Sèvres syndrome
The Sèvres syndrome (Turkish: Sevr sendromu)[1][2][3] refers to a popular[4][5] belief in Turkey that dangerous internal and external enemies,[6] especially the West,[7][8] are "conspiring to weaken and carve up the Turkish Republic".[9] The term originates from the Treaty of Sèvres of the 1920s, which partitioned the Ottoman Empire among Armenia, Greece, Britain, France, and Italy, leaving a small unaffected area around Ankara under Turkish rule; however, it was never implemented since it was left unratified by the Ottoman Parliament and due to Turkish victory on all fronts during the subsequent Turkish War of Independence.[10] Turkish historian Taner Akçam describes this attitude as an ongoing perception that "there are forces which continually seek to disperse and destroy us, and it is necessary to defend the state against this danger".[11]
This belief is often described as a conspiracy theory,[12][13] and has been likened to fostering a siege mentality among certain members of Turkish society.
Overview
[edit]Danish political scientist Dietrich Jung describes the terms as "the perception of being encircled by enemies attempting the destruction of the Turkish state", and asserts that it remains a significant determinant of Turkish foreign policy.[14] The term has been used in the scope of the Kurdish conflict in Turkey,[15][16] accession of Turkey to the European Union[17][18] and the recognition of the Armenian Genocide. Historian Nick Danforth wrote in 2015 that "Sèvres has been largely forgotten in the West, but it has a potent legacy in Turkey, where it has helped fuel a form of nationalist paranoia some scholars have called the 'Sèvres syndrome'".[19]
History
[edit]According to Fatma Müge Göçek, the literature of Sèvres syndrome highlights three development stages of the "syndrome":[20]
- "the initial contemporaneous impact of the Sèvres Treaty on state and society in the form of fear and anxiety"
- "negotiation during the radical Westernization of the Turkish Republic which is spearheaded by the military and the CHP; internal and external enemies are defined during this stage"
- "the institutionalized syndrome becomes radicalized as ultra-nationalist parties try to systematically exclude such perceived enemies from the Turkish body politic"
Nefes reports a strong undercurrent of antisemitism, blaming the treaty on a supposed Jewish conspiracy.[21]
Foreign policy of Turkey
[edit]In 2019, hailing Turkey's willingness to once more project power across the Mediterranean, Erdogan said "Thanks to this military and energy cooperation, we overturned the Treaty of Sèvres".[22]
According to a Le Monde article, the opening date of Grand Hagia Sophia Mosque for worship was not a coincidence, as 24 July marked the 97th anniversary of the Lausanne Treaty. "In the minds of Erdogan and his far-right partners who rallied after the failed coup, it is a matter of foiling the trap of a 'new Treaty of Sevres'".[23]
In a column responding to the Le Monde piece, İbrahim Karagül, editor-in-chief of Yeni Şafak, suggested that the Western media was not "wrong" in spotlighting the weight of Sèvres on Turkey's newly assertive foreign policy.[22]
Comparisons
[edit]In 2015, Devlet Bahçeli, leader of the far-right Nationalist Movement Party, compared the agreement between the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) and the Turkish government in the scope of the Kurdish–Turkish peace process to the Treaty of Sèvres. Bahçeli claimed that the agreement "will lead to the collapse of the Turkish Republic" and has vowed to resist it. This was when Bahçeli maintained an anti-government and anti-AKP stance before suddenly switching sides.[24]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Alpay, Şahin (7 July 2009). "'Sevr Sendromu' nedir ve neden azar?". Zaman (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
- ^ Altınok, Melih (19 June 2012). "Yeni Sevr sendromu da bu mu". Taraf (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
- ^ Çandar, Cengiz. "Nabucco imzası 'Sevr sendromu'nun defin belgesidir". Radikal (in Turkish). Retrieved 25 July 2013.
- ^ Uslu, Nasuh (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy In The Post-Cold War Period. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers. p. 15. ISBN 9781590337424.
- ^ Abramowitz, Morton (2000). Turkey's Transformation and American Policy. New York: Century Foundation Press. p. 141. ISBN 9780870784538.
Previously rarely raised, Sevres became a common word in the Turkish political lexicon in the 1990s.
- ^ Aksakal, Mustafa (2012). "Fatma Müge Göçek . The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era . (Library of Modern Middle East Studies, number 103.) New York: I. B. Tauris. 2011. Pp. viii, 310. £59.50". The American Historical Review. 117 (3): 975. doi:10.1086/ahr.117.3.975.
- ^ Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2006). Turkey Beyond Nationalism: Towards Post-Nationalist Identities. London: Tauris. p. 232. ISBN 9781845111410.
The fear of conspiracies directed toward Turkey by international actors is often referred to as the 'Sevres Syndrome'. It is the belief that the international community, and in particular the Western world, aspire to revive the terms of the Sevres Treaty imposed on the Ottoman Empire after the end of the First World War and basically divide up Turkey into smaller ethnic states.
- ^ Hale, William (2012). "The Alliance Under Stress, 1991-9". Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774-2000. Routledge. ISBN 9781136238024.
- ^ Göçek 2011, p. 105.
- ^ Göçek 2011, p. 116.
- ^ Akçam, Taner (2005). From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide. London: Zed Books. p. 230. ISBN 9781842775271.
- ^ Guida, Michelangelo (2008). "The Sèvres Syndrome and 'Komplo' Theories in the Islamist and Secular Press". Turkish Studies. 9 (1): 37–52. doi:10.1080/14683840701813994. S2CID 144752641.
- ^ Nefes, Türkay Salim (2013). "Political Parties' Perceptions and Uses of Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories in Turkey". The Sociological Review. 61 (2): 247–264. doi:10.1111/1467-954X.12016. S2CID 145632390.
- ^ Jung, Dietrich. "The Sèvres Syndrome: Turkish Foreign Policy and its Historical Legacies". The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- ^ Kizner, Stephen (7 December 1998). "Turks See Throwback to Partition in Europe's Focus on Kurds". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
With the Sevres treaty dead, most of the world forgot it. Turks, though, did not. Many are convinced that the world is still plotting to dismember Turkey. They see every claim for regional or cultural autonomy, including those put forward by Kurdish nationalists, as means to this end. Turkish historians and sociologists call this belief the Sevres syndrome.
- ^ Sarı 2022, p. 147.
- ^ Göçek 2011, p. 109.
- ^ Sarı 2022, p. 144.
- ^ Forget Sykes-Picot. It's the Treaty of Sèvres That Explains the Modern Middle East. By Nick Danforth, 10.08.2015, Foreign Policy
- ^ Göçek 2011, p. 110.
- ^ Türkay Salim Nefes, "Understanding anti-semitic rhetoric in Turkey through the Sèvres syndrome". Turkish Studies 16.4 (2015): 572-587. online
- ^ a b Tharoor, Ishaan (August 10, 2020). "A century-old treaty haunts the Mediterranean". The Washington Post.
- ^ Jégo, Marie & Kaval, Allan (July 31, 2020). "Cent ans après, la revanche d'Erdogan sur le traité de Sèvres". Le Mond.
- ^ "MHP leader says Kurdish peace process will 'ruin' Turkey". Today's Zaman. 2 March 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
Bibliography
[edit]- Drakoularakos, Stavros. "Turkey and Erdoğan's rising 'Lausanne Syndrome'". Digest of Middle East Studies 30.1 (2021): 22–33. doi=10.1111/dome.12224
- Göçek, Fatma Müge (2011). The Transformation of Turkey: Redefining State and Society from the Ottoman Empire to the Modern Era. London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781848856110.
- Guida, Michelangelo. "The Sèvres syndrome and 'Komplo' theories in the Islamist and Secular Press". Turkish Studies 9.1 (2008): 37–52.[permanent dead link]
- Gulmez, Didem Buhari. "Foreigner Rights in Turkey: From Sèvres Syndrome to Decoupled Europeanization". in Europeanization in a Global Context (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2017) pp. 141–166.
- Hovsepyan, Levon. "The Fears of Turkey: the Sèvres Syndrome". Information and Public Relation Center (2012).
- Matthews, Ryan John. "Sevres Syndrome: Constructing the populist us versus them through fear in Turkey". (PhD. Diss. Virginia Tech, 2021)
- Nefes, Türkay Salim. "Understanding anti-semitic rhetoric in Turkey through the sèvres syndrome". Turkish Studies 16.4 (2015): 572–587.
- Oprea, Iulia-Alexandra. "Heritage Of Fear: The Sèvres Syndrome, Turkishness". in Dynamics and Policies of Prejudice from the Eighteenth to the Twenty-first Century (2018) pp: 143+.
- Sarı, Buğra (2022). "Culture of Insecurity and Production of Foreign Policy Crises: Turkey's Sèvres Syndrome and Syrian Support for the PKK during the 1998 October Crisis". Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. 24 (1): 138–157. doi:10.1080/19448953.2021.1992186. S2CID 244912298.
- Schmid, Dorothée. "Turkey: The Sèvres Syndrome, or the Interminable War". Politique etrangere 1 (2014): 199–213.
- Yılmaz, Hakan. "Euroscepticism in Turkey: Parties, elites, and public opinion". South European Society and Politics 16.01 (2011): 185–208.[permanent dead link]