李

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See also: 季
李 U+674E, 李
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-674E
← 杍
[U+674D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 杏 →
[U+674F]
李 U+F9E1, 李
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9E1
← 易
[U+F9E0] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 梨 →
[U+F9E2]

Translingual

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Stroke order
7 strokes

Han character

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李 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 木弓木 (DND), four-corner 40407, composition ⿱木子)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 511, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14459
  • Dae Jaweon: page 895, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1162, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+674E

Chinese

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trad. 李
simp. # 李
alternative forms 杍

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 李
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (子) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
孜 *ʔslɯ
仔 *ʔslɯ, *ʔslɯʔ
孖 *ʔslɯ, *zlɯs
子 *ʔslɯʔ
虸 *ʔslɯʔ
耔 *ʔslɯʔ
秄 *ʔslɯʔ
杍 *ʔslɯʔ
籽 *ʔslɯʔ
字 *zlɯs
茡 *zlɯs
芓 *zlɯs
牸 *zlɯs
李 *rɯʔ

Oracle bone script: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯʔ) : phonetic 來 (OC *m·rɯːɡ, “wheat”) + semantic 子. The phonetic part 來 became gradually corrupted to yield 木 (“tree”).

Shuowen erroneously remarks that this is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯʔ) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ).

Pronunciation

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Note: lei5-2 - plum (fruit).
Note:
  • sā̤ - vernacular (plum);
  • lǐ - literary (surname).
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 李
Mandarin Beijing /li²¹⁴/
Harbin /li²¹³/
Tianjin /li¹³/
Jinan /li⁵⁵/
Qingdao /li⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /li⁵³/
Xi'an /li⁵³/
Xining /l̩⁵³/
Yinchuan /li⁵³/
Lanzhou /li⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /li⁵¹/
Wuhan /ni⁴²/
Chengdu /ni⁵³/
Guiyang /ni⁴²/
Kunming /li⁵³/
Nanjing /li²¹²/
Hefei /zz̩²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /li⁵³/
Pingyao /li⁵³/
Hohhot /li⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /li²³/
Suzhou /li³¹/
Hangzhou /li⁵³/
Wenzhou /lei³⁵/
Hui Shexian /li³⁵/
Tunxi /li²⁴/
Xiang Changsha /li⁴¹/
Xiangtan /ni⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /li²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /li³¹/
Taoyuan /li³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /lei²³/
Nanning /li²⁴/
Hong Kong /lei¹³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /li⁵³/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /li³²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /li²¹/
/sɛ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /li⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /li²¹³/
Rime
Character 李
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 之 (19)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 良士切
Baxter liX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lɨX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/lɨX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/lieX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lɨX/
Li
Rong 		/liəX/
Wang
Li 		/lĭəX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/liX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		lǐ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		lei5
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 李
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		lǐ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ liX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*C.rəʔ/
English plum

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 李
Reading # 1/1
No. 17869
Phonetic
component 		子
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		里
Old
Chinese 		/*rɯʔ/

Definitions

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李

  1. plum (tree and fruit)
  2. † Alternative form of 理 (lǐ, “judge; justice”)
  3. a surname, listed fourth in the Baijiaxing
    李白  ―  Lǐ Bái  ―  Li Bai (Li Bo) (Tang dynasty poet)
    李連杰／李连杰 [Cantonese]  ―  lei5 lin4 git6 [Jyutping]  ―  Jet Li (Li Lianjie or Li Yangzhong)

Usage notes

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In mainland China and among its expatriates, this surname is generally romanized as "Li" in accordance with the Hanyu Pinyin system. Although an identical transliteration is used in Wade-Giles, similarity in pronunciation to the English surname makes the romanization "Lee" more common in Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and elsewhere. A notable example of this is Bruce Lee.

Synonyms

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Dialectal synonyms of 李子 (“plum”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 李子
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 李子
Taiwan 李子
Chengde 李子
Chifeng 李子
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 李子
Heihe 李子
Qiqihar 李子
Harbin 李子
Jiamusi 李子
Baicheng 李子
Changchun 李子
Tonghua 李子
Shenyang 李子
Jinzhou 李子
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 李子
Tangshan 李子
Cangzhou 李子
Baoding 李子
Shijiazhuang 李子
Lijin 李子
Jinan 李子
Jiaoliao Mandarin Dalian 李子
Dandong 李子
Yantai 李子
Yantai (Muping) 李子
Qingdao 李子
Zhucheng 李子
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 灰子
Lingbao 李子, 灰子
Jining 李子
Wanrong 李子
Linfen 李子
Shangqiu 李子
Yuanyang 李子
Zhengzhou 李子
Xinyang 李子
Baihe 李子
Xi'an 李子
Baoji 李子, 麥李
Tianshui 李子
Xining 李子
Xuzhou 李子
Fuyang 李子, 灰子
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 李子
Lanzhou 李子, 鬱黃子
Dunhuang 李子
Hami 李子
Ürümqi 李子
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 李子
Nanchong 李子
Dazhou 李子
Hanyuan 李子
Xichang 李子
Zigong 李子
Chongqing 李子
Wuhan 李子
Yichang 李子
Xiangyang 李子, 灰子
Tianmen 李子
Guiyang 李子
Zunyi 李子
Bijie 李子, 苦李
Liping 李子
Zhaotong 李子
Dali 李子
Kunming 李子
Mengzi 李子
Guilin 李子
Liuzhou 李子
Nanning (Wuming) 李果, 李子
Jishou 李子
Changde 墨李
Hanzhong 李子
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 李子
Yangzhou 李子
Lianyungang 李子
Lianshui 李子
Nantong 李子
Anqing 李子
Wuhu 李子
Hefei 李子
Hong'an 李子
Cantonese Guangzhou 李
Hong Kong 李, 布冧
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 李仔
Macau 李
Guangzhou (Panyu) 李
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 李仔
Guangzhou (Conghua) 李子
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 李
Foshan 李
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 李
Foshan (Shunde) 李
Foshan (Sanshui) 李仔
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 李果
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 李
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 李
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 李
Zhuhai (Doumen) 李
Jiangmen (Baisha) 李
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 李
Taishan 李果
Kaiping (Chikan) 李
Enping (Niujiang) 李果
Heshan (Yayao) 李仔
Dongguan 李, 布冧
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 李
Nanning 李果
Nanning (Tanka) 李果
Gan Nanchang 李子
Lichuan 李仔
Pingxiang 李子
Hakka Meixian 李仔
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 李仔
Dongguan (Qingxi) 李仔
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 李仔
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 李
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 李
Yudu 李子, 麻李子
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 李仔
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 李仔
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 李仔
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 李
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 李仔, 李
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 李
Huizhou Jixi 鬱李
Shexian 李
Jin Taiyuan 李子
Yangyuan 李子
Datong 李子
Xinzhou 李子
Lüliang (Lishi) 李子
Changzhi 李子
Linhe 李子
Jining 李子
Hohhot 李子
Erenhot 李子
Pingshan 李子
Zhangjiakou 李子
Handan 李子
Linzhou 李哦
Suide 李子
Northern Min Jian'ou 李仔
Eastern Min Fuzhou 李
Southern Min Xiamen 李仔
Quanzhou 李仔
Zhangzhou 李仔
Taipei 李仔
New Taipei (Tamsui) 李仔
New Taipei (Sanxia) 李仔
New Taipei (Pingxi) 李仔
Kaohsiung 李仔
Kaohsiung (Cijin) 李仔
Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) 李仔
Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) 李仔
Kaohsiung (Tianliao) 李仔
Yilan (Toucheng) 李仔
Tainan 李仔
Tainan (Anping) 李仔
Kinmen 李仔
Penghu (Magong) 李仔
Penghu (Xiyu) 李仔
Shantou 李
Jieyang 李
Haikou 李子
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 李
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 李果, 李子
Wu Shanghai 李子, 布冧
Shanghai (Chongming) 李子
Suzhou 李子
Danyang 李子
Hangzhou 李子
Ningbo 李子
Wenzhou 李兒
Jinhua 李兒
Xiang Changsha 李子

Descendants

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  • → English: Li, Lee
  • → German: Li
  • → Tagalog: Dy, Dee (via Hokkien)

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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李

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

Readings

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  • Go-on: り (ri)
  • Kan-on: り (ri)
  • Kun: すもも (sumomo, 李)
  • Nanori: もも (momo)、い (i)

Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
李
Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
酸桃

Compound of 酸 (su, “vinegar; sour”) +‎ 桃 (momo, “peach”).[1][2]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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李(すもも) or 李(スモモ) • (sumomo) 

  1. plum (Prunus salicina)
Usage notes
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As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as スモモ.

Derived terms
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Derived terms

Etymology 2

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From Middle Chinese 李 (MC liX).

Pronunciation

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Affix

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李(り) • (ri) 

  1. plum
Derived terms
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Proper noun

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李(リ) or 李(り) • (Ri) 

  1. Japanese reading of the Chinese or Korean surname

李(リー) or 李(りい) • (Rī) 

  1. Japanese reading of the Chinese surname

李(イ) or 李(い) • (I) 

  1. Japanese reading of the South Korean surname
Derived terms
[edit]

References

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  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Further reading

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Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 李 (MC liX).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

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  • (initial position)
    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [i(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [이(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
  • (non-initial position)

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

李 (eumhun 오얏나무 리 (oyannamu ri), word-initial (South Korea) 오얏나무 이 (oyannamu i))

  1. hanja form? of 리/이 (“Lee, the second most common Korean surname.”)
  2. (literary) hanja form? of 리/이 (“plum tree”)

Usage notes

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This hanja is spelled 이 (i) in South Korea due to 두음 법칙 (頭音法則, dueum beopchik).

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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李: Hán Nôm readings: lí, lý

  1. Chữ Hán form of Lý (“a surname from Chinese.”).
    李公蘊 ― Lý Công Uẩn
  2. a unisex given name

References

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