. This was consistent with the definition of an island of the [[Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone|Geneva Conference of 1958]], which required an island to be above water at high tide. However, in 1959 the British attempted to reclassify Qit'at Jaradah as an island, as did the government of Bahrain in 1964. Qatar rejected this claim in 1965 and then sought international [[arbitration]].{{r|stpg}} Nothing resulted, since neither nation was a member of the [[United Nations]] until 1971.{{r|WCD}} By 1986, Qatar declared several disputed areas, including Qit'at Jaradah, as military zones. As the two parties neared conflict, tensions were reduced under pressure from [[Oman]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and the [[UAE]] to resume the [[status quo|status quo ante]]. Saudi Arabia, through the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]], attempted to negotiate a permanent agreement but was unsuccessful. In 1991, Qatar again sought arbitration by the [[International Court of Justice]] at [[The Hague]].{{r|stpg}} |
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</gallery> |
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===2003 International Court of Justice ruling=== |
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In 2003, the International Court of Justice ruled by a 12–5{{r|YIC}} vote that Qit'at Jaradah was an island and that sovereignty belonged to Bahrain, although dissenting opinions questioned whether it should be considered an island given its small size, variable physical characteristics, and lack of firm ground.{{r|qvb}} The court's ruling stated that "the activities carried out by Bahrain on that island must be considered sufficient to support Bahrain's claim that it has sovereignty over it."{{r|ICJ}} Bahrain's activities on the "island" included placing a [[navigation beacon]], drilling an [[artesian well]], and permitting fishing and oil exploration.{{r|WCD}} This conclusion could not have been reached if the court had not ruled it an island, as sovereignty can be acquired by occupation only of an island, not a low-tide elevation.{{r|EEO}} Qatar had argued that it had never been shown on navigation charts as an island and that even if not always completely submerged at high tide, it still shouldn't be considered an island.{{r|ils}} |
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==See also== |
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*[[Bahrain–Qatar relations]] |
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*[[Territorial disputes in the Persian Gulf]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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<ref name=IMB>{{cite book|editor1-last=Charney|editor1-first=Jonathan I.|editor2-last=Smith|editor-first2=Robert W.|title=International Maritime Boundaries Volume IV|date=2002|publisher=Kluwer Law International|isbn=90-411-1954-X|page=2843|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4EOcBE6VIikC&q=bahrain%20islands%20jaradah&pg=PA2843|access-date=1 October 2017}}</ref> |
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{{Commons category|Qisrat Jaradah}} |
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<ref name="qvb">{{cite book|last1=Kwiatkowska|first1=Barbara|title=The Qatar V. Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions Case|date=2003|publisher=International Boundaries Research Unit|isbn=9781897643495|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kHieIr_kAPoC|access-date=2 October 2017}}</ref> |
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<ref name="stpg">{{cite book|last1=Mojtahed-Zadeh|first1=Pirouz|title=Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography|date=November 5, 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1136817175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUL8AQAAQBAJ|access-date=1 October 2017}}</ref> |
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<ref name="pf">{{cite book|last1=Tamaka|first1=Yoshifumi|title=Predictability and Flexibility in the Law of Maritime Delimitation|date=2006|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781847311177|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krDbBAAAQBAJ|access-date=1 October 2017}}</ref> |
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<ref name=ICJ>{{cite book|last1=Dahlhoff|first1=Guenther|title=Bibliographic Set (2 Vol Set). International Court of Justice, Digest of Judgments and Advisory Opinions, Canon and Case Law 1946 – 2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_L23IXwnFQC|access-date=2 October 2017|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|date=2012}}</ref> |
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<ref name="YIC">{{cite book|title=Yearbook of the International Court of Justice 2000–2001|date=2002|publisher=United Nations Publications|isbn=9789211700787|page=229}}</ref> |
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<ref name="ils">{{cite book|last1=Tanaka|first1=Yoshifumi|title=The International Law of the Sea|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781316299814|page=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yn25CgAAQBAJ}}</ref> |
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<ref name="WCD">{{cite book|title=World Court Digest 2001 – 2005|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9783540874676|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ejpqk1iWAtcC|access-date=2 October 2017}}</ref> |
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<ref name="EEO">{{cite book|editor1-last=Purdy|editor1-first=Ray|editor2-last=Leung|editor2-first=Denise|title=Evidence from Earth Observation Satellites: Emerging Legal Issues|date=2012|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=9789004234031}}</ref> |
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}} |
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{{Muharraq Governorate of Bahrain}} |
{{Muharraq Governorate of Bahrain}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT: |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Qit'at Jaradah}} |
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[[Category:Qisrat Jaradah]] |
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[[Category:Islands of Bahrain]] |
[[Category:Islands of Bahrain]] |
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{{Bahrain-geo-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 19:36, 27 June 2023
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| Geography | |
|---|---|
| Location | Persian Gulf |
| Coordinates | 26°10′41″N 50°54′00″E / 26.178°N 50.90°E |
| Archipelago | Bahrain |
| Adjacent to | Persian Gulf |
| Total islands | 1 |
| Area | 48 m2 (520 sq ft) (at high-tide) 45,000 m2 (480,000 sq ft) (at low-tide) |
| Highest elevation | 0.4 m (1.3 ft) (at high tide) |
| Administration | |
| Governorate | Muharraq Governorate |
| Demographics | |
| Demonym | Bahraini |
| Population | 0 (2016) |
| Pop. density | 0/km2 (0/sq mi) |
| Additional information | |
| Time zone | |
| ISO code | BH-14 |
| Official website | www |
Qit'at Jaradah is a cay in the Persian Gulf to the east of Bahrain Island, located 32 km (20 mi) east of Manama, the capital of Bahrain. Historically, the feature is above water only during spring low tide;[1] it sits approximately midway between Bahrain and Qatar,[2] within the 12-mile (19 km) territorial waters of both countries.[3] It was one of several maritime features contributing to a long running dispute between Bahrain and Qatar.
Geography
[edit]While historically Qit'at Jaradah has not been considered an island, Bahrain claimed in 2000 that the cay measured approximately 12 by 4 metres (39 ft × 13 ft) at high tide with an elevation of approximately 0.4 metres (1 ft 4 in), and 600 by 75 metres (1,969 ft × 246 ft) at low tide.[3][4] The opposing view is that it is a low-tide elevation.[4] The feature is uninhabited and without vegetation.[4]
History
[edit]Bahrain first claimed ownership of the cay in 1936, supported by the British Maritime Boundary Award of 1947. Qit'at Jaradah would be in Qatari waters with respect to the equidistant line that otherwise divides the nations in this area. The British were influenced by the de facto operations of oil companies at the time.[4] Although awarded to Bahrain, the feature was not classified as an island with territorial waters of 3 miles (4.8 km). This was consistent with the definition of an island of the Geneva Conference of 1958, which required an island to be above water at high tide. However, in 1959 the British attempted to reclassify Qit'at Jaradah as an island, as did the government of Bahrain in 1964. Qatar rejected this claim in 1965 and then sought international arbitration.[1] Nothing resulted, since neither nation was a member of the United Nations until 1971.[5] By 1986, Qatar declared several disputed areas, including Qit'at Jaradah, as military zones. As the two parties neared conflict, tensions were reduced under pressure from Oman, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE to resume the status quo ante. Saudi Arabia, through the Gulf Cooperation Council, attempted to negotiate a permanent agreement but was unsuccessful. In 1991, Qatar again sought arbitration by the International Court of Justice at The Hague.[1]
2003 International Court of Justice ruling
[edit]In 2003, the International Court of Justice ruled by a 12–5[6] vote that Qit'at Jaradah was an island and that sovereignty belonged to Bahrain, although dissenting opinions questioned whether it should be considered an island given its small size, variable physical characteristics, and lack of firm ground.[7] The court's ruling stated that "the activities carried out by Bahrain on that island must be considered sufficient to support Bahrain's claim that it has sovereignty over it."[4] Bahrain's activities on the "island" included placing a navigation beacon, drilling an artesian well, and permitting fishing and oil exploration.[5] This conclusion could not have been reached if the court had not ruled it an island, as sovereignty can be acquired by occupation only of an island, not a low-tide elevation.[8] Qatar had argued that it had never been shown on navigation charts as an island and that even if not always completely submerged at high tide, it still shouldn't be considered an island.[9]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (November 5, 2013). Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136817175. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
- ^ Charney, Jonathan I.; Smith, Robert W., eds. (2002). International Maritime Boundaries Volume IV. Kluwer Law International. p. 2843. ISBN 90-411-1954-X. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
- ^ a b Tamaka, Yoshifumi (2006). Predictability and Flexibility in the Law of Maritime Delimitation. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781847311177. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
- ^ a b c d e Dahlhoff, Guenther (2012). Bibliographic Set (2 Vol Set). International Court of Justice, Digest of Judgments and Advisory Opinions, Canon and Case Law 1946 – 2011. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
- ^ a b World Court Digest 2001 – 2005. Springer Science & Business Media. 2008. ISBN 9783540874676. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
- ^ Yearbook of the International Court of Justice 2000–2001. United Nations Publications. 2002. p. 229. ISBN 9789211700787.
- ^ Kwiatkowska, Barbara (2003). The Qatar V. Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions Case. International Boundaries Research Unit. p. 20. ISBN 9781897643495. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
- ^ Purdy, Ray; Leung, Denise, eds. (2012). Evidence from Earth Observation Satellites: Emerging Legal Issues. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 9789004234031.
- ^ Tanaka, Yoshifumi (2015). The International Law of the Sea. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN 9781316299814.