View source for heaven

{{also|Heaven}}
==English==
{{wikipedia|heaven (disambiguation)|heaven|lang=en}}

===Alternative forms===
* {{alt|en|heav'n||poetic}}

===Etymology===
From a wide variety of {{inh|en|enm|-}} forms including {{m|enm|hevene}}, {{m|enm|heven}}, {{m|enm|hevin}}{{,}} and {{m|enm|hewin||heaven, sky}}, from {{inh|en|ang|heofon}}, {{m|ang|heofone||heaven, sky}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*hebun|*hebn|t=heaven, sky}}, of uncertain origin.<ref name="oed">''Oxford English Dictionary''. "Heaven, v."</ref>

Cognate with {{cog|sco|heiven}}, {{m|sco|hewin||heaven, sky}}, {{cog|dum|heven|t=sky, heaven}}, {{cog|nds|Heven|t=heaven, sky}}, {{cog|gmh|heben|t=sky, heaven}}, and possibly the rare {{cog|is|-}} and {{cog|non|hifinn||heaven, sky}}, which are all probably [[dissimilation|dissimilated]] forms of the Germanic root which appears in {{cog|non|himinn||heaven, sky}}, {{cog|got|𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃||heaven, sky}}, {{cog|gmq-osw|himin}}, {{cog|gmq-oda|himæn}} and probably also (in another variant form) {{cog|osx|himil}}, {{cog|odt|himil}} (modern {{cog|nl|hemel}}){{,}} and {{cog|goh|himil}} ({{cog|de|Himmel}}).<ref name=oed/>

Accepting these as cognates, some scholars propose a further derivation from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*himinaz|t=cover, cloud cover, firmament, sky, heaven}}.<ref name="GH">Gerhard Köbler, ''Altenglisches Wörterbuch'', entry "heofon"</ref><ref name=oed/>

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|en|/ˈhɛvən/}}
* {{audio|en|En-uk-heaven.ogg|a=RP}}
* {{audio|en|En-us-heaven.ogg|a=GA}}
* {{hyphenation|en|heav|en}}
* {{rhymes|en|ɛvən|s=2}}

===Noun===
{{wikipedia}}
{{en-noun|~}}

# The [[sky]], ''[[specifically]]'':
## {{lb|en|dated or poetic|now|usually|in the plural}} The [[distant]] [[sky]] in which the [[sun]], [[moon]], and [[star]]s [[appear]] or [[move]]; the [[firmament]]; the [[celestial sphere]]s.
##* '''1535''', {{w|Coverdale Bible}}, {{w|Ecclesiastes}} 3:1:
##*: All that is [[under|vnder]] '''the heauen'''.
##* {{quote-text|en|year=1585|translator=Thomas Washington|author=Nicholas de Nicolay|title=The nauigations, peregrinations and voyages, made into Turkie by Nicholas Nicholay|section=I vi 4
|passage=The [[ordinance|ordinaunce]]...made such a great [[noise|noyse]] and [[thundering|thunderyng]] that it seemed '''the heaven''' would have fallen.}}
##* {{quote-text|en|year=1594|author=Thomas Blundeville|title=M. Blundeuile his Exercises|section=act I scene 3
|passage=In ascending orderly [[upwards|vpwardes]]...The first is the [[sphere|Spheare]] of the [[Moon]]e...The [[seventh|seuenth]] the [[sphere|Spheare]] of [[Saturn]]e, The [[eighth|eight]] the [[sphere|Spheare]] of the fixed [[stars|Starres]], commonly called the firmament. The ninth is called the second [[movable|moueable]] or [[crystal|Christall]] '''heauen''', The tenth is called the first [[movable|moueable]], and the [[eleventh|eleuenth]] is called the [[empyreal|Emperiall]] '''heauen''', where God and his Angels are said to dwell.}}
##* {{RQ:Shakespeare Comedy of Errors|I|1|text=What obscured light '''the heauens''' did grant.}}
##* {{quote-book|en|year=1625|author=Nathanæl Carpenter|title=Geography delineated forth in two bookes|volume=I|chapter=4|page=77
|passage='''The Heauens'''...are carried in 24 [[hours|houres]] from East to West.}}
##* {{RQ:Stanley History of Philosophy|volume=II|part=5|section=The Doctrine of {{w|Plato}} Delivered by [[w:Alcinous (philosopher)|Alcinous]]|chapter=XIV|chaptername=Of the Soul of the World, the Sphears and Stars|page=74|passage=God framed alſo the Stars and conſtellations; ſome ''fixed'' for the Ornament of '''Heaven''' and might, very many in number.}}
##* {{quote-journal|en|year=1930|month=March|journal=Nature|section=179 2
|passage=The moon's path lies in that belt of '''the heavens''' known as the zodiac.}}
##* {{quote-text|en|year=1981|author=E.R. Harrison|title=Cosmology|section=XII 250
|passage=In an infinite...universe the stars would collectively outshine the Sun and flood '''the heavens''' with light far more intense than is observed.}}
##* '''2006''', Peter Carroll translating a maxim of the Southern Song dynasty in ''Between Heaven and Modernity: Reconstructing Suzhou, 1895&ndash;1937'':
##*: Above is '''Heaven''', Below are [[Suzhou]] and [[Hangzhou]]
## {{lb|en|obsolete}} The [[near]] [[sky]] in which [[weather]], [[flying]] [[animal]]s, [[etc.]] [[appear]]; {{lb|en|obsolete}} the [[atmosphere]]; the [[climate]].
##* {{quote-text|en|year=1581|translator=George Pettie|author=Stefano Guazzo|title=Ciuile Conuersation|section=I 26
|passage=[[every|Everie]]...[[country|Countrie]], by the nature of the place, the climate of '''the Heaven''', and the influence of the [[stars|starres]] [[hath]] [[certain]]e [[virtues|vertues]].}}
##* {{RQ:Shakespeare Merchant of Venice|IV|i|text=The [[quality|qualitie]] of [[mercy|mercie]] is not [[strained|ſtraind]],<br>it [[drops|droppeth]] as the gentle [[rain]]e from '''heauen'''<br>[[upon|vpon]] the place beneath}}
##* {{quote-text|en|year=1660|author=George Mackenzie|title=Religio Stoici|section=II 44
|passage=Fellow-believers...fed the birds of '''heaven''' with the [[carcasses|carcases]] of pious and reverend Church-men.}}
## {{lb|en|obsolete}} A [[model]] [[display]]ing the [[movement]] of the [[celestial]] [[bodies]], an [[orrery]].
##* {{quote-text|en|year=1600|author=Thomas Nashe|title=Summers Last Will
|passage=[[every|Euery]] man cannot, with Archimedes, make a '''heauen''' of [[brass]]e.}}
# {{lb|en|religion}} The [[abode]] of [[God]] or the [[gods]], [[traditionally]] [[conceived]] as beyond the [[sky]]; especially:
## {{lb|en|Christianity|usually capitalized}} The [[abode]] of [[God]] and of the [[angel]]s and [[saint]]s in [[His]] [[presence]].
##* '''1560''', {{w|Geneva Bible}}, [[w:Book of Revelation|Revelation]] 12:7&ndash;8:
##*: And there was a [[battle|battel]] in '''heauen'''. Michael & his Angels [[fought|foght]] [[against|againſt]] the dragon, and the dragon foght & his Angels. But they [[prevailed|preuailed]] not, [[neither|nether]] was their place [[found]]e [[any|anie]] more in '''heauen'''.
##* {{quote-text|en|year=1644|author=w:Samuel Rutherford|title={{w|Lex, Rex}}: The Law and the Prince|section=V 16
|passage=Conſider firſt that the [[w:John Maxwell (bishop)|excommunicated Prelate]] [[saith|ſaith]]... ''Kings are not [[immediately|immediatly]] from God, as by any [[special|ſpeciall]] Ordinance ſent from '''Heaven''' by the miniſtery of Angels and Prophets, there were but ſome few ſuch, as'' Moſes, Saul, David, [[etc.]]}}
##* {{RQ:Milton Paradise Lost|book=I|line=263|text=Better to reign in Hell, then<!--sic--> serve in '''Heav'n'''.|year=1873}}
##* {{quote-journal|en|date=July 30 1906|journal=Washington Post|section=12 4
|passage=Christ's coming from the '''heavens''' has entered into the life of humanity as the Founder of the world to come.}}
## {{lb|en|religion|by extension|often capitalized}} The [[abode]] of the [[Abrahamic]] [[God]]; [[similar]] [[abode]]s of the [[gods]] in [[other]] [[religion]]s and [[tradition]]s, [[such as]] [[mount|Mount]] [[Olympus]].
##* {{RQ:Shakespeare Titus Andronicus|IV|3|text=With [[Jove|Ioue]] in '''heauen''', or some where else.}}
##* '''1649''', Alexander Ross translating the Sieur Du Ryer, ''The [[w:Koran|Alcoran]] Of [[w:Muhammad|Mahomet]], Translated out of the Arabique into French... newly Englished'', 406:
##*: As he <nowiki>[</nowiki>''Muhammad''<nowiki>]</nowiki> was returning, in the fourth '''Heaven''', Moses advised him to [[go]]e back to God.
##* {{quote-text|en|year=1832|author=Charles Coleman|title=The Mythology of the Hindus|section=XIII 220
|passage=Like the Buddhas, they <nowiki>[</nowiki>''the [[Jain]]s''<nowiki>]</nowiki> believe that there is a plurality of '''heavens''' and hells.}}
##* {{quote-text|en|year=1841|author=Mountstuart Elphinstone|title=The History of India|section=I ii iv 169
|passage='''The heaven''' of [[Siva]] is in the midst of the eternal snows and glaciers of Keilás, one of the highest and deepest groups of the stupendous summits of [[Himalaya|Hémaláya]].}}
##* {{quote-text|en|year=2011|author=Lillian Tseng|title=Picturing Heaven in Early China|section=2
|passage=To grasp the Chinese's<!--sic--> notion of '''Heaven''', we must look at the contexts in which ''tian'' is used... In the ''Book of Odes'' (''Shi jing'' [[詩經]]), which includes poems dated between the eleventh and seventh centuries <small>[[BCE]]</small>, ''tian'' is a place where the Heavenly [[thearch|Thearch]] resides.}}
## {{lb|en|by extension|usually capitalized}} [[providence|Providence]], the [[will]] of [[God]] or the [[council]] of the [[gods]]; [[fate]].
##* {{RQ:Shakespeare All's Well|III|iv|text={{...}}he cannot [[thrive|thriue]],<br>[[unless|Vnlesse]] her prayers, whom '''heauen''' delights to [[hear]]e<br>And [[loves|loues]] to grant, [[reprieve|repreeue]] him from the wrath<br>Of greatest [[justice|Iustice]].}}
##* {{RQ:KJV|Daniel|4|26|text=After that thou shalt [[have|haue]] [[known|knowen]] that '''the heauens''' [[do]]e rule.}}
##* {{RQ:Milton Paradise Lost|book=I|passage=212|text={{...}}The will<br>And high permission of all-ruling '''Heaven'''.|year=1873}}
##* {{quote-text|en|year=1793|author=Henry Boyd|title=Poems|section=II iv 270
|passage='''Heaven''' commands thine arm<br>To lift the sure-destroying sword!}}
##* {{quote-journal|en|date=May 8 1886|journal=The Pall Mall Gazette|section=1 1
|passage=...executing the just judgment of offended '''Heaven''' upon cattle-[[hougher]]s, traitors, and assassins.}}
##* {{quote-text|en|year=1992|translator=W.S. Wilson|author=E. Yoshikawa|title=Taiko|section=II 186
|passage=There's nothing we can do but pray to '''heaven''' for good luck.}}
##* {{quote-text|en|year=2011|author=Lillian Tseng|title=Picturing Heaven in Early China|section=3
|passage=Cosmologists regarded '''Heaven''' as a force&mdash;composed of ''[[qi]]'' [[氣]], which was divided into ''[[yin]]'' [[陰]] and ''[[yang]]'' [[陽]] aspects&mdash;that kept the cosmos moving.}}
# {{lb|en|religion}} The [[afterlife]] of the [[blessed]] [[dead]], [[traditionally]] [[conceived]] as [[opposed]] to an [[afterlife]] of the [[wicked]] and [[unjust]] ([[compare]] {{m|en|hell}}); specifically:
#* '''1925 July 1''', {{w|Ernest Hemingway}}, letter to {{w|F. Scott Fitzgerald}}:
#*: I wonder what your idea of '''heaven''' would be&mdash;A beautiful vacuum filled with wealthy monogamists, all powerful and members of the best families drinking themselves to death. And [[hell]] would probably be an ugly vacuum full of poor polygamists unable to obtain booze... To me '''heaven''' would be a big bull ring with me holding two [[barrera]] seats and a trout stream outside that no one else was allowed to fish in and two lovely houses in the town; one where I would have my wife and children and be monogamous and love them truly and well and the other where I would have my nine beautiful mistresses on 9 different floors...
## {{lb|en|Christianity|Islam}} [[paradise|Paradise]], the [[afterlife]] of the [[soul]]s who are [[not]] [[sent]] to a [[place]] of [[punishment]] or [[purification]] [[such as]] [[hell]], [[purgatory]], or [[limbo]]; the [[state]] or [[condition]] of being in the [[presence]] of [[God]] after [[death]].
##* {{quote-text|en|year=1544|author=Richard Tracy|title=A supplycacion to our moste soueraigne lorde Kynge henry the eyght Kynge of England of Fraunce and of Irelande|section=C
|passage=[[teach|Teache]] the people to [[get]]t '''heuen''' with [[fasting|fastynge]].}}
##* {{RQ:Shakespeare Richard 2|I|1|text=...what I [[speak]]e<br>My body shall make good [[upon|vpon]] this earth,<br>Or my [[divine|diuine]] [[soul]]e answer it in '''heauen'''.}}
##* {{RQ:KJV|Hebrews|4|14|text=[[we|Wee]] [[have|haue]] a great high Priest, that is passed into '''the heauens'''.}}
## {{lb|en|religion|by extension|often capitalized}} The [[afterlife]] of the [[blessed]] [[dead]] in [[other]] [[religion]]s and [[tradition]]s, [[such as]] the [[Pure Land]] or [[Elysium]].
##* {{quote-text|en|year=2011|author=Lillian Tseng|title=Picturing Heaven in Early China|section=3
|passage=The belief in ascending to '''Heaven''' after death became widespread in the Han dynasty.}}
# {{lb|en|by extension}} Any [[paradise]]; any [[blissful]] [[place]] or [[experience]].
#* {{RQ:Shakespeare Midsummer|II|1|text=[[I'll|Ile]] follow thee and make a '''heauen''' of hell.}}
#* '''1660''' November 14, a speech in the House of Commons in W. Cobbett, ''Parl. Hist.'' (1808), IV 145:
#*: England, that was formerly '''the heaven''', would be now the hell for women.
#* {{RQ:Milton Paradise Lost|book=I|passage=254&ndash;255|text=The mind is its own place, and in it self<!--sic--><br>Can make a '''Heav'n''' of Hell, a Hell of '''Heav'n'''.|year=1873}}
#* '''1782''', F. Burney, ''Cecilia'', I iii iv 51:
#*: Such a shop as that...would be quite a '''heaven''' upon earth to me.
#* {{quote-text|en|year=1940|author=w:H.G. Wells|title=w:Babes in the Darkling Wood|section=II iii 198
|passage=They thought strikes and hunger marches the quintessence of politics and Soviet Russia '''heaven''' on earth.}}
#* {{quote-book|year=2002|author=Summersill Elementary School| title=Time Travel| pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKC0-ixbMCEC&pg=PA16| isbn=9780595242917| page=16| publisher=iUniverse| 1=en| passage=While eating my snack I decided to walk around the house and I saw the hallways change into beautiful valleys and oceans. The television screen appeared on the wall. It was so beautiful that I thought I was in '''heaven'''.}}
# {{lb|en|by extension}} A [[state]] of [[bliss]]; a [[peaceful]] [[ecstasy]].
#* '''1550''', J. Heywood, Dialogue Prov. Eng. Tongue, II vii:
#*: [[husbands|Husbandes]] are in '''heauen'''...whose [[wives|wiues]] scold not.
#* {{quote-journal|en|date=October 26 1809|author=w:William Wordsworth|title=The French Revolution as It Appeared to Enthusiasts at Its Commencement|journal=Friend|section=No. 11, ll. 4-5
|passage=Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive,<br>But to be young was very '''heaven'''!}}
#* {{quote-book|year=2000|author=Veronica Brooks|title=It Could Lead to Dancing|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sjuG0kqXmgC&pg=PA18| isbn=9780595097968| page=18| publisher=iUniverse| 1=en| passage=He would just stare at me and say, “You are beautiful, you are so beautiful.” I was in '''heaven''' hearing this.}}
#* {{quote-song|en|author=w:DJ Sammy; w:Yanou; Frank Reinert; Bryan Adams, {{w|Jim Vallance}}; w:Bob Clearmountain| artist= w:Yanou; w:Do (singer)| title= Heaven| album= Heaven| year=2002| note= Title track| text= We're in '''heaven'''.}}
#* {{quote-book|year=2007|author=w:Jackie Collins| title=Drop Dead Beautiful: A Novel| pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsrDCw7pp4wC&pg=PA452| isbn=9781429917209| page=452| publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group| 1=en| passage=She was in '''heaven''' — she'd never seen so many stars gathered in one place. She already had her eye on Charlie Dollar. Oh yes, Charlie Dollar might be ancient, but he was still raging hot in a Jack Nicholson kind of way.}}
#* {{quote-book|year=2008|author=w:Robert Scott| title=Driven To Murder| pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=gb-fBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT163| isbn=9780786038527| page=163| publisher=Pinnacle Books| 1=en| passage=“Because she was modest and beautiful and he thought he was in '''heaven''' when she was around?” “Yes, that's what he said.”}}
#* {{quote-book|year=2014|author=Joe Satriani; Jake Brown| title=Strange Beautiful Music: A Musical Memoir| pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEQaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8| isbn=9781939529657| page=8| publisher=BenBella Books| 1=en| passage=I'd turn it up to 10 and it sounded all distorted and I remember feeling like I was in '''heaven'''!}}
# {{lb|en|informal|with a modifier}} [[similarly|Similarly]] [[blissful]] [[afterlives]], [[place]]s, or [[state]]s for [[particular]] [[people]], [[animal]]s, or [[object]]s.
#* {{quote-text|en|year=1867|author=J.W. De Forest|title=Miss Ravenel's Conversion|section=XXVI 368
|passage=Perhaps it has gone to '''the dog heaven''', and is wagging somewhere in glory.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|year=1879|month=February|author=J. H. Payne|journal=Scribner's Monthly|section=470 2
|passage=His pet name for Easthampton is ‘'''Goose-heaven'''’, and he harps upon the idea eternally.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|date=October 5 1908|journal=Chicago Tribune|section=3 1
|passage=One gray beard who found the gates closed shinned up the fifteen foot fence...and dropped into '''the baseball heaven''' he was seeking.}}
#* {{quote-text|en|year=1972|author=M. Sanders|title=Flash
|passage=The Dave Clark 5 deserve a place in '''Rock & Roll Heaven''' right along there beside Question Mark & The Mysterians, the Standells, Count Five, the Troggs, and the Music Machine.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|date=February 3 1986|journal=Newsweek|section=70
|passage=The building was once a candy factory, which makes it, Frazier says, '''mouse heaven'''.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|date=August 1 2003|journal=Church Times|section=28 3
|passage=Ricky bumps it into the garden, and tells me it is going to ‘'''the cooker heaven'''’. ‘Where it will be this size,’ adds his wife, her hands making the size of a brick. She means that it is off to the squasher.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|date=July 17 2004|journal=Western Mail|location=Cardiff|section=15
|passage=Goronwy has gone to '''goldfish heaven''' where he is swimming in a beautiful clear blue ocean with all the other fishies.}}

====Usage notes====
( Frequently capitalized as '{{m|en|Heaven}}' in all senses when regarded as a [[proper name]]. When used as a synonym for the impersonal sky, the word has typically been plural ("{{m|en|heavens}}" or "{{m|en|the heavens}}") since the 17th century, except in [[poetry]].

====Synonyms====
* {{sense|sky}} {{l|en|firmament}}, {{l|en|sky}}; [[welkin]]
* {{sense|paradise}} {{l|en|paradise}}, {{l|en|kingdom come}}, {{l|en|Xanadu}}
* {{sense|entrance to heaven}} {{l|en|pearly gates}}
* {{sense|blissful place or experience}} {{l|en|delight}}, {{l|en|dream}}, {{l|en|paradise}}

====Antonyms====
* {{antsense|paradise}} {{l|en|hell}}
* {{antsense|blissful place or experience}} {{l|en|horror}}, {{l|en|nightmare}}

====Hyponyms====
{{col4|en|cat heaven|kitty heaven|dog heaven|doggy heaven|hog heaven}}

====Derived terms====
{{der4|en
|happy birthday in heaven|heaven helps those that help themselves|heaven spot|in the name of heaven|nigger heaven|to high heaven
|as high as heaven
|before heaven
|breath of heaven
|by heaven
|cope of heaven
|die and go to heaven
|eye of heaven
|Father of Heaven
|for heaven's sake
|God in heaven
<!--"good heavens" is derived from "heavens"-->
|heaven-born
|heaven-bound
|heaven-bow
|heaven-bridge
|heaven-burster
|heaven forbid
|heaven forfend
|heavenful
|heaven-gazer
|heaven god|Third Heaven
|heaven helps those who help themselves
|heaven-high
|heavenhood
|[[heavenise]], [[heavenize]]
|[[heaven knows]], [[heaven only knows]]
|heavenless
|heavenlike
|heavenly
|heaveno
|heaven of heaven
|heaven of heavens
|heaven on a stick
|heaven on earth
|heaven-plant
|heavens
|heaven-sent
|heaven tree
|heavenward
|heavenwards
|heaven-wide
|heaven worship
|hog heaven
|in heaven's name
|Kingdom of Heaven
|knocking on heaven's door
|Mandate of Heaven
|manna from heaven
|match made in heaven
|midheaven
|move heaven and earth
|pennies from heaven
|rose of heaven
|seventh heaven
|seven minutes in heaven
|Son of Heaven
|stink to high heaven
|thank heaven
|Temple of Heaven
|tree of heaven
|under heaven
|vault of heaven
}}

====Related terms====
* {{l|en|heavenish}}<!--From Middle English-->
* {{l|en|heavenric}}<!--From Middle English-->

====Translations====
{{trans-top|sky}}
* Albanian: {{t+|sq|qiell}}, {{t|sq|pjetë}} (poetic)
* Amharic: {{t|am|ሰማይ}}
* Arabic: {{t|ar|سَمَاء|f}} ({{t|ar|سَمَاوَات|p}}), {{t+|ar|فَلَك|f}} ({{t|ar|أَفْلَاك|p}})
* Aramaic:
*: Classical Syriac: {{t|syc|ܫܡܝܐ|c|tr=šəmayyā}}
*: Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: {{t|arc|שְׁמַיָּא|c|tr=šəmayyā}}
* Armenian: {{t+|hy|երկինք}}
* Asturian: {{t+|ast|cielu|m}}
* Bashkir: {{t|ba|күк}}
* Bengali: {{t+|bn|আকাশ}}, {{t+|bn|আসমান|tr=asman}}, {{t+|bn|স্বর্গ}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|небе́|n}}
* Burmese: {{t+|my|ကောင်းကင်}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|cel}}
* Cebuano: {{t|ceb|langit}}
* Chechen: {{t|ce|стигал}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|天空|tr=tiānkōng}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|nebe|n}}, {{t+|cs|obloha|f}}
* Dalmatian: {{t|dlm|cil|m}}
* Danish: {{t+|da|himmel|c}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|hemel|m}}, {{t+|nl|lucht|f}}, {{t+|nl|firmament|n}}, {{t+|nl|uitspansel|n}}
* Esperanto: {{t+|eo|ĉielo}}
* Estonian: {{t+|et|taevas}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|taivas}}
* French: {{t+|fr|ciel|m}}
* Friulian: {{t|fur|cîl|m}}, {{t|fur|paradîs|m}}
* Galician: {{t+|gl|ceo|m}}
* Georgian: {{t|ka|ზეცა}}
* German: {{t+|de|Himmel|m}}, {{t+|de|Firmament|n}}
* Gothic: {{t|got|𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|ουρανός|m}}, {{t+|el|ουράνια|n-p}}
*: Ancient: {{t|grc|οὐρανός|m}}
* Hawaiian: {{t|haw|lani}}
* Hebrew: {{t+|he|שָׁמַיִם|m-p|tr=shamáyim}}
* Higaonon: {{t|mba|langit}}
* Hindi: {{t+|hi|आकाश|m}}, {{t+|hi|गगन|m}}, {{t+|hi|अम्बर|m}}, {{t+|hi|व्योम|m}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|ég|id=sky}}, {{t+|hu|égbolt}}, {{t+|hu|mennybolt}}
* Ido: {{t+|io|cielo}}
* Indonesian: {{t+|id|langit}}
* Ingrian: {{t|izh|taivas}}
* Interlingua: {{t|ia|celo}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|cielo|m}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|空|tr=そら, sora}}, {{t+|ja|天|tr=てん, ten}}
* Kashubian: {{t|csb|niebò|n}}
* Kazakh: {{t+|kk|аспан}}
* Korean: {{t+|ko|하늘}}
* Kurdish:
*: Central Kurdish: {{t+|ckb|ئاسمان}}
*: Northern Kurdish: {{t+|kmr|ezman}}, {{t+|kmr|asîman}}
* Latin: {{t+|la|caelum|n}}
* Latvian: {{t+|lv|debesis|f-p}}
* Lingala: {{t|ln|likoló|c5}}
* Lithuanian: {{t+|lt|dangus|m}}
* Low German:
*: German Low German: {{t+|nds-de|Heven|m}}
* Macedonian: {{t|mk|небо|n}}
* Malagasy: {{t+|mg|lanitra}}
* Maltese: {{t|mt|ġenna|f}}, {{t|mt|sema|f}}
* Manchu: {{t|mnc|ᠠᠪᡴᠠ}}
* Maori: {{t+|mi|rangi}}
* Massachusett: {{t|wam|kesuck}}, {{t|wam|kéesuck}}
* Middle English: {{t|enm|hevene}}, {{t|enm|welken}}
* Mongolian:
*: Cyrillic: {{t+|mn|тэнгэр}}
* Navajo: {{t|nv|wótʼááh}}
* Norn: {{t|nrn|Chimeri}}
* Norwegian:
*: Bokmål: {{t+|nb|himmel|m}}, {{t+|nb|sky|m|f}}
*: Bokmål: {{t|nn|himmel|m}}, {{t|nn|sky|f}}
* Occitan: {{t+|oc|cèl|m}}
* Ojibwe: {{t|oj|giizhig}}, {{t|oj|giizhigoon|p}}
* Old Portuguese: {{t|roa-opt|ceo}}
* Old Turkic: {{t|otk|𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃|ts=teŋri}}
* Pashto: {{t+|ps|هسک|m|tr=hask}}
* Persian: {{t+|fa|آسمان|tr=âsmân}}, {{t+|fa|سپهر|tr=sepehr}}, {{t+|fa|گرزمان|tr=garozmân}} {{q|archaic|poetic}}
* Plautdietsch: {{t|pdt|Himmel|m}}
* Polabian: {{t|pox|nebü|n}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|niebo|n}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|céu|m}}
* Romanian: {{t+|ro|cer|n}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|не́бо|n}}, {{t+|ru|небеса́|n-p}}
* Saterland Frisian: {{t|stq|Heemel}}
* Scottish Gaelic: {{t|gd|speur|m}}
* Serbo-Croatian:
*: Cyrillic: {{t|sh|не̏бо|n}}, {{t|sh|небеса|n-p}}
*: Roman: {{t+|sh|nȅbo|n}}, {{t+|sh|nebesa|n-p}}
* Slovak: {{t|sk|nebo|n}}
* Slovene: {{t+|sl|nebo|n}}, {{t|sl|nébes|m}} {{q|archaic}}
* Sorbian:
*: Lower Sorbian: {{t|dsb|njebjo|n}}
*: Upper Sorbian: {{t|hsb|njebjo|n}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|cielo|m}}, {{t+|es|firmamento|m}}
* Swabian: {{t|swg|Hemmel}}
* Swahili: {{t+|sw|mbingu}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|himmel|c}}, {{t+|sv|sky|c}}
* Tagalog: {{t+|tl|langit}}, {{t|tl|kalangitan}}
* Thai: {{t+|th|ฟ้า}}
* Tigrinya: {{t|ti|ሰማይ}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|gökyüzü}}, {{t+|tr|gök}}
* Ugaritic: {{t|uga|𐎌𐎎𐎎}}
* Ukrainian: {{t+|uk|не́бо|n|tr=nébo}}
* Urdu: {{t+|ur|آکاش|m}}, {{t+|ur|آسمان|m}}, {{t|ur|گگن|m}}
* Vietnamese: {{t+|vi|trời}}
* Welsh: {{t|cy|wybr|f}}
* West Frisian: {{t+|fy|himel}}
* Yiddish: {{t|yi|הימל|m}}, {{t|yi|שמים|tr=shomayem}}
* Yucatec Maya: {{t|yua|kaʼan}}
* Zazaki: {{t+|zza|azmin|c}}, {{t+|zza|sema|f}}, {{t|zza|gırazmin}}, {{t|zza|sapar|f}}
* Zulu: {{t+|zu|izulu|c5}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|paradise and upper-world}}
* Abenaki: {{t|abe|spemki}}
* Afrikaans: {{t|af|hemel}}
* Ainu: {{t|ain|リクンモシㇼ|tr=rikunmosir}}
* Alabama: {{t|akz|abahli iisa}}
* Amharic: {{t|am|ገነት}}
* Arabic: {{t|ar|سَمَاء|f}} ({{t|ar|سَمَاوَات|p}}) {{t+|ar|جَنَّة|f}} {{t+|ar|فِرْدَوْس|m|f}}
*: Egyptian Arabic: {{t|arz|الجنة|f|tr=el-ganna}}
*: Hijazi: {{t|acw|جنة|tr=janna}}
* Aramaic:
*: Classical Syriac: {{t|syc|ܦܪܕܝܣܐ|m|tr=pardaysā}}
* Armenian: {{t+|hy|դրախտ}}
* Assamese: {{t|as|স্বৰ্গ}}, {{t|as|বেহেস্ত}}, {{t|as|সৰগ}}
* Asturian: {{t|ast|paraísu|m}}
* Azerbaijani: {{t+|az|cənnət}}
* Baluchi: {{t|bal|جنت|tr=jannat}}
* Bashkir: {{t|ba|ожмах}}, {{t|ba|йәннәт}}
* Bengali: {{t+|bn|স্বর্গ}}, {{t+|bn|জান্নাত}}, {{t+|bn|বেহেশ্ত}}, {{t+|bn|ফেরদৌস}}
* Bulgarian: {{t+|bg|рай|m}}
* Burmese: {{t+|my|ကောင်းကင်ဘုံ}}, {{t+|my|လောကနိဗ္ဗာန်}}
* Catawba: {{t|chc|himbare|alt=hímbare}}
* Cebuano: {{t|ceb|langit}}
* Central Dusun: {{t|dtp|surga}}
* Chechen: {{t|ce|ялсамани}}
* Cheyenne: {{t|chy|séano}}
* Chickasaw: {{t|cic|Aba' Yaakni'}}
* Chinese:
*: Cantonese: {{t|yue|天堂|tr=tin1 tong4}}
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|天國|tr=tiānguó}}, {{t+|cmn|天堂|tr=tiāntáng}}, {{t+|cmn|樂園|tr=lèyuán}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|ráj|m}}
* Danish: {{t+|da|himmel|c}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|hemel|m}}, {{t+|nl|paradijs|n}}, {{t|nl|hof van Eden|n}}, {{t|nl|tuin der lusten|m}}
* Esperanto: {{t+|eo|ĉielo}}
* Estonian: {{t+|et|taevas}}, {{t+|et|paradiis}}
* Faroese: {{t|fo|himmiríki}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|taivas}}, {{t+|fi|paratiisi}}
* French: {{t+|fr|ciel|m}}, {{t+|fr|paradis|m}}, {{t+|fr|au-delà}}, {{t+|fr|cieux|m-p}}
* Friulian: {{t|fur|cîl|m}}
* Galician: {{t+|gl|paraíso|m}}
* Georgian: {{t|ka|სამოთხე}}
* German: {{t+|de|Paradies|n}}, {{t+|de|Himmel|m}}
* Gothic: {{t|got|𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃|m}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|παράδεισος|m}}, {{t+|el|ουράνια|n-p}}
*: Ancient: {{t|grc|οὐρανός|m}}
* Guinea-Bissau Creole: {{t|pov|gloria}}
* Gujarati: {{t|gu|સ્વર્ગ|n}}, {{t|gu|જન્નત|n}} {{qualifier|Islam}}, {{t|gu|વહિશ્ત|n}} {{qualifier|Zoroastrianism}}, {{t|gu|ફિરદોસ|f}} {{qualifier|Islam}}
* Haitian Creole: {{t|ht|syèl}}
* Hebrew: {{t|he|פרדיסא|tr=pardaysā’|m}}, {{t+|he|גַּן עֵדֶן|f|tr=gan éden}}
* Hindi: {{t+|hi|स्वर्ग|m}}, {{t+|hi|वैकुंठ|m}}, {{t+|hi|देवलोक |m}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|mennyország}}, {{t+|hu|menny}}, {{t+|hu|ég|id=sky}}
* Indonesian: {{t+|id|surga}}
* Ingrian: {{t|izh|raaju}}
* Interlingua: {{t|ia|celo}}, {{t|ia|paradiso}}
* Irish: {{t|ga|neamh|f}}, {{t|ga|flaitheas|m}}, {{t|ga|flaithis|m-p}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|cielo|m}}, {{t+|it|paradiso|m}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|天国|tr=てんごく, tengoku}}, {{t+|ja|天堂|tr=てんどう, tendō}}, {{t+|ja|楽園|tr=らくえん, rakuen}}
* Kashubian: {{t|csb|niebò|n}}
* Kazakh: {{t|kk|ұжмақ}}, {{t|kk|жұмақ}}, {{t|kk|бейіш}}, {{t|kk|пейіш}}, {{t|kk|жәннат}}
* Korean: {{t+|ko|하늘}}, {{t+|ko|하늘나라}}, {{t+|ko|천국(天國)}}, {{t+|ko|천당(天堂)}}, {{t+|ko|낙원(樂園)}}, {{t+|ko|락원(樂園)}} {{qualifier|North Korea}}
* Kurdish:
*: Central Kurdish: {{t|ckb|بەھەشت}}
*: Northern Kurdish: {{t+|kmr|cenet}}
* Kyrgyz: {{t+|ky|бейиш}}
* Ladino:
*: Hebrew: {{t|lad|גן עדן|m|tr=gan eden}}
*: Latin: {{t|lad|Gan Eden|m}}
* Latin: {{t+|la|caelum|n}}
* Latvian: {{t+|lv|debesis|f-p}}
* Lithuanian: {{t+|lt|dangus|m}}, {{t+|lt|rojus|m}}
* Low German:
*: German Low German: {{t|nds-de|Himmel|m}}
* Luxembourgish: {{t|lb|Himmel}}, {{t|lb|Paradäis|m|n}}
* Macedonian: {{t+|mk|рај|m-p}}
* Malay: {{t+|ms|syurga}}, {{t+|ms|kayangan}}, {{t|ms|jannah}}, {{t|ms|jannat}}, {{t+|ms|loka}}, {{t|ms|loga}}, {{t|ms|sorga}}, {{t+|ms|adan}}
* Maltese: {{t|mt|ġenna|f}}
* Manchu: {{t|mnc|ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ}}, {{t|mnc|ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳ ᠠᠪᡴᠠ}}, {{t|mnc|ᠠᠪᡴᠠ}}
* Maore Comorian: {{t|swb|pev̄o|c9}}
* Maori: {{t+|mi|rangi}}
* Marathi: {{t|mr|स्वर्ग|n}}, {{t|mr|वैकुंठ|n}}
* Middle English: {{t|enm|hevene}}
* Mongolian: {{t|mn|ᠳ᠋ᠢᠸᠠᠵᠠᠨ}}
*: Cyrillic: {{t+|mn|диваажин|}}
* Navajo: {{t|nv|yáʼąąsh}}
* Ngarrindjeri: {{t|nay|Wyerriewarr}}
* Ngazidja Comorian: {{t|zdj|mbingu}}
* Norwegian:
*: Bokmål: {{t+|nb|himmel|m}}, {{t|nb|paradis|n}}, {{t|nb|paradis|n-p}}, {{t|nb|paradiser|n-p}}
*: Nynorsk: {{t|nn|himmel|m}}, {{t|nn|paradis|n}}, {{t|nn|paradis|n-p}}
* Odia: {{t|or|ସ୍ୱର୍ଗ}}
* Old Occitan: {{t|pro|cel}}
* Ottoman Turkish: {{t|ota|جنت|tr=cennet}}, {{t|ota|اوچماق|tr=uçmak}}, {{t|ota|فردوس|tr=firdevs}}
* Pashto: {{t+|ps|جنت|m|tr=janat}}, {{t+|ps|هسک|m|tr=hask}}
* Persian: {{t+|fa|بهشت|tr=behešt}}, {{t+|fa|جنت|tr=jannat}}, {{t+|fa|مینو|tr=minu}}
* Plautdietsch: {{t|pdt|Himmel|m}}
* Polabian: {{t|pox|nebü|n}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|niebo|n}}, {{t+|pl|raj|m}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|céu|m}}, {{t+|pt|Paraíso|m}}
* Romani: {{t|rom|rajo|m}}
* Romanian: {{t+|ro|rai|n}}, {{t+|ro|paradis|n}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|небеса́|n-p}}, {{t+|ru|рай|m}}
* Sanskrit: {{t+|sa|स्वर्ग|m}}, {{t+|sa|स्वर्गलोक|m}}
* Scots: {{t|sco|heiven}}, {{t|sco|guid place|alt=the guid place}}
* Scottish Gaelic: {{t|gd|nèamh|m}}
* Serbo-Croatian:
*: Cyrillic: {{t|sh|ра̑ј|f}}
*: Roman: {{t+|sh|rȃj|f}}
* Slovak: {{t|sk|nebo|n}}
* Slovene: {{t+|sl|nebesa|n-p}}
* Sorbian:
*: Lower Sorbian: {{t|dsb|njebjo|n}}
*: Upper Sorbian: {{t|hsb|njebjo|n}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|cielo|m}}, {{t+|es|paraíso|m}}, {{t+|es|alturas|f}}, {{t+|es|empíreo|m}}
* Swabian: {{t|swg|Hemmel}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|himmel|c}}, {{t+|sv|paradis|n}}, {{t+|sv|himmelrike|n}}
* Tagalog: {{t+|tl|paraiso}}, {{t+|tl|langit}}, {{t|tl|kalangitan}}
* Tamil: {{t+|ta|சொர்க்கம்}}
* Tatar: {{t|tt|жәннәт}}
* Telugu: {{t+|te|స్వర్గం}}
* Thai: {{t+|th|สวรรค์}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|cennet}}
* Turkmen: {{t+|tk|jennet}}, {{t|tk|uçma}}
* Ukrainian: {{t+|uk|рай|m|tr=raj}}, {{t|uk|небеса́|n-p|tr=nebesá}}
* Urdu: {{t|ur|جَنَّت|f|tr=jannat}}, {{t|ur|فِرْدَوس|m|tr=firdaus}}, {{t|ur|بِہِشْت|m|tr=bihiśt}}
* Uyghur: {{t|ug|جەننەت}}
* Uzbek: {{t+|uz|jannat}}, {{t+|uz|firdavs}}
* Vietnamese: {{t+|vi|thiên đường}} ({{t|vi|天堂}}), {{t+|vi|thiên đàng}}
* Welsh: {{t+|cy|nef|f}}
* West Frisian: {{t+|fy|himel|c}}
* Yiddish: {{t|yi|הימל|m}}, {{t|yi|שמים|tr=shomayem}}, {{t|yi|גן־עדן|m|n|tr=ganeydn}}
* Yucatec Maya: {{t|yua|ka'an}}
* Zazaki: {{t+|zza|cenet}}, {{t|zza|behestan|c}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|blissful place or experience}}
* Arabic: {{t+|ar|جَنَّة|f}} {{t+|ar|فِرْدَوْس|m|f}}
* Bashkir: {{t|ba|ожмах}}, {{t|ba|йәннәт}}
* Danish: {{t+|da|himmel|c}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|taivas}}
* French: {{t+|fr|paradis|m}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|παράδεισος|m}}
* Hindi: {{t+|hi|स्वर्ग |m}}, {{t+|hi|वैकुंठ |m}}, {{t+|hi|देवलोक |m}}
* Kurdish:
*: Central Kurdish: {{t|ckb|بەھەشت}}
* Middle English: {{t|enm|hevene}}
* Persian: {{t+|fa|بهشت|tr=behešt}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|cennet}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Verb===
{{en-verb}}<ref name="oed"/>

# {{lb|en|obsolete}} To [[transport]] to the [[abode]] of [[God]], the [[god]]s, or the [[blessed]].
#* {{quote-text|en|year=1614|author=Thomas Adams|title=The divells banket described in sixe sermons|section=II 81
|passage=He '''heauens''' [[himself]]e on earth, & for a [[little|litle]] pelfe cousens [[himself]]e of [[bliss]]e.}}
# {{lb|en|obsolete}} To [[beatify|beatify]], [[enchant]], or [[please]] [[greatly]].
#* {{quote-journal|en|date=April 13 1924|journal=Observer|section=12 4
|passage=They [''[[w:Lord Byron|Byron]]'s Tales'']...enraptured the public and '''heavened''' Murray.}}
# {{lb|en|obsolete}} To [[beautify]], to [[make]] into a [[paradise]].

===References===
<references/>

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=aeehnv|Nevaeh}}

{{C|en|Afterlife|Astronomy}}

==Middle English==

===Noun===
{{head|enm|noun}}

# {{tlb|enm|Late ME}} {{rare form of|enm|hevene}}