-de

See also: Appendix:Variations of "de"

Afrikaans

Etymology

Inherited from Dutch -de.

Suffix

-de

1. -st, -th, -nd; Forms ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers.

   ‎twee + ‎-de → ‎tweede

   ‎nege + ‎-de → ‎negende

Usage notes

The ordinal numbers 2 to 19, except for 8, are formed with this suffix. The ordinals of 1, 8 and numbers greater than 19 are formed with -ste, except where hundred, thousand, etc., combine with a number between 2 and 19, for example honderd-en-tweede (“hundred and second”), honderd-en-vyfde (“hundred and fifth”), but honderd-en-agtste (“hundred and eighth”).

The suffix can also be written after a number written in digits (2de, 9de).

Coordinate terms

• -ste

Dutch

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /də/

• Audio:

  (file)

Etymology 1

Compare English -th in fourth and German -te in zweite.

Alternative forms

• -ste, -e

Suffix

-de

1. Forms ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers.

   ‎twee + ‎-de → ‎tweede

   ‎negen + ‎-de → ‎negende

Usage notes

The ordinal numbers of all numbers from 1 to 19 are formed with this suffix, except eerste and achtste. Ordinals of higher numbers are formed with -ste.

The suffix can also be written after a number written in digits (2de, 9de). The e is sometimes written in superscript, like in French (2^de, 9^de), but this is discouraged by the Dutch Language Union.

Etymology 2

Cognate with English -ed; derives from a Germanic verb form of to do.

Alternative forms

• -te (after voiceless consonants)

Suffix

-de

1. a suffix that forms the singular of the past tense of weak verbs

   ‎spelen + ‎-de → ‎speelde

Etymology 3

From Middle Dutch -dī, from a contraction of the þ in Proto-Germanic *-aiþ (second person plural ending) and *jīz (“you (plural)”), somewhat comparable to Icelandic þér. Sometimes incorrectly seen as a remnant of Middle Dutch du (“you”).

Alternative forms

• -te (after voiceless consonants)

Suffix

-de (Belgium, Brabant, colloquial)

1. Indicates second person in inversion, substituting or supplementing gij: you

   Gade vandaag naar huis?

   Do you go home today?

German

Etymology

From Middle High German -ede, from Old High German -ida, from Proto-Germanic *-iþō. Compare the equally rare doublet -te (from Low German). Cognate with Dutch -te, English -th.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /də/

Suffix

-de

1. (rare, not productive) forms abstract nouns from adjectives

   ‎gemein (“common”) + ‎-de → ‎Gemeinde (“community”)

Derived terms

German terms suffixed with -de

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [dɛ]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -dɛ

Suffix

-de

1. (noun-forming suffix) Added to a verb to form a noun indicating the place of the action.

   ‎zene (“music”) + ‎-de → ‎zenede (“school of music”)

Usage notes

• (noun-forming suffix) Variants:

  -da is added to back-vowel words

  -de is added to front-vowel words

  -oda same as -da with a linking vowel

  -öde same as -de with a linking vowel

Declension

Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	-de	-dék
accusative	-dét	-déket
dative	-dének	-déknek
instrumental	-dével	-dékkel
causal-final	-déért	-dékért
translative	-dévé	-dékké
terminative	-déig	-dékig
essive-formal	-deként	-dékként
essive-modal	-déül	-dékül
inessive	-dében	-dékben
superessive	-dén	-déken
adessive	-dénél	-déknél
illative	-débe	-dékbe
sublative	-dére	-dékre
allative	-déhez	-dékhez
elative	-déből	-dékből
delative	-déről	-dékről
ablative	-détől	-déktől
non-attributive possessive - singular	-déé	-déké
non-attributive possessive - plural	-dééi	-dékéi

Possessive forms of -de
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	-dém	-déim
2nd person sing.	-déd	-déid
3rd person sing.	-déje	-déi
1st person plural	-dénk	-déink
2nd person plural	-détek	-déitek
3rd person plural	-déjük	-déik

Derived terms

Hungarian nouns suffixed with -de

See also

• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

Low German

Etymology

From Middle Low German -ede, from Old Saxon -itha, from Proto-Germanic *-iþō. Cognate with Dutch -te, English -th.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /də/

Suffix

-de

1. appended to an adjective, it makes a feminine noun referring to the size of the quality referred to by the adjective, cognate to -th.

   ‎hooch + ‎-de → ‎Hööchde

   ‎deep + ‎-de → ‎Deepde

   ‎eng + ‎-de → ‎Engde

   ‎lang (“long”) + ‎-de → ‎Längde (“length”)

2. appended to the stem of a verb, yields a feminine noun which refers to the object of such a verb.

   ‎schamen + ‎-de → ‎Schaamde

   ‎bögen + ‎-de → ‎Böögde

Usage notes

The use of the suffix is widespread in Northern Germany, however, some Low German varieties show a partial or complete suppression of the suffix. Most words listed above can also be found without the suffix, though this varies depending on the person speaking and the word. For example, Süükde is more often found as Süük with no suffix, than the original form with suffix. Hööchde can be found as Hööchd and Leevde as Leevd, with loss of the final -e. Though this process exists, the forms in -de remain largely prominent, with the notable exception of the following words: Süükde → Süük, Stillde → Still, Mengde → Meng, Stärkde → both Stärkde and Stärkd. Some words show only a form in -t, which is basically derived from the -de suffix. Examples of such words are Grött (“size”) and Hitt (“heat”).

Derived terms

Low German terms suffixed with -de

• Böögde
• Deepde
• Dickde
• Drockde
• Dröögde
• Engde
• Grötte, Grött
• Hitt
• Hööchde
• Köhlde
• Leevde
• Längde
• Mengde, Meng
• Möögde
• Neegde
• Schaamde
• Stillde, Still
• Stärkde, Starkde
• Süükde

 

Related terms

• -te
• -t

Middle English

Suffix

-de

1. Alternative form of -the (ordinal suffix)

Murui Huitoto

Etymology

Cognates include Minica Huitoto -de and Nüpode Huitoto -de.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [-dɛ]

Suffix

-de

1. Used to derive verbs from roots.

Conjugation

Conjugation of -de

Nonfuture indicative					Future indicative
	affirmative		negative			affirmative		negative
	m	f	m	f		m	f	m	f
1st sg	-dɨkue		-ñedɨkue		1st sg	-itɨkue		-ñeitɨkue
2nd sg	-do		-ñedo		2nd sg	-ito		-ñeito
3rd sg anim1)	-dɨmɨe	-dɨñaiño	-ñedɨmɨe	-ñedɨñaiño	3rd sg anim1)	-itɨmɨe	-itɨñaiño	-ñeitɨmɨe	-ñeitɨñaiño
1st du	-dɨkoko	-dɨkaɨñaɨ	-ñedɨkoko	-ñedɨkaɨñaɨ	1st du	-itɨkoko	-itɨkaɨñaɨ	-ñeitɨkoko	-ñeitɨkaɨñaɨ
2nd du	-domɨko	-domɨñoɨ	-ñedomɨko	-ñedomɨñoɨ	2nd du	-itomɨko	-itomɨñoɨ	-ñeitomɨko	-ñeitomɨñoɨ
3rd du anim1)	-daɨmaiaɨ	-daɨñuaɨ	-ñedaɨmaiaɨ	-ñedaɨñuaɨ	3rd du anim1)	-itaɨmaiaɨ	-itaɨñuaɨ	-ñeitaɨmaiaɨ	-ñeitaɨñuaɨ
1st pl	-dɨkaɨ		-ñedɨkaɨ		1st pl	-itɨkaɨ		-ñeitɨkaɨ
2nd pl	-domoɨ		-ñedomoɨ		2nd pl	-itomoɨ		-ñeitomoɨ
3rd pl anim1)	-dɨmakɨ		-ñedɨmakɨ		3rd pl anim1)	-itɨmakɨ		-ñeitɨmakɨ
3rd neut	-de		-ñede		3rd neut	-ite		-ñeite
Imperative			Apprehensive	Future event	Passive		Negative passive		Overlap
simple	immediate	prohibitive			nonfuture	future	nonfuture	future
-no!	-nokai!	-ñeno!	-iza!	-ye	-ga	-yɨ	-ñega	-ñeyɨ	-kana
Conditional			1) The animate 3rd person inflections are only used when the animacy of the subject needs to be emphasised. Otherwise, the neutral 3rd singular is used. *) Same-time forms may be formed from any indicative form by adding the ending -mo directly to the inflected form. **) The evidentiality markers -dɨ, -za and -ta may be added to any indicative form.
real	hypothetical	immediate
-ia	-na	-kaina

Derived terms

Murui Huitoto terms suffixed with -de

References

• Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.‎^[1], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page 103

Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /de/

Suffix

-de

1. Used to form the first and third person singular preterite indicative of some class I and class III weak verbs

   ‎ċierran (“to turn”) + ‎-de → ‎ċierde (“I/he/she/it turned”)

   ‎habban (“to have”) + ‎-de → ‎hæfde (“I/he/she/it had”)

See also

• -ede
• -te

Old Irish

Alternative forms

• -da, -dae, -ide, -ta, -tae

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Celtic *-adyos, cognate with Middle Breton -eid.

Suffix

-de

1. Used to form adjectives from nouns, denoting quality, kind, origin or material.

   ‎Gréc (“Greek”, noun) + ‎-de → ‎grécdae (“Greek”, adjective)

Derived terms

Old Irish terms suffixed with -de

Further reading

• Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2017) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 347

Swedish

Alternative forms

• -te

Suffix

-de

1. Creates the past tense of weak verbs in the first conjugation.

   ‎att simma (“to swim”) + ‎-de → ‎simmade (“swam”)

   ‎att träffa (“to hit”) + ‎-de → ‎träffade (“hit (past)”)

Usage notes

Colloquially the suffix can be completely dropped and it is understood out of context that it is the past and not nominative sense that is used. In written form to clarify however, it might be good to mark this out with an apostrophe ('). Example of this:

Jag simma' 25 meter!

I swam 25 meters!

See also

• -te
• -dde
• -t

Anagrams

• e.d., ed

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish ـدا (-de, “locative suffix”), from Proto-Turkic *-te (“locative suffix”), front vowel variant of *-ta. Cognate with Karakhanid ـدا (-dē, “locative suffix”), Old Turkic 𐱅𐰀 (t²a /⁠-te⁠/, “locative suffix”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dɛ/

Suffix

-de

1. Used to form locative of nouns.

   ‎köy (“village”) + ‎-de → ‎köyde (“in/at village”)

2. Indicates time, at

   beşte ― at five o'clock

   kapanış saatinde ― at closing time

3. when

   Yoğun bakımda kendine geldiğinde ilk sözü "Ne zaman aşı yaptırabilirim" oldu.

   First thing he said when he regained consciousness in the intensive care was "when can I get vaccinated".

4. over

   beşte üç ― three over five

   ‎yüz (“hundred”) + ‎-de → ‎yüzde (“percent”)

Usage notes

• This version is used when the noun's final vowel is a front vowel (Ee, İi, Öö, or Üü).
• In cases where a noun's final vowel is a back vowel (Aa, Iı, Oo, or Uu) and doesn't end with a clear l sound, it takes the form “-da”.

  okul → okulda

• It takes the form of “-te” when the noun’s final consonant is devoiced.

  ofis → ofiste

• An apostrophe is mandatory when forming the locative of a proper noun.

  Türkiye → Türkiye’de

Derived terms

Turkish terms suffixed with -de

Related terms

• -deki
• -nde
• -da
• -te

Wutunhua

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [tə]

Etymology 1

From Mandarin 的.

Suffix

-de

1. -'s, of (but with the order switched); attached to nouns to mark the genitive case.

   nga-n-de hua

   our speech (the local name for the Wutunhua language)

   gu da gejhai-de niren-ha gga-la-di mi-li.

   He doesn't like his girlfriend anymore.

   (Quoted in Sandman, p. 94)

   ngu reben-de ren-ha qong-je-lio.

   I met a person from Japan.

   (Quoted in Sandman, p. 120)

2. that, who; attached to nouns, adjectives, verbs, or phrases to mark them as attributive.

   jjekzhen je-ge-li zui xho-de ti

   the best place in this world; the place which is best in this world

   (Quoted in Sandman, p. 146)

3. -ing; attached to verbals to form a noun phrase or nominal expression.

   gu qhi-di-de-ge ngu sawo jedo-gu-lio.

   I know that he went away.

   (literally, “[As for] his going, I know it.”)

   (Quoted in Sandman, p. 142)

4. -er; attached to verbs to form agent nouns.

   lu wanlan-de ― construction worker (literally, “road-maker”)

   xai-de ― writing tool (literally, “writer”)

   en lhazzo-de bbakzzo-de en da rek mezzhawo jhi-ge yek-li.

   [There are] thangka painters and mask painters; there are different kinds of professionals.

   (Quoted in Sandman, p. 140)

5. Attached for emphasis.

   a a da mazang-de.

   Oh, oh, that is very bad!

   (Quoted in Sandman, p. 141)

Etymology 2

Suffix

-de

1. so much that (attached to the main verb)

   gu ni ddo-di-de gu-dera qe-di mi-li.

   S/he thinks about you so much that it is impossible for him/her to eat any of those.

   (Quoted in Sandman, p. 137)

2. Attached to the main verb to indicate that the subsequent verb or adjective is used as an adverb of the main verb.

   gu xai-de xaige xho-li.

   S/he writes very well.

   (Quoted in Sandman, p. 137)

References

• Erika Sandman (2016) A Grammar of Wutun‎^[2], University of Helsinki (PhD), →ISBN

Ye'kwana

Variant orthographies

ALIV	-de
Brazilian standard	-de
New Tribes	-de

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [-ɾ̠e]

Etymology 1

Suffix

-de

1. intensifier that attaches to adverbs, used especially in contexts of surprise
2. used in certain contexts to soften speech or make it more polite

Usage notes

This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix.

Etymology 2

Suffix

-de

1. again, anew

Usage notes

This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix. It causes lengthening of the preceding vowel of the word it attaches to.

References

• Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “⸗de, ⸗:de”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[3], Lyon, pages 162, 222