بر

See also: پز, پر, بز, تز, ثر, بژ, and تر

Alviri-Vidari

Noun

بر (bar)

1. door

Arabic

Etymology 1

From the root ب ر ر (b-r-r). Inherited from Proto-Semitic *barr-.

Noun

بَرّ • (barr) m

2. land, dry land (as opposed to sea)

   Coordinate terms: بَحْر (baḥr), جَوّ (jaww)

4. outside, field

   Antonym: جَوّ (jaww)

Declension

Declension of noun بَرّ (barr)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	بَرّ barr	الْبَرّ al-barr	بَرّ barr
Nominative	بَرٌّ barrun	الْبَرُّ al-barru	بَرُّ barru
Accusative	بَرًّا barran	الْبَرَّ al-barra	بَرَّ barra
Genitive	بَرٍّ barrin	الْبَرِّ al-barri	بَرِّ barri

Derived terms

• بَرِّيّ (barriyy, “of the dry land”)
• بَرَّانِيّ (barrāniyy, “exterior”)

Verb

بَرَّ • (barra) I (first-person singular past بَرِرْتُ (barirtu), non-past يَبَرُّ (yabarru), verbal noun بِرّ (birr))

2. (intransitive) to be righteous, to be pious, to be godly, to be reverent, to be religious
   1. (intransitive) to straighten up, to reform

      Synonyms: صَلَحَ (ṣalaḥa, “to reform”), اِسْتَقَام (istaqām, “to straighten up”)

      Antonym: فَجَرَ (fajara, “to be sinful”)

3. (intransitive) to be kind or generous to [with بِ (bi)]

   Synonym: أَحْسَنَ (ʔaḥsana)

4. (intransitive, transitive) to respect or to be respectful [with بِ (bi) ‘to elders, one's parents or grandparents, old kinsmen, a deity, and so on’], to honor, to revere; to obey

   Synonym: وَقَّرَ (waqqara, “to revere, to venerate”)

   بَرَّ الصَّبِيُّ وَالِدَيْهِ وَرَبَّهُ

   barra ṣ-ṣabiyyu wālidayhi warabbahu

   The boy obeyed his parents and his Lord.

5. (transitive) to deem (an act) true, sincere, or pious; to accept or bless (a religious ritual)

   Synonyms: قَبِلَ (qabila), بَارَك (bārak)

   بَرَّ اللهُ حَجَّهُ وَصَلَاتَهُ

   barra llāhu ḥajjahu waṣalātahu

   Allah accepted his pilgrimage and his prayer.

   1. (intransitive, of an act, especially religious rituals, such as pilgrimages) to be true, sincere, or pious

      بَرَّ حَجُّهُ وَصَلَاتُهُ

      barra ḥajjuhu waṣalātuhu

      His pilgrimage and prayer were pious.

Conjugation

    Conjugation of بَرَّ (I, geminate, i ~ a, impersonal passive (?), verbal noun بِرّ)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						بِرّ birr
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						بَارّ, بَرّ bārr, barr
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مَبْرُور mabrūr
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	بَرِرْتُ barirtu	بَرِرْتَ barirta	بَرَّ barra		بَرِرْتُمَا barirtumā	بَرَّا barrā		بَرِرْنَا barirnā	بَرِرْتُمْ barirtum	بَرُّوا barrū
	f		بَرِرْتِ barirti	بَرَّتْ barrat			بَرَّتَا barratā			بَرِرْتُنَّ barirtunna	بَرِرْنَ barirna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَبَرُّ ʔabarru	تَبَرُّ tabarru	يَبَرُّ yabarru		تَبَرَّانِ tabarrāni	يَبَرَّانِ yabarrāni		نَبَرُّ nabarru	تَبَرُّونَ tabarrūna	يَبَرُّونَ yabarrūna
	f		تَبَرِّينَ tabarrīna	تَبَرُّ tabarru			تَبَرَّانِ tabarrāni			تَبْرَرْنَ tabrarna	يَبْرَرْنَ yabrarna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَبَرَّ ʔabarra	تَبَرَّ tabarra	يَبَرَّ yabarra		تَبَرَّا tabarrā	يَبَرَّا yabarrā		نَبَرَّ nabarra	تَبَرُّوا tabarrū	يَبَرُّوا yabarrū
	f		تَبَرِّي tabarrī	تَبَرَّ tabarra			تَبَرَّا tabarrā			تَبْرَرْنَ tabrarna	يَبْرَرْنَ yabrarna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَبَرَّ, أَبَرِّ, أَبْرَرْ ʔabarra, ʔabarri, ʔabrar	تَبَرَّ, تَبَرِّ, تَبْرَرْ tabarra, tabarri, tabrar	يَبَرَّ, يَبَرِّ, يَبْرَرْ yabarra, yabarri, yabrar		تَبَرَّا tabarrā	يَبَرَّا yabarrā		نَبَرَّ, نَبَرِّ, نَبْرَرْ nabarra, nabarri, nabrar	تَبَرُّوا tabarrū	يَبَرُّوا yabarrū
	f		تَبَرِّي tabarrī	تَبَرَّ, تَبَرِّ, تَبْرَرْ tabarra, tabarri, tabrar			تَبَرَّا tabarrā			تَبْرَرْنَ tabrarna	يَبْرَرْنَ yabrarna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		بَرَّ, بَرِّ, اِبْرَرْ barra, barri, ibrar			بَرَّا barrā				بَرُّوا barrū
	f		بَرِّي barrī							اِبْرَرْنَ ibrarna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	—	—	بُرَّ burra		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	—	—	يُبَرُّ yubarru		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	—	—	يُبَرَّ yubarra		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	—	—	يُبَرَّ, يُبَرِّ, يُبْرَرْ yubarra, yubarri, yubrar		—	—		—	—	—
	f		—	—			—			—	—

Noun

بِرّ • (birr) m

2. verbal noun of بَرَّ (barra) (form I)
3. faith, godliness, piety
4. respectfulness
5. kindness

Declension

Declension of noun بِرّ (birr)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	بِرّ birr	الْبِرّ al-birr	بِرّ birr
Nominative	بِرٌّ birrun	الْبِرُّ al-birru	بِرُّ birru
Accusative	بِرًّا birran	الْبِرَّ al-birra	بِرَّ birra
Genitive	بِرٍّ birrin	الْبِرِّ al-birri	بِرِّ birri

Adjective

بَرّ • (barr) (masculine plural أَبْرَار (ʔabrār))

2. pious

   Synonym: صَالِح (ṣāliḥ, “righteous; godly”)

   Antonym: فَاجِر (fājir, “wicked; sinful, ungodly”)

   • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 82:13-14:

     إِنَّ الْأَبْرَارَ لَفِي نَعِيمٍ / وَإِنَّ الْفُجَّارَ لَفِي جَحِيمٍ

     ʔinna al-ʔabrāra lafī naʕīmin / waʔinna l-fujjāra lafī jaḥīmin

     Indeed the pious will be in bliss, and lo, the wicked will be in the fire of hell.

   1. reverent, religious

      Synonyms: تَقِيّ (taqiyy), مُتَّقٍ (muttaqin)

3. kind, benevolent

   Synonym: مُحْسِن (muḥsin)

4. respectful
5. true, sincere

   Synonym: مُخْلِص (muḵliṣ)

Declension

Declension of adjective بَرّ (barr)

Singular	Masculine		Feminine
	basic singular triptote		singular triptote in ـَة (-a)
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	بَرّ barr	الْبَرّ al-barr	بَرَّة barra	الْبَرَّة al-barra
Nominative	بَرٌّ barrun	الْبَرُّ al-barru	بَرَّةٌ barratun	الْبَرَّةُ al-barratu
Accusative	بَرًّا barran	الْبَرَّ al-barra	بَرَّةً barratan	الْبَرَّةَ al-barrata
Genitive	بَرٍّ barrin	الْبَرِّ al-barri	بَرَّةٍ barratin	الْبَرَّةِ al-barrati
Dual	Masculine		Feminine
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	بَرَّيْن barrayn	الْبَرَّيْن al-barrayn	بَرَّتَيْن barratayn	الْبَرَّتَيْن al-barratayn
Nominative	بَرَّانِ barrāni	الْبَرَّانِ al-barrāni	بَرَّتَانِ barratāni	الْبَرَّتَانِ al-barratāni
Accusative	بَرَّيْنِ barrayni	الْبَرَّيْنِ al-barrayni	بَرَّتَيْنِ barratayni	الْبَرَّتَيْنِ al-barratayni
Genitive	بَرَّيْنِ barrayni	الْبَرَّيْنِ al-barrayni	بَرَّتَيْنِ barratayni	الْبَرَّتَيْنِ al-barratayni
Plural	Masculine		Feminine
	basic broken plural triptote		sound feminine plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Informal	أَبْرَار ʔabrār	الْأَبْرَار al-ʔabrār	بَرَّات barrāt	الْبَرَّات al-barrāt
Nominative	أَبْرَارٌ ʔabrārun	الْأَبْرَارُ al-ʔabrāru	بَرَّاتٌ barrātun	الْبَرَّاتُ al-barrātu
Accusative	أَبْرَارًا ʔabrāran	الْأَبْرَارَ al-ʔabrāra	بَرَّاتٍ barrātin	الْبَرَّاتِ al-barrāti
Genitive	أَبْرَارٍ ʔabrārin	الْأَبْرَارِ al-ʔabrāri	بَرَّاتٍ barrātin	الْبَرَّاتِ al-barrāti

Etymology 2

Verb

بُرْ • (bur) (form I) /bur/

1. second-person masculine singular imperative of بَارَ (bāra)

Etymology 3

بُرّ

Probably one of the words Yemenite expatriates picked up in the Byzantine Empire, from Ancient Greek πυρός (purós), similar to فِرْسِك (firsik, “peach”), if it is correct that one has to posit for Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥ a meaning “spelt”. Another word for spelt or dinkel wheat is borrowed from Ancient Greek: خَنْدَرُوس (ḵandarūs).

The similar Hebrew בָּר (bār, “grain, corn”) may be instead from the same derivation as the etymon of بَزْر (bazr, “seed”). The similarity to Proto-Slavic *bъrъ (“foxtail millet”) is also likely a coincidence.

Noun

بُرّ • (burr) m (collective, singulative بُرَّة f (burra), plural أَبْرَار (ʔabrār))

2. (now South Ḥijāz, Yemen, Ẓufār) wheat

   Synonyms: حِنْطَة (ḥinṭa), قَمْح (qamḥ), طَعَام (ṭaʕām), غَلَّة (ḡalla)

   • c. 950, أبو دلف مسعر بن مهلهل [ʔAbū Dulaf Misʕar Ibn Muhalhal], edited by Kurd von Schlözer, De itinere Asiatico commentarium‎^[1], published 1845 ^{WC GB}, pages 18–19:

     فخرجت إلى الساحل أربد بكلة وهذا أول الهند ومنتهى مسير المراكب لا يتهيّأ لها أن يتجاوزها وألا غرقت قال فلما وصلت إلى كلة رأيته وهي عظيمة عالية السور كثيرة البساتين غزيرة الماء ووجدت بها معدن الرصاص القلعي لا يكون إلا في قلعتها في سائر الدنيا، وفي هذه القلعة تضرب السيوف القلعية، وهي الهندية العتيقة … وأهل هذه القلعة يمتنعون على ملكها إذا أرادوا يطيعونه إن أحبوا ورسمهم رسم الصين في ترك الذبائح وليس في جميع الدنيا معدن الرصاص القلعي إلا في هذه القلعة وبينهما وبين الصين ثلثمائة فرسخ وحولها مدن ورساتيق وقرى ولهم أحكام وحبوس وخبايات وأكلهم البر والتمور وبقولهم كلها تباع وزنا وأرغفة خبزهم تباع عددا ولا حمامات لهم بل عندهم عين جارية يغتسلون فيها ودرهمهم يزن ثلثي درهم ويعرف بالفهري ولهم فلوس يتعاملون بها ويلبسون كأهل الصين الإفرند الصيني المثمن وملكها دون ملك الصين ويخطب لملك الصين وقبلته إليه وبيت عبادته له.

     And I went off to the dusty shore of Kala, which is the first and ultimate end of India for vessels, as nobody even dares to imagine to pass by it since he would drown. When I arrived at Kala, I conned it and it is large and has high walls, many gardens and plenty of water, and I found mines of tin not found in the rest of the world but in Qalʕa, and in this Qalʕa one forges the Qalʕaite swords, the excellent Indian ones, and the populace of this Qalʕa withstands its king when it wants and abides by him when it lists, and their tradition is like the tradition of China, refraining from slaughtering beasts, and there aren’t in all the world tin mines but in this Qalʕa, and between them two and China are three-hundred parasang, and there are towns, rural districts and villages, and they have jurisdiction, jails, and corbans, and their food is wheat and dates and all their vegetables they buy by scales, and their bread is bread-rolls they buy by count. They have no baths but a running spring in which they wash, and their dirham weighs as a third-dirham and is known as Fahrī, and they have fulūs with which they commerce, and they dress like the people of China in dear Chinese silks, and their king is subordinate to the King of China, reports to the King of China, his praying direction is to him, his place of sacrifice is towards him.

   • a. 1635, علي بن برهان الدين الحلبي, “باب شهوده حلف الفضول”, in Sīra Ḥalabiyya:

     فاتفق أن أمية بن أبي الصلت مر على بني عبد المدان، فرأى طعامهم لباب البر والشهد.

     There has been agreement that Umayya ibn Abī s-Salt passed by the Banū ʕabd al-Madān and he saw that they ate pulp of wheat and honey.

Declension

Declension of noun بُرّ (burr)

Collective	basic collective triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	بُرّ burr	الْبُرّ al-burr	بُرّ burr
Nominative	بُرٌّ burrun	الْبُرُّ al-burru	بُرُّ burru
Accusative	بُرًّا burran	الْبُرَّ al-burra	بُرَّ burra
Genitive	بُرٍّ burrin	الْبُرِّ al-burri	بُرِّ burri
Singulative	singulative triptote in ـَة (-a)
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	بُرَّة burra	الْبُرَّة al-burra	بُرَّة burrat
Nominative	بُرَّةٌ burratun	الْبُرَّةُ al-burratu	بُرَّةُ burratu
Accusative	بُرَّةً burratan	الْبُرَّةَ al-burrata	بُرَّةَ burrata
Genitive	بُرَّةٍ burratin	الْبُرَّةِ al-burrati	بُرَّةِ burrati
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	بُرَّتَيْن burratayn	الْبُرَّتَيْن al-burratayn	بُرَّتَيْ burratay
Nominative	بُرَّتَانِ burratāni	الْبُرَّتَانِ al-burratāni	بُرَّتَا burratā
Accusative	بُرَّتَيْنِ burratayni	الْبُرَّتَيْنِ al-burratayni	بُرَّتَيْ burratay
Genitive	بُرَّتَيْنِ burratayni	الْبُرَّتَيْنِ al-burratayni	بُرَّتَيْ burratay
Paucal (3-10)	sound feminine paucal
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	بُرَّات burrāt	الْبُرَّات al-burrāt	بُرَّات burrāt
Nominative	بُرَّاتٌ burrātun	الْبُرَّاتُ al-burrātu	بُرَّاتُ burrātu
Accusative	بُرَّاتٍ burrātin	الْبُرَّاتِ al-burrāti	بُرَّاتِ burrāti
Genitive	بُرَّاتٍ burrātin	الْبُرَّاتِ al-burrāti	بُرَّاتِ burrāti
Plural of variety	basic broken plural triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	أَبْرَار ʔabrār	الْأَبْرَار al-ʔabrār	أَبْرَار ʔabrār
Nominative	أَبْرَارٌ ʔabrārun	الْأَبْرَارُ al-ʔabrāru	أَبْرَارُ ʔabrāru
Accusative	أَبْرَارًا ʔabrāran	الْأَبْرَارَ al-ʔabrāra	أَبْرَارَ ʔabrāra
Genitive	أَبْرَارٍ ʔabrārin	الْأَبْرَارِ al-ʔabrāri	أَبْرَارِ ʔabrāri

Bulgar

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *bar-.

Verb

بَر (bar)

1. (Volga Bulgar) to go

   جرمسَن شِونَ بَرسَ وَلتِ ― Çerimsen şıwne barse welti. ― He died when he get to the Çerimsen river.

   فانى دنيارا[ن] باقى اخِرَت بطوى ― Fâni dönyaran bâki axirete ba(r)tuwi. ― He went to eternal afterlife from finite world.

   فانى دنياران كوالجصن باقى اخرة بطوى ― Fânî dönyârân köwelçsan bâkî axirete ba(r)tuwi. ― He went to eternal afterlife while migrating from finite world.

Descendants

• Chuvash: пыр (pyr)

References

• Erdal, Marcel (1993) Die Sprache der wolgabolgarischen Inschriften (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 163
• Róna-Tas, András (1976) “A Volga Bulgarıan Inscription from 1307”, in Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae‎^[2] (in Bulgar), volume 30, number 2, page 155
• Tekin, Talât (1988) Volga Bulgar kitabeleri ve Volga Bulgarcası [Volga Bulgarian Ephitaphs and Volga Bulgarian Language]‎^[3] (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, →ISBN

Old Anatolian Turkish

Alternative forms

• بیر (bir)

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *bīr (“one”).

Article

بر (bir)

1. a, an

Numeral

بر (bir)

1. one (1)

Descendants

• Azerbaijani: bir
• Gagauz: bir
• Ottoman Turkish: بر (bir), պիր (bir) — Armeno-Turkish
  • Turkish: bir

Ottoman Turkish

Ottoman Turkish cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : بر (bir)     Ordinal : برنجی (birinci)     Distributive : برر (birer)

Alternative forms

• պիր (bir) — Armeno-Turkish

Etymology

From Old Anatolian Turkish بر (“one”), from Proto-Turkic *bīr (“one”).

Article

بر • (bir)

1. a, an

Numeral

بر • (bir)

1. one (1)

Descendants

• Turkish: bir

Persian

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [baɾ]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [bäɾ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [bäɾ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [bäɾ]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [bäɾ]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [bæɹ]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [bäɾ]

Readings
Classical reading?	bar
Dari reading?	bar
Iranian reading?	bar
Tajik reading?	bar

Etymology 1

From Middle Persian 𐭬𐭣𐭬 (mdm /⁠abar⁠/, “up; on, over”).

Alternative forms

• ابر (abar)

Preposition

Dari	بر
Iranian Persian
Tajik	бар

بر • (bar)

1. on
2. upon
3. onto

Etymology 2

From Middle Persian [script needed] (wl /⁠war⁠/, “breast”).

Noun

بر • (bar)

1. chest
2. side

Etymology 3

From Middle Persian [script needed] (bl /⁠bar⁠/, “fruit, produce, profit”).

Noun

بر • (bar)

1. (archaic) fruit

Derived terms

• برخوردار (barxordâr)
• نوبر (nowbar)

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bæɾ/
• Rhymes: -ar

Verb

بر • (bar)

1. present stem form of بردن (bordan)

Derived terms

• دلبر (delbar, “beloved”)
• سفربر (safarbar, “who undertakes a journey, ready to travel”)

Further reading

• Vullers, Johann August (1855) “بر”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum‎^[4] (in Latin), volume I, Gießen: J. Ricker, pages 207–208