憑

See also: 凭 and 凴

憑 U+6191, 憑 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6191 ← 憐 [U+6190] CJK Unified Ideographs 憒 → [U+6192]

Translingual

Han character

憑 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+12, 16 strokes, cangjie input 戈火心 (IFP), four-corner 3133₂, composition ⿱馮心)

Derived characters

• 𧂋

Related characters

• 凭 (Simplified form of 憑)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 402, character 16
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11210
• Dae Jaweon: page 742, character 18
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2351, character 2
• Unihan data for U+6191

Chinese

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (仌) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
冫	*prɯŋ
冰	*pŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋ
砅	*pʰrɯŋ, *rads
馮	*brɯŋ, *bɯŋ
憑	*bɯŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯŋ) : phonetic 馮 (OC *brɯŋ, *bɯŋ) + semantic 心.

Etymology 1

trad.		憑
simp.		凭
alternative forms		凴／凭 凭 “to lean on; to depend on”

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): píng (ping²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄆㄧㄥˊ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): pang⁴

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): pang³

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): phìn

  (Meixian, Guangdong): pin²

• Jin (Wiktionary): bing²
• Eastern Min (BUC): bìng
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): bia² / biaⁿ² / bing²
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): pîn / pêng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): pêng⁵ / bêng⁵

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: píng
    • Zhuyin: ㄆㄧㄥˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: píng
    • Wade–Giles: pʻing²
    • Yale: píng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pyng
    • Palladius: пин (pin)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰiŋ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: pang⁴
    • Yale: pàhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: pang⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: peng⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰɐŋ²¹/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: pang³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰaŋ²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phìn
    • Hakka Romanization System: pin^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: pin²
    • Sinological IPA: /pʰin¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: pin²
    • Sinological IPA: /pʰin¹¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: bing²
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /pĩŋ⁵³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: bìng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /piŋ⁵³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: bia²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pia¹³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: biaⁿ²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pĩã¹³/
  • (Putian, Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: bing²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /piŋ¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pîn / pêng
    • Tâi-lô: pîn / pîng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: piin, peeng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /pin²⁴/, /piɪŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /pin²⁴/, /piɪŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /pin¹³/, /piɪŋ¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /pin²⁴/, /piɪŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /pin²³/, /piɪŋ²³/

Note:

• pîn - vernacular;
• pêng - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: pêng⁵ / bêng⁵
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phêng / pêng
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰeŋ⁵⁵/, /peŋ⁵⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: bing

Rime
Character	憑
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	並 (3)
Final (韻)	蒸 (133)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	扶冰切
Baxter	bing
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/bɨŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/bɨŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/bieŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/biŋ/
Li Rong	/biəŋ/
Wang Li	/bĭəŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/bʱi̯əŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	píng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ping4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[b]rəŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*bɯŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	憑
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	píng
Middle Chinese	‹ bing ›
Old Chinese	/*[b]rəŋ/
English	lean on
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	憑
Reading #	1/1
No.	859
Phonetic component	仌
Rime group	蒸
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	凭
Old Chinese	/*bɯŋ/

Definitions

憑

1. to lean on; to lean against

   • 獨自莫憑欄，無限江山。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     独自莫凭栏，无限江山。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: 10th century CE, Li Yu, 浪淘沙令·簾外雨潺潺

     Dúzì mò píng lán, wúxiàn jiāngshān. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

2. to depend on; to rely on
3. (colloquial) no matter
4. on the basis of; according to; by
5. proof; evidence
6. (literary) to request
7. Alternative form of 馮／冯 (“to wade across a river”)

Synonyms

• (to depend on):

edit

• 仗恃 (zhàngshì) (literary, chiefly derogatory)
• 仰仗 (yǎngzhàng)
• 仰賴／仰赖 (yǎnglài)
• 依 (yī)
• 依仗 (yīzhàng)
• 依倚 (Hokkien)
• 依恃 (yīshì) (literary)
• 依歸／依归 (yīguī) (literary)
• 依託／依托 (yītuō)
• 依賴／依赖 (yīlài)
• 依附 (yīfù)
• 依靠 (yīkào)
• 倚仗 (yǐzhàng)
• 倚倚 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
• 借助 (jièzhù)
• 倚賴／倚赖 (yǐlài)
• 倚靠 (yǐkào)
• 寄 (jì)
• 展品棒 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
• 怙恃 (hùshì) (literary)
• 憑仗／凭仗 (píngzhàng)
• 憑依／凭依 (píngyī)
• 憑借／凭借 (píngjiè)
• 憑恃／凭恃 (píngshì)
• 憑靠／凭靠 (píngkào)
• 指 (zhǐ)
• 據／据
• 歸依／归依 (guīyī) (literary)
• 聊 (liáo) (formal)
• 賴／赖 (lài) (literary, or in compounds only)

 

• (no matter):

edit

• 不常在 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
• 不拘 (bùjū)
• 不管 (bùguǎn)
• 不論／不论 (bùlùn)
• 任憑／任凭 (rènpíng)
• 別管／别管 (biéguǎn)
• 勿怪 (⁸veq-kua) (Wu)
• 勿管 (⁸veq-kuoe) (Wu)
• 勿論／勿论 (⁸veq-len) (Wu)
• 毋管
• 無管／无管 (wúguǎn) (literary or Min Nan)
• 無論／无论 (wúlùn)
• 隨便／随便 (suíbiàn)

 

• (on the basis of):

edit

• 依 (yī)
• 依據／依据 (yījù)
• 依照 (yīzhào)
• 憑借／凭借 (píngjiè)
• 按 (àn)
• 按照 (ànzhào)
• 據／据
• 本著／本着 (běnzhe)
• 根據／根据 (gēnjù)

 

• (proof):

edit

• 佐證／佐证 (zuǒzhèng)
• 例證／例证 (lìzhèng)
• 信 (literary, or in compounds)
• 信據／信据 (xìnjù) (literary, reliable evidence)
• 力證／力证 (lìzhèng) (strong evidence)
• 印證／印证 (yìnzhèng)
• 實證／实证 (shízhèng) (concrete evidence)
• 干證 (Hokkien)
• 憑信／凭信 (píngxìn)
• 憑據／凭据 (píngjù)
• 憑條／凭条 (Min Nan)
• 憑證／凭证 (píngzhèng)
• 據／据 (literary, or in compounds)
• 論證／论证 (lùnzhèng)
• 證／证 (zhèng)
• 證供／证供 (zhènggōng) (Hong Kong)
• 證據／证据 (zhèngjù)
• 證明／证明 (zhèngmíng)
• 證見／证见 (Hokkien, literary)
• 鐵證／铁证 (tiězhèng) (very strong evidence)

 

• (to request):

edit

• 乞丐 (qǐgài) (archaic)
• 乞憐／乞怜 (qǐlián) (to beg for pity)
• 乞求 (qǐqiú)
• 哀告 (āigào)
• 哀求 (āiqiú)
• 央告 (yānggào)
• 央求 (yāngqiú)
• 懇求／恳求 (kěnqiú)
• 懇請／恳请 (kěnqǐng)
• 求 (qiú)
• 沽情 (Hokkien)
• 煩請／烦请 (fánqǐng) (honorific, polite)
• 祈求 (qíqiú) (to pray for)
• 祈祝 (qízhù) (literary)
• 祝禱／祝祷 (zhùdǎo) (literary)
• 要求 (yāoqiú)
• 請／请
• 請求／请求 (qǐngqiú)

 

Compounds

• 不足為憑／不足为凭 (bùzúwéipíng)
• 任憑／任凭 (rènpíng)
• 依憑／依凭 (yīpíng)
• 債權憑證／债权凭证
• 公憑／公凭
• 受益憑證／受益凭证
• 口說無憑／口说无凭 (kǒushuōwúpíng)
• 各憑本事／各凭本事
• 單憑／单凭
• 執憑文帖／执凭文帖
• 專賣憑證／专卖凭证
• 憑仗／凭仗 (píngzhàng)
• 憑依／凭依 (píngyī)
• 憑信／凭信 (píngxìn)
• 憑借／凭借 (píngjiè)
• 憑倚／凭倚
• 憑准
• 憑券／凭券
• 憑單／凭单 (píngdān)
• 憑噫／凭噫
• 憑媒說合／凭媒说合
• 憑山俯海／凭山俯海
• 憑弔／凭吊 (píngdiào)
• 憑心／凭心
• 憑恃／凭恃 (píngshì)
• 憑摺／凭折
• 憑據／凭据 (píngjù)
• 憑桌／凭桌
• 憑欄／凭栏 (pínglán)
• 憑河暴虎／凭河暴虎
• 憑準／凭准 (píngzhǔn)
• 憑照／凭照
• 憑眺／凭眺
• 憑票／凭票
• 憑空／凭空 (píngkōng)
• 憑空捏造／凭空捏造
• 憑空杜撰
• 憑肩／凭肩
• 憑脈／凭脉
• 憑良心說／凭良心说
• 憑著／凭著
• 憑藉／凭借 (píngjiè)
• 憑虛／凭虚
• 憑虛公子／凭虚公子
• 憑虛構象／凭虚构象
• 憑證／凭证 (píngzhèng)
• 憑軾／凭轼
• 憑闌／凭阑
• 憑陵／凭陵
• 憑險／凭险
• 憑驗／凭验
• 憑高／凭高
• 憑高望遠／凭高望远
• 戴憑奪席／戴凭夺席
• 戴憑重席／戴凭重席
• 文憑／文凭 (wénpíng)
• 有憑有據／有凭有据
• 有證為憑／有证为凭
• 無憑／无凭
• 狐憑鼠伏／狐凭鼠伏
• 白憑無故／白凭无故
• 真憑實據／真凭实据 (zhēnpíngshíjù)
• 空口無憑／空口无凭 (kōngkǒuwúpíng)
• 聽憑／听凭 (tīngpíng)
• 聽憑尊便／听凭尊便 (tīngpíngzūnbiàn)
• 鼠憑社貴／鼠凭社贵

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (憑):

• → Vietnamese: bằng (憑)

Etymology 2

trad.		憑
simp.		凭

Pronunciation

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): bang⁶

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): bang⁵

• Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): bên⁴

---

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: bang⁶
    • Yale: bahng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: bang⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: beng⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɐŋ²²/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: bang⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /paŋ³²/
• Hakka
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: bên⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /pɛn⁵³/

Definitions

憑

1. (Cantonese, Hakka) to lean against

Compounds

• 憑企／凭企
• 挨挨憑憑／挨挨凭凭

 

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

trad.		憑
simp.		凭
alternative forms		屏 拼

• Cantonese (Jyutping): peng¹

---

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: peng¹
    • Yale: pēng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: peng¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: péng¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰɛːŋ⁵⁵/

Definitions

憑 (Cantonese)

1. back (of a chair); backrest

Compounds

• 凳憑／凳凭
• 挨憑椅／挨凭椅
• 椅憑／椅凭

 

References

• 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “凭”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 178.

Japanese

Kanji

憑

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. to lean on
2. to depend on
3. (of a spirit) to possess

Readings

• Go-on: びょう (byō)
• Kan-on: ひょう (hyō)
• Kun: よる (yoru, 憑る)、たのむ (tanomu, 憑む)、つく (tsuku, 憑く)

Compounds

• 憑依(ひょうい) (hyōi): spirit possession
• 信憑性(しんぴょうせい) (shinpyōsei): credibility

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 憑 (MC bing).

Hanja

憑 (eumhun 기댈 빙 (gidael bing))

1. hanja form^? of 빙 (“lean”)

Compounds

• 빙자 (憑藉, bingja, “reliance; excuse”)
• 증빙 (證憑, jeungbing, “evidence; proof”)
• 빙의 (憑依, bing'ui, “spirit possession”)
• 빙거 (憑據, binggeo, “evidence; proof”)
• 신빙 (信憑, sinbing, “credence”)
• 신빙성 (信憑性, sinbingseong, “credibility”)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

憑: Hán Nôm readings: bằng

1. diploma, certificate, license