Tripolitanian Republic: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|1918–1922 state in modern-day Libya}}{{Infobox country |
{{Short description|1918–1922 state in modern-day Libya}}{{Infobox country |
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| native_name = |
| native_name = Tripolitanian Republic |
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| image_flag = Tripoli republic.jpg |
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| conventional_long_name = |
| conventional_long_name = Free Republic of Tripoli |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| status_text = |
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| p1 = Italian Tripolitania |
| p1 = Italian Tripolitania |
||
| s1 = Italian |
| s1 = Italian Libya |
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| ⚫ | |||
| leader1 = [[Ramadan al-Suwayhili]] |
| leader1 = [[Ramadan al-Suwayhili]] |
||
| leader_title1 = |
| leader_title1 = Ramadan Swehli |
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| year_leader1 = Wali |
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| leader2 = [[Sulayman al-Baruni]] |
| leader2 = [[Sulayman al-Baruni]] |
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| leader_title2 = |
| leader_title2 = Suleiman Al , Baroni |
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| year_leader2 = Wali |
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| leader3 = [[Ahmad al-Murayid]] |
| leader3 = [[Ahmad al-Murayid]] |
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| leader_title3 = |
| leader_title3 = Ahmed Al , Marid |
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| year_leader3 = Wali |
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| leader4 = [['Abd al-Nabi Bilkhayr]] |
| leader4 = [['Abd al-Nabi Bilkhayr]] |
||
| |
| leader5 = [[Khalifa Ben asker]] |
||
| |
| leader_title4 = Khalifa Bin Askar |
||
| |
| leader_title5 = Abdul nabi Belkheir |
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| |
| area_km2 = 441,608 |
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| population_estimate = 700,000≈ |
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| ⚫ | |||
| image_coat = Tripoli coat of arms.png |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| capital = [[ʽAziziya]] |
| capital = [[ʽAziziya]] |
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| common_languages = |
| common_languages = Darjaa |
||
| |
| largest_city = [[Tripoli]] |
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| national_languages = [[Arabic]] [[Amazigh]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
| religion = [[Islam]] [[Christianity]] [[Judaism]] |
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| demonym = Tripolitania or Tripolians |
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| ⚫ | |||
| era = Interwar period |
| era = Interwar period |
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| year_start = 1918 |
| year_start = 1918 |
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| Line 31: | Line 33: | ||
| year_end = 1922 |
| year_end = 1922 |
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| date_end = |
| date_end = |
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| footnotes = |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Tripolitanian Republic''' ([[Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|الجمهورية الطرابلسية}}, ''al-Jumhuriyat at-Trabulsiya''), was an [[Arabs|Arab]] republic that declared the independence of [[Tripolitania]] from [[Italian Libya]] after [[World War I]]. |
'''Tripolitanian Republic''' ([[Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|الجمهورية الطرابلسية}}, ''al-Jumhuriyat at-Trabulsiya''), was an [[Arabs|Arab]] republic that declared the independence of [[Tripolitania]] from [[Italian Libya]] after [[World War I]]. |
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[[File:Presidents of the Republic of Tripoli.png|thumb|Presidents of the Republic of Tripoli]] |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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[[Tripolitania]] was an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] province since the fall of the [[Karamanli dynasty|Karamanli kingdom]] in the 18th century and after the fall of [[Tunisia]], [[Egypt]], [[Algeria]] and [[Morocco]] under [[British Empire|British]] and [[French colonial empire|French]] occupation, [[Tripolitania]] was the last [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] possessions in [[Africa]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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Tripolitania had been an Ottoman possession since the 16th century, as the [[Tripolitania Eyalet]] and later [[Tripolitania Vilayet|Vilayet]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Almanach de Gotha: annuaire généalogique, diplomatique et statistique|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=luUq1szHJWYC&pg=PA829|access-date=2013-06-01|year=1867|publisher=J. Perthes|pages=827–829}}</ref> Its territory was not solely limited to Tripolitania, however, as parts of [[Barqa]] were also controlled by the [[Pasha of Tripoli]]. After [[Tunis Eyalet|Tunis]] and [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]] fell to the French and British respectively, Tripolitania was the last Ottoman possession in Africa. In 1912, the [[Kingdom of Italy]] launched an [[Italo-Turkish War|invasion of Tripolitania]], and annexed the territory after defeating the Ottoman troops there. |
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The [[Italy|Italian]] campaign began its invasion of [[Libya]] in early 1911 and [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] was the most important and largest city in Libya, the Ottomans and the Libyan mujahideen tried to preserve it, but it fell into the hands of the Italians due to the difference and development of weapons and equipment.<ref name=":0" /> |
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After the fall of Tripoli, the coastal cities began to fall one after the other, and the Libyan mujahideen withdrew to the mountains and rugged areas to wage their fight.<ref name=":1" /> |
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The Libyans were able to liberate many Libyan cities and push the Italians back towards the cities of Tripoli and [[Benghazi]] only<ref name=":2" /> |
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Under these conditions, the Mujahideen, after liberating their lands in western Libya, announced the establishment of the first independent Arab and African Islamic republic, headed by 5 presidents, and officially announced the establishment of the [[Tripolitanian Republic]].<ref name=":3" /> |
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The Italians did not maintain solid control of the region at first. During the [[Senussi Campaign]] of World War I, the [[Senussi|Senussi Order]] led a resistance that pushed the Italian forces back to a handful of port cities. The Senussi were supported in this effort by Germany and the Ottoman Empire,<ref>{{cite book|title=Jihad and Islam in World War I|url=https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/37513|access-date=2022-09-01|year=1867|publisher=Leiden University Press|doi=10.26530/OAPEN_605452 |last1=Zürcher |first1=Erik-Jan |isbn=9789087282509 }}</ref> as well as by various local tribes and chiefdoms. It was in this context of general chaos in Northern Libya in which the Tripolitanian Republic was founded. |
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==Independence== |
==Independence== |
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[[File:Flag of the Tripolitanian Republic.svg|thumb|left|This flag is customarily attributed to the republic<ref>http://www.hubert-herald.nl/LibyaTripoli.htm</ref>, but its existence is not documented anywhere. The symbol of a palm tree under [[Stella d'Italia|white star]] comes from the coat of arms granted to the Italian administration on April 3, 1919.<ref>http://www.hubert-herald.nl/LibyaTripoli.htm</ref>]] |
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The proclamation of the republic in autumn 1918 was followed by a formal [[declaration of independence]] at the 1919 [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]]. |
The proclamation of the republic in autumn 1918 was followed by a formal [[declaration of independence]] at the 1919 [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]]. |
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The capital of the republic was the town of 'Aziziya, 40km south of then italian-occupied Tripoli, and its territory stretched, at its widest, from the Nafusa Mountains near the Tunisian border, to Misrata and the surrounding coast, encompassing all the hinterland between them, the only exceptions being italian-held Tripoli and Homs areas.<ref>{{cite book|title=Libya between History and Revolution: Resilience, New Opportunities and Challenges for the Berbers|year=2020|publisher=UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI “L’ORIENTALE”|pages=67–78}}</ref> |
The capital of the republic was the town of 'Aziziya, 40km south of then italian-occupied Tripoli, and its territory stretched, at its widest, from the Nafusa Mountains near the Tunisian border, to Misrata and the surrounding coast, encompassing all the hinterland between them, the only exceptions being italian-held Tripoli and Homs areas.<ref>{{cite book|title=Libya between History and Revolution: Resilience, New Opportunities and Challenges for the Berbers|year=2020|publisher=UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI “L’ORIENTALE”|pages=67–78}}</ref> |
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It was governed by a tetrarchy composed of [[Sulayman al-Baruni]], [[Ramadan Asswehly]], [[Abdul Nabi Belkheir]] and [[Ahmad Almarid]], although each one acted autonomous from each other, as they had significant ideological differences between them.<ref>{{cite book|title=Libya between History and Revolution: Resilience, New Opportunities and Challenges for the Berbers|year=2020|publisher=UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI “L’ORIENTALE”|pages=67–78}}</ref> This was the first formally declared republican form of government in [[Libya]] and in the whole Arab World, but it gained little support from international powers. |
It was governed by a tetrarchy composed of [[Sulayman al-Baruni]], [[Ramadan Asswehly]], [[Abdul Nabi Belkheir]] and [[Ahmad Almarid]], although each one acted autonomous from each other, as they had significant ideological differences between them.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Libya between History and Revolution: Resilience, New Opportunities and Challenges for the Berbers|year=2020|publisher=UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI “L’ORIENTALE”|pages=67–78}}</ref> This was the first formally declared republican form of government in [[Libya]] and in the whole Arab World, but it gained little support from international powers. |
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==Dissolution and reestablishment== |
==Dissolution and reestablishment== |
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[[File:المجاهد سليمان الباروني.JPG|thumb|right|Sulayman al-Baruni, one of the Cyrenaican leaders]] |
[[File:المجاهد سليمان الباروني.JPG|thumb|right|Sulayman al-Baruni, one of the Cyrenaican leaders]] |
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The Italian colonial authorities negotiated with al-Baruni and other chiefs, publishing 1 June 1919 a Colonial Statute for Tripolitania, in which the colonial administration would give native Tripolitanians rights to Italian citizenship, recognition of the Islamic Law as the Civil Law of the colony, and provided that the colony would be governed by an Italian governor advised by a 10-member council, with 8 of those members being elected.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC|access-date=2022-01-09|year=1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=395| isbn=9780521337670 }}</ref> |
The Italian colonial authorities negotiated with al-Baruni and other chiefs, publishing 1 June 1919 a Colonial Statute for Tripolitania, in which the colonial administration would give native Tripolitanians rights to Italian citizenship, recognition of the Islamic Law as the Civil Law of the colony, and provided that the colony would be governed by an Italian governor advised by a 10-member council, with 8 of those members being elected.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|title=A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC|access-date=2022-01-09|year=1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=395| isbn=9780521337670 }}</ref> |
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At first, the Tripolitanian leaders were satisfied with the statute officially dissolved the Republic the 12th of July, but, when [[Vicenzo Garioni]] (the colonial governor which had negotiated with the rebel leaders) was recalled to Italy in mid-August and the new governor, [[Vittorio Menzinger]] did not seem to apply the Statute, the former rebel leaders formed the [[National Reform Party (Tripolitania)|National Reform Party]] (Hizb al-Islam al-Watani) to exert pressure on the Italians. The main leaders of the Party were 'Azzam, al-Qarqani and al-Gharyani.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC|access-date=2022-01-09|year=1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=395| isbn=9780521337670 }}</ref> |
At first, the Tripolitanian leaders were satisfied with the statute officially dissolved the Republic the 12th of July, but, when [[Vicenzo Garioni]] (the colonial governor which had negotiated with the rebel leaders) was recalled to Italy in mid-August and the new governor, [[Vittorio Menzinger]] did not seem to apply the Statute, the former rebel leaders formed the [[National Reform Party (Tripolitania)|National Reform Party]] (Hizb al-Islam al-Watani) to exert pressure on the Italians. The main leaders of the Party were 'Azzam, al-Qarqani and al-Gharyani.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC|access-date=2022-01-09|year=1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=395| isbn=9780521337670 }}</ref> |
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[[File:Idris of Libya portrait.jpg|thumb|right|Idris I, emir of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania, future king of Libya]] |
[[File:Idris of Libya portrait.jpg|thumb|right|Idris I, emir of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania, future king of Libya]] |
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However, by November, the elections for the council hadn't been celebrated, and the main leaders and chiefs of Tripolitania declared and reestablished the Republic the 16th of November in Misratah, just 4 months after being dissolved, and the establishment of a governing body: the Reform Committee.<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-8135.html Libya - Italian Rule and Arab Resistance], consulted 09-02-2022</ref> |
However, by November, the elections for the council hadn't been celebrated, and the main leaders and chiefs of Tripolitania declared and reestablished the Republic the 16th of November in Misratah, just 4 months after being dissolved, and the establishment of a governing body: the Reform Committee.<ref name=":2">[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-8135.html Libya - Italian Rule and Arab Resistance], consulted 09-02-2022</ref> |
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In 1920, delegates from occupied and free zones met in Aziza, on a National Congress. Claiming to represent the "Tripolitanian Nation," they called for the withdrawal of the Italian forces. |
In 1920, delegates from occupied and free zones met in Aziza, on a National Congress. Claiming to represent the "Tripolitanian Nation," they called for the withdrawal of the Italian forces. |
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The next appointed governors, [[Luigi Mercatelli]] and [[Giuseppe Volpi]] turned to the military power to subjugate the region. The division between insurgents was getting bigger, and, after the death of al-Suwaylih in August 1920 by political opponents, the rebels started to fracture and the Republic, still in its conflict with the Italians, fell into civil war. |
The next appointed governors, [[Luigi Mercatelli]] and [[Giuseppe Volpi]] turned to the military power to subjugate the region. The division between insurgents was getting bigger, and, after the death of al-Suwaylih in August 1920 by political opponents, the rebels started to fracture and the Republic, still in its conflict with the Italians, fell into civil war. |
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By early 1922, the Tripolitanians were desperate and met with Senussi delegates, offering Idris (the leader of the Senussi and Emir of Cyrenaica) the right to be the Emir of Tripolitania. Idris' acceptance, as the nationalists understood, would draw sharp Italian disapproval and be the signal for the resumption of open warfare. War with Italy, in any event, appeared likely sooner or later. For several months, Idris pondered the nationalist appeal. For whatever reason – perhaps to further the cause of total independence or perhaps out of a sense of religious obligation to resist the infidel – Idris accepted the amirate of all Libya in November and then, to avoid capture by the Italians, fled to Egypt, where he continued to guide the Sanusi order.<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-8135.html Libya - Italian Rule and Arab Resistance], consulted 09-02-2022</ref> |
By early 1922, the Tripolitanians were desperate and met with Senussi delegates, offering Idris (the leader of the Senussi and Emir of Cyrenaica) the right to be the Emir of Tripolitania. Idris' acceptance, as the nationalists understood, would draw sharp Italian disapproval and be the signal for the resumption of open warfare. War with Italy, in any event, appeared likely sooner or later. For several months, Idris pondered the nationalist appeal. For whatever reason – perhaps to further the cause of total independence or perhaps out of a sense of religious obligation to resist the infidel – Idris accepted the amirate of all Libya in November and then, to avoid capture by the Italians, fled to Egypt, where he continued to guide the Sanusi order.<ref name=":3">[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-8135.html Libya - Italian Rule and Arab Resistance], consulted 09-02-2022</ref> |
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By 1923, Italian control was effective in the territories of the Republic, which ceased to exist, but still was confined to the Tripolitanian and outer Cyrenaican areas, the rest of the country, still in the hands of the Senussi-led rebels, had yet to be conquered and [[Second Italo-Senussi War|pacified]]. |
By 1923, Italian control was effective in the territories of the Republic, which ceased to exist, but still was confined to the Tripolitanian and outer Cyrenaican areas, the rest of the country, still in the hands of the Senussi-led rebels, had yet to be conquered and [[Second Italo-Senussi War|pacified]]. |
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Revision as of 09:56, 10 October 2023
Free Republic of Tripoli Tripolitanian Republic | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1918–1922 | |||||||||
 Coat of arms
| |||||||||
 Map of the Republic of Tripoli at its farthest extent | |||||||||
| Capital | ʽAziziya | ||||||||
| Largest city | Tripoli | ||||||||
| Recognised national languages | Arabic Amazigh | ||||||||
| Common languages | Darjaa | ||||||||
| Religion | Islam Christianity Judaism | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Tripolitania or Tripolians | ||||||||
| Government | Republic (under a 5-member Supreme Council) | ||||||||
| Historical era | Interwar period | ||||||||
• Established | November 16 1918 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1922 | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• Total | 441,608 km2 (170,506 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• Estimate | 700,000≈ | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Libya | ||||||||
Tripolitanian Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية الطرابلسية, al-Jumhuriyat at-Trabulsiya), was an Arab republic that declared the independence of Tripolitania from Italian Libya after World War I.
Background
Tripolitania was an Ottoman province since the fall of the Karamanli kingdom in the 18th century and after the fall of Tunisia, Egypt, Algeria and Morocco under British and French occupation, Tripolitania was the last Ottoman possessions in Africa.[1]
The Italian campaign began its invasion of Libya in early 1911 and Tripoli was the most important and largest city in Libya, the Ottomans and the Libyan mujahideen tried to preserve it, but it fell into the hands of the Italians due to the difference and development of weapons and equipment.[1]
After the fall of Tripoli, the coastal cities began to fall one after the other, and the Libyan mujahideen withdrew to the mountains and rugged areas to wage their fight.[2]
The Libyans were able to liberate many Libyan cities and push the Italians back towards the cities of Tripoli and Benghazi only[3]
Under these conditions, the Mujahideen, after liberating their lands in western Libya, announced the establishment of the first independent Arab and African Islamic republic, headed by 5 presidents, and officially announced the establishment of the Tripolitanian Republic.[4]
Independence
The proclamation of the republic in autumn 1918 was followed by a formal declaration of independence at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference.
The capital of the republic was the town of 'Aziziya, 40km south of then italian-occupied Tripoli, and its territory stretched, at its widest, from the Nafusa Mountains near the Tunisian border, to Misrata and the surrounding coast, encompassing all the hinterland between them, the only exceptions being italian-held Tripoli and Homs areas.[5]
It was governed by a tetrarchy composed of Sulayman al-Baruni, Ramadan Asswehly, Abdul Nabi Belkheir and Ahmad Almarid, although each one acted autonomous from each other, as they had significant ideological differences between them.[1] This was the first formally declared republican form of government in Libya and in the whole Arab World, but it gained little support from international powers.
Dissolution and reestablishment
The Italian colonial authorities negotiated with al-Baruni and other chiefs, publishing 1 June 1919 a Colonial Statute for Tripolitania, in which the colonial administration would give native Tripolitanians rights to Italian citizenship, recognition of the Islamic Law as the Civil Law of the colony, and provided that the colony would be governed by an Italian governor advised by a 10-member council, with 8 of those members being elected.[2]
At first, the Tripolitanian leaders were satisfied with the statute officially dissolved the Republic the 12th of July, but, when Vicenzo Garioni (the colonial governor which had negotiated with the rebel leaders) was recalled to Italy in mid-August and the new governor, Vittorio Menzinger did not seem to apply the Statute, the former rebel leaders formed the National Reform Party (Hizb al-Islam al-Watani) to exert pressure on the Italians. The main leaders of the Party were 'Azzam, al-Qarqani and al-Gharyani.[6]
However, by November, the elections for the council hadn't been celebrated, and the main leaders and chiefs of Tripolitania declared and reestablished the Republic the 16th of November in Misratah, just 4 months after being dissolved, and the establishment of a governing body: the Reform Committee.[3]
In 1920, delegates from occupied and free zones met in Aziza, on a National Congress. Claiming to represent the "Tripolitanian Nation," they called for the withdrawal of the Italian forces.
The next appointed governors, Luigi Mercatelli and Giuseppe Volpi turned to the military power to subjugate the region. The division between insurgents was getting bigger, and, after the death of al-Suwaylih in August 1920 by political opponents, the rebels started to fracture and the Republic, still in its conflict with the Italians, fell into civil war.
By early 1922, the Tripolitanians were desperate and met with Senussi delegates, offering Idris (the leader of the Senussi and Emir of Cyrenaica) the right to be the Emir of Tripolitania. Idris' acceptance, as the nationalists understood, would draw sharp Italian disapproval and be the signal for the resumption of open warfare. War with Italy, in any event, appeared likely sooner or later. For several months, Idris pondered the nationalist appeal. For whatever reason – perhaps to further the cause of total independence or perhaps out of a sense of religious obligation to resist the infidel – Idris accepted the amirate of all Libya in November and then, to avoid capture by the Italians, fled to Egypt, where he continued to guide the Sanusi order.[4]
By 1923, Italian control was effective in the territories of the Republic, which ceased to exist, but still was confined to the Tripolitanian and outer Cyrenaican areas, the rest of the country, still in the hands of the Senussi-led rebels, had yet to be conquered and pacified.
Organs
The short-lived republic only stablished two government organs: a Supreme Council, whose members formed the "governing tetrarchy" (Sulayman al-Baruni, Ramadan Asswehly, Abdul Nabi Belkheir and Ahmad Almarid) and Consultative Council consisting of twenty-four other chiefs representing various parts of Tripolitania.[7]
Further reading
- Anderson, Lisa (1982). Joffe, George; MacLachlan, Keith (eds.). "The Tripoli Republic". Social and Economic Development of Libya. Wisbeck: Menas Press. ISBN 9780906559109.
References
- ^ a b c Libya between History and Revolution: Resilience, New Opportunities and Challenges for the Berbers. UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI “L’ORIENTALE”. 2020. pp. 67–78.
- ^ a b A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. 1987. p. 395. ISBN 9780521337670. Retrieved 2022-01-09.
- ^ a b Libya - Italian Rule and Arab Resistance, consulted 09-02-2022
- ^ a b Libya - Italian Rule and Arab Resistance, consulted 09-02-2022
- ^ Libya between History and Revolution: Resilience, New Opportunities and Challenges for the Berbers. UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI “L’ORIENTALE”. 2020. pp. 67–78.
- ^ A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. 1987. p. 395. ISBN 9780521337670. Retrieved 2022-01-09.
- ^ A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. 1987. p. 395. ISBN 9780521337670. Retrieved 2022-01-09.
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