NIVEL 1: BNIVEL 1: BSICO GRAM NIVEL 1: BSICO - GRAMTICA INGLESA NIVEL 1: BSICO - GRAMTICA INGLESA TICA INGLESA SICO

O - GRAMTICA INGLESA NIVEL 1: BSICO -NIVEL 1: BSICO - GRAMTICA INGLESA N GRAMTICA INGLESA

Nivel 1: Bsico-Gramatica Inglesa Lesson 1: Pronouns

Pronombres I /Tabla de pronombres en ingls
Pronombres personales (funcin de sujeto) Ejemplo Traduccin ejemplo

I You He She It We You They

yo t l ella ello (neutro) nosotros vosotros ellos, ellas

I am ill. You are hungry. He is handsome. She is pretty. It's cold today. We are tired. You are angry. They are at the cinema.
Ejemplo

Yo estoy enfermo. T ests hambriento. l es guapo. Ella es guapa Hoy hace fro. Nosotros estamos cansados. Vosotros estis enfadados. Ellos estn en el cine.
Traduccin ejemplo

Pronombres personales (funcin de objeto)

Me You Him Her It Us You Them

m a t, a usted a l a ella a ello a nosotros a vosotros a ellos

I want it for me. I 'm helping you. Can you see him? Give it to her. Give it a kick. He is helping us. I saw you. I 'm waiting for them.
Ejemplo

Lo quiero para m. Te estoy ayudando. Le puedes ver? Dselo a ella. Dale una patada. l nos est ayudando. Os vi. Los estoy esperando.
Traduccin ejemplo

Pronombres posesivos (en funcin de artculo del sujeto)

My Your His Her Its Our Your Their

mi, mis tu, tus su, sus (de l) su, sus (de ella) su, sus nuestro/a nuestros/as vuestro/a, vuestros/as su, sus (de ellos)

This is my blouse. This is your tie. This is his wardrobe. This is her dress. This is its temperature. These are our suitcases. These are your seats. Here are their socks.
Ejemplo

Esta es mi blusa. Esta es tu corbata. Este es su armario. Este es su vestido. Esta es su temperatura. Estas son nuestras maletas. Estos son vuestros asientos. Aqu estn sus calcetines.
Traduccin ejemplo

Pronombres posesivos

(en funcin de pronombre)

Mine Yours His Hers

mio/s, ma/s tuyo/s, tuya/s suyo/s, suya/s (de l) suyo/s, suya/s (de ella) nuestro/s, nuestra/s vuestro/a, vuestros/as suyo/a, suyos/as (de ellos) yo mismo, a mi t mismo, a ti l mismo, a si mismo ella misma, a si misma l mismo, as mismo nosotros mismos vosotros mismos ellos mismos

This coat is mine. My name is Tony. What's yours? This computer is his. The blue bag is hers.

Este abrigo es mio. Mi nombre es Toni. Cul es el tuyo? Este ordenador es de el. El bolso azul es de ella.

Ours Yours Theirs

The suitcases are ours. The handicap is yours. This is theirs.

Ejemplo

Las maletas son nuestras. La desventaja es vuestra. Esto es de ellos.

Traduccin ejemplo

Pronombres reflexivos

Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself Ourselves Yourselves Themselves

I saw it for myself. Don't burn yourself ! He hurt himself. She did it herself. The cat scratched itself. We are enjoying ourselves. Did you paint the house yourselves? They were speaking to themselves.

Yo mismo lo v. No te quemes! Se hizo dao. Lo hizo ella misma. El gato se rasc. Estamos disfrutando nosotros mismos. Pintsteis la casa vosotros mismos? Ellos hablaban consigo mismos.

Otras formas de pronombres

Existe la forma "each other" que no es reflexiva sino que es una forma recproca. A diferencia del reflexivo, tenemos dos sujetos diferentes que hablan el uno al otro, se miran el uno al otro, etc... Nunca puede haber ms de dos personas. Ejemplo: John and Peter spoke to each other on the trip. (John y Peter se hablaron durante el viaje) En Ingls no existe la forma usted, ustedes formal. Por lo tanto los nativos de la lengua ni siquiera lo tienen conceptualizado como una forma aqu llamada formal. Se tiene que entender entonces que la forma masculina, femenina y neutra son lo mismo, lo nico que les diferencia es el gnero.

Pronombres II /Pronombres Personales del ingls

Los pronombres en ingls distinguen entre masculino (he), femenino (she) y neutro (it), tal y como se muestra en la tabla de pronombres.

Personal Pronouns / Pronombres personales El pronombre personal it se utiliza cuando nos referimos animales y no sabemos su sexo, al tiempo (calendario y metereolgico), distancias. 1. What is its name? (Cmo se llama?) 2. 3. What time is it? (Qu hora es?)

Whats the weather like? Its raining (Qu tiempo hace?, est lloviendo)

It es una particula muy importante en ingls de la que los hablantes de lengua espaola se suelen olvidar. Dentro de los pronombres personales, el ingls distingue entre ponombres en funcin de sujeto y pronombres personales en funcin de objeto.

El pronombre en funcin de sujeto You are hungry

En ingls, a diferencia del espaol, debe figurar siempre:

El pronombre en funcin de objeto He saw her (l la vio)

Se coloca detrs del verbo al que complementa. She told me something (Ella me dijo algo) Siempre se utiliza tras preposiciones tales como for, to, with, at, entre otras: They always listen to her (Siempre la escuchan) Personal Pronouns VS. Genitive / Pronombres Personales y Genitivo El genitivo -s, no se ha de confundir con los pronombres personales que expresan posesin. As podemos decir: 1. Her car (su coche de ella) O podemos decir: 1. Andreas car (El coche de Andrea)

En ambos casos expresamos un poseedor y un posedo, en este caso el coche. En la primera frase, el pronombre posesivo femenino her indica que tanto el hablante como el oyente acaban de hacer referencia a la misma persona. En cambio en el segundo caso, el hablante quiere dar a conocer el nombre del poseedor. Siempre utilizamos el genitivo para referirnos a personas nunca a cosas o lugares, en estos casos utilizaremos la preposicin of. 1. The leg of the table (La pata de la mesa)

Tambin podemos utilizar el genitivo a final de oracin que acostumbra a ser la respuesta a una pregunta anterior. 1. 2. Where is your sister? (Dnde est tu hermana?) Shes at my parents (Est en casa de mis padres)

O cuando hablamos de cosas 1. My house is bigger than my neighbour s

(Mi casa es mas grande que la de mi vecino) WARNING! Cuando el poseedor es plural el genitivo se aade a final del poseedor pero solo aadiendo el apostrofe - y no la -s del genitivo

My colleagues house (La casa de mis colegas)

Pronombres III /Pronombres Reflexivos y recprocos del ingls

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS / PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS Y RECPROCOS Es importante comenzar sealando que los pronombres pueden estar en:
Singular o Plural: This/That vs. These/Those

Y que pueden hacer referencia a la distancia:

Aqu o all: This/These vs. That/Those

Ejemplos: 1. 2. Singular y aqu: Plural y aqu: I like this pencil (Me gusta este lapiz) I like these pencils (Me gustan estos lpices) 3. Singular y all:

I like that pencil (Me gusta aquel lpiz) 4. Plural y all:

I like those pencils (Me gustan aquellos lpices Los pronombres demostrativos pueden ir acompaados de un nombre como vemos en los ejemplos anteriores, o pueden ir solos como en el siguiente ejemplo: Ejemplos: 1. 2. This is a good CD (este es un buen CD) Who is that? (Quin es aquel/aquella?) Otros usos de this y that

Podemos utilizarlos cuando nos presentamos a otra persona al otro lado de la lnea telefnica: -This is Alicia speaking (Alicia al habla) O cuando no estamos seguros de con quin estamos hablando al otro lado de la lnea o a alguien que no vemos por que estamos en un sitio oscuro o en otra habitacin: - Peter, is that you? (eres tu, Peter?) This : Tambin lo podemos utilizar cuando presentamos a personas: - Lucy, this is my friend Gill (Lucy, esta es mi amiga Gill) That: Tambin lo podemos utilizar para Referirnos a algo del pasado: - That pizza was wonderfull (Aquella pizza estaba buensima) Tanto puede ser una pizza que acabamos de comer o de una pizza que comimos en las vacaciones del ao pasado. Confirmar lo que otra persona est diciendo: - Thats right (eso es) Quitar importancia a algo: - I havent done the homework today- (no he hecho los deberes hoy) - Thats all right (no pasa nada)

Pronombres IV / Pronombres Posesivos del ingls

POSSESSIVES/ POSESIVOS Los pronombres posesivos varan segn "el que posee" y no segn "la cantidad poseida": - my book, your book, my books, your books Los hay de dos tipo segn su funcin en la oracin:

En funcin de artculo determinantivo del sujeto:

Gramaticalmente funciona como un articulo determinativo del sustantivo al que acompaa, por lo tanto siempre va en primera posicin dentro de la oracin: - My bag is blue (Mi bolso es azul)

En funcin de pronombre: Siempre va al final de la oracin.

Gramaticalmente funciona como un pronombre en funcin de complento directo. -That pencil is not yours (Ese lpiz no es tuyo) Estas frases contestan a la pregunta: -Whose is this? (De quin es esto?)

Pronombres V / Pronombres reflexivos y recprocos del ingls

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS / PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS Y RECPROCOS Los pronombres reflexivos se usan cuando el sujeto y el complemento del verbo son la misma cosa: - I saw it for myself (Lo vi por mi mismo) Los pronombres recprocos se forman con las partculas: each other. Esta forma no es reflexiva si no que es una forma recproca. A diferencia del reflexivo tenemos dos sujetos diferentes que hablan el uno al otro, se miran el uno al otro, etc. Nunca puede haber ms de dos personas. - John and Peter spoke to each other on the trip (John y Peter se hablaron durante el viaje )

Lesson 2:

El artculo en ingls Los artculos en ingls, a diferencia del castellano, no tienen gnero. En muchas ocasiones la nocin de masculino, femenino o neutro coincide en castellano, pero no siempre es as. As por ejemplo, en castellano decimos: El coche "gnero masculino", en ingls es The car "gnero neutro: it", aunque podemos observar que en formas coloquiales podemos referirnos al coche adjudicndole gnero femenino: "My car let me down last night, she broke down". The article definite/El artculo determinado The corresponde a los siguientes artculos en espaol el, la, los, las. Tanto se utiliza para las formas singulares como para formas plurales. Ejemplos: The boy (el nio) masculino-singular The boys (los nios) masculino-plural The girl (la nia) femenino-singular The girls (las nias) femenino-plural

The book (el libro) neutro-singular The books (los libros) neutro-plural Este artculo puede ir precedido de las preposiciones of, to. En ingls no hay contraccin de preposicin y artculo. "Del" y "al" se traducen por: of the (del) to the (al). Ejemplos: Days of the week (das de la semana) I'm going to the garden (me voy al jardn) Usos del artculo The - En que casos utilizamos The?

Cuando sabemos de quin o de qu estamos hablando.

Utilizamos "the" para indicar algo o alguien en particular, por ello se llama definido. Hablamos de algo o alguien concreto que tanto el emisor como el receptor del mensaje conocen porque ya ha salido anteriormente en la conversacin o porque los dos lo conocen previamente. Ejemplo: Do you remember the day we went to New York?
(Recuerdas el da que fuimos a Nueva York?)

Cuando est claro a lo que nos referimos.

tu madre?)

Ejemplo: Where is the shop your mother works in? (Dnde esta la tienda en que trabaja

Para referirnos a nombres de lugares que se refieran a repblicas, estados o reinados. Ejemplo: We visited the United States (Visitamos los Estados Unidos)

Con los nombres plurales de mares, ocanos, canales y rios. Ejemplo: The Pennines (Las montaas Penines)

Cuando nombramos lugares de ocio o lugares emblemticos. Ejemplo: We visited the Eiffel tower (Visitamos la torre Eiffel)

Uilizamos The con la partcula "same", de la misma manera que se utiliza en espaol. Ejemplo: Your dress is the same as mine. (Tu vestido es como el mio)

Utilizamos The con la partcula "of"

Ejemplo: The house of Commons (la casa de los comunes-parlamento)

Para hacer referencia a los puntos cardinales north, south, east, west. Ejemplo: The south of France (El sur de Francia)

Con los adjetivos en grado superlativo:

Ejemplo: My dog is the best dog in the world (Mi perro es el mejor perro del mundo)

Con el verbo go+to: lugares de ocio (teatro, cine), consultores mdicos, consultores legales (abogados, etc), lugares que sierven de punto de encuentro

(aeropuertos, centro ciudad...), tiendas especializadas (farmacias, panaderas, etc) Cuando No usamos el artculo The

Cuando hablamos de algo en general.

Nunca utilizaremos the cuando nos referimos a la television , o cuando nos referimos a las pasadas o futuras horas de las comidas, los das de la semana, los meses del ao, las estaciones, los aos. Ejemplos: I dont like what is on tv tonight (No me gusta lo que dan por la tele esta noche) They will call me next week (Me llamarn la semana que viene)

Delante de nombres de personas aunque estos estn precedidos de ttulos. Con el verbo go + to: work, school, university, college, hospital, prision, church, bed

Con el verbo go sin preposicin: home

En general no se utiliza el artculo con nombres de lugares , aunque hay algunas excepciones como hemos visto en el apartado anterior.

En general no se utliliza el artculo con nombres de ciudades , aunque hay algunas excepciones como hemos visto en el apartado anterior.

El artculo indeterminado - The indeterminate article

A o an, corresponde a los siguientes artculos en espaol: un, una. A se usa con nombres que comienzan por consonante.
Ejemplos: a book = un libro a pen = un bolgrafo a chair = una silla

- Usamos a antes de una palabra comenzada por la letra u cuando esta es pronunciada como el sonido figurado "yu". Ejemplo: a university An se usa con nombres que comienzan por vocal.
Ejemplos: an animal = un animal an answer = una contestacin an example = un ejemplo

- Usamos an antes de una palabra comenzada por una h que no pronunciamos. Ejemplo: an hour Usos del artculo a/an Usamos a / an delante de los nombres singulares. I have bought a flower. (He comprado una flor) Usamos a / an cuando hablamos del oficio de alguien. Maria is a journalist. (Maria es periodista) No usamos a / an delante de nombres plurales. I have bought flowers. (He comprado flores)

Lesson 3:

Las preposiciones - The prepositions

Preposiciones de tiempo y lugar ON Significado: sobre, encima de, de, al Usos: delante de das, das concretos, das + meses, fechas, partes del da, fin de semana (ingls americano). My room is on the first floor You don't work on Sunday On the June 10th elections They go to church on Christmas day I usually play tennis on weekends Mi habitacin est en la primera planta. (ingls americano:on the second floor) T no trabajas el domingo En las elecciones del 10 de junio Ellos van a la iglesia en el da de Navidad Normalmente juego al tenis en los fines de semana (ingls americano) IN Significado: en, dentro, dentro de, hacia adentro. Usos: delante de: meses, aos, estaciones, partes del da.
I live in Brighton My birthday is in June I was born in 1970 vivo en Brighton mi cumpleaos es en junio nac en 1970

We often go swimming in the summer We usually watch TV in the evening

a menudo vamos a nadar en verano normalmente vemos la televisin al anochecer

AT Significado: en, a, por, delante, cerca de Usos: delante de: horas, das festivos, weekend (fin de semana) ingls britnico, night (noche), home (cuando el significado es estar en casa).
I live at 42 Porltand Street. He is at home. I always visit my parents at Christmas. I usually play tennis at weekends. At the end of my holiday. Vivo en el 42 de Portland Street. l est en casa. Siempre visito a mis padres en Navidad. Normalmente juego al tenis los fines de semana. Al final de mis vacaciones.

Preposiciones de lugar y movimiento OPPOSITE Significado: contrario, en frente de

The hotel is opposite the station. El hotel est en frente de la estacin.

ON THE CORNER Significado: en la esquina

The bank is on the corner. El banco est en la esquina

BETWEEN Significado: entre

The shop is between the baker's and the station. La tienda est entre la panaderia y la estacin.

IN FRONT OF Significado: enfrente de, delante de

There is a bus stop in front of the flower shop. hay una parada de bus enfrente de la floristera

NEAR Significado: cerca de

The school is near the bank. La escuela est cerca del banco.

BEHIND Significado: detrs de

The church is behind the school. la iglesia est detrs de la escuela.

NEXT TO Significado: a continuacin de, al lado de

It's next to the chemist's. Est junto a la farmacia.

INTO Significado: dentro de, en

The woman is diving into the water. La mujer est zambullndose dentro del agua.

OUT OF Significado: fuera de

My mother is out of the room. Mi madre est fuera de la habitacin.

OFF Significado: distante de, alejado de

My house is off the main road. Mi casa est alejada de la carretera principal.

Ejercicio Test: Preposiciones

A continuacin tienes una serie de cuestiones las cuales estn incompletas y tienes que completar seleccionando una de las tres posibles opciones. Al final del ejercicio haz clic en el botn "Corregir Ejercicio" y obtendrs la correccin del ejercicio Temas relacionados: Leccin Gramtica

1. There were many people ___ his funeral.

in at inside

2. I'm busy ____ the moment. I'm working ___ the computer. at / on in / on in / in 3. I met him ____ the South ___ Spain. by / in on / of in / of 4. My flat is ___ the first floor. in on at 5. Your boss suggests a meeting __ Sunday afternoon. in on at 6. We can meet __ the weekend. (american english) in on at

7. I'm busy ___ this weekend. __ in on

8. We often go swimming ___ the summer. on

in at 9. My brithday is ___ the 10th of June. on in at

10. I'll visit my parents ___ Christmas. in at on

11. Peter and Susan always go to church ___ Christmas day. in at on

12. I have seen your advertisement ___ the News. in at inside

13. We've decided getting married __ the spring. to in on

14. John lives somewhere near ___ Bournemouth. in

___ from

15. What time do you eat ___ the evening? in at on 16. He goes every evening ____ night clubs. to at ___

17. Yesterday I went with Mary ___ party. to a a at

18. Peter can't have been away. The lights were on __ his apartment. at of in

19. When I arrived Mike was talking ___ Susan. ___ to a

20. I went with my friends ___ last night. ___

the at

21. My father hopes to be retired ____ year because he wants to have more free time. next the next in next

22. We are going to travel __ train. with in by

23. We went __ Ireland ___ our holidays last year. to / in to / for in / for

24. ___ this time tomorrow we'll be flying over the Atlantic. in at for

25. Our friends are going to meet us ___ the airport tonight. in to at

26. This present is ___ you. to by for

27. We are watching a film __ TV. in on at

28. Turn __ the second left and you will find the bank. ___ in on

29. Peter is studying ___ a chemist. for to as

30. He suggested going __ a walk. for to to go

Lesson 4:

Lesson 5:

Los nmeros cardinales - The cardinal numbers

Del 1 al 12: one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve. Del 13 al 19: La terminacin es -teen que suena como <tin> thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen. 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90: La terminacin es -ty y suena como <ti> twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety Para formar decenas: Se aade un guin despus de la decenas y el nmero: twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three... (veintiuno, veintids, veintitrs....) forty-one, fifty-two, ninety-eight... (Cuarenta y uno, cincuenta y dos, noventa y ocho...) Para formar centenas: a/one hundred, two hundred.... (Cien, doscientos...) Para unir las centenas con las decenas: Se unirn con el and. two hundred and fifty-five... (doscientos cincuenta y cinco) Para los millares: a/one thousand, two thousand... (Mil, dos mil...) Para los millones: a/one million, two million... (Un milln, dos millones...) Ejemplos: a / one hundred and two (102)

three hundred and twelve (312) five thousand and ten (5,010) two million five hundred thousand (2,500,000) six thousand two hundred and seventy - nine ( 6,279) two thousand two hundred and twenty -two (2,222) three thousand three hundred and thirty -three (3,333)

NMEROS CARDINALES
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 101 200 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty twenty-one twenty-two thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety a/one hundred a/one hundred and one two hundred a/one thousand ten thousand a/one hundred thousand a/one million

Los nmeros ordinales - Ordinal Numbers

Primero, segundo y tercero son as: 1st 2nd 3rd first second third

La abreviatura de los nmeros ordinales se forma con el nmero en cifra seguido por las ltimas dos letras de la palabra completa: 1st (first), 2nd (second), 3rd (third), 20th (twentieth), 23rd (twenty-third)...

Del cuarto al decimoavo tienen la terminacin -th: 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth

Las decenas, millares y el milln tambin tienen la terminacin -th: Para los nmeros 20th, 30th, 40th, 50th, 60th, 70th, 80th y 90th (la terminacin suena como <tiez>) 20th 30th 40th 80th 100th 1000th 1.000.000th twentieth thirtieth fortieth eightieth hundredth thousandth millionth

Las decenas se unen con un guin al igual que los nmeros cardinales, pero las unidades tienen la terminacin -th, menos first que termina en -st, second que termina en -nd, y third que termina en -rd.

21st 22nd 23rd 24th

twenty-first twenty-second twenty-third twenty-fourth

FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL PROGRAMA DE INGENIERA CIVIL PLAN DE ESTUDIOS SEMESTRE I Geometria Matemticas Generales Introduccin a la Ingeniera Dibujo Espaol Actividad Fsica Formativa SEMESTRE II Clculo I Algebra Lineal Programacin I Geometria Descriptiva Humanidades I SEMESTRE III Clculo II Estadstica Programacin II Mecnica Laboratorio de Mecnica Topografa I Prctica de Topografa I Humanidades II SEMESTRE IV Esttica Clculo III Fsica de Fluidos Laboratorio de Fsica de Fluidos Geologa Topografa II Prctica de Topografa II Metodologa de la Investigacin SEMESTRE V Resistencia de Materiales Mecnica de Fluidos Materiales I Ecuaciones Diferenciales Economa Qumica Sanitaria Laboratorio de Qumica Sanitaria Seminario Investigativo Nivel A SEMESTRE VI Anlisis Estructural I T P 4 4 3 1 3 4 2 T P 4 4 4 4 4 T P 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 T P 5 4 4 2 2 4 1 4 2 2 2 T P 5 5 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 1 T P 5 REQUISITOS Y CORREQUISITOS(*)

REQUISITOS Y CORREQUISITOS (*) Matemticas Generales Matemticas Generales Algebra Lineal (*) Dibujo - Geometra Espaol REQUISITOS Y CORREQUISITOS (*) Clculo I Clculo I Programacin I Clculo I Mecnica (*) Dibujo - Gemotera Topografa I (*) Espaol REQUISITOS Y CORREQUISITOS (*) Clculo II - Fsica I Clculo II Fsica I Laboratorio de Mecnica, Fsica de Fluidos Topografa I Topografa I - Geometra Descriptiva Prctica de Topografa I, Topografa II (*) Estadstica REQUISITOS Y CORREQUISITOS (*) Esttica Esttica - Fsica II Geologa Clculo II Estadstica Estadstica Qumica Sanitaria (*) REQUISITOS Y CORREQUISITOS (*) Resistencia de Materiales - Ecuaciones Diferenciales(*)

NMEROS ORDINALES
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth

17th seventeenth 18th eighteenth 19th nineteenth 20th twentieth 21st twenty-first 22nd twenty-second 30th thirtieth 40th fortieth 50th fiftieth 60th sixtieth 70th seventieth 80th eightieth 90th ninetieth 100th hundredth 101st hundred and first 200th two hundredth 1.000th thousandth 10.000th ten thousandth 100.000th hundred thousandth 1.000.000th millionth

Lesson 6:

Nombres: Singular y Plural - Nouns: Singular and Plural

Reglas gramaticales A la mayoria de nombres se les agrega una s al final para formar el plural. camera / cameras pen / pens cup / cups car / cars Reglas generales para formar el plural Palabras que terminan en consonante + y: la Y cambia a I y aadimos ES party - parties city - citIES Palabras que terminan en vocal + y: aadimos una S. boy - boyS toy - toyS Palabras que terminan en SS, S, SH, CH, X, O: aadimos ES glass - glassES bus - busES brush - brushES watch - watchES box - boxES tomato - tomatoES Palabras que terminan en F, FE: cambiamos la F o FE por VES leaf - leaVES wife - wives Plurales irregulares Muchos sustantivos se pluralizan de un modo irregular, existen dos casos: caso 1 Cuando el singular y plural no cambian. fish (pez o pescado) singular

fish (peces o pescados) plural sheep (oveja) singular sheep (ovejas) plural El plural de fish puede ser fishes en el caso de que nos refiramos a disintas clases de pescado. Ejemplo: There are over 24,000 described species of fishes in the world. Caso 2 Cuando el plural vara de modo irregular. Por lo tanto, no existe regla la cual se pueda seguir y hay que aprenderse las formas irregulares de cada uno.
SINGULAR SIGNIFICADO PLURAL SIGNIFICADO

man woman child person tooth foot mouse

hombre mujer nio persona diente pie ratn

men women children people teeth feet mice

hombres mujeres nios personas dientes pies ratones

Lesson 7:

El adjetivo - The adjective

Un adjetivo es una palabra que acompaa y modifica al nombre. Puede ampliar, complementar o cuantificar su tamao. the tall professor a seven-year-old child El ingls tiene ocho clases de adjetivos:
Clases de adjetivos: 1. Calificativos: fat, red, nice... 2. Demostrativos: this, that, these, those 3. Distributivos: each, every, either, neither 4. Cuantitativos: some ,any, many... 5. Interrogativos: which?, what? ...

6. Posesivos: my, your... 7. Propios: English, Spanish 8. Numerales: one, four, first, second...

El gnero y nmero El adjetivo en ingls es invariable, es decir, no cambia con el gnero ni con el nmero: fast --> rpido, rpida, rpidos, rpidas Los adjetivos demostrativos tienen diferentes formas para el singular y el plural: this pencil (este lpiz) these pencils (estos lpices) los adjetivos cuantitativos tienen diferentes formas para el singular y el plural: much milk (mucha leche) many books (muchos libros)

Los adjetivos cualificativos - The descriptive adjectives

Los adjetivos son palabras que nombran o indican cualidades, rasgos y propiedades de los nombres o sustantivos a los que acompaan. It's a dark street It's getting old El adjetivo se situa antes del nombre o despus de un grupo de verbos (appear, be, become, feel, get, look, seem, smell, stay, taste) My sister is beautiful She looks tired It's getting dark Podemos usar dos o ms adjetivos juntos: a small black book El orden de los adjetivos Como norma general, seguimos el siguiente orden cuando utilizamos varios adjetivos:
1 2 opinin /valor tamao y longitud delicious, wonderful, nice... huge, short, large, small ...

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

edad / temperatura forma y superficie color origen material uso nombre

new, old, hot ... round, fat, thin ... red, black ... Spanish, American, Victorian ... silver, cotton, paper, iron ... electric, political bath (towel)

a large black paper a small red table a wonderful old city a small old bath towel

Lesson 8:
Construir frases negativas e interrogativas en ingls
Notas a tener en cuenta a la hora de construir frases negativas e interrogativas A la hora de construir frases en ingls es importante tener en cuenta que hay dos maneras de hacer frases negativas e interrogativas que vendr determinado por si estamos ante el verbo ser/estar (to be), el verbo tener (have got) o el resto de verbos. Los verbos to be y have got no necesitan ninguna partcula adicional para hacer preguntas o negaciones. En cambio, el resto de verbos necesitan lo que se llama un auxiliar, en este caso el "Do". Ejemplo con To be Frase afirmativa: I am tired / I'm tired (Estoy cansado) Frase negativa: I am not tired / I'm not tired (No estoy cansado) Frase interrogativa: Am I tired? (estoy cansado?) Ejemplo con Have got Frase afirmativa: They have got a car / They've got a car (Tienen un coche) Frase negativa: They have not got a car / They haven't got a car (No tienen un coche) Frase interrogativa: Have they got a car? (Tienen un coche?) Nota a tener en cuenta con los verbos Have got/Have Los dos verbos significan tener. La nica diferencia est el uso del auxiliar en el momento de hacer frases interrogativas o frases negativas. En la forma have got el verbo have ya hace

de auxiliar, pero el verbo have s necesita el auxiliar do para construir la frase negativa e interrogativa. Ejemplo con Have Frase afirmativa: I have a car (Tengo un coche) Frase negativa: I do not have a car / I don't have a car (No tengo un coche) Frase interrogativa: Do I have a car? (Tengo un coche?) Otros verbos Frase afirmativa: You dance every day (Bailas cada da) Frase negativa: You do not dance every day / You don't dance every day (No bailas cada da) Frase interrogativa: Do you dance every dance? (Bailas cada da?) Contracciones de los verbos Es importante notar el aspecto de las contracciones de los verbos. Las dos formas son correctas, sin embargo la contraccin es ms utilizada en el da a da, en conversaciones informales. Si en lugar de decir "They haven't got a car" decimos "They have not got a car" lo que estaramos haciendo es poniendo nfasis en el hecho de que ellos no tienen un coche. Es aconsejable que cuando hagamos un un escrito formal no utilicemos las contracciones, ya que demostraramos un registro inadecuado.

Formas Cortas - Formas Contractas - Short Forms

Algunas conjugaciones pueden contraerse cuando van detrs de pronombres como I, you, he... I am --> I'm Tambin las podemos usar detrs de nombres. Susan has had a baby --> Susan's had a baby Las formas cortas se utilizan en el lenguage coloquial y en cartas informales.
Verbo am (presente verbo to be) are (presente verbo to be) is (presente verbo to be) has (presente verbo to have) have (presente verbo to have) had (pasado verbo to have) would (condicional) Forma corta I'm you're, we're, you're, they're he's, she's, it's he's, she's, it's I've, you've, we've, they've I'd, you'd, he'd, she'd, it'd, we'd, they'd I'd, you'd, he'd, she'd, it'd, we'd, they'd

will (futuro) shall (futuro)

I'll, you'll, he'll, she'll, it'll, we'll, you'll, they'll I'll, we'll

Hacemos formas cortas con los pronombres interrogativos.

Verbo is (presente verbo to be) had (pasado verbo to have) would (condicional) will (futuro)

Forma corta what's, who's, when's, how's... who'd who'd what'll, who'll

Podemos hacer formas cortas con here, there y that.

Forma larga here is there is / there will that is / that will

Forma corta here's there's / there'll that's / that'll

Tambin podemos hacer la forma corta de algunos verbos en negativo.

Verbo is (presente verbo to be) are (presente verbo to be) do (presente verbo to do) does (presente verbo to do) did (pasado verbo to do) has (presente verbo to have) have (presente verbo to have) had (pasado verbo to have) would, can, must, need, should... will (futuro) shall (futuro) Forma larga negativa is not are not do not does not did not has not have not had not would not, can not, must not... will not shall not Forma corta negativa isn't aren't don't doesn't didn't hasn't haven't hadn't wouldn't, can't, mustn't, needn't, shouldn't... won't shan't

Lesson 9:

Diferencias que sufren las terceras personas del singular

A continuacin ponemos ejemplos de las diferencias que sufren las llamadas terceras personas del singular: He (l), She (ella), it (ello, forma neutra que no existe en castellano y se utiliza para referirnos a cosas, eventos (como estados meterolgicos, reuniones, acontecimientos en general) o animales de los que no sabemos su sexo). Estas diferencias de las terceras personas del singular solo se da en todas las formas del presente: Present simple y Present continuos, Present perfect simple y Present perfect continuous. Verbo To be: Frase afirmativa: She is tired / She's tired (Ella est cansada) Frase negativa: She is not tired / She isn't tired (Ella no est cansada) Frase interrogativa: Is she tired? (Est ella cansada?) Verbo Have got: Frase afirmativa: He has got a car / He's got a car (l tiene un coche) Frase negativa: He has not got a car / He hasn't got a car (l no tiene un coche) Frase interrogativa: Has he got a car? (Tiene l un coche?) Otros Verbos: Frase afirmativa: It rains every day (Llueve cada da) Frase negativa: It does not rain every day / It doesn't rain every day (No llueve cada da) Frase interrogativa: Does it rain every day? (Llueve cada da?)

English Verb Conjugation (Conjugacin del verbo en ingls)

Ej: verbo swin (nadar)

Presente / Present I You He She It We You They Affirmative swin swin swins swins swins swin swin swin

Ejemplo: Yo voy - Voy yo? - Yo no voy Interrogative Do I swin? Do you swin? Does He swin? Does She swin? Does It swin? Do We swin? Do You swin? Do They swin? I You He She It We You They Negative do not do not does not does not does not do not do not do not swin swin swin swin swin swin swin swin

Presente continuo / Present continuos I You He She It We You They Affirmative am swinning are swinning is swinning is swinning is swinning are swinning are swinning are swinning

Ejemplo: Yo estoy yendo - Estoy yendo yo? - Yo no estoy yendo Am Are Is Is Is Are Are Are Interrogative I Swinning? you swinning? he swinning? she swinning ? it swinning ? we swinning ? you swinning ? they swinning ? I You He She It We You They Negative am not are not is not is not is not are not are not are not swinning swinning swinning swinning swinning swinning swinning swinning

Pasado / Past I You He She It We You They Affirmative swinned swinned swinned swinned swinned swinned swinned swinned Did Did Did Did Did Did Did Did

Ejemplo: Yo fui - Fui yo? - Yo no fui Interrogative I swin? you swin? He swin? She swin? It swin? We swin? You swin? They swin? I You He She It We You They Negative did not did not did not did not did not did not did not did not swin swin swin swin swin swin swin swin

Futuro / Future I You He Affirmative will swin will swin will swin

Ejemplo: Yo ir - Ir yo? - Yo no ir Interrogative Will I swin? Will you swin? Will He swin? I You He Negative will not will not will not swin swin swin

She It We You They

will will will will will

swin swin swin swin swin

Will Will Will Will Will

She It We You They

swin? swin? swin? swin? swin?

She It We You They

will not will not will not will not will not

swin swin swin swin swin

Pretrito Perfecto / Present Perfect I You He She It We You They Affirmative have swinned have swinned has swinned has swinned has swinned have swinned have swinned have swinned Have Have Has Has Has Have Have Have

Ejemplo: Yo he ido - He ido yo? - Yo no he ido Interrogative I swinned? you swinned? He swinned? She swinned? It swinned? We swinned? You swinned? They swinned? I You He She It We You They Negative have not have not has not has not has not have not have not have not swinned swinned swinned swinned swinned swinned swinned swinned

Pluscuamperfecto / Past Perfect I You He She It We You They Affirmative had swinned had swinned had swinned had swinned had swinned had swinned had swinned had swinned Had Had Had Had Had Had Had Had

Ejemplo: Yo haba ido - Haba ido yo? - Yo no haba ido Interrogative I swinned? you swinned? He swinned? She swinned? It swinned? We swinned? You swinned? They swinned? I You He She It We You They Negative had not had not had not had not had not had not had not had not swinned swinned swinned swinned swinned swinned swinned swinned

Condicional Simple / Conditional I You He She It We You Affirmative would swin would swin would swin would swin would swin would swin would swin Would Would Would Would Would Would Would

Ejemplo: Yo ira - Ira yo? - Yo no ira Interrogative I swin ? you swin? he swin ? she swin ? it swin ? we swin ? you swin ? Negative I would not You would not He would not She would not It would not We would not You would not swin swin swin swin swin swin swin

They would

swin

Would they

swin ?

They would not

swin

Condicional Perfecto / Conditional Perfect Affirmative I would have swinned You would have swinned He would have swinned She would have swinned It would have swinned We would have swinned You would have swinned They would have swinned

Ejemplo: Yo habra ido - Habra ido yo? - Yo no habra ido I You He She It We You They Negative would not have would not have would not have would not have would not have would not have would not have would not have swinned swinned swinned swinned swinned swinned swinned swinned

Would Would Would Would Would Would Would Would

Interrogative I have swinned ? you have swinned? he have swinned ? she have swinned ? it have swinned ? we have swinned ? you have swinned ? they have swinned ?

Ej: Verbo do (hacer)

Presente / Present I You He She It We You They Affirmative do do does does does do do do Ejemplo: Yo voy - Voy yo? - Yo no voy Interrogative Do I Do you Does He Does She Does It Do We Do You Do They do? do? do? do? do? do? do? do? I You He She It We You They Negative do not do not does not does not does not do not do not do not do do do do do do do do

Presente continuo / Present continuos I You He She It We You They Affirmative am are is is is are are are doing doing doing doing doing doing doing doing

Ejemplo: Yo estoy yendo - Estoy yendo yo? - Yo no estoy yendo Am Are Is Is Is Are Are Are Interrogative I doing ? you doing ? he doing ? she doing ? it doing ? we doing ? you doing ? they doing ? I You He She It We You They Negative am not are not is not is not is not are not are not are not doing doing doing doing doing doing doing doing

Pasado / Past I You He She It We You They Affirmative did did did did did did did did Did Did Did Did Did Did Did Did

Ejemplo: Yo fui - Fui yo? - Yo no fui Interrogative I you He She It We You They do? do? do? do? do? do? do? do? I You He She It We You They Negative did not did not did not did not did not did not did not did not do do do do do do do do

Futuro / Future I You He She It We You They Affirmative will will will will will will will will do do do do do do do do Will Will Will Will Will Will Will Will

Ejemplo: Yo ir - Ir yo? - Yo no ir Interrogative I you He She It We You They do? do? do? do? do? do? do? do? I You He She It We You They Negative will not will not will not will not will not will not will not will not do do do do do do do do

Pretrito Perfecto / Present Perfect I You He She It We You They Affirmative have have has has has have have have done done done done done done done done Have Have Has Has Has Have Have Have

Ejemplo: Yo he ido - He ido yo? - Yo no he ido Interrogative I done? you done? He done? She done? It done? We done? You done? They done? I You He She It We You They Negative have not have not has not has not has not have not have not have not done done done done done done done done

Pluscuamperfecto / Past Perfect I You Affirmative had done had done

Ejemplo: Yo haba ido - Haba ido yo? - Yo no haba ido I You Negative had not had not done done

Interrogative Had I done? Had you done?

He She It We You They

had had had had had had

done done done done done done

Had Had Had Had Had Had

He She It We You They

done? done? done? done? done? done?

He She It We You They

had not had not had not had not had not had not

done done done done done done

Condicional Simple / Conditional Affirmative I would do You would do He would do She would do It would do We would do You would do They would do Would Would Would Would Would Would Would Would

Ejemplo: Yo ira - Ira yo? - Yo no ira Interrogative I do ? you do? he do ? she do ? it do ? we do ? you do ? they do ? I You He She It We You They Negative would not would not would not would not would not would not would not would not do do do do do do do do

Condicional Perfecto / Conditional Perfect Affirmative I would have You would have He would have She would have It would have We would have You would have They would have done done done done done done done done Would Would Would Would Would Would Would Would

Ejemplo: Yo habra ido - Habra ido yo? - Yo no habra ido done ? done? done ? done ? done ? done ? done ? done ? I You He She It We You They Negative would not have would not have would not have would not have would not have would not have would not have would not have done done done done done done done done

Interrogative I have you have he have she have it have we have you have they have

Lesson 10:
Tiempos Verbales - Presente simple Verb Tenses - Present simple
Gramatical Structure / Estructura Gramatical (example with verb to talk) Afirmative clause / Frase afirmativa Sujeto + verbo principal --> I talk (Yo hablo) Negative clause / Frase negativa Sujeto + auxiliar negativo + verbo principal --> I don't talk (Yo no hablo) Interrogative clause/ Frase interrogativa Auxiliar + sujeto + verbo principal? --> Do I talk? (Hablo yo?)

El presente simple se utiliza para hablar de cosas que suceden habitualmente. Se suele utilizar con los siguientes adverbios de tiempo (ordenados segn su frecuencia): Always, every day, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, barely, hardly ever, never. - I have my lunch every day at school. (Yo como cada da en la escuela) Se utiliza para hablar de acciones de larga duracin, hechos cientficos o generalidades. - Elephants live in Africa and India. (Los elefantes viven en frica y en India) Excepciones: Cuando utilizamos el verbo "to be", este siempre va delante del adverbio. Por ejemplo: - I never go to hotels (el adverbio "never" va delante del verbo principal Go) - I am always happy (el adverbio "always" va detrs del verbo principal Be) Con los horarios de trenes, autobuses, metros, aviones, etc... se utiliza siempre el presente simple independientemente de que la accin est sucediendo en el mismo momento en que hablamos. Por ejemplo: - The plain lands at 14:30 (ahora son las 14:25) - The train arrives on time today (estamos en la estacin de tren y vemos a nuestro tren acercarse al andn)

Gramtica inglesa- English Grammar

Tiempos Verbales - Presente continuo Verb Tenses - Present continuos

Gramatical Structure / Estructura Gramatical (example with verb to talk) Afirmative clause / Frase afirmativa Sujeto + to be + verbo en gerundio --> I am talking (Estoy hablando) Negative clause / Frase negativa Sujeto + to be + not + verbo en gerundio --> I am not talking (No estoy hablando) Interrogative clause/ Frase interrogativa To be + sujeto + verbo en gerundio? --> Am I talking? (Estoy hablando?) El presente continuo se utiliza para hablar sobre algo que est pasando en el momento en el que hablamos. I'm writing a letter. Estoy escribiendo una carta. He is doing some homework. l est haciendo algunos deberes. Tambin lo usamos para hablar de algo que est sucediendo en la actualidad pero no necesariamente cuando hablamos. I'm looking for a job at the moment En estos momentos estoy buscando trabajo. Usamos el presente continuo para hablar de algo que est ya decidido que se har en el futuro. - I'm meeting a friend this evening. (He quedado con un amigo esta noche) - What are you doing next weekend? (Qu vas a hacer este fin de semana?) - we are watching a film at home. (Veremos una pelcula en casa). Excepciones: Con los verbos de sentimiento: "Like, dislike, love, hate", siempre le seguir un verbo en gerundio (-ing). Por ejemplo: Peter loves dancing (a Pedro le encanta bailar).

Let's practice: Put the sentences into the correct order

Ejercicio: Ordenar frases Tema: Presente simple y presente continuo

Pon en orden las siguientes frases como en el siguiente ejemplo:

I / married / when / young / was / I I married when I was young Escribe en las cajas de texto, al final del ejercicio encontrars las respuestas.

1) is / having / He / breakfast

2) every / basketball / play / I / Tuesday

3) 7:30 / gets up / My father / at

4) do / What / every / day / do / you / ?

5) holiday / going / I'm / on / thinking / of

6) I do / read / do / you / books / a lot of / Yes,

7) and / sometimes / the cinema / my friend / I / to / go

8) brother / doesn't / Canada / live / My / in

9) to / How / go / do / your / you / school

10) the summer / really / important / sun cream / wear / It's / to / in

11) days / these / Peter /What / doing / is / ?

12) looking / I'm / for / at / a job / the moment

Solucin ejercicio: 1. He is having breakfast. .2. I play basketball every tuesday. 3. My father gets up at 7:30 4. What do you do every day? 5. I'm thinking of going on holiday. 6. Do you read a lot of books? Yes, I do. 7. My friend and I sometimes go to the cinema. 8. My brother doesn't live in Canada. 9. How do you go to your school? 10. It's really important to wear sun cream in the summer. 12.What is Peter doing these days? 13 I'm looking for a job at the moment..

Lesson 11:

Formas Cortas - Formas Contractas - Short Forms

Algunas conjugaciones pueden contraerse cuando van detrs de pronombres como I, you, he... I am --> I'm Tambin las podemos usar detrs de nombres.

Susan has had a baby --> Susan's had a baby Las formas cortas se utilizan en el lenguage coloquial y en cartas informales.
Verbo am (presente verbo to be) are (presente verbo to be) is (presente verbo to be) has (presente verbo to have) have (presente verbo to have) had (pasado verbo to have) would (condicional) will (futuro) shall (futuro) Forma corta I'm you're, we're, you're, they're he's, she's, it's he's, she's, it's I've, you've, we've, they've I'd, you'd, he'd, she'd, it'd, we'd, they'd I'd, you'd, he'd, she'd, it'd, we'd, they'd I'll, you'll, he'll, she'll, it'll, we'll, you'll, they'll I'll, we'll

Hacemos formas cortas con los pronombres interrogativos.

Verbo is (presente verbo to be) had (pasado verbo to have) would (condicional) will (futuro)

Forma corta Whats, who's, when's, how's... who'd who'd what'll, who'll

Podemos hacer formas cortas con here, there y that.

Forma larga here is there is / there will that is / that will

Forma corta here's there's / there'll that's / that'll

Tambin podemos hacer la forma corta de algunos verbos en negativo.

Verbo is (presente verbo to be) are (presente verbo to be) do (presente verbo to do) does (presente verbo to do) did (pasado verbo to do) Forma larga negativa is not are not do not does not did not Forma corta negativa isn't aren't don't doesn't didn't

has (presente verbo to have) have (presente verbo to have) had (pasado verbo to have) would, can, must, need, should... will (futuro) shall (futuro)

has not have not had not Would not, can not, must not... will not shall not

hasn't haven't hadn't Wouldnt, can't, mustn't, needn't, shouldn't... won't shan't

Lesson 12:

El tiempo - Study english: The time

La hora en ingls Una manera fcil de decir la hora es la de decir los nmeros tal cual: 10.20 ten twenty 2.15 5.45 two fifteen five forty-five

Para decir las horas en punto podemos decir: nine o nine o'clock (nueve en punto) Pero no podemos decir: six-thirty o'clock Podemos dar la exactitud de la hora diciendo: 11:00 eleven a.m eleven in the morning eleven p.m eleven at night Otra manera de decir la hora es la siguiente: 1:00 one o'clock

3:10 ten past three 4:15 a quarter past four 5:30 half past five 8:35 twenty-five to nine 9:45 a quarter to ten Diferencias entre ingls britnico e ingls americano * a quarter past (UK) y cuarto // a quarter after (US) y cuarto * a half past (UK) y media // thirty (US) y media Preguntar y decir la hora What time is it? What's the time? (Qu hora es?) Its... (Es la... Son las...) (At) What time...? (A qu hora... ?) It's about... (Son aproximadamente las ... ) En el ingls americano no se suele utilizar la expresin half past (y media). En su lugar tratan a la hora como si fuese digital. En cambio s utilizan a quarter past (y cuarto) y a quarter to (menos cuarto). No se utiliza oralmente el reloj de 24 horas excepto para el caso de horarios de aviones o trenes. Entonces para decir que son las 4:00 podemos decir four o'clock in the morning. Para decir 16:30 se dira half past four in the afternoon. Para diferenciar la maana de la tarde se emplea am y pm. Eleven a.m eleven in the morning (por la maana) eleven p.m eleven at night (por la noche)

Vocabulary
El abecedario - The alphabet
Abecedario (pronunciacin figurada)

A (i) D (di) G (gi) J (jei) M (em)

B (bi) E (i) H (eich) K (kei) N (en)

C (si) F (ef) I (ai) L (el) O (ou)

P (pi) S (es) V (vi) Y (ui)

Q (kiu) T (ti) W (dobliu) Z (sed)

R (ar) U (yu) X (ecs)

La familia
Ingls adopted aunt brother cousin dad daughter daughter-in-law elder family father father-in-law foster parents godfather godmother grandchild grandchildren granddad granddaughter grandfather grandma grandmother grandpa grandparents grandson great-grandfather husband mother mother-in-law mum nephew niece older only child orphan Espaol adoptado ta hermano primo/a pap hija nuera el/la mayor familia padre suegro familia de acogida padrino madrina nieto/a nietos abuelito nieta abuelo abuelita abuela abuelito abuelos nieto bisabuelo marido madre suegra mam sobrino sobrina mayor hijo/a nico/a hurfano

great-grandmother bisabuela

Los colores
Ingls black blue brown green grey navy orange pink purple red white yellow Espaol negro azul marron verde gris azul marino naranja rosa violeta / morado rojo Blanco amarillo

Las personas
Ingls adolescent adult baby boy chap child fellow gentleman girl grown-up individual lady man middle-aged old people Espaol adolescente adulto beb chico to nio/a colega seor, caballero chica adulto individuo seora hombre de mediana edad viejo gente

person teenager toddler woman young youth

persona adolescente nio que empieza a andar mujer joven adolescente