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Rio Grande do Sul^ⓘ (IPA: [ʁiu ˈgɾɐ̃de do ˈsuɫ];^[1] lit. "Large River of the South") is the southernmost State of Brazil, and the State with the fourth highest Human Development Index (HDI) in the country.^[2] In Rio Grande do Sul we can find the most southern city of the country, Chuí, on the border with Uruguay. The mountain region, where winter can be rigorous, has cities with European characteristics, such as Gramado and Canela. In the region of Bento Gonçalves and Caxias do Sul, the largest wine producing center of Brazil, the attraction is Italian gastronomy. Besides the European influence, the gaúcho, or inhabitants of Rio Grande do Sul, cultivates the traditions of the Pampas — region of the border with Uruguay and Argentina — such as drinking mate tea, known as chimarrão, eating the typical barbecue or churrasco and wearing bombachas (baggy trousers), boots and large hats.

Geography

Rio Grande do Sul is bordered to the north by the Brazilian State of Santa Catarina, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by Uruguay, and to the west by Argentina.

The northern part of the state lies on the southern slopes of the elevated plateau extending southward from São Paulo across the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, and is much broken by low mountain ranges whose general direction across the trend of the slope gives them the appearance of escarpments. A range of low mountains extends southward from the Serra do Mar of Santa Catarina and crosses the state into Uruguay. West of this range is a vast grassy plain devoted principally to stock-raising — the northern and most elevated part being suitable in pasturage and climate for sheep, and the southern for cattle. East of it is a wide coastal zone only slightly elevated above the sea; within it are two great estuarine lagoons, the Lagoa dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim, which are separated from the ocean by two sandy, partially barren peninsulas. The coast is one great sand beach, broken only by the outlet of the two lakes, called the Rio Grande, which affords an entrance to navigable inland waters and several ports. There are two distinct river systems in Rio Grande do Sul - that of the eastern slope draining to the lagoons, and that of the La Plata basin draining westward to the Uruguay River.

File:Parque do Caracol Canela in Oct 1997.jpg

Waterfall in Parque do Caracol in Serra Gaúcha region.

The Historic town of São Miguel das Missões.

The larger rivers of the eastern group are the Jacuí, Sinos, Caí, Gravataí and Camaquã, which flow into the Lagoa dos Patos, and the Jaguarão which flows into the Lagoa Mirim. All of the first named, except the Camaquã, discharge into one of the two arms or estuaries opening into the northern end of Lagoa dos Patos, which is called the Guaíba River, though technically it is not a river but a lake. The Guaíba River is broad, comparatively deep and about 35 miles (56 km) long, and with the rivers discharging into it affords upwards of 200 miles (320 km) of fluvial navigation. The Jacuí is one of the most important rivers of the state, rising in the ranges of the Coxilha Grande of the north and flowing south and southeast to the Guaíba estuary, with a course of nearly 300 miles (480 km) It has two large tributaries, the Vacacaí from the south and the Taquari from the north, and many small streams. The Jaguarão, which forms part of the boundary line with Uruguay, is navigable 26 miles (42 km) up to and beyond the town of Jaguarão.

In addition to the Lagoa dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim there are a number of small lakes on the sandy, swampy peninsulas that lie between the coast and these two, and there are others of a similar character along the northern coast. The largest lake is the Lagoa dos Patos (Lake of the Patos - an Indian tribe inhabiting its shores at the time of European discovery), which lies parallel with the coastline, northeast and southwest, and is about 133 miles (214 km) long exclusive of the two arms at its northern end, 25 and 35 miles (56 km) long respectively, and of its outlet, the Rio Grande, about 24 miles (39 km) long. Its width varies from 22 to 36 miles (58 km). The lake is comparatively shallow and filled with sand banks, making its navigable channels tortuous and difficult. The Lagoa Mirim occupies a similar position farther south, on the Uruguayan border, and is about 108 miles (174 km) long by 6 to 22 miles (35 km) wide. It is more irregular in outline and discharges into Lagoa dos Patos through a navigable channel known as the São Gonçalo Channel. A part of the lake lies in Uruguayan territory, but its navigation, as determined by treaty, belongs exclusively to Brazil. Both of these lakes are evidently the remains of an ancient depression in the coastline shut in by sand beaches built up by the combined action of wind and current. They are of the same level as the ocean, but their waters are affected by the tides and are brackish only a short distance above the Rio Grande outlet.

Fully one-third of the state belongs to the La Plata drainage basin. Of the many streams flowing northward and westward to the Uruguay, the largest are the Ijuí of the plateau region, the Ibicuí, which has its source near Santa Maria in the central part of the state and flows westward to the Uruguay a short distance above Uruguaiana, and the Quaraí River which forms part of the boundary line with Uruguay. The Uruguay River itself is formed by the confluence of the Canoas and Pelotas rivers. The Pelotas, which has its source in the Serra do Mar on the Atlantic coast, and the Uruguay River forms the northern and western boundary line of the state down to the mouth of the Quaraí, on the Uruguayan frontier.

Climate

Rio Grande lies within the south temperate zone and has a subtropical climate (or temperate). There are four relatively well-marked seasons and rainfall is well distributed throughout the year, but occasional droughts can occur. The winter months, June to September, are characterized by heavy rains and by a cold southwesterly wind, called minuano, which sometimes lower the temperature to freezing point, especially in the mountainous municipalities, where snowfalls can occur. In summer, the temperature rises to 30°C (86°F). Cases of sunstroke are not rare.

Ecoregions

Several ecoregions cover portions of the state. In the northeastern corner of the state, between the Serra do Mar/Serra Geral and the Atlantic, lies the southern extension of the Serra do Mar coastal forests, a belt of evergreen tropical moist forests that extend north along the coastal strip as far as Rio de Janeiro state. The high plateau behind the Serra do Mar is occupied by the Araucaria moist forests, a subtropical forests characterized by evergreen, laurel-leaved forests interspersed with emergent Brazilian Pines (Araucaria angustifolia). The Paraná-Paraíba interior forests lie on the lower slopes of the plateau south and east of the Araucaria forests, including much of the lower basin of the Jacuí and its tributaries. These forests are semi-deciduous, with many trees losing their leaves in the summer dry season. The Atlantic Coast restingas, distinctive forests which grow on nutrient-poor coastal dunes, extend along the coast, as far as the Uruguayan border.

The southeastern portion of the state is covered by the Uruguayan savanna or Pampa, which extends south into Uruguay, in a plateau named Serras de Sudeste (Southeastern Mountain Ranges).

History

During the Colonial period, Rio Grande do Sul has been the scene of bloody wars: the dispute between Portugal and Spain for the Sacramento Colony, and the Guarani Missions War. It was also a focal point for internal rebellion in the 19th and early 20th century.

Guarani Wars

(Main article: Guarani War)

Originally, the region of what is now Rio Grande do Sul was part of the Spanish possessions in South America. However, the Spaniards were much more interested in their achievements in the Pacific Coast, where gold, silver, and gems, were quickly found. Even in the Atlantic coast, their attention was caught by the Plata estuary, where they built the seaport of Buenos Aires, in its right bank.

The Spanish occupation of the Southeastern region of the continent, consequently, followed the course of the Prata and its tributaries, especially the Parana and Uruguay.

The first Spaniards to reach the region that is nowadays Paraguay, Northwestern Argentina (Corrientes, Misiones), and Rio Grande do Sul, however, were not merchants or military conquerors; it was the Jesuit priests who established there, with the idea of converting the indigenous population to Catholicism. To that end, they founded villages known in Castillian as misiones or reducciones, and in Portuguese as missões or reduções, populated by Guarani Indians.

In the early XVII century, the Jesuits were founding misiones to the East of Uruguay river, in the Northwest of modern Rio Grande do Sul^[3].

The Missões were destroyed by slave-preying bandeirantes, between 1636 and 1638; however, in 1687, the Jesuits were back to the region, having (re)founded seven reductions - the Sete Povos das Missões. The region remained under Spanish sovereignity, though in practice the Jesuits operated quite independently, up to the late XVII century. However, in 1680, the Portuguese founded Colônia do Sacramento on the Northern bank of the Plata River, in nowadays Uruguay. War ensued, and was intermitent until the independence of Uruguay in 1828^[4].

The logistics of defending Colônia against the Spaniards led to the population of Rio Grande do Sul's coastal region. In 1737, a fortified village (today the city of Rio Grande) was built at the entrance of Lagoa dos Patos. In 1752, a group of Azorean settlers founded Porto Alegre; to the west, Rio Pardo was also founded. Towards the middle of the century, Portuguese and Brazilians arrived to the west of the region, clashing against the Jesuits and the Guaranis. Up to 1756, the Guaranis fought back, under the leadership of Sepé Tiaraju, who was popularly canonised into São Sepé (Saint Sepé). However, the Portuguese and Brazilians eventually quelled the resistance, again destroyed the Missões, and the region turned definitely into Portuguese hegemony^[5].

In 1738 the territory (which included the present state of Santa Catarina) became the Capitania d'el Rei and was made a dependency of Rio de Janeiro. Territorial disputes between Spain and Portugal led to the occupation by the Spanish of the town of Rio Grande (then the capital of the capitania) and neighbouring districts from 1763 to 1776, when they reverted to the Portuguese. The capture of Rio Grande in 1763 caused the removal of the seat of government to Viamão at the head of Lagoa dos Patos; in 1773 Porto dos Cazaes, renamed Porto Alegre, became the capital. In 1801 news of war between Spain and Portugal led to the capture of the Sete Povos and some frontier posts.

In 1777, the Santo Ildefonso Treaty granted the coastal region to Portugal, and the Missões to Spain; but, in practice, both regions were populated by Portuguese and Brazilian settlers. In 1801, the Badajoz treaty handed the Missões to the Portuguese; only the borders between nowadays Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul remained in dispute^[6].

Guerra da Cisplatina

(Main article: Argentina-Brazil War)

The districts of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande had been separated in 1760 for military convenience, and in 1807 the latter was elevated to the category of a capitania-geral, with the designation of "Sao Pedro do Rio Grande," independent of Rio de Janeiro, and with Santa Catarina as a dependency. In 1812 Rio Grande and Santa Catarina were organized into two distinct comarcas, the latter becoming an independent province in 1822 when the Empire of Brazil was organized.

In 1816, the Portuguese captured Uruguay, which became a Province of Brazil (Província Cisplatina). This situation outlasted Brazil's independence from Portugal in 1822; in 1825, however, Juan Antonio Lavalleja proclaimed the independence of Uruguay; war followed, until in 1828 Brazil recognized Uruguayan independence.

Guerra dos Farrapos

(Main article: Guerra dos Farrapos)

Populating Rio Grande do Sul was a constant concern of the Portuguese. To that end, the metropolitan Crown distributed land in the form of enormous latifundia^[7]

In those large latifundia, cattle raising was the predominant economic activity. The Guaranis, under Jesuit rule, had started raising cattle in the Missões. The destruction of the Missões left astray immense herds, which went feral. Thus the newcomers from São Paulo and Santa Catarina settled by re-domesticating this "gado xucro"^[8].

The Azorean settlers, on the other hand, mainly introduced wheat crops in much smaller properties. Up to the beginning of the XIX century, wheat was the main export product of Rio Grande do Sul^[9].

However, the introduction of charqueadas in the Southern coast, following the 1777 drought in Ceará, opened new opportunities to husbandry, as from them on, instead of moving herds by land to São Paulo, cattle could be sold in the relatively nearby region of Pelotas, to be slaughtered and processed there, and further transported by sea to Santos, Rio de Janeiro, and other Brazilian harbours. The cheap charque (jerky) was commonly used as food for the slave stocks in other parts of Brazil^[10].

Up to 1830, political unrest in Argentina and Uruguay favoured the jerky producers of Pelotas. But with order restored in these countries, competition by Argentinian and Uruguayan jerky producers become a concern. The jerky industry of the Plata was favoured by the superior quality of Argentinian and Uruguayan pastures, by their better seaports^[11], and by their use of free labour, instead of slavery^[12]. Consequently, the regional elites soon started to demand customs protection for the gaúcho jerky against the product of the Rio da la Plata; on the failure of the Imperial government to address those concerns, political demands of greater autonomy, and ideas of a federal relationship towards the rest of Brazil were put forth^[13].

These escalated into full rebellion in 1835. In 1834, the Imperial government issued an "Ato Adicional", allowing for elected Provincial legislative assemblies. The first gaúcha Legislative Assembly, inaugurated in April 1835, quickly confronted the Emperor-designated provincial governor. Rebellion broke out in the province; giving up hope upon Imperial redress of the situation, the gaúchos proclaimed independence on September 20, 1835^[14].

The ensuing Guerra dos Farrapos lasted ten years. The rebels stormed Porto Alegre, but where driven out from there in June 1836. From them on, the Empire was able to control most of the coastal region, achieving decisive strategic advantage from this fact. However, in 1839, the rebels were still able to invade Santa Catarina, where they proclaimed a Juliana Republic, in a federal relationship with Rio Grande do Sul (during the Santa Catarina campaign, Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the rebels for a while before he returned to Europe and eventually became a hero in his native Italy). The Empire soon retook initiative, though, and from them on the rebels fought in the defensive^[15].

Rebel Cavalry during the Guerra dos Farrapos.

In 1842 the Empire assigned a new Provincial governor cum military commander, the Baron, later Duke of Caxias. The inability of the rebels to secure contact with the world through a seaport, the dwindling economy of the Province, combined with Caxias' superior capabilities as military commander, led to the fall, in 1843, of important rebel strongholds, Caçapava, Bagé, and Alegrete. Economically exausted and militarily defeated, the rebels accepted Caxias' rather generous terms of surrender. A general amnesty was declared, the rebellious officials were incorporated into the Imperial Army, slaves enrolled in the rebel Army were freed. Additionally, the Empire imposed a 25% tax on foreign jerky imports^[16].

The province suffered greatly in the struggle, but recovered quickly, not only due to the import tax protection, but mainly due to renewed instability in Argentina and Uruguay: Rosas' government in Argentina continually interfered in Uruguaian affairs until 1851, and Buenos Aires was blockaded by the French and the English from 1845 to 1848^[17].

Conflicts with neighbouring countries

At mid XIX century, Rio Grande do Sul repeatedly faced war between Brazil and its neighbours. Those included war against Argentina and Uruguay (deposal of Juan Manuel Rosas, Argentinian dictator, and Manuel Ceferino Oribe y Viana, Uruguayan president, 1852) and intervention in Uruguay (deposal of Atanasio Cruz Aguirre, 1864). This, in turn, led to Paraguayan intervention, and the War of the Triple Alliance, known in Portuguese as Guerra do Paraguai.

In the war against Rosas, 75% of the Brazilian troops were gaúchos. As the only Brazilian boundaries actually facing foreign armies able to confront the Empire's power, Rio Grande do Sul and its gaúchos quickly developed a reputation as soldiers^[18].

Guerra do Paraguai

(Main article: Triple Alliance War)

During this long and bloody war against Paraguay, Rio Grande do Sul remained usually a secondary front. But in 1865 a Paraguayan division invaded the state, occupying Uruguaiana by August 5. By August 16, troops of the Triple Alliance put siege to Uruguaina, and by September 17, an ultimatum was delivered to General Estigarribia, commander of the Paraguayan division. Having no possibility of breaking the siege or defending the position, the Paraguayans surrendered, under conditions, the following day^[19].

But if the territory of Rio Grande do Sul was spared most action, its dwellers provided a very significant part of the Brazilian troops: about 34,000 soldiers, more than 25% of the Brazilian army. This military characteristic of Rio Grande do Sul lasted long after the Triple Alliance War: in 1879, of a standing army of less than 15,000, more than 5,000 were in Rio Grande do Sul. On the other hand, during the late Empire, more Brazilian generals were from Rio Grande do Sul than from any other province. In 1889, of 25 generals born in Brazil, four were from Rio Grande do Sul; and of the three born abroad, two were born in Uruguay but made their carreers in Rio Grande do Sul^[20].

Late Empire

Political agitation was frequent in Rio Grande do Sul, but no important revolution occurred after the Ponche Verde Treaty in 1845 until the presidency at Rio de Janeiro of General Floriano Peixoto, whose ill-considered interference with state governments led to the revolt of 1892-94, under Gumersindo Saraiva.

After the War of the Triple Alliance, Rio Grande do Sul underwent important changes in its economy. Railways connected the countryside to Porto Alegre and Rio Grande. Together with the introcuction of steam ships, this reduced the costs and duration of transportation, facilitating the province's exports. New cattle brands were introduced, and barbed wire was used to demarcate properties^[21].

As a consequence, the population of the province doubled between 1872 and 1890, from 434.813 inhabitants to 897.455^[22]. This was partly due to immigration: about 60,000 immigrants, mostly from Italy, and, in lesser numbers, from Germany, came to Rio Grande do Sul during this period. Most of the Italians settled in the Serra Gaúcha, and most of the Germans in the valleys of the Jacuí, Sinos, and Caí, as small landed proprietors, and agricultural producers. In the area of German settlements, a messianic movement, the Muckers (German for false Saints) erupted in 1874, and was smashed by the Brazilian Army^[23].

Also during this period, the Liberal Party established its hegemony over the province, meaning control of the provincial legislature, the National Guard in Rio Grande do Sul, and most of the municipal governments. Before the War of the Triple Alliance, the Conservative and Liberal parties had alternated in local power, following the national tendency. But, from 1872 on, the Liberals, under the leadership of Gaspar Silveira Martins, were able to retain provincial power, even when the Conservatives won at national level^[24].

1893 Revolution

In this struggle the revolutionaries occupied Santa Catarina and Paraná, capturing Curitiba, but were eventually overthrown through their inability to obtain munitions of war. An incident in this struggle was the death of Admiral Saldanha da Gama, one of the most brilliant officers of the Brazilian navy and one of the chiefs of the naval revolt of 1893-94, who was killed in a skirmish on the Uruguayan border towards the end of the conflict.

1923 Revolution

In 1923, civil war again ecloded between supporters of State President Borges de Medeiros and oppositionists linked to the Partido Libertador and Assis Brasil.

1930 Revolution

In 1930, State President Getulio Vargas, after unsuccessfully running in the presidential elections against the candidate of São Paulo, Júlio Prestes, led a revolt against the Federal government, and suceeded in overthrowing it. This eventually led to the Vargas dictatorship in 1937 and the period known as the Estado Novo.

Demographics

A 19th century house built by Italian immigrants in Caxias do Sul.

According to the IBGE of 2008, there were 11,103,000 people residing in the state. The population density was 38.53 inhabitants per square kilometre (99.8/sq mi).

Urbanization: 80.8% (2004); Population growth: 1.2% (1991-2000); Houses: 3,464,544 (2005).^[25]

The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census revealed the following numbers: 9,137,769 White people (82.3%), 1,265,742 Pardo (Brown) people (11.4%), 655,077 Black people (5.9%), 44,412 Asian or Amerindian people (0.4%).^[26]

People of Portuguese ancestry predominate on the coast and southern parts of the state, being mainly of Gaúcho (especially in the Southwest) or Azorean background (especially in the coastal region). People of German descent predominate in the Sinos Valley (Novo Hamburgo, São Leopoldo, etc) and in the center-eastern part of the State (Santa Cruz do Sul). People of Italian descent predominate in the mountains (Serra Gaúcha, Caxias do Sul, Bento Gonçalves, etc). The Northern and Northwestern parts of the State also has significant numbers of people of both Italian and German descent. There are sizeable communities of Poles and Ukrainians across the state.^[27]

Monument in Porto Alegre to honor the Azorean immigrants.

People of African ancestry are concentrated in the capital city and in some towns in the south, such as Pelotas and Rio Grande. In the south of the state there are some people with features indicating Amerindian ancestry. The region that is now Rio Grande do Sul was originally settled by Amerindian peoples, mostly Guaraní and Kaingangs.^[28] European settlement started in 1627 with Spanish Jesuits. Portuguese Jesuits established Indian Reductions in 1687 and dominated the region. Most of the Indians of the region became Catholics and went to live among the Jesuits. These reductions were destroyed by the Bandeirantes from São Paulo in the 18th century, who wanted to enslave the Indians. The Portuguese settlement in Rio Grande do Sul was largely increased between 1748 and 1756, with the arrival of two thousand immigrants from the Azores Islands, Portugal. They settled many parts of the state, including the nowadays capital, Porto Alegre. Blacks were 50 percent of Rio Grande do Sul's population in 1822. This proportion decreased to 25 percent in 1858 and to only 5.2 percent in 2005. Most of them were brought from Angola to work as slaves in the cattle farms. Nowadays, the black community is mostly concentrated in the Porto Alegre region.^[29]

German immigrants first arrived to Southern Brazil in 1824. They were attracted to Brazil to protect the country from invasions of the neighboring countries and to populate the empty interior of the southern region. The first city to be settled by them was São Leopoldo. In the next five decades, around 28 thousand Germans were brought to the region to work as small farmers in the countryside.^[30]

Italian immigrants started arriving in Rio Grande do Sul in 1875. They were mostly poor peasants from Veneto, Northern Italy, who were attracted to Southern Brazil to get their own farms. Italian immigration to the region lasted until 1914, with a total of 100 thousand Italians settling there in this period. Most of the immigrants worked as small farmers, mainly cultivating grapes in the Serra Gaúcha part of the state.^[31]

Other European immigrants also migrated to Rio Grande do Sul, mostly coming from Eastern Europe (Poland, Ukraine and Russia).

The town of Gramado, where there are occasional snowfalls.

Main towns

Porto Alegre (the state's capital city), Caxias do Sul, Pelotas, Canoas, Gravataí, Santa Maria, Viamão, Novo Hamburgo, Alvorada, São Leopoldo, Rio Grande, Passo Fundo, Uruguaiana, Sapucaia do Sul, Bagé, Cachoeirinha, Santa Cruz do Sul, Guaíba, Bento Gonçalves, Erechim, all of them having more than 100,000 inhabitants.

Economy

Porto Alegre, the capital of Rio Grande do Sul.

The industrial sector is the largest component of GDP at 42.6%, followed by the service sector at 41.1%. Agriculture represents 16.3% of GDP (2004). Rio Grande do Sul exports: footwear 18.1%, soybeans 14.2%, tobacco 13.6%, vehicles 8.1%, frozen meat 7.2%, chemicals 6.8%, and leather 5.3% (2002).

Share of the Brazilian economy: 6.7% (2005).

One of the most prosperous Brazilian states, Rio Grande do Sul is known especially for its grain production, viticulture, ranching, and for its considerable industrial output. The main products exported by Rio Grande do Sul are shoes, tobacco, automobiles, grains, beef, leather, and chemicals.

Interesting facts

Vehicles: 3,716,440 (March/2007); Mobile phones: 7.7 million (April/2007); Telephones: 2.6 million (April/2007); Cities: 496 (2007).^[32]

Education

Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.

Portuguese is the official national language, and is the primary language taught in schools. English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum.

Educational institutions

Universidade de Caxias do Sul Site da UCS (UCS) (University of Caxias do Sul);
Universidade de Passo Fundo Site da UPF (UPF) (University of Passo Fundo);
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul);
Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul (UERGS) (State University of Rio Grande do Sul);
Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG) (Foundation Federal University of Rio Grande);
Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA);
Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) (Federal University of Pelotas);
Universidade Católica de Pelotas (UCPel) (Catholic University of Pelotas);
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) (Federal University of Santa Maria);
Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA) (Federal University of Pampa);
Universidade da Região da Campanha (Urcamp) (University of Campanha Region);
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUC-RS);
Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS) (University of Rio dos Sinos Valley);
Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA) (Lutheran University of Brazil);
Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC) (University of Santa Cruz do Sul);
Faculdade Cenecista Nossa Senhora dos Anjos (FACENSA) (College of Gravataí)
UNIVATES
and many others.

Infrastructure

International airports

Porto Alegre

With 37.6 thousand square meters of constructed area and four levels, the passenger terminal at Salgado Filho International Airport can receive 28 large airplanes simultaneously. The terminal has 32 check-in counters, ten boarding bridges, nine elevators and ten escalators. It has a totally automated aircraft movement control center and the main spaces are air conditioned. The apron, surfaced with prestressed concrete, can serve jumbo jets like the Boeing 747-400. The garage structure has eight levels, 44 thousand square meters and 1,440 parking spaces. Another terminal, with 15 thousand square meters and capacity for 1.5 million passengers a year, serves general, executive and third-tier aviation (conventional piston-engine and turboprop planes). Porto Alegre Airport was the first one administered by Infraero to have integrated check-in. This service offers flexibility in use of terminal facilities and installations, enabling carriers to access their own data centers via shared-use computers from any check-in counter position. This makes it much easier to allocate counter space according to demand fluctuations, making for less idle space. The Aeroshopping area – a center for commerce and leisure – operates 24 hours a day with shops, services, a food court, along with a triplex cinema, the first to be established at a Brazilian airport. Salgado Filho International Airport also has an air cargo terminal, built in 1974, with 9,500 thousand square meters of area and capacity to handle 1,500 tons of export cargo and 900 tons of imports each month. The average daily movement (arrivals and departures) is 174 aircraft, flying scheduled routes connecting Porto Alegre directly or indirectly to all the country’s other major cities, as well as smaller cities in the interior of the states of the South Region and São Paulo. There are also international flights with direct connections to cities of the Southern Cone.

Bagé

Kraemer International Airport opened on July 5, 1946, this airport came under Infraero administration on October 27, 1980. It is located in the rural zone of Bagé, 60 km from the Uruguayan border and 380 km from Porto Alegre. Comandante Gustavo Kraemer International Airport does not operate with scheduled commercial flights. There are two daily flights carrying bank pouches, as well as air taxi services and executive jets. Most of the airport’s users are businesspeople from the central part of Brazil who have interests in the region in breeding thoroughbred English and Arabian horses, cattle ranching, fruit growing, wine making, wood pulp and power generation.

Uruguaiana

Located on the border with Argentina (at Paso de los Libres), Uruguaiana is considered the major inland port in Latin America, thanks to its strategic position with the countries of Mercosur. Rubem Berta International Airport, however, does not operate any scheduled regional flights – a situation Infraero intends to change, as was confirmed in an official visit to the airport in December 2004.

With more than 700 thousand square meters of constructed area, it is the largest airport in the interior of the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

There are two highways, BR-290 and BR-472, running near the airport, besides a railroad line about 2,500 meters from the terminal. Located 9 km from the city center, this airport is at an elevation of 78 meters and the average annual temperature is 20C, with a good deal of variation from summer to winter.

Located 630 km from the state capital (Porto Alegre), Uruguaiana was founded on May 29, 1746, and has a current population of 126,936. Farming and ranching are the main economic activities of the region, which has 1,509 rural properties.

Highways

BR-101, BR-285, BR-290, BR-290.

Culture

Local inhabitants (Gaúchos) with traditional clothes.

The state of Rio Grande do Sul is renowned as one of the most culturally rich states of Brazil. Rio Grande's music is a blend of many styles (Prata's Rhythms in the main), including the Chamamé, Milonga, Polca and Chacarera. The inhabitants of the state are famous in the country for drinking chimarrão, a local version of the mate drunk in neighbouring Uruguay and Argentina. The barbecue, locally known as "churrasco", is one of the most important elements of everyday life.

Each region of the state has its own cultural background. In the pampas, the culture is still largely influenced by the old Gaúchos. Gaúcho is a term that can describe anyone born in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. However, it is also used to describe the 19th century rural workers of the region, as a loose equivalent to the North American cowboy, the Venezuelan or Colombian llanero, Chilean huaso, or the Mexican vaquero.

Other parts of the state have a "post-Gaúcho" culture, influenced mainly by German or Italian immigrants. After some generations, the descendants of immigrants were integrated in the local society, even though their cultural influences are still strong, mostly in the countryside.

Language

As in all Brazil, Portuguese is the main spoken language. The Portuguese spoken in Rio Grande do Sul, however, has some peculiarities. Expressions of Spanish origin are common, due to the proximity with Argentina and Uruguay and their common Gaucho past. Examples of the Spanish language influence in the local Portuguese can be noticed in many local expressions, such as "afeitar", meaning "to shave", instead of "barbear", etc.^{[citation needed]}

Words of Indian Guarani language origin also make up the vocabulary. Example is the largely used word "guri", which comes from Tupi-Guarani, meaning "boy" in English.

There are influences of the German and Italian languages and dialects, specially in rural communities.

Minority languages

Minority languages spoken in Rio Grande do Sul include Indigenous languages (Guarani, Kaingang, etc.), and European derived Languages (Talian, Riograndenser Hunsrückisch (a German dialect) and Pomeranian Low German (Low Saxon), Polish.

Most of the German speakers in southern Brazil spoke or eventually adopted the Hunsrückisch dialect so that it became the most commonly used German dialect in this part of the world and is still spoken by many people today (also referred to as Riograndenser Hunsrückisch to differentiate it from the Hunsrückisch spoken in Germany).

In its 180 years of history Riograndenser Hunsrückisch has been greatly influenced by other German dialects (such as Pomeranian, Pfälzisch) and by immigrant languages such as the national language, Portuguese but also to some degree by Talian.

Talian is a Brazilian variety of the Venetian dialect. Talian is frequently called Vêneto because it is based on the Venetian language spoken in Italy's Veneto region.

All minority languages in southern Brazil have experienced a significant degree of decline in the last few decades, not only immigrant languages such as Italian or Talian and German, but also the indigenous languages of the Kaingang (also spelled Kaingáng, Cainguangue, etc.) and the Guaraní.

Tourism and recreation

File:MUSEU1X.JPG

Girl with Karamuru and a petrified tree.

Rio Grande do Sul has a great potential for palaeontological tourism, with many palaeontological sites and museums in the geopark of paleorrota. There is a large area in the center of the state that belongs to the triassic. Here lived Rhynchosaur, thecodonts, exaeretodons, Staurikosaurus, Guaibasaurus, Saturnalia tupiniquim, Sacisaurus, Unaysaurus and many others. Paleorrota is in Santa Maria Formation and Caturrita Formation.

Ecotourism is very popular in the Germanesque cities of Gramado and Canela; their cold weather is among their attractions for internal tourism. Tourism is also high in the wine regions of the state, principally Caxias do Sul and Bento Gonçalves. The pampas of the native Brazilian gaúcho are both a national and international curiosity to tourists and their customs are alive in the capital city of Porto Alegre as well as in the cities of the "interior" or western Rio Grande do Sul such as Santa Maria and Passo Fundo. The state is also home to the historic São Miguel das Missões, the ruins of an 18th century Jesuit Mission. In the city of Nova Prata, in way the native bush, you find a park thematic, with sources that gush out thermal waters in a temperature of 41°C, which possess excellent medicinal properties and therapeutical. The state of Rio Grande do Sul and its cities have developed a series scenic routes to appeal to tourists. The Rota Romântica is a popular scenic drive that exhibits the diverse Germanic culture of the mountainous regions of the state referred to as the Serra Gaúcha. One can visit the state's Italian settlements through Caminhos da Colônia, tour the wine country through the Rota da Uva e do Vinho and visit a subsection of the Rota Romântica called the Região das Hortênsias, the region filled with beautiful blue hydrangea flowers each spring.

Beach of Noiva do Mar, in the city of Xangri-lá, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil.

In the far western area of the state are the remnants of Brazil's 17th century Jesuit missions or reductions (aldeias) to the Guaraní Indians.

Of all the ruins left behind by the vanished Guarani Missions, the most significant one is São Miguel or São Miguel Arcanjo, located nearby the present city of Santo Ângelo. There is an ongoing Light and Sound (or Som e Luz in Portuguese) show presented at the ruins of the São Miguel church.

Sports

Porto Alegre is one of the 18 remaining candidates to host games of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, for which Brazil is the only South American bidder.

References

^ As pronounced in Rio Grande do Sul. Other local pronunciations are: IPA: [xiu ˈgɾɐ̃dʒi du ˈsuw] (Rio de Janeiro), IPA: [ʁiu ˈgɾɐ̃.d^zi du ˈsuw] (São Paulo), and IPA: [xiu ˈgɾɐ̃di du ˈsu] (Northeast). The European Portuguese pronunciation is IPA: [ʁiw ˈgɾɐ̃ð(ɨ) du ˈsuɫ].
^ IPEADATA (in Portuguese)
^ Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 7.
^ Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 8.
^ Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 8-9.
^ Love, Joseph. O Regionalismo Gaúcho, p. 9.
^ Luddock, John. Notes on Rio de Janeiro and the Southern Parts of Brazil; cited by Love, Joseph, op. cit., p. 10.
^ Love, Joseph. Op. cit, p. 10
^ Love, Joseph. Op. cit, p. 10
^ Love, Joseph. Op. cit, p. 10-11
^ Love, Joseph. Op. cit, p. 11
^ Cardoso, Fernando Henrique. Capitalismo e Escravidão no Brasil Meridional
^ Love, Joseph. Op. cit, p. 11
^ Love, Joseph. Op. cit, p. 14
^ Love, Joseph. Op. cit, p. 15
^ Love, Joseph. Op. cit, p. 15-16
^ Love, Joseph. Op. cit, p. 16, footnote
^ Love, Joseph. Op. cit., p 16
^ http://www.momentodeuruguaiana.com.br/menu/memoria/memoria187.htm
^ Love, Joseph. Op. cit., p. 16-17, quoting, for the figures, the Almanak do Ministério da Guerra no anno de 1889.
^ Love, Joseph. Op. cit, p. 17-18
^ http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/monografias/GEBIS%20-%20RJ/CD1950/CD_1950_I_Brasil.pdf p. 32 (1)
^ Love, Joseph. Op. cit, p. 19-21
^ Love, Joseph. Op. cit, p. 22-24
^ Source: PNAD.
^ (in Portuguese). Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: IBGE. 2008. ISBN 85-240-3919-1 http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/condicaodevida/indicadoresminimos/sinteseindicsociais2008/indic_sociais2008.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-04. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ RS VIRTUAL - O Rio Grande do Sul na Internet - História - Colonização
^ Página do Gaúcho - Índios - Os grupos indígenas e sua distribuição
^ RS VIRTUAL - O Rio Grande do Sul na Internet - História - Colonização - Negros - A história dos gaúchos sem história
^ Germans
^ Italians
^ Source: IBGE.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

@@ Line 164: / Line 164: @@
 The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census revealed the following numbers: 9,137,769 [[White Brazilian|White]] people (82.3%), 1,265,742 [[Pardo]] (Brown) people (11.4%), 655,077 [[Afro-Brazilian|Black]] people (5.9%), 44,412 [[Asian Brazilian|Asian]] or [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amerindian]] people (0.4%).<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/condicaodevida/indicadoresminimos/sinteseindicsociais2008/indic_sociais2008.pdf |publisher=[[IBGE]]|location=Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil|format=PDF|isbn=85-240-3919-1|accessdate=2009-02-04|year=2008|language=Portuguese}}</ref>
-People of [[Gaúcho]] ancestry (who can be of any race) predominate in the Southwest. People of [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]], mostly [[Azorean people|Azorean]] background predominate in the coastal region. People of [[German-Brazilian|German]] descent predominate in the Sinos Valley ([[Novo Hamburgo]], [[São Leopoldo]], etc) and in the center-eastern part of the State (Santa Cruz do Sul). People of [[Italo-Brazilian|Italian]] descent predominate in the mountains ([[Serra Gaúcha]], [[Caxias do Sul]], [[Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul|Bento Gonçalves]], etc). The Northern and Northwestern parts of the State also has significant numbers of people of both Italian and German descent. There are sizeable communities of [[Polish Brazilian|Poles]] and [[Ukrainians]] across the state.<ref>[http://www.riogrande.com.br/historia/colonizacao_abre.htm RS VIRTUAL - O Rio Grande do Sul na Internet - História - Colonização<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
+People of [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]] ancestry predominate on the coast and southern parts of the state, being mainly of Gaúcho (especially in the Southwest) or [[Azorean people|Azorean]] background (especially in the coastal region). People of [[German-Brazilian|German]] descent predominate in the Sinos Valley ([[Novo Hamburgo]], [[São Leopoldo]], etc) and in the center-eastern part of the State (Santa Cruz do Sul). People of [[Italo-Brazilian|Italian]] descent predominate in the mountains ([[Serra Gaúcha]], [[Caxias do Sul]], [[Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul|Bento Gonçalves]], etc). The Northern and Northwestern parts of the State also has significant numbers of people of both Italian and German descent. There are sizeable communities of [[Polish Brazilian|Poles]] and [[Ukrainians]] across the state.<ref>[http://www.riogrande.com.br/historia/colonizacao_abre.htm RS VIRTUAL - O Rio Grande do Sul na Internet - História - Colonização<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 [[Image:Largo dos açorianos 2.jpg|right|thumb|Monument in [[Porto Alegre]] to honor the [[Azores|Azorean]] immigrants.]]
 [[Image:Novapetrópolis.jpg|thumb|right|[[German Brazilian|German]] architecture in [[Nova Petrópolis]].]]