Jump to content

V. V. Giri

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from V V Giri)

V. V. Giri
4th President of India
In office
24 August 1969 – 24 August 1974
Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi
Vice PresidentGopal Swarup Pathak
Preceded byHimself [a]
Succeeded byFakhruddin Ali Ahmed
Acting
3 May 1969 – 20 July 1969
Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi
Preceded byZakir Husain
Succeeded byMohammad Hidayatullah
3rd Vice President of India
In office
13 May 1967 – 3 May 1969
PresidentZakir Husain
Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi
Preceded byZakir Husain
Succeeded byGopal Swarup Pathak
Governor of Mysore State
In office
2 April 1965 – 13 May 1967
Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi
Chief MinisterS. Nijalingappa
Preceded bySatyawant Mallannah Shrinagesh
Succeeded byGopal Swarup Pathak
Governor of Kerala
In office
1 July 1960 – 2 April 1965
Chief Minister
Preceded byBurgula Ramakrishna Rao
Succeeded byAjit Prasad Jain
Governor of Uttar Pradesh
In office
10 June 1957 – 30 June 1960
Chief MinisterSampurnanand
Preceded byKanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
Succeeded byBurgula Ramakrishna Rao
Minister of Labour and Industry for Madras Presidency
In office
30 April 1946 – 23 March 1947
Chief MinisterTanguturi Prakasam
Personal details
Born
Varahagiri Venkata Giri

(1894-08-10)10 August 1894
Berhampur, Madras Presidency, British India
(present-day Brahmapur, Odisha, India)
Died24 June 1980(1980-06-24) (aged 85)
Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
(present-day Chennai)
Cause of deathHeart attack
Political partyIndependent
Spouse
Saraswati Bai
​
​
(m. 1926; died 1978)​
Children14
RelativesAdruti Laxmibai (sister)[1]
Palagummi Sainath (grandson)
Alma mater
Profession
AwardsBharat Ratna (1975)
SignatureVarahagiri Venkata Giri's Signature in English.

Varahagiri Venkata "V. V." Giri (pronunciationⓘ; 10 August 1894 – 24 June 1980) was an Indian politician and activist who served as the fourth president of India from 24 August 1969 to 24 August 1974. He also served as the third vice president of India from 13 May 1967 to 3 May 1969. He was the first president to be elected as an independent candidate.[3] He was succeeded by Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed as president in 1974.[4] After the end of his full term, Giri was honoured by the Government of India with the Bharat Ratna in 1975. Giri died on 24 June 1980.

Early life and family

[edit]

V. V. Giri was born in Berhampur, Madras Presidency (present-day Odisha) in a Telugu Brahmin family.[5] His parents hailed from Chintalapudi village in East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh and shifted to Berhampur for their bright future. His father, V. V. Jogayya Pantulu, was a successful lawyer and political activist of the Indian National Congress who had been working at Berhampur.[6] Giri's mother Subhadramma was active in the national movement in Berhampur during the Non Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements and was arrested for leading a strike for prohibition during the Civil Disobedience Movement.[7]

Giri was married to Saraswati Bai and the couple had 14 children.[8]

Giri completed his initial primary education at Hillpatna Primary School, Berhampur and higher education at the Khallikote College {now Khallikote College (Autonomous) and Unitary University}, then affiliated with Madras University, in Chennai.[9] V.V. Giri was also elected to the student union of Khallikote College for three consecutive times and highly active in freedom movement during his student days in Berhampur.

In 1913, he moved to Ireland to study law at University College Dublin and the Honourable Society of King's Inns, Dublin between 1913 and 1916.[10] Giri was one among the first group of thirteen Indian students who sat the obligatory year long course at UCD in 1914–15. This was a requirement for being called to the Irish Bar through study at the King's Inns. In total, 50 Indian students studied at UCD between 1914 and 1917.[11]

Giri and a fellow law student also enrolled in the full bachelor of arts course in UCD. Giri studied English, where he was met Thomas MacDonagh, and Political Economy. His lecturer in political economy was the reformer and co-operativist Thomas A. Finlay SJ.[citation needed]

During the First World War, Giri travelled from Dublin to London and met Mahatma Gandhi.[11] Gandhi wanted Giri to join the Imperial war effort as a Red Cross Volunteer. Giri initially acceded to Gandhi's request but later regretted his decision. According to one of Giri's biographers, "Gandhiji with his characteristic magnanimity relieved Giri of the obligation to join the Red Cross and did not breathe a word about it to anyone.”[12]

Giri was active in both Indian and Irish politics during his studies. Along with fellow Indian students he produced a pamphlet documenting the abuse of Indians in South Africa. The pamphlet was intercepted by Indian Political Intelligence and resulted in increased police scrutiny of Giri and his fellow students in Dublin.[11] Meanwhile, anonymous articles were written by Indian students for the newspaper of the Irish Volunteers and in The National Student, a UCD student magazine.[13]

He was suspected of association with prominent ring leaders in the 1916 Rising including James Connolly, Pádraig H. Pearse and the young Éamon de Valera.[14][15] Giri was called to the Irish Bar on 21 June 1916 but he did not complete his studies for BA in UCD.[13] Indian students were subjected to police raids following the 1916 Rising and Giri recounts how he was served with one month's notice to leave Ireland on 1 June 1916.[16][17]

Career

[edit]

Upon returning to India in 1916 Giri enrolled at the Madras High Court.[18] He also became a member of the Congress party, attended its Lucknow session and joined the Home Rule Movement of Annie Besant.[19] Giri abandoned a flourishing legal career in response to Mahatma Gandhi's call for a Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920.[20] In 1922, he was arrested for the first time for demonstrating against the sale of liquor shops.[18]

Role in the labour movement

[edit]

Giri was closely associated with the labour and trade union movement in India throughout his career.[21] Giri was a founding member of the All India Railwaymen's Federation which was formed in 1923 and served as its general secretary for over a decade.[22][23][24] He was elected president of the All India Trade Union Congress for the first time in 1926.[25] Giri also founded the Bengal Nagpur Railway Association and in 1928 led the workers of the Bengal Nagpur Railway in a non violent strike for the rights of retrenched workers. The strike succeeded in forcing the British Indian government and the management of the railway company to concede the workers' demands and is regarded as a milestone in the labour movement in India.[18][21][24] In 1929, the Indian Trade Union Federation (ITUF) was formed by Giri, N. M. Joshi and others with Giri as the president. The split with the AITUC came about over the issue of cooperating with the Royal Commission on Labour. Giri and the ITUF leadership of liberals decided to cooperate with the commission while the AITUC decided to boycott it.[26] The ITUF merged with the AITUC in 1939 and Giri became president of the AITUC for a second time in 1942.[27][28]

Giri was the Workers' Delegate of the Indian delegation at the International Labour Conference of the ILO in 1927.[29] At the Second Round Table Conference, Giri was present as a representative of the industrial workers of India.[21] Giri worked towards getting the trade unions to support the freedom movement in India and was twice president of the AITUC which was closely allied with the Indian National Congress.[30]

Electoral career in British India

[edit]

Giri became a member of the Imperial Legislative Assembly in 1934.[31] He remained its member until 1937 and emerged a spokesman for matters of labour and trade unions in the Assembly.[30]

In the General Elections of 1936, Giri defeated the Raja of Bobbili to become a member of the Madras Legislative Assembly. Between 1937 and 1939, he was Minister for Labour and Industry in the Congress government headed by C Rajagopalachari.[32][33] Giri was appointed Governor of the National Planning Committee of the Indian National Congress in 1938. In 1939, the Congress ministries resigned in protest against the British decision to make India a party in the Second World War. Having returned to the labour movement, Giri was arrested and spent 15 months in prison until March 1941.[30]

Following the launch of the Quit India Movement, Giri was imprisoned again by the colonial government in 1942.[34] He remained in prison when the AITUC met in Nagpur in 1943 where he was the president elect.[35][36] Giri served his sentence in the Vellore and Amaravathi prisons.[37] Giri remained in prison for three years, his longest sentence, until his release in 1945.[30]

In the General Elections of 1946, Giri was reelected to the Madras Legislative Assembly and became a minister again in charge of the labour portfolio under T. Prakasam.[30]

Career in independent India

[edit]

From 1947 to 1951, Giri served as India's first High Commissioner to Ceylon.[38] In the General Elections of 1951, he was elected to the 1st Lok Sabha from Pathapatnam Lok Sabha Constituency in the Madras State.[39]

Union Minister for Labour (1952–1954)

[edit]

On being elected to Parliament, Giri was appointed Minister of Labour in 1952.[40] His policy initiatives as minister gave rise to the Giri Approach in industrial dispute resolution.[41] The Giri approach emphasizes negotiations between the management and workers as the means for resolving industrial disputes. It holds that the failure of such negotiations should lead not to compulsory adjudication but to further negotiations through conciliation officers.[42][43] However, differences with the government over patronage to trade unions, trade union and government opposition to the Giri Approach and the government's decision to reduce the wages of bank employees led him to resign from government in August 1954.[44][45][46]

In the General Elections of 1957, Giri lost from the Parvatipuram double-member constituency.[b][48][49] Giri played an important role in founding the Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE).[50] In June 1957, he was appointed Governor of Uttar Pradesh.[51]

Gubernatorial tenures (1957–1967)

[edit]

Between 1957 and 1967, Giri served as governor of Uttar Pradesh (1957–1960), Kerala (1960–1965) and Karnataka (1965–1967).[52]

Governor of Kerala (1960–1965)

[edit]

Giri was sworn in as the second Governor of Kerala on 1 July 1960.[53] As Governor, Giri's active voicing of Kerala's fiscal needs with the Planning Commission led to the state being allocated significantly more funds in the Third Five Year Plan.[54] When defections from the ruling Congress Party reduced the government to a minority, Giri recommended the imposition of President's Rule in Kerala after determining that an alternative government could not be formed.[55] A hung assembly resulted from the elections to the Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1965. Since no party had a majority and no alliances commanding a majority could be formed, Giri again recommended the dissolution of the assembly and the imposition of President's Rule in the state.[56]

Vice president (1967–1969) and acting president of India (1969)

[edit]

Giri was elected the third vice president of India on 13 May 1967, a post he held for nearly two years until 3 May 1969.[57] Giri was the first vice president to not complete his full term in office on account of being elevated to the office of the president and was the third vice president to be elected to the presidency.[58]

Following the death in office of President Zakir Husain on 3 May 1969, Giri was sworn in as acting president the same day.[59] Giri resigned from his post on 20 July 1969 to contest the presidential elections as an independent candidate.[60] Immediately before resigning, Giri, in his capacity as acting president, promulgated an ordinance that nationalised 14 banks and insurance companies.[61] He was succeeded as acting president by Mohammad Hidayatullah, the Chief Justice of India.[c][63]

Presidential election of 1969

[edit]

The election of a new president became a contest between the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and the old guard of the Congress Party known as the Syndicate.[64] The All India Congress Committee decided to support Neelam Sanjiva Reddy as the presidential candidate, disregarding the Prime Minister's opposition.[65] Giri, who was vice president, resigned and decided to contest as an independent candidate.[65] Prime Minister Gandhi then decided to support him, endorsing a "vote of conscience" that allowed Congress legislators to vote for Giri.[66] The election, held on 16 August 1969, witnessed a contest between Reddy, Giri and the opposition candidate C D Deshmukh.[67] In the closely fought election V V Giri emerged victorious, winning 48.01 per cent of the first preference votes and subsequently getting a majority on counting the second preference votes. In the final tally, Giri had 420,077 votes against the quota of 418,169 votes required to be elected president.[68][69]

Following Giri's election, an election petition was filed in the Supreme Court of India contesting its validity on the grounds of having used corrupt practices to influence voters. Giri, unusually for an incumbent president of India, chose to appear in person before the Court where he was examined as a witness. The Court ultimately dismissed the petition and upheld Giri's election as president.[70]

President of India

[edit]
V. V. Giri addressing NCC Cadets
As President of India Giri led 14 state visits to countries in south and southeast Asia, the Soviet bloc and Africa

Giri was sworn in as President of India on 24 August 1969 and held office until 24 August 1974 when he was succeeded by Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.[71] On his election, Giri became the only president to have also been an acting president and the only person to be elected president as an independent candidate.[62]

As president, Giri unquestioningly accepted Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's decision to sack the Charan Singh ministry in Uttar Pradesh and advised her to go in for early elections in 1971.[72] The ordinance abolishing privy purses and privileges of the erstwhile rulers of India's princely states was promulgated by Giri after the government's original amendment was defeated in the Rajya Sabha.[73] His advice to Prime Minister Gandhi against the appointment of A. N. Ray as the Chief Justice of India superseding three judges senior to him was ignored by her as was his warning that a crackdown on striking railwaymen would only exacerbate the situation.[74][75] As president, Giri made 14 state visits to 22 countries in south and southeast Asia, Europe and Africa.[76][77]

Giri is regarded as a president who completely subordinated himself to the prime minister and has been described as a "Prime Minister’s President",[78] a loyalist president and a rubber stamp president under whom the independence of the office eroded.[79][80][81] When Giri's term ended in 1974, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose not to renominate him to the presidency and instead chose Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, who was elected in the presidential election of 1974.[82]

Awards

[edit]
President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed conferring the Bharat Ratna on Giri

Giri was honoured with India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna, in 1975 for his contributions in the area of public affairs.[83][84] As president, Giri had suo motu conferred the Bharat Ratna on Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1971.[85] Giri was in turn conferred the Bharat Ratna in 1975 on the recommendation of Prime Minister Gandhi, in an act seen as a quid pro quo measure.[86][87][88] Giri was the fourth of the six Presidents of India to have been conferred the Bharat Ratna (viz. Rajendra Prasad, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Zakir Husain, V.V. Giri, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and Pranab Mukherjee).[89]

Death

[edit]

V.V. Giri died of a heart attack in his Madras residency, on 24 June 1980.[90]

He was given a state funeral the next day and a week-long mourning period was declared by the Government of India.[91] Rajya Sabha, of which Giri had been ex-officio chairman as Vice President of India, adjourned for two days as a mark of respect to him.[92]

Commemoration

[edit]
Giri on a 1974 stamp of India

A commemorative postage stamp on V.V. Giri was released by the Indian Posts and Telegraphs Department in 1974.[93][94] The National Labour Institute was renamed in honour of V.V. Giri in 1995.[95] V.V. Giri's hometown of Berhampur in Odisha has a major road, a secondary training school and a big market that are named after him.[96] V.V.Giri donated his huge & historic bungalow in Brahmapur for a Girls School (Now its famous as GIRI Girls High School. It is also the first girls' school and a famous secondary government school in Odisha). The British time market 'Victoria Market' is also renamed as GIRI Market in Berhampur. The family members of VV Giri resides in another small bungalow at Giri Road in Berhampur.

Giri authored Industrial Relations and Labour Problems in Indian Industry, two popular books on issues of labour in India.[97] His memoirs, published in 1976, are titled My Life and Times.[16]

State honours

[edit]
Ribbon Decoration Country Date Note Ref.
Bharat Ratna  India 1975 The highest civilian honour of India. [52]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Mohammad Hidayatullah as acting
  2. ^ In the General Elections of 1952 and 1957, 83 dual member constituencies electing a member each from the general population and the Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribes was established. The general candidates including Giri received fewer votes than the Scheduled Caste candidates in Parvatipuram resulting in both the Scheduled Caste candidates being declared elected. Giri unsuccessfully challenged the verdict in court. By the Two Member Constituency (Abolition) Act, 1961 this system of double member constituencies was abolished.[47][48]
  3. ^ Following Giri's resignation, the offices of president and vice president became vacant, with the Constitution of India requiring the Chief Justice of India to act as president. Justice Hidayatullah served as acting president during July – August 1969. Elected vice president in 1979, he again served as acting president in October 1982. He is the only person in India to have served twice as acting president.[62]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Dasarathi Bhuyan. "Participation of Women of Ganjam District in the Freedom Movement of India" (PDF). Orissa Review. pp. 18–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  2. ^ "Khallikote Autonomous College, Berhampur, Orissa". PunjabColleges.com. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  3. ^ Saubhadra Chatterji (26 April 2017). "NDA vs Oppn: India might to witness tightest presidential poll since 1969". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  4. ^ "Gallery of Indian Presidents". Press Information Bureau. Government of India. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  5. ^ Jai, Janak Raj (2003). Presidents of India, 1950-2003. Regency Publications. ISBN 978-81-87498-65-0.
  6. ^ P. Rajeswar Rao (1991). The Great Indian Patriots, Volume 1. India: Mittal Publications. pp. 279–282. ISBN 9788170992806.
  7. ^ Bina Kumari Sarma (August 2010). "Women's Role in the Freedom Movement in South Orissa" (PDF). Orissa Review: 34–35. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  8. ^ P. Rajeswar Rao (1991). The Great Indian Patriots. Mittal Publications. p. 282. ISBN 978-81-7099-280-6.
  9. ^ "Varahagiri Venkata Giri". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  10. ^ "University College Dublin announces special scholarships for Indian students". India Today. 6 November 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  11. ^ a b c Conor Mulvagh (2016). Irish Days, Indian Memories: V. V. Giri and Indian Law Students at University College Dublin, 1913–1916. Sallins: Irish Academic Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-911024-18-7.
  12. ^ Conor Mulvagh (10 February 2016). "Gandhi, an expelled future president and first aid crews: the Indians of 1916 Rising". The Irish Times. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  13. ^ a b Conor Mulvagh (2016). Irish Days, Indian Memories: V. V. Giri and Indian Law Students at University College Dublin, 1913–1916. Sallins, Co. Kildare, Ireland: Irish Academic Press. pp. 34, 49–50. ISBN 978-1-911024-18-7 – via http://irishacademicpress.ie/product/irish-days-indian-memories-v-v-giri-and-indian-law-students-at-university-college-dublin-1913-1916/. {{cite book}}: External link in |via= (help)
  14. ^ Brigadier Samir Bhattacharya (December 2013). NOTHING BUT!. Author Solutions. pp. 636–. ISBN 978-1-4828-1626-6.
  15. ^ Harris M. Lentz (4 February 2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1538–. ISBN 978-1-134-26497-1.
  16. ^ a b V V Giri (1976). My Life and Times, Volume 1. Macmillan Company of India. ISBN 9780333901335.
  17. ^ "MR. T. A. CHETTIAR, OF MADRAS". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 1 June 1916. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  18. ^ a b c "Worker's leader who turned President". The Deccan Herald. 8 August 2004. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  19. ^ Janak Raj Jai (2003). Presidents of India, 1950–2003. Regency Publications. p. 76. ISBN 978-81-87498-65-0.
  20. ^ "Shekhawat need not compare himself to Giri: Shashi Bhushan". The Hindu. 12 July 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  21. ^ a b c Chandrashanker Shukla (March 1951). Reminiscences of Gandhiji (PDF). Bombay: Vora & Co. p. 108. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  22. ^ "President of India speaking!". taxindiaonline.com. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  23. ^ S. Chandrasekhar (1985). Dimensions of Socio-political Change in Mysore, 1918–40. Ashish Publishing House. pp. 113–. ISBN 978-0-8364-1471-4.
  24. ^ a b "A principled politician". The Hindu. 23 September 2002. Archived from the original on 28 October 2002. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  25. ^ Surjit Mansingh (9 May 2006). Historical Dictionary of India. Scarecrow Press. pp. 240–. ISBN 978-0-8108-6502-0.
  26. ^ Mohammad Tarique. Modern Indian History. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 7–. ISBN 978-0-07-066030-4.
  27. ^ Sharit Bhowmik (2013). "The Labour Movement in India: Fractured Trade Unions and Vulnerable Workers". Rethinking Development and Inequality. 2 (Special Issue): 86.
  28. ^ "AITUC – Our Leaders". AITUC. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  29. ^ List of Indian Delegates and Advisers to International Labour Conferences (1919–2011) (PDF). NOIDA: V.V.Giri National Labour Institute, Ministry of Labour & Employment. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  30. ^ a b c d e Janak Raj Jai (1 January 2003). Presidents of India, 1950–2003. Regency Publications. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-81-87498-65-0.
  31. ^ Narasingha P. Sil, Giri, Varahagiri Venkata (1894–1980), trade unionist and president of India in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004)
  32. ^ Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (1 January 2002). History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A. D. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 300–. ISBN 978-81-269-0085-5.
  33. ^ Rajmohan Gandhi (1997). Rajaji: A Life. Penguin Books India. pp. 171–. ISBN 978-0-14-026967-3.
  34. ^ Verinder Grover; Ranjana Arora (1 January 1994). Constitutional Schemes and Political Development in India: Towards Transfer of Power. Deep & Deep Publications. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-81-7100-539-0.
  35. ^ Viv Bahadour Singh (1981). Economic History of India: 1857–1956. Allied Publishers. pp. 590–.
  36. ^ Economic History of India: 1857–1956. Allied Publishers. pp. 590–.
  37. ^ A. Ranga Reddy (2003). The State of Rayalaseema. Mittal Publications. pp. 373–. ISBN 978-81-7099-814-3.
  38. ^ "Nirupama Rao presents credentials to Chandrika". The Hindu. 18 September 2004. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  39. ^ Key Highlights of General Elections, 1951 to the First Lok Sabha (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. p. 15. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  40. ^ Rohini Hensman (20 August 2013). Workers, Unions, and Global Capitalism: Lessons from India. Columbia University Press. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-0-231-51956-4.
  41. ^ "Labour Problems — The "Giri Approach "" (PDF). The Economic Weekly: 951. 13 September 1952. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  42. ^ Pravin Durai (2016). Human Resource Management. Pearson Education India. pp. 392–. ISBN 978-81-317-6783-2.
  43. ^ N. B. Ghodke (1985). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Economics. Mittal Publications. pp. 522–.
  44. ^ Singh (1 January 2009). Industrial Relations. Excel Books India. pp. 94–. ISBN 978-81-7446-619-8.
  45. ^ Manoranjan Mohanty (6 May 2004). Class, Caste, Gender. SAGE Publications. pp. 117–. ISBN 978-81-321-0369-1.
  46. ^ Shree Govind Mishra (2000). Democracy in India. Sanbun Publishers. pp. 301–. ISBN 978-3-473-47305-2.
  47. ^ "Between Red And Blue". Outlook. 16 April 2012. Archived from the original on 15 January 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  48. ^ a b "Have you heard of 2 being elected from one seat? flashback". The Hindu. 18 March 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  49. ^ "dated March 20, 1957: V.V. Giri defeated". The Hindu. 20 March 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  50. ^ "THE INDIAN SOCIETY OF LABOUR ECONOMICS". The Indian Society of Labour Economics. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  51. ^ "dated June 11, 1957: Governor of UP". The Hindu. 11 June 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  52. ^ a b President of India Archived 10 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  53. ^ "R.S. Gavai is new Kerala Governor". The Hindu. 27 June 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  54. ^ Sibranjan Chatterjee (1 January 1992). Governor's Role in the Indian Constitution. Mittal Publications. pp. 148–. ISBN 978-81-7099-325-4.
  55. ^ Meera Srivastava (1980). Constitutional Crisis in the States in India. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 53–.
  56. ^ Kishor Gandhi (2006). India's Date with Destiny: Ranbir Singh Chowdhary : Felicitation Volume. Allied Publishers. pp. 65–. ISBN 978-81-7764-932-1.
  57. ^ "Chapter – 4 Presiding Officers of Rajya Sabha and other Parliamentary Functionaries" (PDF). Rajya Sabha. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  58. ^ "Krishan Kant is first vice-president to die in office". Rediff.com. 27 July 2002. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  59. ^ K. Natwar Singh (20 December 2012). Walking With Lions: Tales From A Diplomatic Past. HarperCollins Publishers India. pp. 13–. ISBN 978-93-5029-899-2.
  60. ^ Sudarshan Bhatia (4 March 2014). His Excellency President of India Pranab Mukherjee. Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-93-5083-645-3.
  61. ^ Senior Lecturer in Politics Vernon Hewitt; Vernon Hewitt (5 November 2007). Political Mobilisation and Democracy in India: States of Emergency. Routledge. pp. 85–. ISBN 978-1-134-09762-3.
  62. ^ a b A. P. Bhardwaj (2014). Legal Awareness and Legal Reasoning for the CLAT and LLb Entrance Examinations, 4/e. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-93-325-3732-3.
  63. ^ "The twice Acting-President". The Hindu. 24 July 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  64. ^ John McLeod (2002). The History of India. Greenwood Press. p. 149. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  65. ^ a b Inder Malhotra (23 December 2013). "A populist move, a party chasm". The Indian Express. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  66. ^ Ramachandra Guha (10 February 2011). India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy. Pan Macmillan. pp. 438–. ISBN 978-0-330-54020-9.
  67. ^ Stanley Kochanek; Robert Hardgrave (30 January 2007). India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation. Cengage Learning. pp. 82–. ISBN 978-0-495-00749-4.
  68. ^ "Sanjiva Reddy only President elected unopposed". The Hindu. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  69. ^ M V Pylee (1 November 2009). An Introduction To The Constitution Of India, 5E. Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd. pp. 158–. ISBN 978-81-259-1832-5.
  70. ^ "How VV Giri defended himself". DNA. 29 June 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  71. ^ "Former Presidents". The President of India. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  72. ^ "Past Presidents: Waning power". India Today. 18 October 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  73. ^ Blema Steinberg (1 January 2008). Women in Power: The Personalities and Leadership Styles of Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-0-7735-7502-8.
  74. ^ "Emerging evidence". The Hindu. 5 January 2003. Archived from the original on 1 May 2005. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  75. ^ Mary Carras (1979). Indira Gandhi: In the Crucible of Leadership. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 172. Archived from the original on 15 January 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  76. ^ "DETAILS OF MEDIA PERSONS ACCOMPANYING THE PRESIDENT IN HIS/HER VISITS ABROAD SINCE 1947 TO 2012" (PDF). The President's Secretariat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 August 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
  77. ^ "President's visits undertaken after careful appraisal". The Hindu. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  78. ^ "Changing Roles of the Presidents of India". Mainstream Weekly. L. 17 August 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  79. ^ Abdo I. Baaklini; Helen Desfosses (1 January 1997). Designs for Democratic Stability: Studies in Viable Constitutionalism. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 162–. ISBN 978-0-7656-0052-3.
  80. ^ "Pranab won't be a 'rubber stamp'". The Asian Age. 23 July 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  81. ^ A G Noorani (4 October 2013). "The Parliamentary System in South Asia". Criterion Quarterly. 2 (3). Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  82. ^ Ananth (2008). India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics. pp. 84–. ISBN 978-81-317-4282-2.
  83. ^ "List of recipients of the Bharat Ratna" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 17 January 2015.[permanent dead link]
  84. ^ "List of all Bharat Ratna award winners". NDTV. 24 January 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  85. ^ "Awards earned, awards fixed?". The Hindu. 19 January 2003. Archived from the original on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  86. ^ "Flashback to time of Nehru Ratna". The Telegraph. 25 December 2014. Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  87. ^ "Bose or Vajpayee: India politicises, then downgrades Bharat Ratna". Firstpost. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  88. ^ "Bharat Ratna: It's not for 'useful citizens', it's for politicians and entertainers". The Hindustan Times. 4 January 2015. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  89. ^ "Awards and acrimony". The Hindu Businessline. 21 November 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  90. ^ Harris M. Lentz (4 February 2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Routledge. pp. 379–380. ISBN 9781134264902. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  91. ^ M.V. Kamath (1 November 2009). Journalist's Handbook. Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd. pp. 222–. ISBN 978-0-7069-9026-3.
  92. ^ Rajya Sabha at Work – Chapter 16: Obituary and Other References (PDF). p. 386. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  93. ^ "Postal Stamp Name : V V Giri". IndianPost. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  94. ^ "Stamps 1974". Philately World. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  95. ^ "V. V. Giri National Labour Institute: History". VV Giri National Labour Institute. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  96. ^ "156-year-old school renamed after V. V. Giri". The Hindu. 4 May 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  97. ^ Pravin Durai (2011). Human Resource Management: For VTU. pp. 387–. ISBN 978-81-317-9873-7.
  98. ^ Badraie Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  99. ^ Karma Galay ed. (1999) Final Programmes for The Coronation and The Silver Jubilee Celebration. The Centre for Bhutan Studies
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to V. V. Giri.
Wikiquote has quotations related to V. V. Giri.
Government offices
Preceded by Governor of Uttar Pradesh
1956–1960 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Governor of Kerala
1960–1965 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Governor of Mysore State
1965–1967 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Vice President of India
1967–1969 		Succeeded by
President of India (acting)
1969 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of India
1969–1974 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V._V._Giri&oldid=1249455952"
pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy