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===Etymology===
===Etymology===
{{ko-etym-native|ws|바닿〮|pàtáh|dot=,}} from pre-Middle Korean {{l|okm||*바닥〮}} ({{w|Yale romanization of Korean|Yale}}: *pàták), a form still preserved directly in certain southern dialects. The {{IPAfont|*/-k/}} may be the remnant of an archaic place suffix (see [[Appendix:Middle Korean h-final nouns]]), which leaves {{l|okm||*바다〮}} ({{w|Yale romanization of Korean|Yale}}: *pàtá) as the etymological root; this notion is further supported by the existence of the alternative Middle Korean form {{okm-inline|바ᄅᆞᆯ〮|pàlól}}, representing [[Appendix:Koreanic reconstructions|intervocalic lenition]] of {{IPAchar|/t/}} to {{IPAchar|[ɾ]}} ([[phoneme|phonemically]] {{IPAchar|/l/}}) from {{cog|oko|海等|tr=*PAtol}}, a form presumably related to *pàták but with different suffixation. Despite being both the only attested Old Korean form and the more common Middle Korean form, this coda {{IPAfont|/l/}}-variant is now lost in most dialects.
{{ko-etym-native|ws|바닿〮|pàtáh|dot=,}} from pre-Middle Korean {{l|okm||*바닥〮}} ({{w|Yale romanization of Korean|Yale}}: *pàták), a form still preserved directly in certain southern dialects. The {{IPAfont|*/-k/}} may be the remnant of an archaic place suffix (see [[Appendix:Middle Korean h-final nouns]]), which leaves {{l|okm||*바다〮}} ({{w|Yale romanization of Korean|Yale}}: *pàtá) as the etymological root; this notion is further supported by the existence of the alternative Middle Korean form {{okm-inline|바ᄅᆞᆯ〮|pàlól}}, representing [[Appendix:Koreanic reconstructions|intervocalic lenition]] of {{IPAchar|/t/}} to {{IPAchar|[ɾ]}} ([[phoneme|phonemically]] {{IPAchar|/l/}}) from {{cog|oko|海等|tr=*PAtol}}, a form presumably related to *pàták but with different suffixation. Despite being both the only attested Old Korean form and the more common Middle Korean form, the variant with coda {{IPAfont|/l/}} is now lost in most dialects.


Beyond Middle Korean, the word is believed to be related to {{cog|ja|-}} {{ja-r|海|わた|sea}}, although the exact direction of the borrowing is not clear. {{w|Alexander Vovin}} proposed a Koreanic borrowing into Old Japanese in 2010, but a reverse Japonic borrowing into Koreanic in 2015.
Beyond Middle Korean, the word is believed to be related to {{cog|ja|-}} {{ja-r|海|わた|sea}}, although the exact direction of the borrowing is not clear. {{w|Alexander Vovin}} proposed a Koreanic borrowing into Old Japanese in 2010, but a reverse Japonic borrowing into Koreanic in 2015.

Revision as of 06:45, 7 February 2021

Korean

Etymology

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 바닿〮 (Yale: pàtáh), from pre-Middle Korean *바닥〮 (*pàták) (Yale: *pàták), a form still preserved directly in certain southern dialects. The */-k/ may be the remnant of an archaic place suffix (see Appendix:Middle Korean h-final nouns), which leaves *바다〮 (*pàtá) (Yale: *pàtá) as the etymological root; this notion is further supported by the existence of the alternative Middle Korean form 바ᄅᆞᆯ〮 (Yale: pàlól), representing intervocalic lenition of /t/ to [ɾ] (phonemically /l/) from Old Korean 海等 (*PAtol), a form presumably related to *pàták but with different suffixation. Despite being both the only attested Old Korean form and the more common Middle Korean form, the variant with coda /l/ is now lost in most dialects.

Beyond Middle Korean, the word is believed to be related to Japanese 海(わた) (wata, “sea”), although the exact direction of the borrowing is not clear. Alexander Vovin proposed a Koreanic borrowing into Old Japanese in 2010, but a reverse Japonic borrowing into Koreanic in 2015.

Pronunciation

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?bada
Revised Romanization (translit.)?bada
McCune–Reischauer?pada
Yale Romanization?pata

South Gyeongsang (Busan) pitch accent: 바다의 / 바다에 / 바다까지

Syllables in red take high pitch. This word always takes high pitch only on the first syllable, and lowers the pitch of subsequent suffixes.

Noun

바다 • (bada)

  1. sea, ocean
    바다와 하늘 모두 얼마나 푸르렀는지, 수평선 따위는 누군가 지어낸 이야기일 뿐이라고 나는 확신했다.
    Badawa haneul modu eolmana pureureonneunji, supyeongseon ttawineun nugun'ga jieonaen iyagiil ppunirago naneun hwaksinhaetda.
    The sea and the sky were both so blue that I was certain that the horizon was but a story someone had made up.
    Synonyms: 해양(海洋) (haeyang, “ocean”), 대양(大洋) (daeyang, “ocean”)
    Antonyms: 땅 (ttang, “land”), 육지(陸地) (yukji, “land, mainland”), 뭍 (mut, “land, mainland”)

Synonyms

Historical and regional synonyms of 바다 (bada, “sea”)
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GroupRegionLocationWords
Standardised formsSouth Korean Standard Language바다 (bada)
North Korean Cultured Language바다 (bada)
Historical formsOld Korean海等 (*PAtol)
Middle Korean바닿〮 (pàtáh), 바ᄅᆞᆯ〮 (pàlól)
Early Modern Seoul Korean바다 (bada), 바닿 (bada)
Central KoreanGyeonggiModern colloquial Seoul바다 (bada)
Kaesong바다 (bada)
Changpung바다 (bada)
Yeoncheon바다 (bada)
Yongin바대 (badae)
YeongseoKosan바다 (bada)
YeongdongGangneung바다 (bàdà)
Wonsan바다 (bada)
Kumya바다 (bada)
Munchon바다 (bada)
Anbyeon바다 (bada)
Yangyang바다 (bada)
Samcheok바다 (bádà)
North ChungcheongCheongju바다 (bada)
Chungju바다 (bada)
Danyang바다 (bada)
Boeun바다 (bada)
Yeongdong바다 (bada)
South ChungcheongCheonan바다 (bada)
Hongseong바다 (bada)
Gongju바다 (bada)
Seocheon바다 (bada)
Nonsan바다 (bada), 바대 (badae)
South HwanghaeHaeju바다 (bada)
Ongjin바다 (bada)
Yonan바다 (bada)
Taetan바다 (bada)
Chaeryong바다 (bada)
Changyon바다 (bada)
Unnyul바다 (bada)
North HwanghaeHwangju바다 (bada)
Sohung바다 (bada)
Kumchon바다 (bada)
Singye바다 (bada)
Suan바다 (bada)
Yonsan바다 (bada)
Gyeongsang KoreanNorth GyeongsangDaegu'바다 ( bada)
Uljin'바다 ( bada), '바닥 ( badak)
Yecheon'바다 ( bada)
Andong'바다 ( bada)
Uiseong'바다 ( bada)
Cheongsong'바다 ( bada)
Yeongdeok'바다 ( bada), '바닥 ( badak)
Gimcheon'바다 ( bada)
Pohang'바다 ( bada)
Yeongcheon'바다 ( bada)
Goryeong'바다 ( bada)
South GyeongsangBusan'바다 ( bada), 바당 (bádàng)
Ulsan'바다 ( bada)
Changwon'바다 ( bada), '바당 ( badang)
Geochang'바다 ( bada), 바닥 (bádàk)
Hapcheon'바다 ( bada)
Changnyeong'바대 ( badae), 바당 (bádàng)
Hamyang'바다 ( bada)
Hadong바닥 (bádàk)
Jinju'바다 ( bada), '바당 ( badang), 바닥 (bádàk)
Haman바닥 (bádàk)
Gimhae'바다 ( bada)
Yangsan'바다 ( bada)
Sacheon바닥 (bádàk)
Goseong바닥 (bádàk)
Namhae'바다 ( bada), 바닥 (bádàk)
Tongyeong'바다 ( bada), 바당 (bádàng), 바닥 (bádàk)
Geoje바당 (bádàng), 바닥 (bádàk)
Jeolla KoreanNorth JeollaJeonju바대 (badae)
Jinan바대 (badae)
Muju바대 (badae)
Gimje바대 (badae)
Jeongeup바대 (badae)
Imsil바대 (badae)
Jangsu바대 (badae)
Sunchang바대 (badae)
Namwon바대 (badae)
South JeollaGwangju바다 (bada)
Yeonggwang바대 (bade)
Jangseong바대 (bade)
Damyang바대 (bade)
Gokseong바대 (bade)
Gurye바대 (badae)
Hampyeong바대 (bade)
Sinan바닥 (badak)
Mokpo바닥 (badak)
Naju바대 (bade), 바다 (bada)
Suncheon바다 (bada)
Gwangyang바대 (badae)
Yeongam바대 (bade)
Jindo바닥 (badak)
Haenam바대 (bade), 바닥 (badak)
Gangjin바대 (bade)
Wando바닥 (badak), 바탕 (batang) (less common)
Jangheung바대 (bade)
Boseong바대 (badae)
Goheung바닥 (badak)
Yeosu바닥 (badak), 바당 (badang)
Pyongan KoreanSouth PyonganPyongyang바다 (bada)
North PyonganPakchon바다 (bada)
Nyongbyon바다 (bada)
Kusong바다 (bada)
Huichon바다 (bada)
Kanggye바다 (bada)
Chasong바다 (bada)
Hamgyong KoreanSouth HamgyongHamhung바'다 (ba da)
Chongpyong바'다 (ba da)
Yonggwang바'다 (ba da)
Sinhung바'다 (ba da)
Hongwon바'다 (ba da)
Pukchong바'다 (ba da)
Tanchon바'당 (ba dang)
North HamgyongChongjin바'다 (ba da)
Kimchaek바'다 (ba da)
Kilju바'당 (ba dang)
Myongchon바'다 (ba da)
Kyongsong바'다 (ba da)
Puryong바'다 (ba da)
Musan바'당 (ba dang)
Hyesan바'다 (ba da)
Kapsan바'다 (ba da)
Pungso바'다 (ba da)
Kimhyongjik바'다 (ba da)
Yukjin KoreanYukjinKyonghung바다 (bàdá)
Hoeryong바당 (bàdáng)
Onsong바다 (bàdá)
Kyongwon바당 (bàdáng)
DiasporaHunchun바다 (bàdá)
JejuJeju City바당 (badang), 와당 (wadang)
Daejeong바당 (badang), 와당 (wadang), 바릇 (bareut)
Gujwa바당 (badang), 와당 (wadang)
Seogwipo바당 (badang), 와당 (wadang), 바릇 (bareut)
Note: Jeolla and Gyeongsang speakers may prefer to use words for 'beach' or 'seashore' in contexts where Seoul speakers would use 바다.
This table is an amalgamation of surveys of speakers mostly born before 1950 and may not reflect the language of younger speakers, which has lexically converged towards the standard Seoul dialect in both North and South Koreas.

Derived terms

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See also

References

  • Alexander Vovin (2010) Koreo-Japonica: A Re-evaluation of a Genetic Origin, University of Hawaii Press, →ISBN.
  • Vovin, Alexander (2015) “On The Etymology of Middle Korean psʌr 'rice'”, in Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları‎[2], number 25.2, pages 229-238
  • 박석문 (Park Seok-mun), 서장국 (Seo Jang-guk) (2015) “국어 어말음 ‘ㄱ’의 교체와 변화에 대하여 [On the alternation and change of the Korean coda consonant *-k]”, in Ban'gyo Eomun Yeon'gu, volume 41, pages 315–334
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