辛

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
See also: 幸, 羍, and 푸
辛 U+8F9B, 辛
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8F9B
← 辚
[U+8F9A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 辜 →
[U+8F9C]
⾟ U+2F9F, ⾟
KANGXI RADICAL BITTER
← ⾞
[U+2F9E] 		Kangxi Radicals ⾠ →
[U+2FA0]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order

Han character

[edit]
See images of
Radical 160 辛

辛 (Kangxi radical 160, 辛+0, 7 strokes, cangjie input 卜廿十 (YTJ), four-corner 00401, composition ⿱立十 or ⿱亠𢆉)

  1. Kangxi radical #160, ⾟.

Derived terms

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1250, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38630
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1729, character 31
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4036, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+8F9B

Chinese

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 辛
alternative forms 䇂
亲

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 辛
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (辛) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
親 *sʰin, *sʰins
寴 *sʰin, *sʰins
儭 *sʰins, *sʰrins
瀙 *sʰins, *ʔsrin, *sʰrins
辛 *siŋ
新 *siŋ
薪 *siŋ
襯 *sʰrins
櫬 *sʰrins
嚫 *t͡sʰrinh
莘 *sriŋ
騂 *seŋ
垶 *seŋ
觪 *seŋ

Pictogram (象形) of a tool—chisel, awl, spike—used to mark slaves and criminals. The characters 䇂 and 亲 are two variants. The former (䇂) is the original version, while the latter is a conflation of both 亲 and 𣓀, a chisel over a tree to indicate the hazelnut branch which was flexible enough to be used as a whip.

It appears as 立 on the top of characters such as 接, 竟, and 童. Unrelated to 音, in which it represents the tip of a tongue. See also 辡.

Etymology 1

[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-sin (“liver; heart; bile; bitter”); compare Tibetan མཆིན (mchin, “liver”), Burmese သည်း (sany:, “liver”), Tangut 𗮰 (*sji², “liver”) (Gong, 2002; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).

Pronunciation

[edit]
Rime
Character 辛
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 眞 (43)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 息鄰切
Baxter sin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/siɪn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/sin/
Shao
Rongfen 		/sjen/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/sin/
Li
Rong 		/siĕn/
Wang
Li 		/sĭĕn/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/si̯ĕn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xīn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		san1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 辛
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xīn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sin ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[s]i[n]/
English pungent; painful

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 辛
Reading # 1/1
No. 13810
Phonetic
component 		辛
Rime
group 		眞
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		新
Old
Chinese 		/*siŋ/
Notes 甲文象黥刺刀具，
𠞂（皮傷）初文

Definitions

[edit]

辛

  1. spicy; hot; pungent
    辛辣  ―  xīnlà  ―  spicy
  2. hard; laborious; toilsome
    辛苦  ―  xīnkǔ  ―  laborious
  3. sorrowful; miserable; hard
    辛酸  ―  xīnsuān  ―  bitter
  4. a surname
    辛棄疾／辛弃疾  ―  Xīn Qìjí  ―  Xin Qiji (Chinese poet during the Southern Song dynasty)
Synonyms
[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 辣 (“spicy”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 辛
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 辣, 辛辣
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 辣
Taiwan 辣
Chifeng 辣
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 辣
Harbin 辣
Shenyang 辣
Malaysia 辣
Singapore 辣
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 辣
Tangshan 辣
Cangzhou 辣
Baoding 辣
Shijiazhuang 辣
Jinan 辣
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 辣
Qingdao 辣
Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 麻
Zhengzhou 辣
Xi'an 辣
Xining 辣
Xuzhou 辣
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 辣
Lanzhou 辣
Ürümqi 辣
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 辣
Chongqing 辣
Wuhan 辣
Guiyang 辣
Kunming 辣
Guilin 辣
Liuzhou 辣
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 辣
Yangzhou 辣
Nantong 辣
Hefei 辣
Cantonese Guangzhou 辣
Hong Kong 辣
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 辣
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 辣
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 辣
Taishan 辣
Dongguan 辣
Yangjiang 辣
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 辣
Singapore (Guangfu) 辣
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 辣
Gan Nanchang 辣
Lichuan 辣
Pingxiang 辣
Hakka Meixian 辣
Dongguan (Qingxi) 辣
Heyuan (Bendihua) 辣
Wengyuan 辣
Liannan 辣
Jiexi 辣
Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 辣
Changting 辣
Wuping (Yanqian) 辣
Ninghua 辣
Yudu 辣
Ningdu 辣
Tonggu (Sandu) 辣
Ganzhou (Panlong) 辣
Dayu 辣
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 辣
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 辣
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 辣
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 辣
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 辣
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 薟
Hong Kong 辣
Mengshan (Xihe) 辣
Luchuan 辣
Senai (Huiyang) 辣
Huizhou Jixi 辣
Shexian 辣
Jin Taiyuan 辣
Xinzhou 辣
Linhe 辣
Jining 辣
Hohhot 辣
Zhangjiakou 辣
Handan 辣
Eastern Min Fuzhou 辣
Southern Min Xiamen 辣
Quanzhou 辣
Zhangzhou 辣
Zhao'an 薟
Dongshan 薟
Taipei 薟
Taipei (Wanhua) 薟
New Taipei (Tamsui) 薟
New Taipei (Sanxia) 薟
New Taipei (Pingxi) 薟
Kaohsiung 薟
Yilan 薟
Changhua (Lukang) 薟
Taichung 薟
Taichung (Wuqi) 薟
Tainan 辣, 薟
Taitung 薟
Hsinchu 薟
Kinmen 辣
Penghu (Magong) 辣
Penang (Hokkien) 薟, 辣
Singapore (Hokkien) 薟, 辣
Manila (Hokkien) 風, 辣
Chaozhou 薟
Shantou 薟
Shantou (Chenghai) 薟
Shantou (Chaoyang) 薟
Jieyang 薟
Haifeng 薟
Bangkok (Teochew) 薟
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 薟
Singapore (Teochew) 薟
Pontianak (Teochew) 薟
Wenchang 辣
Haikou 辣
Qionghai 辣
Singapore (Hainanese) 辣
Puxian Min Putian 辣
Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) 辣
Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) 辣
Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) 辣
Xianyou 辣
Xianyou (Fengting) 辣
Xianyou (Youyang) 辣
Central Min Yong'an 辣
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 辣
Shehua Fu'an 辣
Fuding 辣
Luoyuan 辣
Sanming 辣
Shunchang 辣
Hua'an 辣
Guixi (Zhangping) 辣
Cangnan 辣
Jingning (Hexi) 辣
Lishui 辣
Longyou 辣
Chaozhou 辣
Fengshun 辣
Wu Shanghai 辣
Shanghai (Chongming) 辣
Suzhou 辣
Danyang 辣
Hangzhou 辣
Ningbo 辣
Wenzhou 辣
Jinhua 辣
Jinhua (Tangxi) 辣農
Xiang Changsha 辣
Loudi 辣

Compounds

[edit]

Etymology 2

[edit]

Smith (2011) proposes that the name for the heavenly stem is based on the Boötes constellation, which resembles an awl; it may be related to Etymology 1 with the “sharp” semantics connecting the two.

Pronunciation

[edit]
Rime
Character 辛
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 眞 (43)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 息鄰切
Baxter sin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/siɪn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/sin/
Shao
Rongfen 		/sjen/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/sin/
Li
Rong 		/siĕn/
Wang
Li 		/sĭĕn/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/si̯ĕn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xīn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		san1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 辛
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xīn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sin ›
Old
Chinese 		/*si[n]/
English 8th heavenly stem

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 辛
Reading # 1/1
No. 13810
Phonetic
component 		辛
Rime
group 		眞
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		新
Old
Chinese 		/*siŋ/
Notes 甲文象黥刺刀具，
𠞂（皮傷）初文

Definitions

[edit]

辛

  1. eighth of the ten heavenly stems
  2. (in a list) eighth; number 8; VIII
  3. (organic chemistry) octa-
Coordinate terms
[edit]

Compounds

[edit]

Descendants

[edit]
Sino-Xenic (辛):
  • → Japanese: 辛(しん) (shin)
  • → Korean: 신(辛) (sin)
  • → Vietnamese: tân (辛)

Others:

  • → Zhuang: sin

Etymology 3

[edit]

Borrowed from English symplectic.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

辛

  1. (mathematics, attributive) symplectic

Etymology 4

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

辛

  1. Used in transcription.

Compounds

[edit]

Japanese

[edit]

Kanji

[edit]
辛

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. spicy, hot, acrid
  2. bitter, painful, difficult

Readings

[edit]

Compounds

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]
Kanji in this term
辛
しん
Grade: S
on'yomi
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

From Middle Chinese 辛 (sin).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Proper noun

[edit]

辛(しん) • (Shin) 

  1. the eighth of the ten heavenly stems
    Hypernyms: 天干 (tenkan), 十干 (jikkan)
    Coordinate terms: 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸

Etymology 2

[edit]
Kanji in this term
辛
かのと
Grade: S
kun'yomi

金 (Ka, “Metal”, one of the Five Elements) +‎ の (no, attributive marker) +‎ 弟 (oto, “younger brother”)

Pronunciation

[edit]

Proper noun

[edit]

辛(かのと) • (Kanoto) 

  1. the eighth of the ten heavenly stems
    Hypernyms: 天干 (tenkan), 十干 (jikkan)
    Coordinate terms: 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸

Korean

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]

辛 (eumhun 매울 신 (mae'ul sin))

  1. bitter
  2. toilsome, laborious
  3. 8th heavenly stem

Vietnamese

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

辛: Hán Nôm readings: tân, tăn, tơn

  1. chữ Hán form of Tân (“eighth of the ten heavenly stems”).
    Hypernyms: 天干, 十干
    Coordinate terms: 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸

Compounds

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=辛&oldid=82561004"