ლომთაძე - ლექსიკოლოგია 1 2

Tamar lomTaZe
qarTuli enis
leqsikologiis
sakiTxebi
gamomcemloba „meridiani“
Tbilisi 2014
2 Tamar lomTaZe
saxelmZRvanelo „qarTuli enis leqsikologiis sakiTxe-

bi“ Seqmnilia arnold Ciqobavas, biZina foCxuas, aleqsandre
Rlontis, Tamaz gamyreliZis da sxvaTa leqsikologiuri
gamokvlevebis mixedviT. wigns safuZvlad daedo saleqcio
kursi qarTul leqsikologiaSi, romelic zemoaRniSnuli
Sromebis garda moicavda Tanamedrove Tvalsazrisebsac leq-
sikologiis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.
wigni gankuTvnilia filologiis fakultetis studen-
tebisaTvis da enaTmecnieruli sakiTxebiT dainteresebul
pirTaTvis.
redaqtori giorgi gogolaSvili

recenzentebi avTandil arabuli
marina qacarava
© gamomcemloba „meridiani“
© T. lomTaZe
ISBN 978-9941-10-836-5
qarTuli enis leqsikologiis sakiTxebi 3
winasityvaoba
qarTuli leqsikologiis saxelmZRvaneloebi b. fo-

Cxuas „qarTuli enis leqsikologiisa“ (1974 ) da a. Rlontis
„qarTuli leqsikologiis safuZvlebis“ (1988) Semdeg aRar
gamocemula. Tanamedrove lingvistika ki yoveldRiurad
viTardeba. 21-e saukunes teqnologiur inovaciaTa sauku-
nesac uwodeben. teqnologiurma revoluciebma axali gamo-
wvevebis winaSe daayena leqsikologiuri kvlevebi: manqanu-
ri Targmani ufro gamowvlilviT analizs moiTxovs si-
tyvaTa semantikisa da Sexamebadobisa. ganviTarda korpu-
suli leqsikografia. amitom gaCnda saWiroeba Tanamedro-
ve saxelmZRvanelos Seqmnisa, romelSic aRniSnuli prob-
lemebic iqneboda gaTvaliswinebuli. swored am mcdelobis
Sedegia Tqven winaSe. Tavebs Tan axlavs kiTxvebi TviTSe-
mowmebisaTvis da davalebebi. saxelmZRvanelos, ra Tqma
unda, ara aqvs srulyofilebis pretenzia, amitom saqmian
SeniSvnebs siamovnebiT miviRebT.
4 Tamar lomTaZe
leqsikologiis sagani
leqsikologia enaTmecnierebis erT-erTi dargia.

igi berZnuli sityvaa (berZ. λεξικός — sityva da λόγος — si-
tyva, moZRvreba; leqsikologia — moZRvreba leqsikis Sesa-
xeb) da rogorc saxelwodeba gviCvenebs Seiswavlis enis
leqsikas. anu, enaTmecnierebis im dargs, romelic leqsikas
Seiswavlis, ewodeba leqsikologia. rogorc T. gamyreliZe
miuTiTebs, mas calke enobrivi done ar Seesabameba, igi si-
tyvebs (leqsemebs) kompleqsurad Seiswavlis (T. gamyreli-
Ze, 2003, 348).
leqsikologia ikvlevs enis leqsikur fonds, mis Se-
madgenlobas, funqcionirebas da cvalebadobas.
arsebobs aRweriTi da istoriuli leqsikologia. aR-
weriTi, anu sinqroniuli (berZ. syn — erTad, chromos — dro)
leqsikologia Seiswavlis leqsikis Tanamedrove mdgomare-
obas, xolo istoriuli anu diaqroniuli (berZ. dia — Se-
mdgom, chronos — dro) leqsikologia Seiswavlis leqsikas
misi istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi.
leqsika rom Zalze mniSvnelovani nawilia enisa, amaze
mianiSnebs sayovelTaod aRiarebuli debuleba: yoveli
enis safuZvels Seadgens gramatikuli wyoba da ZiriTadi
leqsikuri fondi.
ra TvalsazrisiT swavlobs leqsikas leqsikologia?
leqsikologia iZleva sityvaTa maragis daxasiaTebas (mdi-
daria Tu Raribi enis leqsika), analizs ukeTebs leqsikis
Semadgenlobas, gamoyofs sityvaTa sxvadasxva Sinaarsob-
riv jgufebs, arkvevs, Tu ra adgili ukavia maT enis leqsi-
kaSi, Seiswavlis imas, Tu rogor viTardeba leqsika da sxv.
amrigad, leqsikologiis Seswavlis obieqtia sityvis
mniSvneloba, emociuri ieri, Sefasebis momenti, xmarebis
sfero, urTierTdamokidebuleba, gamdidreba, anu mTeli
leqsikuri fondis Semadgenlobisa da dinamikis Seswavla.
leqsikologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi
leqsikologiis Seswavlis obieqtia sityva. leqsiko-

logiisaTvis sityva aris bgeraTSeerTeba, romelsac sa-
gnobrivi (leqsikuri) mniSvneloba aqvs.
enaTmecnierebaSi sityvis sinonimad gvxvdeba termini
sityvaforma.
leqsa (berZn. leksis — laparaki, matyveleba) aris si-
tyvaforma an iseTi Sesityveba, romelSic erT-erTi si-
tyvaforma leqsikuri mniSvnelobis matarebelia, xolo da-
narCeni ki — fleqsiurisa. magaliTad, Tanxa gaRebul iqna.
iseT leqsaTa simravles, romlebic mxolod fleqsiuri
mniSvnelobebiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan leqsema
ewodeba. e. i sityva paradigmatul aspeqtSi leqsemad gvev-
lineba. leqsema aris enobrivi erTeuli, romelic metyve-
lebaSi vlindeba erT-erTi (zogjer erTaderTi) Tavisi
konkretuli formis — leqsas saxiT. leqsema ganzogadebis
Sedegia. igi enobrivi sistemis abstraqtuli erTeulia. ma-
galiTad, leqsema deda warmodgenilia dedas, dedis, de-
dad... leqsaTa saxiT.
erTi leqsemis warmomadgenel leqsebs aloleqsebi
ewodeba. aloleqsebs saerTo fuZe da erTnairi paradigma-
tuli qceva aqvT; isini erTsa da imave struqturul klass
ganekuTvnebian. zogjer leqsa erTze met leqsemaSi Sedis,
magaliTad, leqsa dRes, erTi mxriv, dRe leqsemis warmo-
madgenelia — es leqsema mraval sxvadasxva leqsas Seicavs
(dRe, dRem, dRes, dReebi...), meore mxriv ki igi im leqsemis
warmomadgenelia, romelSic erTaderTi — dRes leqsa Se-
dis (dRes kargi amindia).
amgvarad, leqsema enobriv niSanTa — leqsaTa simrav-
les warmoadgens. igi fonemuri, morfemuli, sintaqsuri da
semantikuri variantebis erTobliobaa. (zogjer leqsemas
6 Tamar lomTaZe
mxolod gramatikuli mniSvneloba aqvs, magaliTad, damxma-

re zmnebi).
leqsemis cnebis paradigmatuli ganzogadebaa voka-
bulis cneba. vokabula (laT. vocabula — saxelwodeba) aris
saleqsikono statiis saTauri. masSi erTiandeba semantiku-
rad monaTesave leqsemebi, romlebic emTxveva erTmaneTs
gamoxatulebis planSi. zog SemTxvevaSi sityvaze saubrisas
vokabulasac gulisxmoben.
aRsaniSni faqtebis cnebiTi, sagnobrivi da funqciu-
ri msgavseba aisaxeba leqsikur erTeulTa vrcel gaerTia-
nebebSi — semantikur velebSi. isini aerTianeben ara leq-
semebs, aramed calkeul semantemebs. erTsa da imave seman-
tikur velSi erTiandeba sxvadasxva struqturuli klase-
bis wevri leqsemebis mniSvnelobebi. mag.: viwro, viwrod, si-
viwrove erTsa da imave mniSvnelobas warmoadgens sivrcis
velSi. leqsemaTa semantikuri naTesaobis cneba, rogorc
Cans, swored velis cnebas ukavSirdeba. SeiZleba gamovyoT
magaliTad, drois, sivrcis, siCqaris, adamianis Sinagani
mdgomareobis da sxva velebi.
leqsikur erTeulTa nakleb zogadi gaerTianebebia
leqsikur-semantikuri jgufebi (leqsikuri velebi). es
erTgvari qvevelebia, romlebic erTi da imave struqturu-
li klasis semantikurad monaTesave leqsemebs aerTianebs,
magaliTad, SiSis gamomxatveli arsebiTi saxelebi, siaru-
lis aRmniSvneli zmnebi. amgvari jgufis yvela erTeulisa-
Tvis damaxasiaTebelia saerTo, integraluri (laT. integer
— mTliani) sema anu hipersema. igi centraluria maT leq-
sikur mniSvnelobebSi, asaxavs gvarobiT cnebebs.
sazogadod, leqsikur mniSvnelobaTa dominanturi
semis — hipersemebis — garda gamoiyofa: 1) diferencialu-
ri semebi, anu hiposemebi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan
ganasxvaveben leqsikur-semantikuri jgufis wevrebs,
2) asociaciuri semebi — asaxaven denotatis meoreul, ara-
arsebiT Tvisebebs da zogjer konteqstSi wina planze
gamodian. erTi da igive sema sxvadasxva leqsikur-semanti-

kur jgufSi zogjer sxvadasxva rols asrulebs. mag., naTe-
saobis terminebisaTvis integraluri „naTesavi“ sema ada-
mianTa urTierTobis velSi diferencialuri semis sta-
tuss iZens. paradigmatikaSi semebi leqsemaTa dapirispire-
bisas vlindeba, xolo sintagmatikaSi — maTi Tanaxmarebi-
sas.
sulxan-saba orbelianis „qarTul leqsikonSi“ asamde
leqsikur-semantikuri jgufia gamoyofili. TiToeul maT-
ganSi Semavali sityvebi erT saleqsikono statiad arian ga-
erTianebulni: avtori amas „ganyofilebaTa Semoklebul
daweras“ uwodebs. aseTi jgufebia, mag. qva — sila, qviSa,
kenWi, RorRi; sicili — Rimili, kaskasi, xarxari.
mTelisa da nawilis mimarTebebi vlindeba leqsemaTa
(umTavresad — arsebiTi saxelebis) Tematur (ideografi-
ul, cnebiT) jgufebSi, romlebic eqstralingvistur sa-
fuZvelze gamoiyofa (maTi wevrebi semantikurad monaTesa-
ve leqsemebs ar warmoadgenen). aseTia magaliTad, adamianis
sxeulis nawilebis, satransporto saSualebebis saxelebi
da a. S. erTi da igive leqsema SeiZleba sxvadasxva Tematur
jgufSi Sediodes, magaliTad, leqsema marili Sedis buneb-
rivi resursebis, sakvebisa da qimiur nivTierebaTa aRmniS-
vneli leqsemebis jgufebSi. Tematur jgufebs Soris mi-
marTeba ierarqiuli xasiaTisaa. magaliTad, adamianis saxis
nawilebis aRmniSvnel leqsemaTa jgufi Sedis adamianis
sxeulis nawilTa aRmniSvneli leqsemebis Tematur jgufSi.
zogierTi Tematuri jgufi leqsikur-semantikur
jgufs emTxveva (dasaxlebuli punqtebis aRmniSvneli leq-
semaTa gaerTianeba qalaqi, sofeli, daba).
eqstralingvistur safuZvelze leqsikis dayofis Se-
degad SeiZleba Seiqmnas enis Tesaurusi (berZ. thesauros — sa-
unje) — ideografiuli leqsikoni, romelic iZleva cnebi-
dan leqsemaze gadasvlis saSualebas da avlens ierarqiul
semantikur mimarTebebs leqsikur erTeulebs Soris. Tesa-
8 Tamar lomTaZe
urusi leqsikis semantikuri sistemis erT-erTi SesaZlo

modelia.
sema da semantema. lingvisturi semantika enobrivi
mniSvnelobis problemas SesaZlebelia ganixilavdes sami
ZiriTadi aspeqtiT. esenia: gamonaTqvamTa leqsikuri mniS-
vneloba, gamonaTqvamTa gramatikuli mniSvneloba (morfo-
logiur-sintaqsuri) da gamonaTqvamTa pragmatikul-komu-
nikaciuri mniSvneloba.
leqsikuri da gramatikuli mniSvnelobis gamoyofas
safuZvlad udevs sxvadasxva donis enobriv erTeulebs So-
ris gansxvaveba. erTi da imave cnebis gamomxatveli erTeu-
lebi SeiZleba enis sxvadasxva dones ganekuTvnebodes. ase
magaliTad, erTze meti daaxloebiT imave cnebas gamoxa-
tavs, rasac mravlobiTi ricxvis -eb morfema, magram moyva-
nili Sesityvebis mniSvnelobisgan gansxvavebiT -eb morfe-
mis mniSvneloba zogadia, gramatikulia.
leqsikuri mniSvneloba yvela sityva aqvs, magram da-
mxmare sityvebSi igi moklebulia damoukideblobas: maTi
individualuri, leqsikuri mniSvneloba im mimarTebaTa
ganzogadebis Sedegia, romlebsac es sityvebi gamoxataven.
aRniSnuli gansxvavebis safuZvelze gamoiyofa semantiku-
ri da sintaqsuri mniSvnelobebi, romlebic damaxasiTebe-
lia rogorc leqsikuri, ise gramatikuli mniSvnelobis
mqone erTeulebisaTvis. kerZod, damoukidebel sityvebs
enobriv sistemaSi semantikuri leqsikuri mniSvnelobebi
aqvT, damxmare sityvebs — sintaqsuri leqsikuri mniSvne-
lobebi. bevr enaSi semantikuri da gramatikulia magali-
Tad, drois mniSvneloba zmnaSi, derivaciuli saSualebe-
biT gamoxatuli kninobiTobis mniSvneloba da sxva.
gramatikuli mniSvneloba SeiZleba iyos fleqsiuri
an derivaciuli. im mniSvnelobebs, romlebic gramatikuli
ar aris, nominatiuri mniSvnelobebi ewodeba. isini iyofa
leqsikur — sityvebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel — da Sesityve-
baTa mniSvnelobebad.
sityvis leqsikuri mniSvneloba cnebis filosofiur

kategoriasTan aris dakavSirebuli (ixileT dawvrilebiT
qvemoT). terminTa leqsikuri mniSvnelobebi cnebebs em-
Txveva, magram sazogadod, leqsikur mniSvnelobas cnebisa-
gan pragmatikuli komponentis arseboba ganasxvavebs.
garda amisa, cneba obieqtTa ufro Rrma, arsebiT niSnebs
moicavs, leqsikuri mniSvneloba ki — mxolod ganmasxvave-
bels.
sityvis leqsikuri mniSvnelobis dasaxasiaTeblad ga-
saTvaliswinebelia sami aspeqti: sintaqtikuri, semanti-
kuri da pragmatikuli. sintaqsuri TvalsazrisiT, moce-
muli leqsikuri mniSvneloba dakavSirebulia sxva enobri-
vi erTeulebis mniSvnelobebTan — sintagmaturad (Sesi-
tyvebasa da winadadebSi) da pragmatikulad (enobriv siste-
maSi). semantikuri TvalsazrisiT, leqsikuri mniSvneloba
rogorc iTqva, vlindeba signifikaturi an denotaturi
mniSvnelobis saxiT.
pragmatikuli TvalsazrisiT, sityvis leqsikur mniS-
vnelobaSi gamoiyofa pragmatikuli komponenti anu kono-
tacia (laT. connotatio — damatebiTi mniSvn eloba), romelic
emateba kognitiur komponents da sityvas eqspresiulobas
aniWebs. eqspresiuloba (laT. expressio — gamoxatuleba)
aris saubris Temisa da msmenelisadmi molaparakis subieq-
turi damokidebulebis gamoxatva. konotaciebi xatovani
warmodgenebia, romlebic molaparakeTa da msmenelTa cno-
bierebaSi denotats ukavSirdeba. realur obieqtTan kavSi-
ri aq gaSualebulia am obieqtis enobrivi gamoxatulebiT.
magaliTad, mandilosani da qali sityvebis denotati er-
Tnairia, magram pirvel maTgans aqvs konotacia, romelic
moicavs dadebiT Sefasebas, xatovanebas, amaRlebuli sti-
lis niSnebs.
enobriv sistemaTa gamoxatulebis planis analizis
msgavsad, maTi Sinaarsis planis analizis Sedegad gamoiyo-
fa umartivesi, dauSladi erTeulebi. TiToeul aseT ele-
10 Tamar lomTaZe
mentarul semantikur erTeuls (mniSvnelobas) sema (seman-

tikuri diferencialuri niSani, semantikuri komponen-
ti, semantikuri markeri, semantikuri mamravli) ewode-
ba. semebis kombinirebis Sedegad aigeba Sinaarsis planis
ufro rTuli erTeulebi — semantebi. semantema (semema)
aris semebis kona, romelic enobrivi niSnis ganmartebaSi
monawileobs (Sdr. fonologiuri diferencialuri niSani —
fonema, gramatikuli diferencialuri niSani — gramema, se-
mantikuri diferencialuri niSani — semantema).
sityvis leqsikur mniSvnelobas SeiZleba hqondes
martivi struqtura. sityvebi, romelTa leqsikuri mniSvne-
loba erT semas asaxavs, erTenovan leqsikonebSi ganmarte-
bis gareSea mocemuli. iq mohyavT mxolod maTi xmarebis sa-
ilustracio frazebi. sityvaTa didi umravlesobis leqsi-
kuri mniSvnelobebi rTuli agebulebisaa, isini ganisa-
zRvreba semantemaTa sistemebiT. TiToeuli semantema, Ta-
vis mxriv, warmoadgens semebis ierarqiul struqturas do-
minanturi semiT centrSi.
sxvadasxva enis sityvaTa mniSvnelobebSi msgavsi seme-
bis gansxvavebuli kombinaciebia asaxuli, Sdr: magaliTad,
ing. Mother-in-law sidedri, dedamTili, magram dedinacvali
stepmother, fr. belle-mere ki moicavs sidedrs, dedamTils, de-
dinacvals (T. gamyreliZe, 2003, 345).
kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis:
ras ewodeba leqsikologia da sadauri sityvaa igi?

ras Seiswavlis aRweriTi leqsikologia?
ras Seiswavlis istoriuli leqsikologia?
ra aris leqsa?
ras ewodeba leqsema?
ras ewodeba aloleqsebi?
ra aris vokabula da sadauri warmomavlobis sityvaa igi?
ra aisaxeba semantikur velebSi?

ras aerTianeben semantikuri velebi?
ra aris leqsikur-semantikuri jgufebi (leqsikuri velebi)
da ras aerTianeben isini?
ra aris integraluri sema da sadauri warmomavlobis sityvaa
igi?
ras ganasxvaveben hiposemebi?
ras asaxaven asociaciuri semebi?
ras uwodebs sulxan-saba `ganyofilebaTa Semoklebul daweras~?
ra vlindeba ideografiul jgufebSi?
ra aris Tesaurusi da sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa igi?
rogori SeiZleba iyos gramatikuli mniSvneloba?
ras ewodeba nominatiuri mniSvneloba da rogor mniSvnelo-
bebad iyofa is?
ra ganasxvavebs leqsikur mniSvnelobas cnebisagan?
ramdeni aspeqtia gasaTvaliswinebeli leqsikuri mniSvnelobis
dasaxasiaTeblad?
ra aris konotacia da sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa igi?
ras niSnavs eqspresiuloba da sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa
igi?
ras ewodeba sema?
ra aris semantema?
davaleba: SeadgineT semantikuri da Tematikuri ve-

lebi. miuTiTeT ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris.
davaleba: gaaanalizeT ramdenime leqsikuri erTeu-
li, romlebSic gvaqvs konotacia.
davaleba: moifiqreT, romel sityvebSi SeiZleba em-
Txveodes cneba da mniSvneloba erTmaneTs.
12 Tamar lomTaZe
qarTuli enis leqsikuri fondi

(zogadi daxasiaTeba)
nebismieri enis sityvaTa maragi Seadgens mis leqsi-

kas. qarTuli enis sityvobrivi maragi Seadgens qarTuli
enis leqsikur fonds.
leqsika enobriv movlenaTa Soris yvelaze swrafad
icvleba, amitom leqsikuri sistemis sawvdomad aucilebe-
lia mis komponentTa calke sityvebis Tu sityvaTa jgufe-
bis istoriuli gaTvaliswineba, inovaciaTa gzebisa da mi-
zezebis dadgena. leqsikur erTeulTa swrafi cvalebadoba
aixsneba maTi mniSvnelobebis uSualo kavSiriT gareenob-
riv sinamdvilesTan. sityvaTa simravleSi TvalsaCinod ai-
saxeba is gardaqmnebi, romlebic samyaroSi xdeba. leqsiku-
ri sistema Riaa, SeRwevadia, amitom axali realiebis gaCe-
nasTan erTad leqsikur erTeulTa inventari ivseba, amav
dros zogierTi leqsema gamodis xmarebidan. amis aRnusxva
SeuZlebelia, amitom zustad ver davadgenT ama Tu im enaSi
arsebul leqsikur erTeulTa raodenobas (T. gamyreliZe,
2003, 349). enaTmecnierebis axali dargebis ganviTarebam, am
mxriv, metad win gadadga nabiji. Seiqmna enebis erovnuli
korpusebi, sadac Tavmoyrilia rogorc werilobiTi, aseve
zepirmetyvelebis nimuSebi. enis korpusi Ria resursia,
amitom misi ganaxleba mudmivad SeiZleba. es iZleva saSua-
lebas rac SeiZleba meti leqsikuri erTeuli aRvnusxoT,
Tumca zusti raodenobis dadgena am SemTxvevaSic SeuZle-
beli iqneba.
leqsikis Sedgenilobis kvleva gulisxmobs, pirvel
yovlisa, sityvaTa klasifikacias. yvelaze zogadia dajgu-
feba srulmniSvnelobian da damxmare sityvebad. leqsi-
kologia axdens dajgufebas aRniSvnis, miTiTebis da gamo-
xatvis funqciebidan gamomdinare ama Tu im sityvaSi (1. ar-
sebiTi saxelebi, zedsarTavebi, zmnebi da zmnisarTebi. 2.
nacvalsaxelebi da deiqturi sityvebi. 3. Sorisdebulebi).

leqsikologia ikvlevs leqsikuri fondis im Tvisebebs,
romlebsac koleqtivi ganapirobebs da axdens sityvaTa da-
jgufebas molaparakeTa teritoriuli danawilebis Tu sa-
qmianobis Sesabamisad (dialeqturi da dargobrivi leqsi-
ka).
qarTuli enis leqsikur fondSi, iseve rogorc nebis-
mier sxva enebSi gamoiyofa mkvidri da nasesxebi enobrivi
erTeulebi. sesxebas iwvevs xalxebs Soris aqtiuri kontaq-
tebi. zogjer nasesxebi sityva uZvelesia da Wirs qarTuli
da araqarTuli leqsikuri masalis gamijvna. es imitom xde-
ba, rom sesxebisas msesxebeli ena pirdapir ki ar gadmoi-
Rebs xolme sityvas, aramed aqcevs mas mis fonetikur da
gramatikul yalibSi. amitom aseTi sityvebis garCeva, gansa-
kuTrebiT, Tu is uZvelesi periodisaa, Zalian Wirs (magali-
Tad, spilenZi, avazaki, aivani, baRi, TefSi, oTaxi, saaTi,
xalxi, eqimi, kvira, zeimi, abjari, limonaTi...).
Zalian rTulia agreTve uZvelesi qarTuli leqsiku-
ri masalis gamoyofa. aseTebad ZiriTadad miCneulia saer-
ToqarTveluridan namemkvidrevi sityvebi. am erTeulTa
didi nawili qarTul-zanur-svanur SesatyvisobaTa gamo
uZveles qarTulSia savaraudo. am arqaul fenas ZiriTadad
ganekuTvneba:
naTesaobis aRmniSvneli sityvebi: Zma (zan. jimal,
svan. jimil), qmari (zan. qomonji), siZe (zan. sinja, svan. Ci-
Je)...
sxeulis nawilTa saxelebi: cxviri (zan. Cxvindi), kbi-
li (zan. kibiri), Wipi (zan. wipa)...
cxovelTa saxelebi: furi (zan. fuji, svan. firE), ZaR-
li (megr. joRori)...
frinvelTa saxelebi: mamali (megr. mumuli, svan. ma-
m@l), ofofi (megr. ofofi, Wan. ofamde, svan. ofof@)...
mcenareTa saxelebi: wifeli (zan. wifuri, svan. wifra),
bali (zan. buli, svan. heb)...
14 Tamar lomTaZe
bunebis movlenebi: wvima (Wan. mWima, megr. Wvima), Tov-

li (Wan. Tviri, megr. Tiri)...
martivi ricxviTi saxeli: mag.: Svidi (zan. SqviTi,
svan. iSqEid)...
nacvalsaxelebi: Sen (zan. san, svan. si), Cven (megr. Cqi,
Wan. Cqun)...
zadsarTavi saxelebi: wiTeli (zan. WiTa, svan. WiSdE),
Tbili (zan. tibu, svan. tebid)...
zmnebi: abia (zan. gioben, svan. xEabem), bans (zan. bon,
svan. bar), moigo (zan. migu), wers (zan.War, svan. lMre)...
qarTuli ena, rogorc mecnierTa didi nawili miuTi-
Tebs, miekuTvneba iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxs. amito-
mac qarTuli enis leqsikur fondSi sakmao raodenobiTaa
sityvebi, romelTa Zirebi enaTesaveba iberiul-kavkasiur
enebs. aseTebad miCneulia magaliTad, deda, mama, coli,
dRe, zafxuli, mze, mkerdi, mxari, mgeli, matli, yana, vaSli
da mravali sxva.
zemoTqulidan gamomdinare, uZvelesi qarTuli fuZe-
ebi mniSvnelovani raodenobiTaa warmodgenili qarTuli
enis leqsikur fondSi. es sityvebi qmnis im birTvs, ris
gamoc qarTuli ena ara mxolod gramatikuli struqturiT,
aramed leqsikis mixedviTac qarTulia. arseboben enebi,
romelTa Zirebi, ZiriTadad, nasesxebia.
marTalia, qarTuli enis leqsikuri fondis ZiriTadi
birTvis sityvaTa umetesoba qarTuli warmomavlobisaa,
Tumca garkveuli adgili leqsikur fondSi SeTvisebul ma-
salasac uWiravs. wminda, Seureveli ena sazogadod arc ar-
sebobs. yvela ers Tavisi istoriuli ganviTarebis grZel
gzaze araerT xalxTan uwevs urTierToba, romlis Sedege-
bic, upirveles yovlisa, leqsikaSi aisaxeba.
sityvas SeuZlia mogviTxros garkveul drosa da epo-
qaze, amitom TiToeuli nasesxebi sityvis analizi da isto-
riis Seswavla sainteresoa ara mxolod lingvisturi, ara-
med kulturologiuri TvalsazrisiTac. qarTvel ers sau-
kuneebis ganmavlobaSi araerT mtrulad Tu moyvrulad

ganwyobil xalxTan hqonda urTierToba, rac aisaxa kidec
leqsikaSi. sesxeba SeiZleba gaxdes rogorc leqsikis ga-
mdidrebis, aseve dabinZurebis wyaro. qarTuls Tavis dro-
zec uxvad usesxebia leqsikuri erTeulebi da gamdidrebu-
la sxvadasxva enidan. magaliTad, qristianuli terminolo-
gia, ZiriTadad, berZnulidan aqvs nasesxebi, mesaqonleo-
basTan dakavSirebuli leqsika Turqulidan, aseve uxvadaa
qarTulSi sparsulidan da saerTod aRmosavluri samyaro-
dan Semosuli sityvebi (aivani, duqani (spars.), abi, Tamami,
veqili (arab.). meTvramete saukunis bolodan iwyo rusuli
enobrivi erTeulebis gavrceleba da damkvidreba qarTul-
Si (kneina, polkovniki…). dasavleTTan kontaqtebma gamoiw-
via bevri sityvis Semosvla italiuridan (novela, profi-
li…), frangulidan (akvareli, gripi…), germanulidan (ablau-
ti, grafi, grifi…), inglisuridan (koleji, pijaki…). Tanamed-
rove qarTulSi kvlav aqtiuri gaxda laTinuri fuZeebidan
momdinare terminebis Semosvla, romlebic, ZiriTadad, in-
glisuridan moedineba.
aseve intensiurad vrceldeba saerTaSoriso da sa-
marTlebriv urTierTobebTan, informatikasa da uaxles
kompiuterul teqnologiebTan dakavSirebuli sityvebi
(reitingi, kursori, faili, provaideri, tranSi, seili, bai-
ti...).
aRniSnul situaciaSi SeuZlebelia mxolod marTebu-
li sesxeba, romelic enas gaamdidrebs. swored ucxouri ne-
ologizmebis gaaqtiureba enaSi ukavSirdeba barbarizmebis
problemas, rac ama Tu im enidan gaumarTleblad Semosul
sityvebTanaa dakavSirebuli. sabednierod, ena Tavadve as-
rulebs xolme TviTganwmedis funqcias, rac qarTul bune-
bas moergeba da gaqarTuldeba myarad iWers adgils leqsi-
kur fondSi, rac ara — Sesabamisad, ikargeba.
16 Tamar lomTaZe
qarTuli enis mTeli leqsikuri maragi SeiZleba gai-

yos or did jgufad: 1) sayovelTao da 2) gamoyenebis sfe-
roTi SezRuduli leqsika.
sayovelTao leqsikas ganekuTvneba sayovelTaod
gamoyenebuli sityvebi. isini warmoadgenen qarTuli enis
leqsikuri Semadgenlobis safuZvels. am jgufSi Sedis si-
tyvebi sazogadoebis cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferodan: po-
litikuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli, sayofacxovrebo... es
iZleva imis saSualebas, sayovelTao leqsikidan gamoiyos
sityvaTa gansxvavebuli Tematikuri jgufi. amasTan, isini
gasagebi da misawvdomia enis yvela matareblisaTvis da Se-
iZleba gamoyenebuli iyos sxvadasxvagvar pirobebSi, yo-
velgvari SezRudvis gareSe.
SezRuduli sferos leqsikas mimarTaven erTi kon-
kretuli geografiuli adgilis macxovreblebi, an is ada-
mianebi, romlebsac aerTianebT profesia, saerTo intere-
sebi da a.S. am leqsikur jgufSi Sedis dialeqtizmebi, pro-
fesiuli leqsika, Jargonuli sityvebi da sxva.
struqturuli TvalsazrisiT qarTuli enis leqsiku-
ri fondi SeiZleba gavyoT or did jgufad: Zireul da na-
warmoeb sityvebad. nawarmoebi sityva, Tavis mxriv SeiZleba
iyos prefiqsiT, sufiqsiT, prefiqs-sufiqsiT nawarmoebi,
an kidev miRebuli iyos ramdenime Ziris SeerTebiT.
leqsikis gamdidrebis sami ZiriTadi gza arsebobs:
1) sityvawarmoeba, rodesac ena iyenebs Tavis sakuTar in-
ventars axali sityvebis sawarmoeblad 2) dialeqturi leq-
sika, rodesac dialeqtSi dadasturebul sityvas ekviva-
lenti ar aRmouCndeba saliteraturo enaSi da damkvid-
rdeba da 3) sesxeba.
qarTuli samive am SesaZleblobas iyenebs da amitomac
leqsikuri simdidriT igi gverdiT udgas msoflioSi cno-
bil enebs. swored amas gulisxmobda hugo SuxarTi, roca
ambobda „qarTuli eniT yvelaferi gamoiTqmis, rac ki
msoflioSi SeZleba gamoiTqvas“.
es gaxldaT qarTuli leqsikuri fondis yvelaze zo-

gadi mimoxilva. am sakiTxebis dawvrilebiTi kvlevebi qve-
moT iqneba mocemuli.
leqsikologiis dargebi
leqsikologiis Seswavlis sagani mTeli leqsikuri

fondis momoxilvaa sxvadasxva aspeqtiT. aqedan gamomdina-
re, igi aerTianebs ramdenime mimarTulebas. magaliTad,
leqsikologia Seiswavlis sityvisa da sagnis urTierTobas,
romelsac Cveulebriv, ganixilaven semasiologiurad
(berZ. Semasia — mniSvneloba) – sityvidan amosvliT (ras niS-
navs es sityva?) an onomasiologiurad (onomasia — saxelwo-
deba) — iwyeben sagniT da iZieben mis saxelwodebas (ra ewo-
deba?).
semasiologia — leqsikologiis dargia, romelic Se-
iswavlis sityvis mniSvnelobas (sagnobriv mimarTebas), mis
agebulebas da droSi cvalebadobas. zogjer semasiologia
ufro farTodac esmiT, rogorc sityvis Sinaarseuli mxa-
ris Semswavleli mecniereba.
semasiologia, rogorc istoriuli enaTmecnierebis
dargi, Seiqmna mecxramete saukunis I naxevarSi, rodesac
k. raizigma (K. C. Reisig) moZRvreba sityvis mniSvnelobis Se-
saxeb moaTavsa gramatikul disciplinaTa Soris. k. raizig-
save ekuTvnis saxelwodebac, romelic gavrcelda germanu-
lenovan da rusul (mogvianebiT sabWoTa) specialur li-
teraturaSi (Tanamedrove frangul da inglisurenovan sa-
enaTmecniero literaturaSi gavrcelebulia semantika).
amJamad semasiologia Seiswavlis sityvis mniSvnelo-
bis cvlas, mniSvnelobaTa klasifikacias, sityvis Sinaar-
sobrivi mxaris agebulebas, enobrivi niSnis bunebas da misi
kvlevis meTodebs.
leqsikis semasiologiur kvlevas upirispirdeba ono-
masiologia, sityvis, rogorc saxelwodebis, kvleva. ono-
18 Tamar lomTaZe
masiologia — leqsikologiis dargia, romelic sityvebs

Seiswavlis rogorc saganTa (da movlenaTa) saxelwodebebs.
sityva leqsikologiisaTvis mocemulia saganTa mimarTeba-
Si (sityva – sagani); igi ori aspeqtiT Seiswavleba: rodesac
mocemulia sityva da sakvlevia misi sagnobrivi mimarTeba,
mniSvneloba (sityva → mniSvneloba) an rodesac mocemulia
sagani da saZiebelia misi saxelwodeba (saxelwodeba ← sa-
gani ). pirveli aspeqti semasiologiuri aspeqtia, meores ki
onomasiologiurs uwodeben. istoriuli onomasiologia
ikvlevs cvlilebebs leqsikur fondSi.
amdenad, semasiologia da onomasiologia leqsiko-
logiis ganStoebebia. semasiologias ainteresebs sityvis
leqsikuri mniSvneloba, xolo onomasiologia amodis mniS-
vnelobidan da adgens Tu ra saxeli aqvs misTvis enas. SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, rom es dargebi erTmaneTs avseben. Tu semasio-
logias ainteresebs sityvaTa mniSvnelobebi, onomasiolo-
gias TviT sityvis istoria ainteresebs.
leqsikologias miekuTvneba etimologia (berZ.
ἔτυµος, WeSmariteba, sityvis namdvili mniSvneloba, λόγος mo-
ZRvreba), romelic enaSi sityvebis warmoSobasa da istori-
as Seiswavlis. etimologia aseve ewodeba ama Tu im konkre-
tuli sityvis pirvel mniSvnelobas.
etimologia emyareba enis struqturis enobrivi sis-
temis yvela rgolis Camoyalibebisa da cvlis codnas.
sityvis etimologiam zogjer saintereso informacia
SeiZleba mogvawodos ama Tu im enobrivi koleqtivis yofis
an azrovnebis istoriuli kvlevisTvis. magaliTad, mize-
zobrivi kavSiris gamomxatveli sityva vinaidan adre gamo-
xatavda droSi Tanmimdevrobas – „ra droidan“, Tavdapir-
velad ki gadmoscemda Tanamimdevrobas sivrceSi (daaxl.
„saidan“). amrigad, vinaidan sityvis mniSvnelobis cvlaSi
ukufenilia azrovnebis ganviTareba konkretulidan abs-
traqtulisaken.
leqsikologiis erT-erT dargad SeiZleba ganvixi-

loT leqsikografia. is gaxlavT mecniereba leqsikonTa
Sedgenis principebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, iseve rogorc mecni-
erTa erTi nawili semasiologias miiCnevs istoriuli enaT-
mecnierebis dargad, aseve leqsikografiasac zogjer da-
moukidebel dargad gamoyofen. magaliTad, x. kasaresi aR-
niSnavs: „unda gavarCioT ori disciplina, romlebsac saer-
To sagnad aqvs sityvaTa warmoSobis, formisa da mniSvne-
lobis Seswavla. es disciplinebia leqsikologia, romelic
swavlobs am sagans zogadi enaTmecnieruli TvalsazrisiT
da leqsikografia, romelsac upiratesad praqtikuli,
gamoyenebiTi xasiaTi aqvs da leqsikonis Sedgenis xelovne-
baSi mdgomareobs“. Tumca saerTo sagnisa da meTodebis ar-
seboba swored maT erTianobaze miuTiTebs.
leqsikologia momijnave dargebTan
leqsikologia ikvlevs sityvas, rogorc mniSvnelo-

bis mqone enobriv erTeuls, Seiswavlis sityvisa da sagnis
urTierTobas; amiT gansxvavdeba igi fonetikisa da grama-
tikisagan.
fonetika-fonologia swavlobs mniSvnelobis mqone
enobriv odenobaTa bgeradobas, fonemaTa urTierTobas,
maT organizacias mniSvnelobis mqone erTeulebad — mo-
rfemebad, sityvebad, Sesityvebebad. e.i. bgera warmoadgens
masalas, romlisganac sityva Sedgeba. marTalia, Tavad fo-
nemebi ar arian mniSvnelobis matarebeli enobrivi erTeu-
lebi, magram igi sityvebis gamosacnobi da gasarCevi enob-
rivi odenobaa. amrigad, mniSvnelobis mqone enobrivi erTe-
ulebi swored fonetikur-fonologiuri odenobaa.
rodesac sityvis agebulebis cvla derivaciuli xasi-
aTisaa, warmoiqmneba axali sagnobrivi mimarTeba, axali si-
tyva. amrigad, derivacia Sinaganad aris dakavSirebuli
leqsikologiasTan.
20 Tamar lomTaZe
sityvis agebuleba da SesityvebaTa klasifikacia

formis mixedviT gramatikis (morfologia da sintaqsi) Se-
swavlis sagania. xolo sityvis Sinaarseul mxares da si-
tyvaTa klasifikacias mniSvnelobis mixedviT Seiswavlis
leqsikologia. morfologiaSi, metyvelebis nawilTa kla-
sifikaciisas aRniSnulia, rom es klasifikacia umetesad
semantikuria. aseve sityvaTa urTierToba SesityvebaSi
mxolod formis mixedviT ar xdeba, xSirad mniSvnelobis
gaTvaliswinebac gviwevs. magaliTad, piri damuwa, Tvalebi
daxuWa da misTanani.
imis sailustraciod, Tu rogori mWidro kavSiria
leqsikologias, fonetika-fonologiasa da gramatikas So-
ris, moviyvanT arn. Ciqobavas Sexedulebebs: sityvis ra na-
wilTan aris dakavSirebuli mniSvneloba? ra nawilebi
gamoiyofa sityvaSi mniSvnelobis mixedviT? amis gasarkve-
vad saWiroa gavaanalizoT ramdenime sityva. aviRoT srum-
niSvnelovani sityva kaci. is Sedgeba oTxi bgerisagan. mova-
ciloT mas Tavkiduri bgera k dagvrCeba aci, aci srulebi-
Tac ar niSnavs imas, rasac kaci gulisxmobda. aRniSnavs Tu
ara es aci rames? sagans — araviTars (vgulisxobT qarTul
metyvelebas). erTaderTi rac SeiZleba aq mogvagondes,
esaa mimarTva cnobili Sinauri cxovelisadmi. daskvna: Tu
sityvas kaci movacilebT k bgeras, mas ekargeba is mniSvne-
loba, romelic manamde hqonda, is aRar aRniSnavs imas, ra-
sac manamde aRniSnavda.
gamovakloT imave sityvas kaci a: miviReT kci. aqvs Tu
ara am ukanasknels is mniSvneloba, ra kaci-s hqonda? pasuxi
uaryofiTi iqneba. qaragmebiT naweris kiTxvas miCveuli
qarTveli, albaT, mixvdeba, Tu dawerili kci naxa, magram
kci-s gagonebaze veravin ityvis, aq a gvaklia, Torem kac si-
tyvasTan gvaqvs saqmeo, ver ityvis imitom, rom k-sa da c-s
Soris SeiZleba yofiliyo e (keci), anda vi (kvici) da amri-
gad sul sxva sityvas miviRebdiT.
maSasadame: a-s gamoklebis Semdegac kaci sityva ver
inarCunebs Tavis mniSvnelobas.

aseTsave Sedegs miviRebT, Tu amave sityvas c -s gamo-
vaklebT; kaci — kai, kai sul sxva sityvaa, esaa aralitera-
turuli, magram cocxal metyvelebaSi xSirad xmarebuli
sityva — kai — kargi. c-s gamoklebam sul sxva mniSvneloba
mogvca; kacis mniSvneloba dairRva...
gavakeTod aseTi cda: i-ze; movaciloT i, dagvrCeba
kac: kaci — kac. aq arsebiTad sxva mdgomareobaa; am sam bge-
ras SerCa unari miuTiTos imave obieqtur monacemze, rasac
kaci aRniSnavda. marTalia, Cven vgrZnobT, rom raRaca
gvaklia, rom sityva sruli ar aris, magram amis miuxedavad
kac miuTiTebs imave saganze, razedac kaci miuTiTebda.
amrigad, sityva kaci Sedgeba oTxi bgerisagan, aqvs ga-
rkveuli mniSvneloba. sakmarisia sami bgeridan erT-erTi,
sulerTia, romeli (an k, an a, an c) — gamovakloT, da daikar-
geba is mniSvneloba, romelic sityvas hqonda (SeiZleba
sul uazro bgeriTi kompleqsic miviRoT). magram Tu i-s
gamovaklebT, es ar moSlis sityvis winandel mniSvnelobas;
u-i- nodac SeuZlia darCenil bgeraTa kompleqss — (kac ) —
miuTiTos imave obieqtur monacemze.
igive iTqmis: -s (kac-s), -ma (kac-ma), -is (kac-is), -iT
(kac-iT), -ad (kac — ad)... bgerebis Sesaxeb: am sityvaSi maTi
gamoklebis Semdegac darCenili nawili mainc atarebs wi-
nandel mniSvnelobas.
msgavs Sedegebs miviRebT, Tu aseT eqsperimentebs mo-
vaxdenT sxva sityvebzedac.
zogadi daskvna, romelic aqedan gamomdinareobs,
Semdegi saxisaa: sityva miuTiTebs raRacaze, sityvas aqvs
mniSvneloba; sityva bgerebisagan Sedgeba, magram sityvis
yvela bgera Tanabrad saWiro ar aris imisaTvis, rom si-
tyvam miuTiTos gansazRvrul obieqtur monacemze, rom man
SeinarCunos Tavisi mniSvneloba: movaklebT zogierT bge-
ras da sityvas ecvleba mniSvneloba, anda sul daekargeba
mniSvneloba; movaklebT zog bgeras da sityva mniSvnelo-
22 Tamar lomTaZe
bas inarCunebs, igi isev obieqtur monacemze miuTiTebs.

damokidebulebis aRmniSvneli nawili sityvaSi.. ra
daniSnuleba aqvs zemoxsenebul bgerebs (-i, -s, -ma, -is...)?
ra saWiroa sityvaSi aseTi bgerebi, Tuki sityvas maT gare-
Sec SeuZlia aRniSnos garkveuli sagani?
aviRoT sityvebi: kaci, cxeni. movaciloT is nawili
(-i), uromlisodac maT SeuZliaT imave sagnebis aRniSvna:
kac-, cxen-... mivumatoT sruli sityva mokla; kac cxen mo-
kla. Cven win sami erTeulia; ori sagnebs aRniSnavs, mesame —
moqmedebas. raRas niSnavs samive erTad? SeiZleba imas, rom
kacma cxeni mokla. SeiZleba imasac, rom kaci cxenma mokla.
orive gageba Tanabrad SesaZlebelia. es sulerTi rodia:
kacma cxeni mokla, aq kaci cocxalia, cxeni — mkvdari. meo-
re SemTxvevaSi, kaci cxenma mokla, piriqiT, kaci mkvdaria,
cxeni — mizezia misi sikvdilisa...
sityvebi erTi da igivea. maTgan Semdgari winadadebis
Sinaarsi sruliad gansxvavebulia.
ra qmnis am gansxvavebas? bgerebi -ma da — i, romelTac
vumatebT ama Tu im SemTxvevaSi (cxenma, kaci, cxeni, kacma).
calke aRebuli sityvebi am bgerebis gareSec axerxeben sa-
gnis aRniSvnas, magram roca sityvebi kavSirdeba, roca wi-
nadadeba unda Sedges , maT gareSe sityvebi aRar sityvoben:
viciT, sityvebi ra sagnebze miuTiTeben, magram aRar viciT,
ra urTierTobaSi imyofeba erTmaneTTan am sityvebiT aR-
niSnuli sagnebi... erTi SexedviT, is, rac uadgiloa, zedme-
tia sityvis mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT, uaRresad saWiro,
aucilebeli xdeba winadadebis mniSvnelobis Tvalsazri-
siT, winadadebaSi sityvebis dasakavSireblad...
-i, -is, -ma, -s da sityvis amgvar nawilebs enaSi garkve-
uli daniSnuleba aqvT. maT gareSe sityvebi ver dakavSir-
deba, winadadeba(da saerTod, Sesityveba) ar aigeba, azri
garkveulad ar gamoiTqmis, saganTa urTierToba naTeli
ver iqneba.
sityvis am nawilebs TavisTavad araviTari mniSvne-
loba ar aqvT, calke sityvis mniSvnelobis gadmosacemad

isini saWiro ar arian, winadadebis (anda Sesityvebis) Sesad-
genad ki sityvaSi aucilebelia.
amgvarad: sityvis mniSvneloba dakavSirebulia si-
tyvis erT nawilTan. esaa sityvis ZiriTadi nawili. mas fu-
Ze ewodeba.
am ukanasknelis garda sityvaSi moipoveba iseTi nawi-
lic, romelic gvirkvevs, ra mimarTebaSicaa sityviT aRniS-
nuli sagani sxva sagnebTan; sityvis aseT nawils urTier-
Tobis anu damokidebulebis aRmniSvneli nawili ewodeba.
mniSvnelobis mcvleli nawili sityvaSi. srulmniS-
vnelovan sityvas meore aseTive sityva rom mivumatoT, mi-
viRebT axal sityvas: da+Zma = da-Zma; saxli+kari=saxl-ka-
ri; coli+Svili=col-Svili; amgvar sityvebSi axali si-
tyvebis mniSvneloba udris Semadgeneli sityvebis mniSvne-
lobaTa jams.
sxvagvari viTarebaa iseT SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa:
qudmoglejili, xmalamowvdili, aRviraxsnili, enagrZe-
li... ena garkveul saganze miuTiTebs, grZeli Tvisebas
gamoxatavs, orive sityva ki erTad am orive sityvis mniS-
vnelobis jams rodi warmoadgens: enagrZeli sul sxvaa da
grZeli ena ki sul sxva. enagrZeli sagans ki ar aRniSnavs,
aramed Tvisebas (enagrZeli mosaubre, stumari)... amgvarad,
sagnis aRmniSvnel sityvas (ena) Tvisebis aRmniSvneli (grZe-
li) rom mivumateT, garkveuli TavisTavadi mniSvnelobis
mqone sityva miviReT. amrigad, sityvaTa SeerTeba yovel-
Tvis mniSvnelobaTa jams ki ar iZleva, aramed zogjer iZ-
leva axal mniSvnelobas im sityvaTa mniSvnelobebTan Seda-
rebiT, romelnic SevaerTeT.
sityvis mniSvneloba SeiZleba Seicvalos sxvadas-
xvagvaradac, aviRoT sityva: cxeni. cxen miuTiTebs garkve-
ul oTxfexa Sinaur cxovelze. mivumatoT mas — osan:
cxen+osan=cxenosan. miuTiTebs sul sxva saganze: cxenosa-
ni cxeniani kacia, maSasadame, oTxfexa cxoveli ki ara, ara-
24 Tamar lomTaZe
med adamiani, romelic oTxfexa cxovelzea amxedrebuli.

cxen sityvis mniSvneloba savsebiT Seicvala: sad cxeni da
sad cxenze mjdomi?
ram gamoiwvia es cvlileba? -osan-is mimatebam. ras
niSnavs TviTon es -osan? TavisTavad arafers, magram sakma-
risia is mivumatoT sxva sityvas, rom ukanasknels mniSvne-
loba Seecvleba.
enagrZel-Si, aRviraxsnil-Si da magvarebSi sityvis
mniSvneloba icvleba imis gamo, rom sruli mniSvnelobis
mqone sityvas (ena, aRvir-) emateboda — garkveuli Tanmim-
devrobiT — isev sruli mniSvnelobis mqone sityva (grZeli,
axsnili...). aq ki sityvis mniSvneloba icvleba imis gamo, rom
sruli mniSvnelobis mqone sityvas emateba iseTi ram, ra-
sac, calke Tu aviRebT, mniSvneloba ar aqvs.
am SemTxvevaSi erTi mniSvneloba Seicvala meoriT
imis gamo, rom sityvas daemata -osan, nawilaki, romelic
TavisTavad arafers aRniSnavs, magram sityvas rom daema-
teba, ZiriTadad cvlis mis mniSvnelobas.
iseT sityvas, rogoricaa cxenosani, damokidebule-
bis aRmniSvneli nawilic aqvs...
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan kargad Cans fonemebis,
morfemebisa da mniSvnelobis kavSiri.
mWidro kavSiri aqvs leqsikologias sityvawarmoe-
basTan, marTalia, sityvawarmoebis wesebi wminda morfo-
logiuri wesebia, sityvebi iwarmoeba afiqsebis saSuale-
biT, magram maTi kavSiri mniSvnelobasTanac pirdapiria.
mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT sityva, rom gavaanalizeT, mas-
Si gamoiyo erTi nawili, ZiriTadi nawili, romelic sagnob-
rivi mniSvnelobis matarebelia (kac-, cxen-, yvavil-, stu-
dent-, cxenosan-, mandilosan-, yvavilovan-, svaneT-). si-
tyvis am nawils, rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna, ewodeba fuZe.
fuZes upirispirdeba sityvis iseTi nawilebi, romle-
bic sagnobriv mniSvnelobas moklebulia (-i, -ma, -s, -is,
-iT... -osan, -ovan, -eT, sa-, -o...); sityvis aseT nawilebs ewo-
deba afiqsebi (laTinurad affixum — mimagrebuls, damate-

buls niSnavs; qarTuli Sesatyvisi termini iqneba — sarTi).
TviT afiqsebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan im da-
niSnulebis mixedviT, romlebic maT aqvT.
erTni aRniSnaven damokidebulebas (-i, -ma, -s, -is,
-iT...): esaa damokidebulebis aRmniSvneli afiqsebi. sae-
naTmecniero literaturaSi mas fleqsias eZaxian (laTin.
sityvidan flexio gaRunva, cvla sityvebisa).
meoreni mniSvnelobis cvlas iwveven, mniSvnelobis
mcvel afiqsebs warmoadgenen (maT agreTve fuZis sawarmo-
ebel anda warmosaqmnel afiqss uwodeben: maTi meoxeobiT
erTi sityvidan meore sityva iwarmoeba); aseTebia, magali-
Tad: -osan, -ovan, -eT, sa-, -o da mravali sxva.
damokidebulebis aRmniSvneli afiqsi sityvis for-
mas warmoadgens: sityvis Sinaarsi fuZeSia mocemuli, for-
ma — damokidebulebis aRmniSvnel afiqsSi. amgvari afiqsis
mqone sityva iqneba formacvalebadi sityva.
afiqsis nacvlad saerTod xSirad xmaroben termins
formanti (laT. formans — gamaformebeli).
damokidebulebis aRmniSvneli afiqsebi (fleqsia) yo-
velTvis fuZis gareTaa (kac-i, cxen-i, yvavil-i, cxenosan-i,
yvavilovan-i, svaneT-i...), mniSvnelobis mcvleli afiqsebi
yovelTvis fuZeSi Sedian, fuZis nawils Seadgenen.
amisda mixedviT fuZe orgvaria: martivi fuZe anu
Ziri (kac-, cxen-, svan...) — misi daSla ar SeiZleba — da na-
warmoebi fuZe, romelic Sedgeba martivi fuZisa da mniS-
vnelobis mcvleli afiqsebisagan (cxen-osan-, yvavil-ovan-,
svan-eT-...).
amas unda davumatoT mesame tipic: esaa rTuli fuZe.
masSi erTze meti (ori, sami...) fuZe Sedis: saxl-kar-i, col-
Svil-i, da-Zma, qarTl-kaxeT-i, Tav-qud-moglejil-i... rTul
fuZeSi Semavali fuZeebi SeiZleba martivi iyos (da-Zma), an-
da — nawarmoebi (dedul-mamul-i), anda zogi — nawarmoebi da
zogic — martivi (fSav-xevsureT-i, Tav-qud-moglejil-i).
26 Tamar lomTaZe
zemoTqmuls ori ram unda davumatoT: fuZe Cven gan-

vsazRvreT rogorc sityvis iseTi nawili, romelic sagnob-
rivi mniSvnelobis matarebelia, rogorc iseTi nawili, ro-
melic miuTiTebs garkveul obieqtur monacemze.
amitom, roca fuZes gamovyofT, yovelTvis unda
gvaxsovdes, ra sityvis fuZe gvaqvs gamosayofi: cxenosani -
is fuZe iqneba is nawili, romelic cxenian kacze miuTiTebs
(da ara yoveli nawili, romelic raime obieqtur monacemze
miuTiTebs). fuZiseuli da arafuZiseuli nawili Cven gamo-
vyaviT sityvis mniSvnelobis anlizze dayrdnobiT; afiqse-
bis daxasiaTeba-kvalifikaciac movaxdineT im daniSnule-
bis mixedviT, romelic maT aqvT, im rolis mixedviT, ro-
melsac isini asruleben. amgvarad, yvelgan amosavali iyo
funqcia im enobrivi monacemisa, romelsac Cven vaanali-
zebT; es sruliad bunebrivia da Sinaganad aucilebeli. ena
pirobiTi niSnebisagan Sedgeba. niSnis Seswavla ki gulis-
xmobs imis gaTvaliswinebas, ris niSanicaa esa Tu is enobri-
vi monacemi, sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, ra funqciac aqvs am mo-
nacems, rogorc niSans (arn. Ciqobava, 2008).
amasTanave nawarmoeb sityvebSi gamoiyofa semantiku-
ri jgufebi da yoveli axali nawarmoebi sityva axali leq-
sikuri mniSvnelobis matarebelia.
gansakuTrebiT mWidrod igrZnoba sityvawarmoebisa
da leqsikologiis kavSiri nawarmoebi sityvebis motivaci-
is SemTxvevaSi. kvlav arn. Ciqobavas davesesxebiT:
sityvaSi fuZea sagnobrivi mniSvnelobis matarebeli.
amasTan erTi axali momenticaa dakavSirebuli.
aviRoT sityva Tormeti. am sityvis realuri, ricxvi-
Ti, mniSvneloba davas ar gamoiwvevs maT Soris, visac qar-
Tuli gaegeba. vityviT am bgerebs da yvelam viciT, ra ri-
cxvsac, ra odenobasac exeba saqme.
magram ra aris Tormeti? ratom ewodeba qarTulad am
ricxvs swored es saxeli? amJamad amis Tqma arc Tu advi-
lia, magram sakmarisia movigonoT, rom Zv. qarTulSi Tor-
meti ki ara gvaqvs, aramed aTormeti, rom naTeli gaxdeba,

ris Tqmac undodaT, rodesac am ricxvs (12-s) aTormets
uwodebdnen.
aTormeti = aT-or-met, e. i. aTze oriT meti. 12 aris
ricxvi, romelic udris 10+2... am ricxvis saxeli ganmarto-
ebiT rodi dgas. msgavsadvea agebuli: TerTmeti (Zv. qarT:
aT-erT-meti), cameti ( Zv. qarT: aT-sam-meti) da a. S.
yvelgan axali ricxvi Sedarebulia aTs, da saxelwo-
deba miuTiTebs, ramdeniTaa is meti aTze. ricxvis saxelwo-
deba „ubralo“ saxeli ki ar aris, aramed aRwera — daxasia-
Teba axali odenobisa, aTTan Sedareba saSualebaa axali
ricxvis dasaxasiaTeblad.
Tavdapirvelad cxadia, aTormet-Si naTlad igrZno-
boda sami fuZe (aT-, or-, met-), romelTaganac ricxvis (12)
saxeli Sedga.
droTa viTarebaSi es sami fuZe gaerTmTlianda. masSi
Semavali fuZeebi ( aTi, ori, meti) calkeul Semadgenel er-
Teulebad ukve aRar igrZnoba, aTormeti uSualod, marti-
vad miuTiTebs saTanado ricxvze iseve, rogorc amJamad si-
tyvebi kaci, qva... miuTiTeben saTanado sagnebze.
cocxali xatovani gamoTqma — „aTze oriT meti“ — ukve
erTian sityvad iqca. sanam masSi aTi igrZnoboda, Tavkidu-
ri a (sityvaSi aTi) ver daikargeboda. mas Semdeg ki, rac aTi,
ori, meti sityvebis arseboba aTormet-Si aRar igrZnobo-
da, Tavkidur a-s amovardnac SesaZlebeli aRmoCnda.
SesaZlebloba mravalgvaria; maTgan qarTulma (da ara
mxolod qarTulma, aramed sxva mravalma enamac), pirveli
gza airCia; magram sxadasxva mdgomareobas wavawydebiT 60-
is rusuli da qarTuli saxelwodeba rom SevadaroT erTma-
neTs: „шестьдесять“ niSnavs: 6x10, „samoci“: 3x20; Sedegi erTi
da igivea, procesi — sxvadasxva. rusulSi Tvla aTobiTia;
qarTulSi — ocobiTi.
is rac ricxvis Sesaxeb vTqviT, SeiZleba ganvazoga-
doT. erTi da igive obieqturi monacemebi SeiZleba sxva-
28 Tamar lomTaZe
dasxvagvarad iqnes daxasiaTebuli. sagnis, movlenis sxva-

dasxva mxare, sxvadasxva momenti, sxvadasxva cocxali saxe
SeiZleba daedos safuZvlad axali sityvis warmoqmnas, sa-
gnis saxeldebas. es qmnis saxeldebis safuZvels. es safuZ-
veli cxadyofs, ra hqondaT mxedvelobaSi, roca ama Tu im
obieqtur monacems ama Tu im saxels arqmevdnen. saxelde-
bis momentSi es safuZveli aucilebelia, Semdeg ki igi ukve
aRar aris saWiro, damxmare saSualeba, saxeldebis safuZve-
li, droTa viTarebaSi ikargeba, cocxali sityva utyv pi-
robiT niSnad iqceva.
rogorc aRvniSneT, leqsikologia Seiswavlis sityvis
adgils enis leqsikur sistemaSi; leqsikuri fondis formi-
rebas, mis istoriul cvalebadobas; sityvis emociur-sti-
listur Seferilobas da urTierTobis procesSi gamoyene-
bas; amrigad, leqsikologia Seiswavlis leqsikuri Semad-
genlobis iseT sakiTxebs, romlebic ganpirobebulia soci-
alur-istoriuli xasiaTis faqtorebiT. es gaxlavT leqsi-
kuri fondis sociolingvisturi aspeqtiT Seswavla.
mWidro kavSiri aqvs leqsikologias stilistikas-
Tan. stilistika (berZ. stylos — Cxiri, aqedanaa frang. stilisti-
que) swavlobs leqsikuri maragidan da gramatikul forma-
Tagan ama Tu im saWiroebisaTvis ufro Sesaferisi masalis
SerCevis saSualebisa da gamoyenebis xerxebs. rodesac ram-
denime SesaZleblobidan gramatikulad yvela forma swo-
ria, magram azris sizustisaTvis SesarCevia Tu romeli
formaa ukeTesi — es stilistikis sagania.magram am SemTxve-
vaSi kargad unda vicodeT sityvis mniSvneloba da Sexameba-
doba. im SezRudvebidan gamomdinare, romlebic awesrige-
ben sityvaTa SeerTebas, mniSvnelobis mixedviT gamoiyofa
semantikuri da leqsikuri SeTanxmebebi (magaliTad, ena da-
muwa, Tvali daxuWa). Tu zustad ar viciT leqsikuri mniS-
vneloba sityvisa, es SeiZleba gaxdes winapiroba uamravi
stilistikuri Secdomisa. amitomac leqsikologiisa da
stilistikis kavSiri Zalze mWidroa. Tu gansxvavebas Cave-
ZiebiT, leqsikologiis sagania bgeraTa kombinaciiT

gadmocemuli sityva, aRmniSvneli obieqturi monacemisa,
xolo stilistikis sagans Seadgens azris sityvobrivi
gamoxatulebis SesaZlebloba da ara TviT sityva.sityvis
mniSvnelobas subieqturi momentic SeiZleba aRmoaCndes
emociuri ieris saxiT. sityva gamocda skolis sinamdvile-
Si da sityva eqskursia gansxvavebulia ara mxolod obieq-
turi momentis mixedviT, maT gansxvavebuli emociuri ie-
ric axlavs. gamocda usiamovnebis grZnobebs iwvevs maSinac
ki, roca gamosacdeli mas momzadebuli xvdeba. sityva eqs-
kursia, piriqiT, sasiamovno gancdebs iwvevs, mindor-vele-
bis silamaze da mziuroba mosavs TiTqos am sityvas... sa-
TuT grZnobas iwveven sityvebi: bavSvi, Citi, yvavili... mZime
gancda axlavs sityvebs: kubo, sasaflao, saxrCobela...
amgvari gancdebi am sityvebiT aRniSnuli obieqturi
viTarebis gamoZaxilia. aq obieqturi viTarebaa gansxvave-
buli.
aviRoT erTi da imave mniSvnelobis sityvebi: garda-
icvala, mokvda, Tqveni Wiri waiRo, CaZaRlda... obieqturi
momentis mixedviT maT Soris sxvaobas ver vipoviT: oTxsa-
ve SemTxvevaSi micvalebulzea laparaki, gansxvavebulia
damokidebuleba molaparakisa da am micvalebulisadmi.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, es damokidebuleba pativiscemas gamo-
xatavs: moRvaweebze Tu sxva pativsacem pirTa Sesaxeb
ityvian xolme gardaicvalao. meore SemTxvevaSi, aseTi da-
mokidebuleba ara Cans, Tumca verc upativcemulobas da-
vwamebT imas, vinc gulgrilad aRniSnavs mokvdao. mesame Se-
mTxvevaSi gamoTqma — Tqveni Wiri waiRo! — cxadad gviCve-
nebs, rom mTqmels srulebiTac ar awuxebs momxdari ambavi,
SeiZleba araferi hqondes momxdaris sawinaaRmdego. uka-
nasknel SemTxvevaSi (CaZaRlda) mTqmeli gveubneba, rom is,
vinc mokvda, misi azriT, ZaRli iyo: aseTia misi damokide-
buleba gardacvlilisadmi.
savsebiT aseTive emociuri variaciebi gveqneba gamo-
30 Tamar lomTaZe
TqmebSi: „daviTi mobrZanda, — movida, — moCanCalda, — mo-

eTra“...
yvela am SemTxvevaSi mTqmelis gancdebi, misi damoki-
debuleba sityviT aRniSnuli obieqtisadmi sityvis mniS-
vnelobis Semqmneli nawilia; es grZnobiTi ieri wina Se-
mTxvevaSiac (gamocda, eqskursia) gvqonda. rogorc aq, ise
iqac es grZnobiTi ieri mTqmelis gancdebidan, obieqtisa-
dmi misi damokidebulebidan momdinareobs.
es damokidebuleba ukanasknel magaliTebSi ( garda-
icvala, mokvda, Tqveni Wiri waiRo, CaZaRlda) individua-
luri, pirovnuli xasiaTisaa. erTi da imave piris Sesaxeb
laparakisas erTma SeiZleba Tqvas gardaicvalao, meorem —
mokvdao, mesamem — CaZaRldao ) imisdamixedviT, Tu vin ro-
gor uyurebda micvalebuls.
aRsaniSnavi obieqtisadmi mTqmelis (subieqtis) damo-
kidebuleba da aqedan gamomdinare grZnobiTi ieri, rome-
lic sityvas Tan axlavs, stilisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
stils stilistika Seiswavlis. magram grZnobiTi ieri si-
tyvis mniSvnelobis Semadgeneli nawilia. amrigad, leqsi-
kologia da stilistika erTmaneTs mWidrod ukavSirdeba
(arn. Ciqobava, 2008).
Zalze gaizarda leqsikologiuri kvlevebis mniSvne-
loba kompiuteruli lingvistikis ganviTarebis parale-
lurad. kompiuteruli lingvistikis amocanaa bunebrivi
sakomunikacio procesis modelireba kompiuteris saSua-
lebiT, romelic moaxdens frazebis interpretaciis pro-
cesis imitirebas. amisaTvis iqmneba monacemTa bazebi da
xdeba maTi interaqtiuli damuSaveba, rac moiTxovs fono-
logiuri, gramatikuli, leqsikologiuri da a. S. aspeqte-
bis gaTvaliswinebas. kompiuteruli lingvistikis far-
glebSi xdeba leqsikonebisa da enciklopediebis Sedgenis
unificirebuli principebis dadgena. lingvisturi kvleve-
bis kompiuteruli meTodebi, Tavis mxriv, farTod gamoiye-
neba leqsikonebis da gansakuTrebiT Tesaurusebis Sedge-
nisas. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom leqsiko-

logia da kompiuteruli lingvistika erTmaneTTan mWid-
rod dakavSirebuli dargebia.
ra Seadgens qarTuli enis leqsikur fonds?

romelia sityvaTa yvelaze zogadi dajgufeba leqsikologii-
saTvsi?
rogori sityvebi ganekuTvneba sayovelTao leqsikas?
rogori sityvebi ganekuTvneba SezRuduli sferos leqsikas?
struqturuli TvalsazrisiT ramden jgufad SeiZleba gavyoT
qarTuli enis leqsikuri fondi?
leqsikis gamdidrebis ramdeni gza arsebobs?
ras Seiswavlis semasiologia?
ras Seiswavlis onomasiologia?
ras Seiswavlis etimologia?
ras Seiswavlis leqsikografia?
rasTan aris dakavSirebuli sityvis mniSvneloba?
davaleba: gadaavleT Tvali leqsikologiis kavSirs

momijnave dargebTan da miuTiTeT SemTxvevebi, sadac ig-
rZnoba leqsikologiisa da maTi kavSiri
davaleba: gaecaniT b. foCxuas werils „sityvawarmoe-
ba da leqsikologia“ (ike, 15, Tb., 1966), CamoayalibeT Tqve-
ni Tvalsazrisi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
32 Tamar lomTaZe
sityva — leqsikologiis ZiriTadi erTeuli
qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediaSi mocemuli ganmar-

tebis Tanaxmad, sityva aris enis ZiriTadi struqturul-
semantikuri erTeuli, romelic molaparakeTaTvis fsiqo-
logiur realobas warmoadgens. mis gansxvavebul mxareebs
Seiswavlis enaTmecnierebis sxvadasxva dargi. magaliTad,
leqsikologia swavlobs sityvas mniSvnelobis Tvalsazri-
siT; morfologia swavlobs sityvis agebulebas, struqtu-
ras; sintaqsi swavlobs sityvis funqcias winadadebaSi.
sityva aris enis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli erTeuli da
amdenad erT-erTi mniSvnelovani enaTmecnieruli cneba-
terminic. miuxedavad imisa, rom am cnebis (sityva) defini-
ciis sirTulis gamo mravali sakamaTo mosazreba moipove-
ba, mainc arsebobs 5 mTavari maxasiaTebeli, romliTac si-
tyvas gansazRvraven:
1. sityva aris erT-erTi mTavari da met-naklebad sta-
biluri erTeuli;
2. sityva gamoiyeneba Cvens irgvliv arsebuli sinamd-
vilis movlenaTa aRsaniSnavad, am movlenaTa Cvens cnobie-
rebaSi ganzogadebuli anareklis safuZvelze;
3. sityva warmoadgens bilateralur (ormxriv) erTe-
uls, romelSic materialuri forma (formativi) Seerwymis
ideur Sinaarss (mniSvneloba);
4. sityva warmoadgens fonetikur-fonologiursa da
morfematul erTeuls, romelic gramatikulad formdeba;
5. sityva arsebobs enaSi, rogorc mza masala saxelwo-
debiTi funqciiT, romelic metyvelebaSi viTarebaTa dasa-
xatavad winadadebebad gadaiqceva xolme.
aRniSnuli ganmartebebi migvaniSneben imaze, rom si-
tyva mravali dargis (enaTmecniereba, fsiqologia, logika,
filosofia) obieqtia da amitom yvela cdilobs mogvces
sityvis definicia misi Tvalsazrisidan amosvliT.
jer kidev Cvens welTaRricxvamde dionise Trakieli

miuTiTebda, rom sityva aris gabmuli metyvelebis umcire-
si nawilio. Tu davakvirdebiT bolodroindel ganmarte-
bebs, vnaxavT, rom ZiriTadi definiciebi emTxveva dionise
Trakielisas. magaliTad, arn. Ciqobava 1952 wels gamoce-
mul enaTmecnierebis SesavalSi aRniSnavs, rom sityva aris
mniSvnelobis mqone umartivesi erTeuli enisa (arn. Ciqoba-
va, 1952, 184), TiTqmis imave Tvalsazriss amyarebs refor-
matski, rodesac ambobs, rom sityva enis yvelaze konkretu-
li erTeuliao (a. reformatski, 1955, 33).
sityva warmoadgens danawevrebuli bgerisa da mniS-
vnelobis erTianobas — wers potebnia (a. potebnia, 1988).
marTlac sityvas ori mxare aqvs bgeriTi da miTiTebi-
Ti, am or mxares imTaviTve ganasxvavebdnen Zveli berZnebi,
xolo sosiuris droidan moyolebuli (mecxramete sauku-
ne) sityva (enobrivi niSani) aRsaniSnisa da aRmniSvnelis er-
Tobliobaa. aRmniSvnelia misi garegani garsi, bgeraTa Se-
xamebani, mas sityvis materialur mxaresac uwodeben. aq Zi-
riTadia fonemebi, romelTa kombinacia gvaZlevs morfe-
mebsa da sityvebs. xolo aRsaniSnia misi Sinaarsoblivi mxa-
re, sagani, cneba am sagnisa...
aRmniSvneli gankuTvnilia raRac Sinaarsis gadmosa-
cemad da mas aRsaniSni Seesatyviseba. meore mxriv, aRsaniS-
ni ar gveqneba, Tu mas gamoxatvis saSualeba, aRmniSvneli ar
gaaCnia. aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris mimarTeba konver-
siulia, e. i. erTi aucileblad gulisxmobs meores da piru-
ku (T. gamyreliZe, 2003, 336).
sityvisaTvis aucilebelia orive es mxare. kavSiri
bgeraTkompleqssa da mniSvnelobas Soris ar gamomdinare-
obs bgeraTkompleqsis bunebisa da am bgerebiT aRniSnuli
movlenis bunebis Sinagani kavSiridan. am TvalsazrisiT
enobrivi niSani nebismieria, Tumca enaSi arsebobs xmabaZvi-
Ti sityvebi, romlebSic ivaraudeba aRsaniSnisa da aRmniS-
vnelis kavSiric, magram amgvari sityvebis raodenoba arc
34 Tamar lomTaZe
Tu didia da Tanac xmabaZviTi sityvebic garkveuli enis

fonologiur SesaZleblobaTa gaTvaliswinebiTaa Seqmni-
li.
marTalia, enaSi arsebobs motivaciis mqone sityvebi,
romlebSic igrZnoba azrobrivi monawileoba, magram moti-
vacia ar aris niSnis nebismierobis sapirispiro movlena.
niSnis nebismieroba varaudobs, rom bgerebsa da mniSvne-
lobas Soris kavSiri garegani xasiaTisaa. motivirebuli
sityva gulisxmobs amgvar nebismier enobriv elementTa
kombinacias, am kombinaciis funqciur datvirTulobas. es
kombinacia sagnis Sinagani bunebiT ki ar aris Sepirobebu-
li, aramed isev am enaze molaparake koleqtivis enobrivi
CveulebiT. amitom magaliTad, sityva samocdaxuTi nebis-
mieri niSania imitom, rom nebismier niSnebs warmoadgens mi-
si Semadgeneli elementebi sami, oci, xuTi, e. i. am element-
Ta bgeradobisa da mniSvnelobis urTierToba pirobiTia.
enobrivi niSani nebismieria, magram enis momxmarebel-
TaTvis bgeradobisa da mniSvnelobis kavSiri ar aris nebis-
mieri. komunikacia SeuZlebeli iqneboda savaldebulo rom
ar yofiliyo garkveuli bgeradobisa da garkveuli mniS-
vnelobis kavSiri (f. sosiuri 1933). amrigad, aranebismie-
roba imdenad aris savaldebulo, ramdenadac gagebisaTvis
aris aucilebeli. enobrivi niSani, anu esa Tu is bgeraTkom-
pleqsi imitom aRniSnavs ama Tu im movlenas, rom asea miRe-
buli ama Tu im enobriv koleqtivSi.
swored am Tvalsazriss iTvaliswinebs r. budagovi,
rodesac aRniSnavs, rom sityva enis umniSvnelovanesi er-
Teulia, romelic aRniSnavs sinamdvilisa da adamianis fsi-
qikuri cxovrebis movlenebs da romelic Cveulebriv er-
Tnairad gaigeba erT enaze molaparake da istoriulad er-
TmaneTTan dakavSirebul adamianTa koleqtivis mier (r. bu-
dagovi,1958, 8).
sityvis mniSvneloba
sityvis mniSvnelobis ganmarteba erT-erTi rTuli

sakiTxia leqsikologiaSi. mecnierTa erTi nawili sityvis
mniSvnelobad mis sagnobriv mimarTebas miiCnevs (b. foCxua,
1974, 28), zogi im warmodgenas, romelsac am sityvis gagone-
ba aRZravs msmenelSi (k. kronaseri, 1968), magram yvelaze
xSirad sityvis mniSvnelobad miiCneven cnebas, romelic,
Tavis mxriv, uSualo mimarTebaSia saganTan, iseve rogorc
sityva.
arn. Ciqobavas azriT, sityvis mniSvneloba arc cne-
baa da arc warmodgena. amis sailustraciod mas uamravi
magaliTi mohyavs: „mniSvneloba mdgomareobs miTiTebaSi
(saTanado saganze, movlenaze...). sityvis mniSvneloba vi-
ciT, Tu viciT, razedac miuTiTebs sityva, rasac gulis-
xmobs igi. sityvis mniSvneloba ar viciT, Tu ar viciT, raze
miuTiTebs igi, ra igulisxmeba masSi.
mcenare, xe, cacxvi, muxa — yoveli am sityvaTagani
obieqtur sinamdvileSi garkveul saganze miuTiTebs: muxa
sxva xes gvaniSnebs da cacxvi sxvas. es cxadia yvelasaTvis,
vinc ki am xeebs icnobs da ganasxvavebs.
ra muxa igulisxmeba am sityvaSi: beberi Tu axalnergi,
totebgaSlili Tu totebgacvenili, uswormasworo Reros
patroni Tu tanayrili, qarTuli muxa (Quercus iberica) Tu
sxva romelime saxeoba muxisa?
yvela da Tan — arc erTi. yvela — radganac garkveuli
botanikuri niSan-Tvisebis mqone mcenare (rkos rom isxams,
aseTi da aseTi foToli, merqani rom aqvs...) muxad iTqmis.
arc erTi — imitom, rom muxa saxeli ar ganekuTvneba erT
romelime erTeuls: arc im konkretul muxas, romelic
skolis ezoSi dgas, da arc im muxas, baCanam rom leqsi
uZRvna.
sityvis SemecnebiTi Zala isaa, rom masSi ganzogade-
36 Tamar lomTaZe
bulia sxvadasxva individualuri erTeulis Tvisebebi.

amitomac xdeba, rom TviT iseTi sagnis saxeli, rome-
lic erTaderTia (mze, mTvare...) SeiZleba mravlobiTSi ix-
maron, roca mzisa Tu mTvaris TvisebaTa matarebel sagan-
ze mouwevs laparaki astronoms (`xeebi samyaros usazRvro
sivrceebSi mimoiqcevian“).
amave safuZvelze SeiZleba adamianis sakuTari saxeli
(anda gvari) mravlobiTSi vixmaroT: luarsab TaTqa-
riZeebi... luarsab TaTqariZe erTi iyo; luarsab TaTqari-
Zeebi ki aq mravlobiTSia: igulisxmeba luarsab TaTqariZis
TvisebaTa mqone yvela qarTveli“. am TvisebaTa ganzogade-
bas sityva SegvaZlebinebs.
sagnis arsebiT niSan-Tvisebas cneba warmogvidgens.
cnebaSi es niSan-Tvisebebi ganzogadebis Sedegadaa miRebu-
li. bunebrivia, Tu sityvas cnebis saxelad gamoiyeneben,
cnebis saxels termini ewodeba. samkuTxedi geometriis
cnebaa: es figuraa, romelsac sami kuTxe aqvs. sityva samku-
Txedi qarTuli terminia, am cnebis aRsaniSnavad gamoyene-
buli. samkuTxedi, „триугольник“, „Dreieck“ sami gansxvavebuli
terminia, sam gansxvavebul enaze (qarTuze, rusulze da
germanulze), cneba ki — samsave SemTxvevaSi erTia.
aseve; mcenare, xe, muxa, cacxvi, qarTuli terminebia
botanikis cnebebisaTvis iseve, rogorc planta, arbor, Quercus,
Tilia — laTinuri da a.S.
raki sityva ganazogadebs, zogadi niSan-Tvisebebi ki
cnebas qmnian, SeiZleba iseTi STabeWdileba darCes, TiTqos
Cveni sityvebi mecnierulad zust cnebebs aRniSnaven yo-
velTvis. ra Tqma unda, es ase ar aris.
sityva yovelTvis ganazogadebs, magram erTia mecnie-
ruli ganzogadeba, e.i. mecnieruli analizis Sedegad gamo-
yofil niSan — TvisebaTa ganzogadeba, da meore, yoveldRi-
uri dakvirvebis Sedegad mopovebuli codna sagnis buneba-
Tvisebis Sesaxeb. sityva, pirvel yovlisa, yoveldRiur ga-
gebas asaxavs. amitom masSi iseTi gagebac aRmoCndeba, rasac
mecnierul gagebasTan saerTo araferi aqvs. „varskvlavi“

hqvia imasac, rac astronomiis gagebiT varskvlavia da
cTomilsac (marsi, venera, iupiteri, saturni, neptuni),
rac arsebiTad gansxvavdeba varskvlavisagan. varskvlavs
etyvian meteorsac („varskvlavi moswyda casao!“), kometac
„kudiani varskvlavia“ da a.S. SeiZleba arc iyos aseTi didi
gansxvaveba mecnierul cnebasa da sityvis mniSvnelobas So-
ris, magram es gansxvaveba xSirad iseTia, rom sityva termi-
nad SeuZlebelia miviCnioT, ver vityviT cnebis aRmniSvne-
liao. „mTa“ geografiaSi amaRlebuli adgilis Sesaxeb iT-
qmis, Tu garkveul simaRles aRwevs; amaze dabali goraki
iqneba. yoveldRiur sityvaxmarebaSi mTa da goraki ase zus-
tad rodia garCeuli. gorakis garda gvaqvs borcvi, seri da
arc erT mniSvnelobas mecnieruli cnebis sizuste ar gaaC-
nia.
carci sasaubro enaSi TeTri nivTierebaa, romelsac
dafaze sawerad (an kedlis SesaTeTreblad) iyeneben. bune-
bismetyvelebisaTvis carci mineralia; mis arsebiT niSan-
Tvisebas is ki ara qmnis, rom carci TeTria da Sav dafaze
dasawerad gamosadegia, aramed is, rom mikroskopuli niJa-
rebisagan aris Semdgari.
amrigad, sityvis mniSvneloba — yoveldRiur sityva-
TxmarebaSi — mecnieruli cnebis Sinaars iSviaTad udris.
sityva — yoveldRiur xmarebaSi — ganazogadebs; cnebac —
mecnierebis ama Tu im dargSi — ganzogadebas iZleva,
oRond amas mecnieruli analizi udevs safuZvlad, yovel-
dRiuri sityvaTxmareba ki mas moklebulia. sityva rom yo-
velTvis cnebebs gadmogvcemdes, adamianTa yoveldRiuri
saubari mecnieruli cnebebisagan Semdgari msjeloba iqne-
boda.
semantikis ZiriTadi cneba aris cneba mniSvnelobisa.
ra aris mniSvneloba? es sakiTxi garkveul pasuxs moiTxovs.
sityvis, Sesityvebis, winadadebis mniSvneloba viciT,
Tu viciT, razedac miuTiTebs saTanado sityva, Sesityveba,
38 Tamar lomTaZe
winadadeba, Tu viciT, rasac gulisxmobs is.

sityvis mniSvnelobad xSirad miiCneven warmodgenas,
romelsac sityva ukavSirdeba.
amgvarad, erTi mxriv gvaqvs sityva (magaliTad, cxeni),
rogorc garkveul bgeraTa kompleqsi da meore mxriv — Se-
sabamisi warmodgena an cneba (cxenisa). es ukanaskneli — e.i.
warmodgena Tu cneba — iqneba cxen sityvis mniSvneloba.
mniSvneloba Sinagani mxarea, sityva — garegani.
sityvis mniSvneloba rom warmodgena iyos:
1. yvela pirs erTi da imave sityvis xmarebisas erTi da
igive „warmodgena“ unda uCndebodes;
2. sityvis mniSvnelobis cvla mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
iqneboda SesaZlebeli, Tu es warmodgena (cneba) Seicvle-
boda meore warmodgenad (cnebad).
3. gamonaTqvamis (Sesityvebis, winadadebis) mniSvne-
loba unda yofiliyo Semadgeneli sityvebis mniSvneloba-
Ta jami.
4. Tu mniSvnelobad miviCnevdiT warmodgenebs (sa-
gnobriv warmodgenasa da cnebebs), semantika gamovidoda
moZRvreba warmodgenaTa (Tu cnebaTa) Sesaxeb. maSasadame,
aseT SemTxvevaSi semantika iqneboda fsiqologiis (Tu lo-
gikis) nawili da ara enaTmecnierebis dargi (warmodgenebi,
cnebebi fsiqologiisa da logikis Seswavlis sagania).
azrovnebis fsiqologiidan cnobilia, rom sityvis ga-
gebisas srulebiT ar aris aucilebeli sxvadasxva pirs er-
Ti da igive warmodgena (Tu sxva saxis ram gancda) hqondes;
eqsperimentulad dadasturebulia, rom zogjer sityvis
mosmenisas saerTod araviTari sagnobrivi warmodgena ar
moipoveba, da sityva mainc gasagebia.
vTqvaT, qarTulis mcodne pirebs gavagoneT sityva
cacxvi, sityva maTTvis gasagebia. SeiZleba, erTs Tvalwin
daudges is cacxvi, romelic mis saxlTan dgas, meores —
mcenaris mxolod konturebma gauelvos; mesames — SeiZleba
araviTari sagnobrivi warmodgena ar aRmoaCndes: sityva
cacxvi-Ra warmoudges dabeWdili an dawerili...

savsebiT erTi da igive warmodgenebi amgvar SemTxve-
vaSi iSviaTi gamonaklisis saxiT Tu Segvxvdeba; Cveulebri-
vad ki sityvasTan dakavSirebuli warmodgenebi Tu sxva sa-
xeebi nair-nairia sxvadasxva pirTan; aq mniSvneloba aqvs
imas, Tu mexsierebis ra tips ekuTvnis esa Tu is piri (rep-
rezentaciis TvalsazrisiT), rogoria misi individualuri
gamocdileba da sxva; erTi da imave sityvis Sesabamisad er-
Tsa da imave pirs sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxvagvari warmo-
dgenebi SeiZleba aRmoaCndes.
sityvis mniSnelobas rom es warmodgenebi qmnides, er-
TmaneTis gageba sruliad SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda.
cnobilia, rom sityvis mniSvneloba icvleba: mecnieri
aRniSnavda nacnobs, axla aRniSnavs swavluls, mkvlevars;
saydari aRniSnavda taxts (mefeTa da mRvdelmTavarTa), ax-
la aRniSnavs samRvdelmsaxuro Senobas (qristianTa); cxe-
dari aRniSnavda sawols (taxts), axla micvalebulis gvams
niSnavs...
Tu sityvis mniSvneloba sityvasTan dakavSirebuli
warmodgenaa, sityvis mniSvnelobis cvla am warmodgenis Se-
cvlas unda moaswavebdes; gamova, rom sityvis mniSvneloba
radgan Seicvala, nacnobis warmodgena Secvlila swavlu-
lis warmodgenad, taxtis warmodgena Senobis warmodgenad
gardaqmnila, sawolis warmodgena — micvalebulis warmo-
dgenad da a.S.
cxadia, es ase ar aris. mniSvnelobis cvlisas erTi
warmodgena meore warmodgenad ar gadaqceula: taxtis
warmodgenac gvqonda da Senobisac, sawolisac da micvale-
bulisac. es warmodgenebi gvqonda da dagvrCa; am mxriv
cvlilebas adgili ar hqonia. icvala sxva ram, saxeldobr,
mimarTeba, romelic sityvasa da am warmodgenebs (zustad
rom vTqvaT, am warmodgenebTan dakavSirebul obieqtur
monacemebs) Soris arsebobda. Tu winaT cxedari miuTiTeb-
da sawolze, axla miuTiTebs — micvalebulze. Seicvala ai
40 Tamar lomTaZe
es miTiTeba (da ara warmodgenebi). mniSvneloba — ai es miTi-

Tebaa... cvla mas Seexeba.
aviRoT ori gamoTqma: mTa ialbuzi, kavkasionis umaR-
lesi mwvervali... meoreSi arc erTi sityva ar moipoveba,
romelTaganac pirveli gamoTqma Sedgeba. am gamoTqmebSi
Semavali sityvebi calke sul sxvadasxva mniSvnelobisani
arian, sul sxvadasxva warmodgenebs iwveven (Tuki gamoiwve-
ven); orive gamoTqma ki erTi da imave mniSvnelobisaa: kavka-
sionis umaRlesi mwvervali ialbuzia.
maSasadame: mniSvnelobisaTvis sayrdenia obieqtu-
ri viTareba, realuri sinamdvilis faqti da ara warmo-
dgenebi, romlebic SeiZleba gvqondes da SeiZleba arc
gvqondes, anda sxvadasxva saxisa hqondes sxvadasxva pirs
erTi da imave sityvis Sesabamisad (anda erTsa da imave pirs
— sxvadasxva dros).
sityvis mniSvneloba rom warmodgenaSi mdgomareob-
des, gaugebari iqneboda, rogor SeiZleba erTi da imave
mniSvneloba hqondes or gamoTqmas, romlis Semadgeneli
sityvebi sul sxvadasxva warmodgenas iwvevs (Tuki warmo-
dgenebs gamoiwvevs).
warmodgenebis Seswavla enaTmecnierebis sagani rom
ver iqneba, es TavisTavad cxadia. warmodgenaTa Seswavla
fsiqologiis saqmea. Tu warmodgenaTa nacvlad cnebebs vi-
varaudebT, maTi Seswavla, pirvel yovlisa, logikis sagani
iqneboda( da ara — enaTmecnierebisa).
amgvarad, araa swori gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba,
TiTqos mniSvneloba mdgomareobdes warmodgenaSi (anda
cnebaSi).
gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis kritikuli ganxilva sa-
Sualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom:
1. sityvis mniSvneloba mdgomareobs miTiTebaSi obi-
eqturi sinamdvilis garkveul monacemze.
2. es monacemi (sagani, Tviseba, moqmedeba Tu sxva ram
movlena obieqturi sinamdvilisa) aris sityvisaTvis sao-
rientacio, sityvis mniSvneloba mas emyareba, mis mixedviT

izomeba da ganisazRvreba.
3. es obieqturi monacemi sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba
iyos gancdili: akustikuri Tu optikuri sagnobrivi
warmodgenis saxiT, anda saTanado sityvis akustikuri Tu
optikuri warmodgenis saxiT... SesaZloa amaTi kombinaciac
gvqondes: sityvis Tanmxlebi warmodgenebi saTanado obieq-
turi monacemebis gancdis (reproduqciis) saSualebaa;
mniSvnelobas es warmodgenebi ki ar gamoxataven, aramed,
miTiTeba obieqtur monacemze, mimarTeba am obieqtur mo-
nacemTan.
mxolod amis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli erTmaneTis
gageba; sworad gvesmis sxvisi naTqvami, ramdenadac Cvenc
igive obieqturi monacemi gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi, razedac
mTqmelis mier xmarebuli sityvebi miuTiTebda da srule-
biTac ar aris saWiro, mTqmelsa da msmenels erTi da igive
warmodgenebi aReZras TqmulTan dakavSirebiT (arn. Ciqo-
bava, 2008).
freges samkuTxedi. cnebis, sityvisa da sagnis urTi-

erTobas kargad gamoxatavs e. w. freges samkuTxedi, sadac
cneba damoukideblad ukavSirdeba rogorc sagans, aseve
sityvas, xolo mimarTeba sagansa da sityvas Soris gaSuale-
bulia cnebiT. am mimarTebis damyarebis operacias refe-
rencia ewodeba. referencia aris gamonaTqvamis dakavSire-
ba imasTan, rasac es gamonaTqvami gamoxatavs gareenobriv
samyaroSi.
sagans, cnebasa da sityvas Soris logikuri mimarTebebi
enaSi warmogvidgeba denotats (sagani), aRsaniSnsa (cneba) da
aRmniSvnels (sityva) Soris mimarTebebis saxiT. mniSvneloba
mimarTulia niSnisaken, xolo cneba — garesamyarosaken.
filosofosebi da logikosebi cnebas ganmartaven
rogorc azrovnebis kategorias, obieqturi sinamdvilis
saganTa da movlenaTa arsebiTi niSan-Tvisebebis ganzoga-
42 Tamar lomTaZe
debaze dafuZnebul samyaros asaxvis formas. cnebis mate-

rializeba da damagreba xdeba enobriv formebSi da pirvel
yovlisa sityvaTa mniSvnelobebSi. misi Seswavla SesaZlebe-
lia mxolod enobrivi gamoxatvis saSualebiT (m. xoferia,
2012, 283).
nebismier azrSi SeiZleba gamoiyos subieqturi da
obieqturi komponentebi, anu kognitiuri (SemecnebiTi,
konceptualuri) da pragmatikuli (SefasebiTi, emociuri,
afeqturi) mniSvnelobebi. kognitiuri (laT. cognitio „Semec-
neba“) mniSvneloba aris sagnebisa da faqtebis (denotate-
bis) Sesaxeb obieqturi informacia. pragmatikuli mniSvne-
loba gaxlavT informacia molaparakis subieqturi damo-
kidebulebis Sesaxeb. niSnis pragmatikuli mniSvneloba ar
myardeba uSualod molaparakesa da niSans Soris. igi gaSu-
alebulia denotatisadmi molaparakis emociuri damoki-
debulebiT da asaxavs denotatis Sefasebas. aqedan gamo-
mdinare, cnebasTan SedarebiT sityvis leqsikuri mniSvne-
loba Tavisi moculobiT, anu Tavisi SefardebiTobiT rea-
luri sinamdvilis obieqtebTan ufro viwroa, Tavisi Sina-
arsiT ki — ufro farTo. amitomac, ramdenime sityvis mniS-
vnelobaSi SeiZleba dafiqsirdes erTi da igive cneba,
oRond am mniSvnelobaTagan TiToeuls SeiZleba hqondes
damatebiTi azrobrivi da stilisturi Seferiloba (m. xo-
feria, 2012, 283).
enobriv niSans SeiZleba hqondes rogorc kognitiu-
ri, aseve pragmatikuli mniSvneloba, an erT-erTi maTgani.
magaliTad, mxolod pragmatikuli mniSvnelobis mqonea So-
risdebuli. igi cnebebs ar gamoxatavs. zogierT niSanSi wa-
myvania kognitiuri komponenti, xolo zogSi — pragmatikuli.
amitomac aris rom sityva Tavis ZiriTad mniSvnelo-
bas gvaCvenebs konteqstSi. konteqstSi sityva aqtiuria.
a. potebnia miuTiTebs, rom sityvas sintaqsuri kavSiris ga-
reSe ara aqvs arc leqsikuri da arc formaluri Tvisebe-
bio (a. potebnia, 1988, 32).
sityva da konteqsti. mniSvnelobisaTvis rom obieq-

turi sinamdvilis monacemia sayrdeni, amas demonstraciu-
lad cxadyofs iseTi SemTxvevebi, sadac realuri konteq-
sti da saTanado sityvieri gamoTqma erTmaneTs ar Seefe-
reba. ase, magaliTad, yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom qarTuli
sityva mobrZandiT!, dabrZandiT! amJamad pativiscemas gu-
lisxmobs, magram, winadadebaSi — aq mobrZandi da seirs giC-
venebo — yovelive eWvs gareSea, rom es Tavaziani sityva
(mobrZandi) pativiscemas ar gamoxatavs... agreTve yvelas
moexseneba, rom TviT saalerso sityvebic ki (geTayva, ge-
nacvale) yovelTvis ar gamoxatavs saTuT grZnobebs (Sdr.
„ramodena gazrdilxar, genacvale! — dideda mimarTavs Svi-
liSvils... da — arafris mTqmeli: gamarjoba, genacvale!).
realuri viTareba, am SemTxvevaSi damokidebuleba imisa,
vinc amas ambobs, im pirisadmi, visac am sityvebiT mimarTa-
ven, — aris erTerTi mizezi gansxvavebisa am saalerso si-
tyvis mniSvnelobaSi.
amave movlenas aaSkaravebs andazuri Tqma: „me qor-
wilSi wavCanCaldebi, Sen wisqvilSi wabrZandio!“. amis
mTqmelis TvalsazrisiT wisqvilSi mimavalia, rom miCanCa-
lebs, wabrZandeba ki qorwilSi mimavals Seefereba; Seufe-
rebeli sityvebis xmareba saqmis viTarebas sruliad ar
cvlis, piriqiT, demonstraciulad gaxazavs imas, rac si-
namdvileSi xdeba. CanCalis warmodgenam ver aqcia qorwil-
Si wasvla samZimo saqmed, verc wabrZanebis warmodgenam ga-
xada wisqvilSi wasvla sasiamovnod an sapatiod im pirisa-
Tvis, visac amas sTavazobdnen. warmodgena ver qmnis
sityvis mniSvnelobas.
iseTi sityvebis xmareba, romlebic sagnisaTvis Seu-
ferebelia, sruliad sawinaaRmdego Sedegs iZleva, da ami-
tomac, am saSualebas mimarTaven xolme garkveuli efeqtis
misaRebad, romelic ironiisa da sarkazmisaTvis aris dama-
xasiaTebeli.
kargi ram iyo Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-kari!... am wina-
44 Tamar lomTaZe
dadebaze Tu SevCerdebiT, gvegoneba, rom luarsab TaTqa-

riZis saxl-kari marTlac mosawoni yofila; magram roca
avtori am saxl-kars agviRwers, naTeli xdeba, rasac niSnav-
da es kargi. am sityvis xmarebas miznad aqvs ufro mkveTrad
gvagrZnobinos kontrasti, romelic xmarebuli sityviT
gamowveul warmodgenasa da im suraTs Soris arsebobs, ro-
melsac luarsabis „cixe-darbazi“ warmoadgenda...
„CvenisTana bednieri gana aris sadme eri?!“ — kiTxu-
lobs i. WavWavaZe leqsSi „bednieri eri“. imis epikuri Camo-
Tvla, ra Tvisebebic mama-papebs mecxramete saukunis man-
Zilze gamouCeniaT, gviCvenebs, rom „bednieri“ aq „ube-
durs“ niSnavs. sityvis mniSvneloba obieqturi viTarebiT
izomeba da ara warmodgeniT, romelsac sityva iwvevs.
„movkvdi amdeni siaruliT!“ — laparakobs daqanculi
adamiani, rom momkvdariyo, cxadia amas veRar ityoda.
es umagaliToa! saSinelebaa! warmoudgenelia! — xSi-
rad ityvian xolme Zalian Cveulebrivis, advilad warmo-
sadgenisa da yoveldRiuri movlenis Sesaxeb. mizani marti-
via: meti efeqtis moxdena. Sedegi — sawinaaRmdego: obieq-
turi viTareba ar amarTlebs molodins, saTanado movlena
tovebs miT ufro nakleb STabeWdilebas, rac ufro meti
iyo molodini. Tu sityvebs ase Seufereblad, uadgilod,
xSirad xmaroben, sityva xundeba: saSineli ukve aRar aris
saSineli da warmoudgeneli Zalian Cveulebrivis aRmniS-
vneli xdeba.
realuri konteqsti, obieqturi viTareba wyvets yo-
velTvis sityvis mniSvnelobis sakiTxs. es debuleba iZleva
gasaRebs iseTi movlenebisa, rogoricaa ironia, sarkazmi,
elifsi, sityvis mniSvnelobis gafarToeba Tu daviwroe-
ba da sxva.
universitetSi mivdivar! — vupasuxebT kiTxvaze: sad
midixar?
romel universitetSi — realuri konteqstidanaa
cxadi. azrad aravis mouva TbilisSi amxanagis SekiTxvaze
upasuxos „Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi mivdiva-

ro!“ aseve, roca Tbiliseli maswavlebeli kolegas eubneba
„saministroSi viyavio“, aq ganaTlebis saministroa, pirvel
yovlisa, realuri konteqstiT navaraudevi.
realuri konteqstis Sesabamisad erTsa da imave si-
tyvas sxvadasxva gamoTqmaSi sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs:
1. „zafxuli borjomSi gavatare“: „borjomi“ aq kurortis
saxelwodebaa. 2. „damalevine borjomi!“ — aq borjomis sa-
mkurnalo wyals aRniSnavs; iSviaTad Tu vinme ityvis „dama-
levine borjomis wyalio!“ — „wyali“ zedmetia, raki borjo-
misa mxolod wyalsa svamen; sruliad aravin ityvis „dama-
levine borjomis samkurnalo wyalio!“ es sizuste zedme-
tia da stilistikurad gaumarTlebeli yoveldRiur si-
tyvaTxmarebaSi. 3. „borjomma daigviana“ — aq „borjomi“
borjomis matarebels niSnavs. „xaSuris matarebeli gadis
borjomis Cixidan“ — aqac „borjomis Cixi“ borjomis mata-
reblis dasayenebel Cixs niSnavs Tbilisis sadgurze (da
ara borjomSi).
sityvis mniSvneloba SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebuli
sxvadasxva gamoTqmaSi, sxvadasxva sityvier konteqstSic.
sadguri: eleqtrosadguri... rkinigzis sadguri...
operacia: samxedro operacia (=saomari moqmedeba)...
avadmyofs gaukeTes operacia (= qirurgiuli mkurnaloba).
Tvali: adamiani TvaliT xedavs... urmis Tvali...patio-
sani Tvali (=Zvirfasi qva)... qveynis Tvali...
xeli: adamians ori xeli aqvs... am bavSvs kargi xeli
aqvs (e.i. lamazad wers)... Rvinos xeli aqvs (e.i. suni da-
hkravs)... daviTi simonis marjvena xelia...
kiTxulobs: daviTi wigns kiTxulobs... daviTi leqci-
as kiTxulobs... daviTi eqimis misamarTs kiTxulobs...
amrigad, mniSvnelobis kvlevisas gasaTvaliswinebe-
lia farTo konteqsti, kognitiuri da pragmatikuli faq-
torebi.
46 Tamar lomTaZe
ras ewodeba sityva?

CamoTvaleT 5 mTavari maxasiaTebeli, romliTac sityvas gan-
sazRvraven
ramdeni mxare aqvs sityvas?
ras uwodeben aRmniSvnels?
ras miiCneven mecnierebi sityvis mniSvnelobad?
ras ewodeba referencia?
ra aris pragmatikuli mniSvneloba?
davaleba: gamoiyeneT qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi

leqsikoni da amowereT sityvis mniSvnelobebi, romlebsac
axlavT pragmatikuli mniSvneloba.
davaleba: gamoiyeneT sulxan-sabas leqsikoni da moi-
ZieT sityvebi, romlebsac garkveuli konotacia axlavT.
davaleba: SeadgineT winadadebebi ise, rom konteqst-
Si Candes sityvaTa aqtiuri mniSvnelobebi.
davaleba: gaecaniT n. sturuas Sromas „sityva ro-
gorc enobrivi erTeuli“ (Tbilisi, 1975) da CamoayalibeT
Tqveni Tvalsazrisi.
srulmniSvnelobiani da damxmare sityvebi
enobriv erTeulTa umravlesobas aqvs saxeldebis,

anu nominaciis damoukidebeli funqcia — isini damouki-
deblad, uSualod aRniSnaven gareenobrivi samyaros sagne-
bisa da movlenebis amsaxvel cnebebs, cal-calke asaxele-
ben maT. aseTi funqciis mqone sityvebs srulmniSvnelobi-
ani (damoukidebeli, cnebiTi, sruli) sityvebi ewodeba. maT
SeuZliaT calke gamonaTqvamis Seqmna. tradiciul metyve-
lebis nawilebs Soris damoukidebel sityvebs ganekuTvne-
ba arsebiTi, zedsarTavi da ricxviTi saxelebi, zmna da
zmnizedaTa didi nawili. maT upirispirdeba arasrulmniS-
vnelobiani (damxmare, momsaxure, arasruli, mimarTebiTi,
carieli) sityvebi, romelTac mxolod damoukidebel si-
tyvebTan erTad SeuZliaT saxeldebis funqciis Sesruleba
— gareenobrivi samyaros movlenebis, kerZod, mimarTebaTa
amsaxveli cnebebis gamoxatva. isini, Cveulebriv calke
gamonaTqvams ver qmnian. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneba tradici-
uli gramatikis nawilakebi (viwro mniSvnelobiT), kavSire-
bi, Tandebulebi, artiklebi, windebulebi. rac Seexeba de-
iqtur sityvebsa da substitutebs, isini semantikis gan-
xilvis sagania, Tumca maTi statusis Sesaxeb azrTa sxva-
dasxvaoba arsebobs. nacvalsaxeluri sityvebi ki ar asaxe-
leben realiebs, aramed miuTiTeben maTze an damoukidebel
enobriv erTeulTa Sinaarsze. damxmare sityvebisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, maT SeuZliaT calke gamonaTqvamis Seqmna (da wi-
nadadebis wevris rolis Sesruleba) (dawvrilebiT ixileT
qvemoT).
arasrulmniSvnelovani da deiqturi sityvebis, ag-
reTve substitutebis simravle, damoukidebel sityvaTa
simravlisagan gansxvavebiT Caketilia. igi ar ivseba axali
sityvebiT.
48 Tamar lomTaZe
sazRvrebi damoukidebel da damxmare sityvebs Soris

pirobiTia. zogierTma damoukidebelma sityvam SeiZleba
desemantizacia ganicados, e. i. gadavides damxmare sityva-
Ta klasSi. magaliTad, modi dRes da modi vnaxoT, mas unda
wasvla da unda waxvide (T. gamyreliZe, 2003, 339)
amrigad, srulmniSvnelovania sityva, Tu is migviTi-
Tebs ama Tu im sagansa an movlenaze sxva sityvebis dauxma-
reblad — saxli, kari, kedeli, qva, mdinare, zis, dgas, wers,
kiTxulobs, aSenebs, angrevs... xuTi, aTi, oci, asi, aTasi...
lamazi, wiTeli, lurji, maRali, dabali... dawerili, waki-
Txuli, aSenebuli... aq, iq, zeviT, qveviT, guSin, zeg...
damxmare sityvebia, magaliTad, Tu, rom, roca, radga-
nac, magram, romelic... amgvari sityvebi calke arc raime
saganze migviTiTeben, arc Tvisebas gvaniSneben, arc moqme-
deba-mdgomareobas, arc adgilze miuTiTeben, arc droze...
Sdr. Tu da Tu wers... rom da — rom xatavs... roca da — roca
dgas... radganac da — radganac kiTxulobs...
srulmniSvnelovani sityvac saWiroebs konteqsts,
e. i sxva sityvaTa waSvelebas. magaliTad, kedeli — Sdr. sa-
xlis kedeli, qvis kedeli, xis kedeli... konteqstSi am si-
tyvaTa mniSvneloba zustdeba, magram amis gareSec, calke
aRebuli „kedel“ mainc gvaniSnebs, rom dasaxelebuli si-
tyva sagans gulisxmobs da ara Tvisebas (anda ricxvs, mo-
qmedebas, mdgomareobas), rom es sagani nagebobasTan aris
dakavSirebuli, xisa iqneba is Tu qvisa, an agurisa...
aqtiuri da pasiuri maragi
zogi sityva, srulmniSvnelovanic da damxmarec, yo-

veldRiurad ixmareba, aqtiur marags ekuTvnis. aseTebia:
deda, mama, da, Zma, coli, Svili, biZa, mamida, deida... saxli,
kari, saxuravi, kibe... muSaobs, akeTebs, aSenebs, wers, xa-
tavs... cocxali, mkvdari, dabali, maRali, sqeli, Txeli, wi-
Teli, Savi, didi, patara... me, Sen, is, Cven, Tqven, isini... er-
Ti, sami, Svidi, asi, aTasi... da bevri sxva aseTi. ar daiZebne-

ba qarTulad molaparake adamiani, rom aseT sityvebs Cveu-
lebrivad ar xmarobdes.
amaTgan gansxvavebulia, vTqvaT, aseTi sityvebi — na-
wverali, Svria, dolispuri, TavTuxi, Savfxa, Toxli, SiSa-
gi, Wedila... am sityvebs iseTi sayovelTao gamoyeneba ara
aqvs, rogorc sityvebs — saxli, kari, puri, Weri, Zroxa, xa-
ri... soflis cxovrebas vinc icnobs, misTvis es sityvebic
aqtiuri maragisad miiCneva, qalaqSi gazrdili piris me-
tyvelebaSi ki es sityvebi, rogorc wesi, pasiur marags
ganekuTvneba — am sityvebs is gaigebs, roca gaigonebs, mag-
ram saxmarad TviTon iSviaTad Tu ixmars. gaigebso, rom
vambobT, aqac erTgvari ganmarteba unda davurTod — gai-
gebs zogadad — Svria raRac TavTaviani mcenarea, magram,
saxeldobr ra, naTlad SeiZleba ver warmoidginos... Wedi-
la cxvarze iTqmis, magram, saxeldobr rogorze, SeiZleba
ver gviTxras... nawverali yanasTan aris kavSirSi da ara me-
cxoveleobasTan, magram, ra aris, ver gvetyvis... erTi sity-
viT, mxolod zogadad da daaxloebiT mixvdeba, Tu ras exe-
ba saqme (arn. Ciqobava, 2008).
arsebobs aqtiuri da pasiuri leqsikis sxvagvari gage-
bac. aRniSnaven, rom enis leqsikur erTeulebs Soris zogi-
erTi gamoirCeva metyvelebaSi maRali sixSiriT. isini aR-
niSnaven mocemuli enobrivi koleqtivisaTvis gansakuTre-
biT mniSvnelovan realiebs. es erTeulebi enis aqtiur leq-
sikas ganekuTvneba.
aqtiuri leqsika ar aris dakavSirebuli molaparake-
Ta sacxovrebel adgilTan, ganaTlebasTan, socialur,
profesiul Tu asakobriv da sxva jgufebTan. igi stilis-
turad neitraluria, SedarebiT nela icvleba, distribu-
ciulad naklebSezRudulia. aqtiuris sapirispirod, pasi-
uri leqsika ufro SezRudulad ixmareba. mas ganekuTvneba
iSviaTi realiebis aRmniSvneli erTeulebi, sakuTari saxe-
lebi, iseTi leqsemebi, romlebic enobrivi koleqtivis mxo-
50 Tamar lomTaZe
lod zogierTi wevrisaTvis aris cnobili — terminebi, mo-

Zvelebuli leqsemebi, agreTve eqspresiuli, stilisturad
araneitraluri leqsika da misT.
aqtiur da pasiur leqsikas Soris zRvari pirobiTia
da istoriulad cvalebadi. naklebi sixSiris mqone erTeu-
li droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba gaaqtiurdes, xolo xSi-
rad xmarebuli — iSviaTi gaxdes.
arsebobs aqtiuri da pasiuri leqsikis sxvagvari gage-
bac, romelic damkvidrebulia fsiqolingvistikaSi. pasiu-
ri ewodeba iseT leqsikas, romelsac mocemuli konkretu-
li molaparake Cveulebriv ar iyenebs, Tumca misTvis gasa-
gebia. es SeiZleba iyos zogierTi eqspresiuli gamoTqma,
iseTi terminebi, romelTa zust mniSvnelobas molaparake
icnobs. droTa ganmavlobaSi, am mxriv, konkretuli mola-
parakis leqsikac icvleba. swored amitom aris, rom zus-
tad ver ganvsazRvravT calkeul molaparakeTa sityvier
marags.
pasiuri leqsikisagan unda ganvasxvavoT molaparaki-
saTvis ucnobi leqsika, romelTa gageba mas ZaluZs leqse-
maTa Sinaformisa Tu konteqstis safuZvelze. es leqsemebi
potenciur leqsikas ganekuTvneba. igive termini ixmareba
agreTve mTeli enobrivi koleqtivis leqsikis mimarT; igi
aRniSnavs produqtiuli derivaciuli modelebis mixedviT
Seqmnil leqsikur erTeulebs, romlebic realur metyve-
lebaSi ar dasturdeba (derivaciuli modelebis produq-
tiulobis Sefaseba SeiZleba eqsperimentulad gamovleni-
li potenciuri erTeulebis, kerZod, leqsemebis raodeno-
bis mixedviT). aseTi erTeulebis arseboba SeiZleba viwi-
naswarmetyveloT enobriv sistemaSi moqmedi wesebis mixed-
viT; isini sistemis cariel ujredebs avseben. magaliTad,
qarTul enaSi realurad arsebobs momJavo, motkbo, magram
mocxaro arsebobs mxolod potenciurad.
potenciuri leqsika upirispirdeba realurs. igi
gamoiyvaneba misgan, magram ar gvxvdeba molaparakeTa enob-
riv praqtikaSi — uzusSi (laT. usus gamoyeneba, Cveuleba).

uzusi aris metyvelebaSi enobriv erTeulTa faqtobrivi
xmarebis SemTxvevaTa erToblioba.
enis birTvuli leqsika. aqtiuri leqsikis is nawili,
romelic aerTianebs aramotivirebul, pirvelad, Zireul
leqsemebs, Seadgens enis birTvul anu bazisur leqsikas.
masSi Sedis universaluri, bazisuri cnebebis aRmniSvneli
leqsemebi. kerZod, naTesauri kavSiris, moZraobis, zomis,
sivrceSi ganlagebis aRmniSvneli zogierTi leqsema, na-
cvalsaxelebi, ricxviTi saxelebi da sxva. leqsikis es nawi-
li maqsimalurad stabiluria, sayovelTaod ixmareba da
enobriv koleqtivSi urTierTgagebinebasa da memkvidreo-
biTobas ganapirobebs. birTvuli anu sayovelTaod gavrce-
lebuli (saerTo-saxalxo) leqsika, enis ZiriTadi leqsiku-
ri fondi, ar aris igive, rac saliteraturo enis leqsika,
romelsac axasiaTebs normirebuloba, mowesrigebuloba.
saliteraturo ena yalibdeba xangrZlivi gavlenis
mqone, avtoritetuli, rCeuli socialuri jgufis metyve-
lebis safuZvelze. igi savaldebulod aris miCneuli moce-
mul enobriv koleqtivSi. saliteraturo enis arseboba gu-
lisxmobs misi weriTi formis arsebobasac (T. gamyreliZe,
2003, 386)
enis birTvul leqsikas ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondis
sityvebs uwodebs arn. Ciqobava.
misi azriT, enis ZiriTad leqsikur fonds ganekuT-
vneba yvela ZiriTadi sityva, masTan ara iseTi, SemTxveviT
rom Semodis enaSi da maleve qreba, aramed iseTi saukuneTa
manZilze rom SerCeba enas.
ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondis sityvebi leqsikis xer-
xemals qmnis. igi leqsikis gamdidrebis wyaroa — misgan axa-
li sityvebi warmoiqmneba.
iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa deda, mama, da, Zma, saxli,
kari, ZiriTadi fondis sityvebia (qarTulSi). es sityvebi
Zveli qarTulis ZeglebSi dasturdeba. maSasadame, sul
52 Tamar lomTaZe
mcire, aTas xuTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi ixmareba qarTul me-

tyvelebaSi.
amgvar sityvaTagan warmoiqmna (uSualod Tu Sualo-
biT) axali sityvebis wyeba:
Zma — Zmuri, moZme saZmo, uZmo, sZmobs, Zmoba, Zmobili,
uZmobildeba...
es magaliTebi cxadad gviCvenebs, Tu ra safuZvelsac
uqmnis axal sityvaTa warmoqmnas ZiriTadi leqsikuri fon-
dis sityva.
roca leqsikis istoria saTanadod Seswavlilia da
viciT, ra sityva rodis Semovida xmarebaSi, ar gagviWirde-
ba imis garkveva, ekuTvnis Tu ara igi ZiriTad leqsikur ma-
rags.
magram, roca sityva axlad Semosulia xmarebaSi, xSi-
rad Znelia imis garkveva, ganekuTvneba igi ZiriTad leqsi-
kur fonds Tu ara, radganac Znelia imis winaswar gadawyve-
ta, damkvidrdeba es sityva enaSi Tu ara.
ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondis sityvebis zustad gamo-
yofa araa advili, magram cneba ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondi-
sa uaRresad mniSvnelovani cnebaa, rogorc leqsikis Tana-
medrove viTarebaSi, ise leqsikis istoriaSi garkvevis
TvalsazrisiT.
rogor sityvebs hqviaT srulmniSvnelobiani sityvebi?

rogor sityvebs uwodeben arasrulmniSvnelobian sityvebs?
rogori sityvebi ganekuTvneba aqtiur leqsikas?
rogori sityvebi ganekuTvneba pasiur leqsikas?
romeli leqsemebi ganekuTvneba potenciur leqsikas?
ras niSnavs uzusi?
ras ewodeba enis birTvuli leqsika?
davaleba: daasaxeleT SemTxvevebi, rodesac srul-

mniSvnelobiani sityva iqceva arasrulmniSvnelobian si-
tyvad.
davaleba: Tqven mier moyvanili magaliTebis safuZ-
velze daadastureT, rom zRvari aqtiur da pasiur leqsi-
kas Soris pirobiTia.
davaleba: daasaxeleT birTvuli leqsikis sityva da
miuwereT mas misgan nawarmoebi sityvebi.
54 Tamar lomTaZe
sityvis funqcionirebis pirobebi
bgeradobisa da Sinaarsis urTierTkavSiri. sityvis

ganmartebebis ganxilvis Semdeg erTi cxadia: sityvebi es
aris aRsaniSnebis (Sinaarsobrivi planis) da aRmniSvnele-
bis (gamoxatulebis plani, fonetikuri garsi, materialu-
ri mxare) erToblioba.
aqedan gamomdinare, imisaTvis rom sityva funqcioni-
rebdes, aucilebelia mas garkveuli bgeradoba hqondes. me-
twil enebSi sityva Sedgenilia fonemebisagan, romlebic
Tavis mxriv qmnian niSnad elementebs morfemebs, Zirebs da
a. S.
magram aqve isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom sicili,
kvnesa da a. S. garkveuli bgeradobaa, magram ar miemarTeba
aRsaniSns. isini am SemTxvevaSi, mxolod grZnobebis gamo-
vlenas warmoadgenen. Tu bgeradoba ar miemarTeba aRsa-
niSns, maSin is sityvas ar warmoadgens, amitom bgeradoba da
Sinaarsis erToblioba qmnis sityvis funqcionirebis auci-
lebel pirobas.
enobrivi koleqtivi. Cven kargad viciT, rom yoveli
ena samyaros aRsawerad sakuTar saSualebebs iyenebs, rac
am enaTa gamoxatulebis planSi (aRmniSvneli) aisaxeba. ada-
mianebi arsebiTad erTnairad acnobiereben gareenobriv
sinamdviles. ase rom ar yofiliyo, sxadasxva enobrivi ko-
leqtivis wevrebi erTmaneTs ver gaugebdnen da ver moxde-
boda erTi enidan meoreze Targmna. magram is, rac saerToa
yvela adamianisaTvis Tavisebur semantikur struqturebs
qmnis TiToeul enaSi. es struqturebi Rirebulebas mokle-
bulia mocemuli enis farglebs gareT. ase rom ar yofili-
yo, maSin yvelgan da yovelTvis erT movlenas erTi da igive
saxeli erqmeoda. magaliTad, bgeraTkompleqsi mama yvela
enaSi mamrobiT sqesis mSoblis aRmniSvneli iqneboda. Tum-
ca rusulSi piriqiTaa. amitom sityvis funqcionirebisa-
Tvis aucilebelia rom is erTnairad aRiqmebodes molapa-

rakisa da msmenelis mier, anu funqcionirebdes garkveul
enobriv koleqtivSi. Seexeba es nebismier enobriv dones,
dawyebuli fonetikidan, damTavrebuli leqsikiT. amito-
mac aris, rom xmabaZviTi sityvebic ki, romlebic gareenob-
riv xmianobasTan maqsimalur siaxloves gulisxmobs, swo-
red garkveuli enis fonologiur SesaZleblobaTa gaTva-
liswinebiTaa Seqmnili. amitom is, rac qarTuli enobrivi
koleqtivis mier gugulad aRviqviT, rusulad кукушка-Ti
gadmoicema.
g. axvlediani 1949 wels gamocemul „zogadi foneti-
kis safuZvlebSi“ miuTiTebs: „qarTulad metyvels Tavise-
buri aqvs saartikulacio bazisi, e. i sametyvelo organoe-
bis moqmedeba ki ara, moqmedebisTvis mzadyofnac ki. qar-
Tuli enobrivi koleqtivis wevrebi ara marto laparakoben
qarTulad, aramed dumilis drosac qarTvelebi arian —
qarTulad duman. maT, cxadia, TiToeuli warmosaTqmeli
bgerac Taviseburi, qarTuli eqnebaT, Taviseburi eqnebaT
am bgeraTa SeerTebis wesebi da SesaZleblobani“ (g. axvle-
diani, 1949).
amitomacaa, rom nasesxebi sityvebi, romlebmac qar-
TulSi oficialuri statusi moipoves, fonetikuradac
qarTul sistemas moergo da gramatikuladac. magaliTad,
lifti, albaT da a. S.
sityvaTa meti wili emociuri TvalsazrisiT neitra-
luria da molaparakis damokidebuleba saTqmelTan, Sefa-
sebiTi elementi — Tu misi gamoxatva saWirodaa miCneuli
garkveul konkretul sametyvelo procesSi — arasakuTriv
leqsikuri saSualebebiT gadmoicema. magram zog sityvas
garkveuli grZnobiTi elferi axlavs. sityvaTa zogi jgu-
fi, magaliTad, lanZRvisa da alersis gamomxatveli sityve-
bi (genecvale, mamaZaRlo) sruliad daclilia sagnobrivi
mniSvnelobisagan da mxolod emociuri ieri Seadgens mis
fsiqikur korelats.
56 Tamar lomTaZe
grZnobiTi ieri, rodesac igi warmoSobilia ara TviT

sagniT, aramed metyvelTa damokidebulebiT sagnisadmi
orgvaria. grZnobiTi ieris am rigis faqtebis arseboba swo-
red leqsikuri fondisa da enobrivi koleqtivis urTier-
Tobaze miuTiTebs.
swored enobriv koleqtivSi iZens sityva ama Tu im
emociur iers (magaliTad, qarTulSi eSmaki uaryofiTi ko-
notaciiT xasiaTdeba, Tumca, dadebiTi elferis matarebe-
lia, roca celqi bavSvis mniSvnelobiT ixmareba). enobrivi
koleqtivi saerTo saqmianobiTa da sazogadoebrivi cxov-
rebiTac gaerTianebuli erTobaa. amitomac maTi cxovre-
biT gansxvavebuloba leqsikazec aisaxeba. magaliTad, ger-
manulis manqanaTmSeneblobis terminologia bevrad ganvi-
Tarebulia, vidre qarTulisa, rac uSualod saqmianobas-
Tanaa dakavSirebuli.
leqsikis simdidre swored enobriv koleqtivTan uSu-
alod aris dakavSirebuli. arn. Ciqobava enaTmecnierebis
SesavalSi werda: leqsikis simdidre enis simdidrea, zog
enaSi meti sityva gvaqvs, zogSi — naklebi.
es savsebiT kanonzomieria. sityva sagans, movlenas,
moqmedebas aRniSnavs. amitom bunebrivia, im enas dasWirde-
ba meti sityva, romelzedac molaparake xalxis cxovreba
mdidari da mravalferovania. SeiZleba ama Tu im enis leq-
sika saerTod ar iyos mdidari, magram masSi araCveulebri-
vad mdidrad iyos warmodgenili erTi garkveuli dargis
leqsika. ase, magaliTad, arabul enaSi ramdenime aseuli si-
tyva moipoveba aqlemis — misi sxvadasxva asakis, feris Tu
sxva Tvisebebis aRsaniSnavad — aqlemi arabeTis mcxovreb-
TaTvis arsebobis ZiriTadi wyaroa, aqlemis moSenebas ara-
bis cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs, aqlemTan
dakavSirebuli leqsikac gansakuTrebiT mravalferovania.
arabuli ena, rasakvirvelia, ar warmoadgens yvelaze mdi-
dar enas msoflioSi, magram „aqlemis leqsikis“ simdidris
mxriv arabuli ena yvela enaze win dgas.
Tu xalxi soflis meurneobas misdevs, mas memindvre-

obis, mexileobis, mebaReoba-mebostneobis leqsika ganvi-
Tarebuli eqneba. iq, sadac mesaqonleobas didi adgili
ukavia, saamiso leqsikac mdidrad iqneba warmodgenili. Tu
zRvispiras mcxovrebi meTevzeobas misdevs gansakuTrebiT,
mis leqsikaSi iseTi sityvebi aRmoCndeba mravlad, rome-
lic ucxo SeiZleba iyos soflis meurneobisa da mesaqon-
leobis raionis mkvidrTa metyvelebisaTvis.
sityvis mniSvnelobis an xmarebis safuZvlad aRebuli
xati SeiZleba gairkves mxolod im materialuri da sulie-
ri kulturis, enis im sistemis fonze, romlis konteqstSic
warmoiqmnen da gardaiqmnen mocemul sityvad an sityvaTa
Sexamebad.
sxva sityvebTan urTierToba. ar arsebobs ena, rome-
lic erTaderTi sityvisagan Sedgeba. igi Seicavs uamrav ni-
Sans da SeuZlebeli iqneboda misi moxmareba, Tu sityvaTa
es simravle ar mowesrigdeboda, Tu ar gveqneboda mocemu-
li sistemis saxiT. amitomac sityva rom funqcionirebdes
aucilebelia sxva sityvasTan uSualo kavSirSi, Sesityveba-
Si vlindebodes. sityvis araswori SerCeva, sityvaTa SerCe-
visadmi gulgrili damokidebuleba uamravi leqsikuri Se-
cdomis winapirobaa. AaseT SemTxvevaSi sityva gamoyenebu-
lia misi semantikis (e.i. mniSvnelobis) gaTvaliswinebis ga-
reSe. zogjer ama Tu im sityvis mniSvneloba ar gvesmis, me-
tyvelebaSi ki viyenebT. magaliTad, alternativa niSnavs
oridan erTis arCevas, miuxedavad am mniSvnelobisa, vxvde-
biT gamoTqmas: arsebobs mesame alternativa, rac araswo-
ria.
laitmotivi germanuli sityvaa da mTavar motivs niS-
navs, magram visac am sityvis mniSvneloba kargad ar esmis,
ambobs xolme mTavari laitmotivi.
avtobiografia germanuli sityvaa da Tavisi cxovre-
bis aRweras niSnavs, magram zogjer arasworadaa miniSnebu-
li, rom man Tavisi avtobiografia mogvawodao da a.S.
58 Tamar lomTaZe
leqsikuri erTeulis arasworma SerCevam zogjer Se-

iZleba gamoiwvios anaqronizmi. anaqronizmi hqvia sityvis
xmarebas enaSi misi gamoyenebis qronologiuri CarCoebis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. mM agaliTad, XVII saukuneSi lenin-
gradSi gaixsna stamba.
sityvis sworad gamoyenebisaTvis ar aris sakmarisi
mxolod misi zusti mniSvnelobis codna, aucilebelia ase-
ve leqsikuri Sesatyvisobis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswi-
nebac. magaliTad, grZeli an mokle SeiZleba iyos joxi, mag-
ram ara adamiani. adamiani aris maRali an dabali.
sityvaTa gaerTianebas zogjer xels uSlis maTi leq-
sikuri Taviseburebebi. MmagaliTad, sworia: miayena usia-
movneba, zarali, xolo miayena sixaruli, siamovneba — ara.
unda iyos: mianiWa siamovneba, sixaruli, kmayofileba, mag-
ram dauSvebelia mianiWa usiamovneba, sevda.
im SezRudvebidan gamomdinare, romlebic awesrigeben
sityvaTa SeerTebas, gamoiyofa SeTanxmebis sami tipi
1. semantikuri (CurCuliT gadasZaxa);
2. gramatikuli (umetes dros xarjaven, unda iyos
drois umetes nawils xarjaven);
3. leqsikuri (enas gvamuwvineben, unda iyos pirs gva-
muwvineben).
daxvewili, sada metyveleba azris mkafiod gamoxat-
vis saukeTeso saSualebaa; sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis swo-
rad SerCeva yovelTvis dagvexmareba imaSi, rom naTqvami
msmenelisaTvis gasagebi iyos.
leqsikis rogorc calke sistemis ganxilva gulis-
xmobs gairkves leqsikuri fondis elementTa (sityvebis)
urTierTmimarTeba, kavSiri, romlis safuZvelia sityvebis
urTierTkavSiri. magram mas Semdeg, rac sityvebi erTma-
neTs daukavSirdeba da Seqmnis sistemas, am sistemis (da mis
komponentTa) Semdgom beds enobrivi tradiciac gansa-
zRvravs. igi Sinaenobrivadac aris Sepirobebuli. leqsiko-
logiis amocanaa ikvlios amgvari (tradiciiT Sepirobebu-
li) sityvaTkavSirebi — paradigmatuli (asociaciuri) da

sintagmaturi (distribuciuli) mimarTebebi leqsikur er-
TeulTa Soris ( b. foCxua, 1974, 54).
sintagmatika aris moZRvreba metyvelebis nakadis
sintagmebad (Sesityvebebad) dayofis Sesaxeb. sintagmatika
ikvlevs imas, Tu erTi tipis enobriv erTeulTa Soris
(magaliTad, sityvaTa, agreTve fonemaTa, morfemaTa da sxv.
Soris) romeli erTeulebis mezoblobaa dasaSvebi am Tu im
enaSi da romeli ara.
sityvaTa Sexamebis wesebs da SesityvebaTa tipebs maTi
agebulebis TvalsazrisiT Seiswavlis sintaqsi, magram si-
tyvebi erTmaneTs Seexamebian ara mxolod agebulebis, ara-
med Sinaarsis mixedviTac. magaliTad, erTpiriani zmna sa-
xels marTavs saxelobiT brunvaSi, magram arcerTi qarTve-
li ar ityvis kata yefs, radgan sityvaTa Sexamebis SesaZ-
lebloba-SeuZleblobas gansazRvravs maTi semantika.
garda amisa, enaSi gvaqvs SemTxvevebi, romlebSic uSu-
alod ukufenilia ama Tu im xalxis cxovreba. aseT SemTxve-
vaSi sityvaTSexamebani avtonomiurni arian semantikur Se-
saZleblobaTagan da maTi „pragmatuli“ realizebisagan.
enaSi gvxvdeba enobrivi CveviT Sepirobebuli sityvaTSexa-
mebani. magaliTad, qarTul realobaSi gvxvdeba — avtoma-
tis kakanma yurebi waiRo. es gamoTqma dasaSvebia semanti-
kurad, realizebulia qarTul enobriv koleqtivSi, magram
amasTanave, warmoadgens qarTul enaSi damkvidrebul, sa-
kuTriv qarTul enobriv faqts — sintagmatikis faqts.
paradigmatuli midgoma Zalze qmediTia morfologi-
aSi (fleqsiis SemTxvevaSi), Tumca leqsikis Seswavlis dro-
sac iyeneben mas. sityvis semantikuri Sinaarsi ganisa-
zRvreba ara mxolod imiT Tu ras aRniSnavs, aramed imiTac
Tu ras upirispirdeba. magaliTad naTeli da dRe SeiZleba
erTmaneTs Caenacvlos konteqstSi da agreTve qmnian dapi-
rispirebas bnelsa da Rames Soris. Senacvleba erTi mxriv
60 Tamar lomTaZe
da opozicia, meore mxriv, Seadgenen or umniSvnelovanes

konstituciur faqtors metyvelebisas (abaevi, 1948, 54).
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, mi-
uxedavad imisa, rom enaSi arsebobs sintaqsuri da morfo-
logiuri wesebi, romlebic sityvebis erTmaneTTan dakavSi-
rebas struqturuli wesebis mixedviT awesrigeneb, mniSvne-
lobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe SeiZleba uzustobis winaSe
aRmovCndeT.
droSi arseboba. sityva rom funqcionirebdes, auci-
lebelia is droSi arsebobdes. ena cvalebadi kategoriaa,
es exeba leqsikasac. rogorc dasawyisSi aRvniSneT leqsika
yvelaze cvalebadi nawilia enisa. igi fexdafex misdevs
cxovrebis ganviTarebas, ivseba axali sityvebiT, magram
amasTanave bevri sityva gadis xmarebidan.
yvelasaTvis naTelia, Tu rogori aqtiuri sityvebi
iyo Tavis epoqaSi xorSaki, vaziri, amirspasalari..., magram
es sityvebi dRes aRar funqcionireben. bevri Zveli qarTu-
li sityva daikarga da dRes aRar viyenebT. amis uamravi ma-
galiTi arsebobs, Tu gadavxedavT Zveli qarTuli enis leq-
sikonebs. garda amisa, ukvalod aris dakarguli Zveli qar-
Tulis kuTvnili is sityvebic, romlebmac werilobiT Zeg-
lebSi asaxva ver hpoves.
amrigad, sityvis funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia
arsebobdes drosa da sivrceSi, bgeradoba miemarTebodes
Sinaarss, iyos garkveuli enobrivi koleqtivis wevri da
hqondes sxva sityvebTan urTierToba.
enobrivi koleqtivisa da misi qvejgufebis urTier-
Toba aisaxeba calke sityvis semantikur struqturaSic: si-
tyvas sxvadasxva profesiul jgufSi SeiZleba gansxvavebu-
li mniSvnelobebi hqondes; maTi Sexvedra saerTo enaSi iZ-
leva polisemias, xolo teritoriul jgufebSi arsebul
erTgvarmniSvnelobian sityvaTa Tavmoyris Sedegad vi-
RebT sononimebs.
ra pirobebia aucilebeli sityvis funqcionirebisaTvis?

ra aris sintagmatika da ras ikvlevs is leqsikaSi?
ras ikvlevs paradigmatuli midgoma leqsikaSi?
davaleba: gaixseneT Zveli qarTulidan sityvebi,

romlebic dRes aRar funqcionireben da miuTiTeT, si-
tyvis funqcionirebis romel pirobas ver akmayofileben
isini.
davaleba: axseniT ra aris mizezi imisa, rom dRevan-
del qarTulSi ar funqcionireben sityvebi: biJiki, bavTi,
bao, etiki, vaSti, zapilo da miuTiTeT, ra mniSvnelobiT
gvxvdebodnen isini Zvel qarTulSi.
62 Tamar lomTaZe
qarTuli leqsika sagnobrivi mimarTebis

TvalsazrisiT
leqsikuri fondis leqsikologiuri TvalsazrisiT

daxasiaTeba, sityvaTa mniSvnelobis mixedviT daxasiaTebas
gulisxmobs.
sityva, anu enobrivi niSani, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
gulisxmobs aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis erTobliobas,
Tumca mimarTeba maT Soris sxvadasxvagvari SeiZleba iyos.
magaliTad, SesaZlebelia sityva sinamdvilis ama Tu im mxa-
ris uSualo gamovlenas warmoadgendes; zogjer ki — si-
tyvam SeiZleba aRniSnos sinamdvilis esa Tu is mxare.
metyvelebis nawilTa klasifikaciis Seswavlisas,
Tqven miaqcevdiT yuradRebas nakls, rom is gaxlavT ara
morfologiuri, aramed semantikuri klasifikacia. amito-
mac, mas leqsikuri fondis semantikuri klasifikaciisa-
Tvis viyenebT.
Sorisdebulebi. leqsikur fondSi, pirvel rigSi un-
da gamovyoT Sorisdebulebi, romlebic raime movlenas ki
ar aRniSnaven, ki ar miemarTebian, aramed gancdaTa obieq-
tivaciis, gamovlenis konvencialur saSualebas warmoad-
genen. amisda miuxedavad, Sorisdebulebis ganxilva Semova
leqsikis semantikuri daxasiaTebis sferoSi, magram igi ver
gauTanabrdeba kaci, moitana da sxva sityvebs.
marTalia, Sorisdebulebad xSirad warmoSobiT sxva
rigis sityvebia gamoyenebuli (cic — gadi aqedan, biWos, ar
gaawyala saqme?), magram am SemTxvevaSi, Sorisdebulebad
qceviT isini wyveten kavSirs amosaval srulmniSvnelobian
sityvebTan, swored imiT, rom movlenis aRniSvnis saSuale-
bidan iqcevian gancdis gamovlenis saSualebad.
Sorisdebulebi fonetikuradac gancalkevebiT dga-
nan, radgan rogorc b. foCxua miuTiTebs fonetikurad Ta-
visuflad ar Tavsdebian qarTuli enis yalibSi (magaliTad,
h fonema, garda nasesxebi sityvebisa, SorisdebulebSi

gvxvdeba).
gadmosacemi Sinaarsis mixedviT Sorisdebulebis or
did jgufs gamoyofen: grZnobaTa gamomxatveli da nebis
gamomxatveli Sorisdebulebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv ufro
viwro jgufebad dayofis saSualebas iZlevian. magaliTad,
grZnobaTa gamomxatvel SorisdebulebSi gamoiyofa Se-
krTobis, gaocebis, gakvirvebis, natvris, survilis, gajav-
rebis, aRtacebis, ironiisa da a. S, xolo nebis gamomxatvel
SorisdebulebSi — waqezebis, uaryofis, dasturis da sxva
Sorisdebulebs.
Tumca aqac erTiani niSani klasifikaciisa ara gvaqvs
da TiToeuli es mniSvneloba Zalian xSirad ramdensame So-
risdebuls miewereba.
xmabaZviTi sityvebi. Sorisdebulebis Semdeg xmabaZ-
viTi sityvebic SeiZleba gamoiyos calke jgufad. aris
SemTxvevebi, roca xmabaZvis gamomxatveli bgeradoba aR-
mniSvnel sityvad iqceva da zogjer sapirispiro procesic
SeiZleba dafiqsirdes.
funqcionaluri leqsika. leqsikuri fondis seman-
tikuri daxasiaTebisas calke unda gamovyoT e. w. funqcio-
naluri leqsika anu damxmare sityvebi.
aseT sityvebs arc sagnobrivi mimarTeba aqvT da Ta-
visTavad arafris saxelebs ar warmoadgenen. maTi daniSnu-
lebaa gamoxaton urTierToba, romelic arsebobs sxva si-
tyvebs an sagnobrivi mimarTebis mqone sityvebiT aRniSnul
movlenebs Soris. aseTebia: kavSirebi, Tandebulebi da nawi-
lakebi, romlebic metyvelebis nakadSi damoukidebel si-
tyvebad gamodian da azrobrivad ucvlian iers winadade-
bas.
Tumca aseTi sityvebi SeiZleba srulmniSvnelobian
sityvas miuerTdes, an srulmniSvnelobiani sityva gamovi-
yenoT damxmare sityvis funqciiT (saxlis win naZvia, unda
davamarcxoT). aqedan naTlad Cans, rom istoriulad, qar-
64 Tamar lomTaZe
TulSi srulmniSvnelobian da damxmare sityvebs Soris

gardauvali zRvari ar arsebobda.
aq TvalnaTliv Cans sagnobrivi mniSvnelobisagan da-
carielebis procesi. aRsaniSnavia, rom Cineli gramatiko-
sebi damxmare sityvebs cariel sityvebs uwodeben (gansxva-
vebiT srulmniSvnelobian, „savse“ sityvebisagan).
leqsikuri fondis birTvs qmnis, mis xasiaTs gansa-
zRvravs srulmniSvnelobiani sityvebi, danarCenebi ki im-
denad miiCnevian leqsikologiis sagnad, ramdenadac sxva
niSan-TvisebebiT (agebulebiT, gamoyenebis sferos mixed-
viT...) srulmniSvnelobian sityvebs hgvanan.
nacvalsaxelebi da ricxviTi saxelebi. nacvalsaxe-
lebi semantikuri TvalsazrisiT metad Taviseburi sityve-
bia. isini ki ar aRniSnaven sagnebsa da movlenebs, aramed
mxolod miuTiTeben maTze (k. maitinskaia, 1969). isini fun-
qcionalur leqsikas ar miekuTvnebian, magram leqsikur-se-
mantikurad arc Cveulebrivi, srulmniSvnelobiani sityve-
bis rigSi dganan.
ricxviTi saxelebi Tavisi semantikuri bunebiT zmna-
Ta Tu saxelTa mniSvnelobis dazustebas emsaxurebian da
gramatikulad zedsarTav saxelebs uTanabrdebian.
ricxviTi saxelebi nacvalsaxelTa msgavsad substan-
ciurs rasme damoukideblad ki ar aRniSnaven, aramed mi-
marTebisaTvis gamoiyenebian.
enaTmecnierebaSi farTod aris gavrcelebuli Sexe-
duleba, romlis Tanaxmad metyvelebis nawilTagan sityva-
Ta oTxi klasi gamoiyofa, rogorc ZiriTadi leqsikuri
jgufebi. Cvens enebSi leqsikur kategoriebs Seicaven sa-
gnis aRmniSvneli, TvisebaTa aRmniSvneli, procesTa aR-
mniSvneli da TvisebaTa da moqmedebaTa saxeobebis aRmniS-
vneli sityvebi: sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, arsebiTi saxelebi,
zedsarTavebi, zmnebi da zmnissarTebi (S. bali, 1955).
sityvaTa es klasebi yvelaze zogadi semantikuri kla-
sebia, Tumca Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi, ufro xSirad,
zmnas, zedsarTavsa da zmnissarTebs — erT klasSi — predi-

katebSi — aerTianeben.
arsebiTi saxelis Sinaarsoblivi klasebi Tqven mo-
rfologiaSic SeiswavleT, Tumca kidev erTxel Segaxse-
nebT, rom es gaxlavT arsebiT saxelTa semantikuri klasi-
fikacia (vin da ra jgufi, aqvs da hyavs dajgufeba, sulieri
da usulo... ).
zedsarTav saxelebsac or ZiriTad jgufad hyofen:
Tvisebis aRmniSvneli (maRali, cbieri...) da mimarTebiTi
zedsarTavebi (Tvisebis aRniSvna sxva movlenasTan mimar-
TebiT: mamiseuli, dRevandeli).
zmnebSi ori ZiriTadi jgufi gamoiyofa: moqmedebisa
da mdgomareobis, Tumca maT SigniT gvaqvs sxvadasxva Sina-
arseuli klasebi (abstraqtuli zmnebi, moZraobis, survi-
lis, azrovnebis, sadme yofnis, mosvenebis, erTad myofobis
da sxva Sinaarsoblivi jgufebi, Tumca aqve unda aRvniS-
noT, rom aqac gamoyofis erTiani principi araa gatarebu-
li. saklasifikacio niSanic mkafiod ar Cans).
zmnissarTa semantikuri jgufebia: adgilis, drois,
viTarebis da a. S.
semantikuri jgufebi nawarmoeb sityvebSi
leqsikologiis dargebis Seswavlisas Cven mivuTi-

TeT, rom mecnierTa erTi nawili sityvawarmoebas morfo-
logiis dargad miiCnevs, zogi calke gamohyofs, zogic
leqsikologiis dargad asaxelebs.
nawarmoebi sityva ganixileba ori TvalsazrisiT: ro-
gorc morfologiuri da rogorc leqsikuri movlena, rac
niSnavs misi ori mxaris danaxvas: erTia morfologiuri,
wminda garegani mxare — sityvis agebuleba, morfemebisagan
Sedgeniloba; meore — leqsikologiuri Tvalsazrisi, rom-
lisaTvisac arsebiTia sityvis mniSvneloba, semantika.
66 Tamar lomTaZe
mecnierTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom radgan sityvaTa

semantikuri da struqturuli jgufebi, sityvawarmoebiTi
SesaZleblobani da nawarmoeb sityvaTa raodenobac ar em-
Txveva erTmaneTs — moZRvreba sityvawarmoebis Sesaxeb ver
iqneba verc mxolod morfologiis da verc mxolod leqsi-
kologiis nawili. maTi TvalsazrisiT, sityvawarmoeba da-
moukidebeli enaTmecnieruli disciplinaa, romelsac
mWidro kavSiri aqvs rogorc leqsikologiasTan, ise grama-
tikasTan. aseT Tvalsazriss mxars uWerdnen cnobili enaT-
mecnierebi SCerba, vinogradovi, zemskaia da a.S.
is mecnierebic ki, romlebic sityvawarmoebas grama-
tikis dargad Tvlian an calke gamoyofen, aRniSnaven, rom
warmoebis meSveobiT Seqmnili leqsikur-semantikuri kla-
sebis Seswavla leqsikologiis sagani unda iyoso.
sityvawarmoebisa da leqsikologiis mWidro kavSiri
gansakuTrebiT mkafiod Cans iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac
saqme gvaqvs sinonimur mawarmoeblebTan (b. foCxua, 1974,
135).
amdenad, sityvawarmoeba iZleva leqsikuri jgufebis
Sesaqmnel yalibebs; nawarmoeb sityvaTa (arsebiT saxelTa,
zedsarTavTa...) semantikuri dajgufebis Sedegad viRebT
leqsikur jgufebs da ara sityvawarmoebiT klasebs. si-
tyvawarmoebiTi klasebi, ra Tqma unda, aris prefiqsiani si-
tyvebi, sufiqsiani, infiqsiani, prefiqs-sufiqsiani jgufe-
bi. TiToeuli klasi, romelsac erTi garkveuli mawarmoe-
beli elementi aqvs. e.i. sityvawarmoebis mixedviT erTgva-
rovania, magram semantikuri TvalsazrisiT ganxilvisas Se-
saZlebelia araerTgvarovani aRmoCndes. dajgufeba si-
tyvawarmoebis mixedviT da semantikuri dajgufeba leqsi-
kuri fondis orgvari klasifikaciaa.
warmoqmnili fuZe Sinaarsis mixedviT sxvadasxvagva-
ria: kninobiTi, qonebis, uqonlobis, warmomavlobis, ab-
straqtuli, daniSnulebis, xelobis, wina viTarebis, geog-
rafiuli, xarisxis da a.S.
kninobiT-alersobiTi saxelebi. kninobiTia saxeli,

romelic gviCvenebs, rom sagani, romelsac is aRniSnavs,
zomiT an sididiT naklebia, vidre Zireuli saxeliT aRniS-
nuli.
kninobiTia is semantikuri jgufi, romelSic Semavali
sityvebi xasiaTdebian Semdegi sufiqsebiT: a, ak, ik, il, uk,
en, ia (ak. SaniZe, 1973). garda amisa, dasturdeba la, ila,
ilo, ula, ura, ua, o, iko, ikona, uka, una, unia, elia, ikela,
ukela, rika, unCo, iCqa, tela, ino, onia, oniko, ka, kina, ikana
mawarmoeblebi (m. tuskia, 1969, 25). am sufiqsTa funqciebi
nawilobriv gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, lurja, cxenuka,
dediko, dedilo, daTukela, elgujia, daTuCa...
es masala semantikuradac araa erTgvarovani. TviT
kninobiTobis Sinaarsi iZleva safuZvels mcire moculobis
sagnebs mofereba-alersis elferi mieceT, zogjer ki — da-
mcirebiTisa.
Zvel qarTulSi saanalizo jgufis saxelebi mxolod
Semcirebuli zomiT warmogvidgendnen sagans. Sesabamisad,
misi erTaderTi mawarmoebeli iyo ak sufiqsi. ak daboloe-
bian saxelebs adreve daewyoT k-s mokveca boloSi da darCa
a, romelic SemdgomSi iqca kninobiTobis ZiriTad deriva-
tivad ak sufiqsis gverdiT (Aa. SaniZe, 1973, 122).
Tanamedrove enam dRes kninobiTis es formebi dakar-
ga, Tumca zogjer SeiZleba Segvxvdes, magram maT ufro
gadmonaSTis saxe aqvT, vidre cocxali mawarmoeblisa, rad-
gan maTi kninobiTobis dadgena QWirs sapirispiro formaTa
uqonlobis gamo. kninobiTobis odindeli funqcia (sagani
Semcirebuli zomiT warmogvidginos) SeiZleba aRweriTa-
dac iqnes realizebuli: patara wigni (a. SaniZe, 1973, 122).
amave semantikur jgufs miekuTvneba bevri iseTi gan-
sazRvrebiTi kompoziti, sadac pirvel nawilad xel-fuZe
gamodis (xeljoxi, xelCanTa...).
68 Tamar lomTaZe
qonebis saxelebi. zedsarTav saxelTagan damoukide-

bel jgufs qmnis ian, ier, osan, ovan, ed, a mawarmoebelTa
mqone sityvebi.
am klasis sityvebSi dasturdeba SemTxvevebi, rode-
sac erTi da igive fuZe sxvadasxva sufiqsiT da erTnairi
mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, rqiani, rqosani da
a. S. ian, osan, ovan qonebas aRniSnaven, magram sxvaoba maT
Soris stilisturia, zogjer igrZnoba mniSvnelobis gan-
sxvavebuli elferi: mandiliani-mandilosani, frTiani-
frTosani. frTosani frinvelTa gvareulobis cnebadaa da-
mkvidrebuli da igi ar aRniSnavs frTians anu frTebis qo-
nas.
amaTgan axal qarTulSi ZiriTadia ian sufiqsi, rom-
lis Tavdapirveli funqcia unda yofiliyo warmomavlobis
gamoxatva, saidanac ganviTarda gageba kuTvnilebisa da vi-
sime mimdevrobisa (z. sarjvelaZe, 1997, 184).
axal qarTulSi ian sufiqsma gaifarTova Tavisi xma-
rebis are. igi daerTo arsebiT, zedsarTav, ricxviT saxe-
lebs, nacvalsaxelebs, saxelzmnebs da ZiriTadad aRniS-
navs yola-qonebas. am sufiqsiT SeiZleba gamoixatos rome-
lime sneulebiT daavadebuli adamiani an cxoveli. ian-iT
gamoxatulia adamianis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba. SeiZleba
igi Segvxvdes gvaris erT-erTY daboloebad dasavleT sa-
qarTveloSi, umTavresad svaneTsa da leCxumSi, xolo
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli cicianTi Sto-
gvaris saxelebSi (Tu forma mravlobiTSia) Semonaxulia
Camomavlobisa da kuTvnilebis aRsaniSnavad.
sxva mosazrebis mixedviT, dRevandel qarTulSi ian
sufiqsis erTaderTi funqcia qonebis saxelTa warmoebaa,
xolo mimdevrobis, warmomavlobisa da kuTvnilebis fun-
qciebi ukve gamqralia.
osan sufiqsis mravalmniSvnelianobidan gamoiyofa
misi Semdegi funqciebi: a) qoneba, b) xeloba da g) mcenareTa
krebulis gamoxatva (m. tuskia, 1969, 26). garda amisa, osan
SeiZleba daerTos gaarsebiTebul ricxviT saxelebsac:

orosani, samosani da a.S. igi am SemTxvevaSi Sefasebis balis
aRmniSvnelia (n. WumburiZe, 1990, 57).
Tanamedrove qarTulSi osan derivatiani formebis
gamoyeneba sixSiriT ar gamoirCeva.
ak. SaniZe marTebulad miuTiTebs, rom ovan axal qar-
TulSi araa qonebis produqtiuli mawarmoebeli. krebiTo-
bis gamoxatvis funqcia mxolod mcenareTa saxelebsa da
toponimebSi Semogvenaxa. sxva SemTxvevaSi igi dakarguli
Cans, Tumca sxva mosazrebiT axali SenaZeni unda iyos
(p. jajaniZe, 1975, 69).
saanalizo jgufis derivatebidan dRes yuradRebas
iqcevs a sufiqsis funqciuri mravalferovneba. Zveli qar-
Tulis doneze a ar miaCndaT qonebis mawarmoeblad miuTi-
Teben, rom axal qarTulSi igi sakmaod gavrcelebulia da
Tanac sagrZnobia misi funqciebis gafarToebis tendencia
(m. tuskia, 1969, 27).
a-s sxvadasxva sityvawarmoebiTi funqcia aqvs, ker-
Zod, kninobiTobis (goria), qonebis (TmaqoCora), msgavsebis
(lomkaca), niSan-Tvisebis (qaTqaTa), dakonkretebis (asawe-
vela) da zogjer daniSnulebis warmoeba. rac Seexeba msgav-
sebis, qonebisa da daxasiaTebis aRmniSvnel a sufiqss, igi
kninobiTobisa da dakonkretebis gamomxatveli a sufiqsi-
sisagan gansxvavebuli odenoba SeiZleba iyos. misi Tavda-
pirveli funqcia qonebis gamoxatva iqneboda da igi qonebis
aRmniSvnel sxva sufiqsebSi (i-an, os-an, ov-an) gamoyofili
an elementis Tanxmovandkarguli naSTi SeiZleba iyos
(a. papiZe, 1974) .
swored am an sufiqsis naSTs unda warmoadgendes qera
tipis saxelebSi gamoyofili a sufiqsi da mainc misTvis Zi-
riTadia Tvisebis aRniSvna. a sufiqsis gavrcelebis mize-
zad miCneulia mecnierebis ama Tu im dargSi terminologi-
is Seqmnis moTxovnilebac (m. tuskia, 1969, 27).
70 Tamar lomTaZe
dasazustebelia am jgufis saxelTa terminic. tradi-

ciulad ixmareba `qonebis saxelebi~ (ak. SaniZe), Tumca pa-
ralelurad gamoiyeneba `yola-qonebis~ saxelebi
(al. Rlonti) da `mqoneobis~ saxelebic (b. jorbenaZe).
uqonlobis saxelebi. qonebis saxelTa sapirispirod
qarTulSi gvaqvs uqonlobis saxelebi, e.i. iseTebi, romle-
bic aRniSnaven uqonlobas Zireuli fuZiT aRniSnuli sa-
gnisas (ak. SaniZe, 1973). al. Rlonti am jgufis saxelebs
ùyoloba-uqonlobis~ saxelebs uwodebs (al. Rlonti,
1988, 136).
uqonlobis saxelTa mawarmoeblebia u-, u-o, u-
ur//ul, ara-. eseni warmoSobiT erTni arian, magram maTi
gamoyeneba qarTuli saliteraturo enis xaziT gansxvavebu-
lia. qronoligiurad, ufro Zvelia u-ur, romelic dRes na-
klebproduqtiulia, samagierod u-o amJamadac erTaderTia,
rogorc axal sityvaTa saderivacio afiqsi (ak. SaniZe, 1973,
126).
garda amisa, uqonloba qarTulSi gadmoicema kompo-
zitebiT, romelTa erT-erTi komponenti uqonlobis gamo-
mxatveli sityvaa.
qarTulSi gamoiyofa leqsikis sakmaod didi jgufi,
romelic nawarmoebia ara, ar uaryofiTi nawilakebis meSve-
obiT. aseTi warmoebis gaCena SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos
antonimis uqonlobiT, anda damatebiTi semantikuri niuan-
sis gamoxatvis aucileblobiT, upiratesad samecniero li-
teraturaSi, mxatvrul enaSi ki — stilis specifikiTac.
mecnierebisa da teqnikis ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo
aseTi sityvebis gamravlebas: araacilebadi, aramboli,
aradrekadi, araTavisufali da a.S.
zogjer uqonlobis saxelTa eqvivalentad gamoyene-
bulia mimReobis formebi, romlebic nawarmoebia u-el, u-
ar prefiqs-sufiqsiT: gaunaTlebeli, uZinari...
daniSnulebis saxelebi. daniSnulebis, anu gankuT-
vnilebis saxelebi iwarmoeba sa-e, sa-o, sa-ur//ul, sa-ar.
sa-e-Ti nawarmoebi saxelebi metwilad arsebiTebia,

sa-o-Ti nawarmoebi ki — zedsarTavebi. am ukanasknels meti
sasicocxlo Zala aqvs (a. SaniZe, 1973, 132). magaliTad, sa-
stumro, sasanTle, saagure...
daniSnulebis saxelTa badlad gamoyenebulia mimRe-
obis formebi, romelTagan produqtiulobiT gamoirCeva
sa prefiqsiT nawarmoebi saxelebi, sa-el prefiqs-sufiqsiT
miRebuli formebi ki nakleb gavrcelebulia.
upiratesad daniSnulebis gamoxatva sa prefiqsTan
aris dakavSirebuli, magram ara yovelTvis. magaliTad, sa-
Caie da Caidani sinonimuri saxelebia, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
sa prefiqsic ar aris zogjer aucilebeli am jgufis saxe-
lebis sawarmoeblad.
xelobis saxelebi. xelobis anu mosaqmeobis aRmniS-
vneli saxelebis sawarmoeblad gamoiyeneba me-e, me-ur, m-
are, me-ar konfiqsebi. amaTgan ZiriTadia me-e.
saliteraturo enaSi xelSesaxebia mo-e prefiqs-su-
fiqsis gaaqtiureba imdenad, rom zogjer me-e-sagan gamij-
nuli ar Cans mo-e-c. isini Tanabrad warmoqmnian xelobis
aRmniSvnel saxelebs (b. foCxua, 1974, 139).
mo-e-s amosavali funqcia unda yofiliyo kuTvnile-
bisa da mowileobis aRniSvna da SemdegSi gaxda mis ZiriTad
funqciad xelobis saxelTa warmoqmna (m. tuskia, 1969, 18).
magram Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis Cveneba
gvafiqrebinebs, rom mo-e da me-e konfiqsebSi SenarCunebu-
lia odindeli funqcia da amitom yovelTvis ar gamoxata-
ven xeloba-profesias.
enis ganviTarebis mTel manZilze me-e, me-ur prefiqs-
sufiqsebis funqcia da moxmarebis sferoc sxvadasxvagvari
iyo. Tavdapirvelad isini klas-kategoriis aRmniSvnelni
unda yofiliyvnen (arn. Ciqobava, 1942, 117).
me-e konfiqsis funqcias zmnisagan gasubstantivebu-
li mimReobis warmoebac warmoadgenda. xelobis gamoxatvis
unari maT mogvianebiT SeiZines da radganac es funqcia
72 Tamar lomTaZe
maTTvis ar iyo erTaderTi, enam mosaqmeobis aRniSvna nawi-

lobriv mainc daakisra sxva mniSvnelobis afiqsebsa da mi-
mReobis formebs (d. meliqiSvili, 1975, 35).
aRsaniSnavia, rom am jgufSic sxvadasxva mawarmoeb-
liani erTi da igive fuZe sinonimebad gamodis, magaliTd,
„mekontrabandeebs hyoliaT moTaved viRac givi“ (g. were-
Teli) da „kontrabatistebisa da spekulantebis mier ga-
xsnili restornebi gaqrnen“ (r. gvetaZe), Tumca aqve unda
mivuTiToT, rom sixSiriT erT-erTi maTgani yovelTvis
gamorCeulia.
abstraqtuli saxelebi. calke jgufs qmnian is si-
tyvebi, romlebic Tvisebas gadmoscemen ganyenebulad.
esenia eba, oba da si-e prefiqs-sufiqsiT gamoyofili
sityvebi..
eba da oba sawyisuri warmoSobis rTuli sufiqsebia.
amaTgan oba-s saxelTan meti kavSiri aqvs, vidre zmnasTan.
oba ganyenebul saxelebs awarmoebs moqmedebiTi gvaris mi-
mReobisagan, xolo eba ier-ze gaTavebul zedsarTavTagan
awarmoebs abstraqtul saxelebs (laSqroba, saocreba, ke-
Tilsindisiereba, sifxizle).
si-e da oba//eba sinonimur mawarmoebladac aris mi-
Cneuli (siance — ancoba).
b. foCxuas miaCnia, rom masdarTa da sawyisTaA mTeli
klasic, Tu mas semantikurad davaxasiaTebT, ganyenebuli
saxelebia da amosavlad aqac Tviseba gvaqvs — procesis (mo-
qmedeba-mdgomareobis) saxiT warmodgenili Tviseba. siyva-
ruli ganyenebulad warmogvidgens uyvars zmniT gadmoce-
mul moqmedebas (b. foCxua, 1974, 138). am TvalsazrisiT gan-
yenebul saxelTa mawarmoeblad SeiZleba gamoiyos si-el
da si-il prefiqs-sufiqsic.
nasesxeb sityvaTagan bevri -izm-iT daboloebuli si-
tyva si-e, oba mawarmoeblian rigSi dgeba semantikurad,
Tumca niuansebiT gansxvaveba aqac igrZnoba (kosmopoli-
tizmi, kosmopolitoba).
warmomavloba-sadaurobis aRmniSvneli saxelebi.

qarTuli ena mkacrad arCevs adamiansa da araadamians,
nivTs. adamiani vin jgufisaa, xolo sxva danarCeni, cocxa-
li Tu aracocxali sagani, ra jgufs ganekuTvneba. es ga-
mijvna gamosaxulebas poulobs sityvawarmoebaSi (a. Rlon-
ti, 1988, 141).
ak. SaniZe am tipis saxelebs uwodebs warmomavlobis
saxelebsa da derivatebad asaxelebs el, ur/ul, iur/ iul,
del, eul-s.
warmomavlobis saxelebi zedsarTavebSi gamoiyofa.
el awarmoebs adamianTa sadaurobas. axali qarTuli-
sagan gansxvavebiT Zvel qarTuls erTvoda m sufiqsic: ma-
rabdeli da sxv. amgvari warmoeba dRevandlamde Semonaxu-
lia gvarebSi metreveli, maCabeli.
m warmoSobiT igivea, rac svanuri m, romelic dResac
produqtiulia. el gvxvdeba gvaris sawarmoeblad da aR-
niSnavs mimdevrobasac, gudamayreli (ak. SaniZe, 1973, 130).
nivTis sadaurobas awarmoebs ur (ul), magram zogjer
ur adamianTaA warmomavlobasac aRniSnavs. magaliTad,
afxouSouri qali. ur/ul sufiqsi gamoiyeneba gvarebis sa-
warmoebladac: wiklauri, WinWarauli...
ur sufiqsi gamartivebulia zmnizedisagan nawarmoeb
saxelebSi aqauri, iqauri, sadauri, romlebic iTqmis ro-
gorc adamianze, ise araadamianze.
ur sufiqsi Tu geografiuli saxelis garda awarmo-
ebs sxva saxels, aRniSnavs Tvisebas saTanado saganTa mimar-
TebiT, goliaTuri.
arn. Ciqobava ki Tvlis, rom ur da ul sufiqsTa Tavda-
pirveli funqcia unda yofiliyo klas-kategoriis gamo-
xatva.
araadamianTa sadaurobas awarmoebs agreTve iur da
del. iur rTuli sufiqsia, romelsac ak. SaniZe iv da ur
elementebad yofs. amaTgan pirveli iv mawarmoebelia Zve-
74 Tamar lomTaZe
li brunvisa. iur dasturdeba ucxo warmoSobis sityvebSi

pasiuri, aqtiuri.
del sufiqsic warmoSobiT rTulia, romlis pirveli
nawilic miRebulia dR-isagan (dR-el-i) da ixmareba drois
AaRmniSvnel sityvebTan guSindeli, SarSandeli. am sityve-
bis analogiiT zogierTY fuZeSi gaCndeba in: xval-in-del-i,
dRe-in-del-i, sadac i naTesaobiTi brunvis niSania (ak. Sa-
niZe, 1973, 130).
eul sufiqsi romelime piris naqon nivTs, saxels, ad-
gils aRniSnavs da erTvis naTesaobiTi brunvis formas: pa-
tarZliseuli, erisTviseuli. es sufiqsi SeiZleba pirda-
pir fuZesac daerTos: mama-pap-eul-i.
eul-i zogjer aRniSnavs jiSsac, romelic sxvadasxva
sagnis saxelebs aerTianebs: xil-eul-i, Tevz-eul-i. am uka-
nasknels SeiZleba oba daerTos: Tevzeul-oba.
geografiuli saxelebi. geografiuli saxelebi qar-
TulSi sxvadasxva tipisa da sxvadasxva warmoSobisaa, mag-
ram sityvawarmoebis TvalsazrisiT aq sainteresoa sakuT-
riv saderivacio afiqsebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. aq sa-
warmoeblad funqcionireben eT, iT, sa-eT, sa-o afiqsebi
metnaklebi sixSiriT: somxeTi, safrangeTi.
eT sufiqsia gamoyenebuli saiqios saxelTa sawarmo-
eblad suleTi, SavSeTi, mkvdreTi. ori maTgani xalxur me-
tyvelebaSia daculi mTaSi, mesame ki Zveli saliteraturo
enis kuTvnilebaa. amaTi analogiuria smaWameTi da misT.
dadasturebulia qarTul klasikur mwerlobaSic.
wina viTarebis saxelebi. qarTul enas Seswevs Zala,
sagani daasaxelos imis mixedviT, Tu ras warmoadgenda is
winaT an rogori viTareba axasiaTebs mas winandelTan Seda-
rebiT.
namyofobis, wina viTarebis Cvenebas qarTuli sityva-
warmoebis erT-erTi Taviseburebaa, rasac yuradReba pir-
velad ak. SaniZem miaqcia.
am jgufis saxelTa sawarmoeblad mas moepoveba

wyvil-wyvili mawarmoeblebi na-ar da na-ev, romlebic er-
Tia funqciiT, magram erT fuZesTan SeiZleba erTi warmoe-
ba iyos damkvidrebuli, meoresTan ki — meore (naqmarevi,
magram — nacolari). isini araiSviaTad sinonimebs warmoad-
genen.
mcenareTa krebuls (krebadobas) nar sufiqsiani si-
tyvebi gamoxatavs (baRnari, Txilnari). bevri maTganis si-
nonimia -ian mawarmoebliani sityvebi (Txiliani, muxiani).
xarisxis saxelebi. xarisxis saxelebi sagnis niSan-
Tvisebas warmogvidgens meti an naklebi odenobiT. amis mi-
xedviT gamoyofen xarisxis or formas: ufroobiTsa da od-
naobiTs. maTi mawarmoeblebiaa: u-es da mo-o.
u-es awarmoebs ufroobiTi xarisxis saxelebs, e.i. sa-
xelebs, romlebic sagnis niSan-Tvisebas ufro meti odeno-
biT gamoxataven, vidre dadebiTi xarisxisani: didi - udi-
desi.
mo-o awarmoebs odnaobiT saxelebs, e.i. iseT saxelebs,
romlebic sagnis niSans naklebi odenobiT aRniSnaven, vid-
re dadebiTi: didi - modido (ak. SaniZe, 1973, 140-141).
termini ufroobiTi daamkvidra ak. SaniZem. igi nawar-
moebia zmnizedisagan ufro. samecniero literaturaSi pa-
ralelurad gamoiyeneba aRmatebiTi (arn. Ciqobava, b. jor-
benaZe) da Sedarebis xarisxi (g. maWavariani).
mo-o mawarmoebliani sityvebi xSirad feris aRmniS-
vnelia (moSavo), igi gamoiyeneba adamianis feris aRsaniSna-
vad (moqerao), formis aRsaniSnavad (mogrZo), sulier-go-
nebrivi mdgomareobis daxasiaTebisTvis (mosulelo).
odnaobas xSirad gaormagebuli fuZec gamoxatavs
(Sav-Savi).
rogorc vxedavT, xSir SemTxvevaSi sufiqsebiT nawar-
moebi sityvebi ki ar gadmoscemen ama Tu im semantikas, ara-
med fuZegaorkecebuli, an sxva sityvis darTviT xmarebu-
76 Tamar lomTaZe
li leqsikuri erTeulebi. es kidev erTxel adasturebs si-

tyvawarmoebiTi da semantikuri klasebis daumTxvevlobas.
kompozicia
qarTulSi gvaqvs sityvawarmoebis kidev sxva procesi,

roca axali sityvis warmoebisaTvis gamoyenebulia sityve-
bi. es aris kompozicia, romlis Sedegadac miiReba rTuli
sityva, anu kompoziti.
rTuli sityva a. SaniZis terminologiiT, aris Txzu-
li saxeli. mkvlevari Txzul saxelebs ajgufebs cnebiano-
bis mixedviT da gamoyofs erTcnebian, or da metcnebian sa-
xelebs. aqedan, rTul sityvebad mas mxolod erTcnebiani
kompozitebi miaCnia, xolo or da metcnebian sityvebs — Se-
rwymuls uwodebs. erTcnebiani Txzuli saxelebi Seadgenen
kompozitebs viwro gagebiT, or da metcnebiani saxelebi ki,
romlebic formalurad arian erTmaneTTan SeerTebuli,
kompozitebad SeiZleba miCneul iqnen mxolod formis
TvalsazrisiT. sakuTriv kompozitebisagan gansxvavebiT
maT Serwymuli hqvia (a. SaniZe, 1973, 149).
erTcnebiania kompoziti, Tu misi mniSvneloba ar ud-
ris Semadgenel komponentTa mniSvnelobebis meqanikur
jams, anu kompoziti erT damoukidebel Sinaarss gamoxa-
tavs (ciskari, wamwami).
orcnebiani kompoziti TavisTavSi gulisxmobs TiTo-
euli komponentis mniSvnelobas, anu is aris erTgvari jami
Semadgenel fuZeTa (mSvild-isari, wver-ulvaSi).
kompozitis Semadgenel sityvaTa (komponentTa) for-
mobrivi da Sinaarsoblivi urTierTmimarTeba erTgvarova-
ni ar aris, rac ganapirobebs kidec maTi dawerilobis Tavi-
seburebebs.
Cveulebriv, axali rTuli sityvis Sesadgenad adgi-
lobriv, Zireul sityvebTan erTad mimarTaven nasesxeb si-
tyvebsac. amitom rTuli sityvis orive komponenti SeiZle-
ba iyos qarTuli (ciskari, mzeTunaxavi, ded-mama), ucxouri

(agroteqnika, aeroporti, leqsikologia), ucxouri da qar-
Tuli erTad (eleqtromanqana, radiomauwyebloba...), qar-
Tuli da ucxouri (naxevarfabrikati, sportsasaxle...).
kompozitebSi zogjer komponentTa adgilis Senac-
vlebac ki aris SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, “ganwiruli kivil-
wivili Sav zvirTsaviT mogoravda gacofebuli” (v. barno-
vi). `Seqmnes qalebma wivil-kivili~(vaJa), „wiTelkaba qali“
da „kabawiTeli qali“; „TmaxuWuWa“ da „xuWuWTmiani“, mag-
ram aseTi Senacvleba yovelTvis ar xerxdeba (Sdr. Coxa-
axaluxi, xar-kameCi, qamar-xanjali...). ar aris axsnili ri-
Taa Sepirobebuli es Seuqcevloba. sagulisxmoa, rom bevr
SemTxvevaSi pirveli komponenti ufro moklea, vidre meo-
re (qarTl-kaxeTi), SesaZlebelia, ritmuli momenti asru-
lebdes raime rols. Tu asea, maSin komponentTa Seuqcev-
loba enis fonologiuri yalibiT iqneba Sepirobebuli.
zogjer ki komponentTa adgilis Senacvlebas mniS-
vnelobis Secvla axlavs: xuTasi — as-xuTi.
komponentTa Senacvleba, romelsac sityvis mniSvne-
lobis Secvla mosdevs, Sepirobebuli Cans sityvis grama-
tikuli yalibiT.
sityvaTa Zirebisagan axali sityvebis warmoeba SeiZ-
leba usazRvrod. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT did gasaqans iZ-
leva rogorc mxatvruli literatura, ise samecniero
terminologiis Seqmnisa da gaumjobesebis saWiroeba.
kompozitebi enis leqsikur maragSi gzas ikvlevs da
mkvidrdeba zepiri da mwignobrobis gziT. magaliTad, mze-
Tunaxavi, nacarqeqia da misT. gavrcelebulia zepirad, xo-
lo sulgrZeli, wyalwaRebuli da a.S. — mwignobrobis gziT.
orive gza tradiciuli da produqtiulia.
rTuli sityvis Seqmnam sityvaTSeerTebis gziT didi
gaqaneba miiRo ukanasknel xanebSi. tradiciuli normebi
gafarTovda, terminologiis unifikaciis moTxovnam gaaZ-
liera sityvaSeerTebis saWiroeba.
78 Tamar lomTaZe
kompozitSi Tavs iyris ramdenime sityva da morfema.

ase Sedgenili rTuli sityva semantikurad enas amZimebs,
metyvelebis process erTgvarad aZnelebs. ena ki yovel-
Tvis gamartivebisaken miiswrafis, ukuagdebs naklebadsa-
Wiro afiqsebs, TviT fuZesac amartivebs da ase ukvlevs
gzas enis wiaRSi kompozitur erTeuls. ase gamartivebis
Sedegadaa miRebuli — qaliSvili, deida.
kompoziti rTuli sityvaa da ramden cnebasac unda
aRniSnavdes igi, mainc erT leqsikur erTeuls warmoad-
gens, formas icvlis rogorc erTi sityva. kompoziti gra-
matikulad da leqsikuradac erTi sityvaa. aseve unda aRi-
beWdos leqsikonSic.
sityvaTSeerTeba mxolod qarTuli enis Tviseba ar
aris. zog enaSi is ufro Zlieria, zogSi — naklebefeqturi.
magaliTad, germanulSi, inglisurSi, rusulSi igi farTo-
daa gavrcelebuli, frangulSi ki — naklebefeqturia.
qarTuli sityvis bgeradobis, agebulebisa da mniSvne-

lobis mimarTebisaTvis xmabaZviT sityvaTa magaliTze
aris mcdeloba qarTul leqsikur erTeulTa, sityva-

Ta dajgufeba moaxdinon bgeradobis, agebulebis mixedviT,
ramdenadac bgeradoba garkveul mimarTebaSia sityvis
mniSvnelobasTan. am kavSiris saCveneblad mohyavT xmabaZvi-
Ti sityvebi.
qarTul enaSi ramdenime aseulia iseTi fuZeebi, ro-
melTaganac xmabaZviTi sityvebi aris nawarmoebi.
magaliTad, baTqabuTqi -„Tofis da misT. zedized srolis
xma“, bzuis -„frenis dros frTebis swrafi da uwyveti mo-
Zraobis zuzuniseburi xma“, butbuti, kakani, kiskisi, qirqi-
li, SiSini, ZunZuli...
raki xmabaZva bgeradobisa da mniSvnelobis maqsima-
lur siaxloves gulisxmobs, savaraudoa, rom sxvadasxva
enaSi erTgvari mniSvnelobis mqone xmabaZviT sityvebs

msgavsi bgeradoba hqondeT.
SeiZleba zogjer marTlac Segvxvdes msgavsi bgera-
dobis SemTxvevebi (magaliTad, qarT. guguli da rus.
кукушка), magram amgvari magaliTebi iSviaTia. ufro xSiria
iseTi SemTxveva, roca bgeriTad sruliad gansxvavebuli
masalaa gamoyenebuli, an ufro metic, qarTuli xmabaZviTi
sityvebis mniSvnelobebi sxva enebSi araxmabaZviTi sityve-
biTaa gadmocemuli.
xmabaZviTi sityvebi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT struqtu-
ris an mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT.
xmabaZviTi sityvebi mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT.
xmabaZviT sityvebSi SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi Sinaarsob-
livi jgufebi:
adamianis metyvelebis gamomxatveli sityvebi: blu-
kuni, CurCuli...
adamianis arasametyvelo bgeradoba: kiskisi, qoSini...
cxovelTa xmianobis mibaZva: miau, gugu...
cxovelTa xmianobis aRniSvna: bRavili, knavili...
dartymis, dacemis xma: zRarTani, tlaSani...
siarulis dros gamocemuli xma: lawaluwi, ZunZuli...
stiqiur movlenaTa xmianoba: griali, gruxuni...
adamianis naxelavis xmauri: wikwiki, TuxTuxi...
magram amgvar dajgufebas sakmaod didi nakli aqvs,
radgan ar aris gatarebuli erTiani saklasifikacio niSani.
raki xmabaZva gulisxmobs mniSvnelobisa da bgeris
organul Sinagan kavSirs, TiTqos ar unda iyos gamoricxu-
li, rom bgeradobis mixedviT gamoyofil jgufebs, seman-
tikuri erTgvarobac axasiaTebdeT, magram xmabaZvis gamo-
mxatvel fuZeTa mimoxilvas damarwmunebeli Sedegi ar mo-
ucia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom xmabaZviTi sityvebi bevr SemTxveva-
Si emorCileba qarTul enaSi arsebul bgeraTcvlis wesebs.
magaliTad, xmabaZviTma bRartun fuZem bartyun fuZed
80 Tamar lomTaZe
qcevisas igive cvlileba ganicada, rac araxmabaZviTma

bRart — barty fuZem.
xmabaZvis aRmniSvnel fuZeebSi gamoyenebulia qarTu-
li enisaTvis specifikuri fonemebi, qarTuli fonologiu-
ri sistema.
yvelaferi es imaze miuTiTebs, rom xmabaZvas ama Tu im
enis SesaZleblobaTa farglebSi aqvs adgili da xmabaZviTi
sityvebic met-naklebad am enis fonologiur modelSi Tav-
sdeba.
arseboba xmabaZviTi sityvebisa, romlebSic TiTqos
bgerisa da mniSvnelobis Sinagani kavSiri ivaraudeba, ver
arRvevs niSnis nebismierobis debulebas: yoveli ena Tavi-
seburad, Tavisi sakuTari tradiciiT Sepirobebuli bge-
raTsistemis gamoyenebiT qmnis xmabaZviT sityvebs, istori-
ulad Camoyalibebuli fonetikuri wesebis mixedviT cvlis
amgvar sityvaTa bgeradobas.
xmabaZviT sityvaTa mxolod bgeradoba ki araa met-na-
klebad avtonomiuri mniSvnelobisagan, aramed agebulebis
mxrivac xmabaZviTi sityvebi ar qmnian erTiansa da sityvaTa
sxva klasebisagan mkafiod gamijnul jgufs. magaliTad,
xmabaZviT sityvebSi xSirad vxvdebiT fuZis gaormagebas:
kiskisi, laqlaqi, ruzruzi..
gaormageba fuZiseuli xmovnis monacvleobiT: baga-
bugi, baTqabuTqi...
fuZiseuli xmovnis monacvleobiT gaormagebul fu-
Zeebs zogjer enacvleba gauormagebeli, magram sufiq-
sdarTuli fuZe: Tqaruni, baguni..
gvaqvs -un daboloebiani xmabaZviTi sityvebi: bluku-
ni, zluquni...
am agebulebis fuZeTa monacvlea -an daboloebiani
xmabaZviTebi: lawani,(lawuni), tyapani (tyapuni)...
xmabaZviT sityvebSi vlindeba -in daboloebac: wikvi-
ni, wripini, brigini..
gvaqvs — ur daboloebiani xmabaZviTebi: bJuturi,

jajguri..
-al -ze daboloebiania: Rriali, Sriali...
amrigad, xmabaZviTi sityvebi struqturis mixedviT
mkafiod ar aris gamijnuli sxva, araxmabaZviTi fuZeebisa-
gan. ufro zogadad rom vTqvaT, ar Cans uSualo kavSiri si-
tyvis mniSvnelobasa da sityvis agebulebas Soris.
sabolood SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom miuxedavad leq-
sikuri da fonetikuri, leqsikuri da gramatikuli movle-
nebis mWidro kavSirisa, leqsika TavisTavadi ramaa, avto-
nomiuri rogorc bgeradobis, ise gramatikuli wyobisgan.
leqsikuri fondis Tematikuri danawevreba
sakuTriv semantikur klasifikaciad miiCneva leqsi-

kuri fondis danawileba Tematikurad Semofarglul jgu-
febad. sxvadasxva enis masalaze, amgvari dajgufebis ram-
denime cda arsebobs, Tumca Tematikuri dajgufebis sayo-
velTaod gaziarebuli principebi jer SemuSavebuli ar
aris. amitom calkeul avtorTa klasifikaciebSi subieq-
tur faqtors didi adgili uWiravs.
ama Tu im enis Tematikurad dajgufebul sityvebs
ideografiuli an ideologiuri leqsikoni ewodeba. Zveli
berZnebi mas onomastikonsac uwodebdnen.
amgvari dajgufebis pirveli cda mocemulia 1852
wels gamocemul roJes „inglisuri sityvebisa da frazebis
saunjeSi“, mas SemoklebiT roJes Tesaurussac uwodeben.
aRniSnuli leqsikoni safuZvlad daedo frangul, ungrul,
holandiur, Svedur, espanur, axal berZnul ideografiul
leqsikonebs. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ro-
Jes leqsikonma misca biZgi leqsikuri fondis Tematikur
aRweras.
roJes TesaurusSi mocemulia eqvsi ganyofileba: ab-
staqtuli mimarTebebi, sivrce, nivTiereba, inteleqti, ne-
82 Tamar lomTaZe
beloba, grZnobebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv aTasamde dana-

yofs Seicaven.
leqsikuri fondis Sinaarseuli klasifikaciaa moce-
muli Sarl balis „franguli enis stilistikaSi“. es dayofa
mas esaWiroeboda eqspresiuli faqtebis identifikaciisa-
Tvis, anu sinonimTa dasajgufeblad cnebaTa moculobis
TvalsazrisiT.
balis stilistikaSi gamoyofilia aTi ZiriTadi jgu-
fi: apriori, materia, azri da misi gamoxatva, nebeloba, mo-
qmedeba, sakuTreba, grZnobebi, sazogadoeba, morali da re-
ligia, romlebic Tavis mxriv, samasamde qveganayofad iyofa.
germanuli enisaTvis ideografiuli leqsikoni, ro-
melsac saxelad ewodeba „germanuli leqsikuri fondi sa-
ganTa jgufebis mixedviT“ Seadgina f. dornzaifma. aRsa-
niSnavia, rom man es wigni 5-jer gamosca da xuTive gadamu-
Savebuli da daxvewili saxiT. aq masala dalagebulia me-
cnierul cnebaTa sistemis mixedviT.
dornzaifis wignSi Sesulia 50 000 saleqsikono erTe-
uli — sityvebi da semantikurad sityvaTa fardi Sesityve-
bebi. aq mocemulia oci ganyofileba uamravi qveganyofi-
lebiT: araorganuli nivTierebani, mcenareebis, cxovele-
bisa da adamianis nawilebi, sivrce, sidide, arsi, dro, si-
naTle, adgilmonacvleoba, neba, grZnobadi gancda, emoci-
ebi, azrovneba, ena, mecniereba, xelovneba, sazogadoeba, xe-
loba da teqnika, meurneoba, kanoni da eTika, religia.
aseTi gulmodgined damuSavebuli leqsikonic ki, ro-
melic pirvelad 1933, xolo bolo gamocema 1959 wels dai-
beWda, ar iZleva imis saSualebas, rom calsaxad aRiweros
enis leqsikuri fondi.
uaxlesi sqema am tipis leqsikonisa ekuTvnis rudolf
haligsa da valter vartburgs, romelsac ewodeba „cnebaTa
sistema rogorc leqsikografiis safuZveli“. rogorc sa-
Tauridan Cans, aqac dajgufeba, faqtobrivad, mecnierul
cnebaTa mixedviT xdeboda, Tumca halig-vartburgiseuli
cneba ara mecnieruli, aramed „xalxuri“, winaremecnieru-

li cnebaa. aq mocemulia sami ZiriTadi ganyofileba: samya-
ro, adamiani, adamiani da samyaro. danawevreba aqac aTaso-
biTaa.
leqsikis uZvelesi fenis mimoxilva, Cveulebriv se-
mantikur jgufebad xdeba. es semantikuri jgufebi gadmo-
scemen im sagnebsa da movlenebs, romlebic ivaraudeba ro-
gorc aucilebeli yoveli sazogadoebis arsebobisaTvis.
swored aseTi dajgufeba ekuTvnis glotoqronolo-
giuri meTodis Semqmnels moris svodeSs. man Seadgina sia
ramdenime aTeuli cnebisa da ivarauda, rom es cnebebi uni-
versaluria, anu yvela enaSi arsebobs sityvebi maT gadmo-
sacemad. es cnebebia: piris nacvalsaxelebi, kiTxviTi si-
tyvebi, korelaciuri sityvebi, sivrciTi sityvebi, maloka-
lizebeli sityvebi, moZraobisa da mdgomareobis aRmniS-
vneli sityvebi, moqmedeba, drois periodebi, ricxviTi sa-
xelebi, raodenoba, sidideebi, bunebis sagnebi da movlene-
bi, mcenareebi da maTi nawilebi, cxovelTa samyaro, adamia-
ni, sxeulis nawilebi da nivTirebebi, SegrZneba da moqmede-
ba, piriT warmoebuli moqmedeba, feri, aRweriTi elemente-
bi, naTesaoba, kulturis sagnebi da saqmianoba, sxvadasxva.
qarTuli sityvebisaTvis amgvari dajgufebis cda mo-
cemuli aqvs arn. Ciqobavas. kerZod, mas ganxiluli aqvs
qarTuli enis leqsikuri fondis uZvelesi fena, anu si-
tyvebi, romlebsac Sesatyvisebi moepovebaT monaTesave
enebSi. sul gamoyofilia TerTmeti klasi: naTesauri ur-
TierTobis aRmniSvneli sityvebi, adamianis sxeulis nawi-
lebi, cxovelebis, frinvelebis, qvewarmavalTa saxelebi,
mcenareuli, Senobebi, wyali, dRe, ricxviTi saxelebi, na-
cvalsaxelebi, atributivebi, zmnebi.
sityvaTa Tematurad dalagebis cda mocemulia sabas
leqsikonSic, rasac saba „ganyofilebaTa Semoklebul da-
weras“ uwodebda. es jgufebi, rogorc aRniSnulia specia-
lur literaturaSi, arsebiTad cnebaTa budeebia. saba
84 Tamar lomTaZe
iRebs gvareobiTi cnebis aRmniSvnel sityvas da masTan

aTavsebs saxeobiTi cnebis gamomxatvel sityvebs ganmarte-
bebiTurT (magaliTad, Tovli, TrTvili, yapi, fifqi, Wyapi,
buri, Wirxli, xurxli, buqi, xiawi, nanqeri, bzari, leRma,
arxili, lilo, Svavi). es sityvebi anbanis mixedviT Tav-Ta-
vis adgilasac aris Setanili.
ras warmoadgenen Sorisdebulebi?

gadmosacemi Sinaarsis mixedviT Sorisdebulebis ramden jgufs
gamoyofen?
ras uwodeben funqcionalur leqsikas da ras warmoadgenen
isini?
ras uwodeben Cineli gramatikosebi damxmare sityvebs?
ras warmoadgenen semantikuri TvalsazrisiT nacvalsaxelebi?
ras warmoadgenen semantikuri TvalsazrisiT ricxviTi saxe-
lebi?
ramden ZiriTad leqsikur jgufs gamoyofen metyvelebis nawi-
lebSi?
Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi ras aerTianeben predikatebSi?
ras viRebT nawarmoeb sityvaTa semantikuri dajgufebis Sede-
gad?
ramdengvaria daaxloebiT warmoqmnili fuZe Sinaarsis mixed-
viT?
romeli mawarmoeblebi awarmoeben kninobiT-alersobiT saxe-
lebs?
romeli sufiqsebi awarmoeben qonebis saxelebs?
romelia uqonlobis saxelTa mawarmoeblebi?
romeli mawarmoeblebiT iwarmoeba daniSnulebis saxelebi?
romeli mawarmoeblebi gamoiyofa xelobis saxelebis sawar-
moeblad?
rogor iwarmoeba Tvisebis gadmomcemi ganyenebuli saxelebi?
romeli derivatebi awarmoeben warmomavlobis saxelebs?
romeli mawarmoeblebiT iwarmoeba geografiuli saxelebi?

romelia wanaviTarebis saxelTa mawarmoeblebi?
ra aris ufroobiTisa da odnaobiTis mawarmoeblebi?
ra miiReba kompoziciis Sedegad?
ris mixedviT ajgufebs SaniZe Txzul sityvebs?
ra SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs erTcnebiani kompoziti?
ras gulisxmobs orcnebiani kompoziti?
ras gulisxmobs xmabaZva?
rogori Sinaarsoblivi jgufebi SeiZleba gamovyoT xmabaZviT
sityvebSi?
ras ewodeba ideografiuli leqsikoni?
riT aris gamorCeuli roJes Tesaurusi?
risTvis esaWiroeba S. balis leqsikuri fondis Sinaarsobli-
vi klasifikacia?
vin Seadgina germanuli enisaTvis pirveli ideografiuli
leqsikoni da ras uwodeben mas?
ra ewodeba rudolf haligisa da valter vartburgis ideog-
rafiul leqsikons da ris safuZvelze xdeba masSi dajgufeba?
qarTuli sityvebisaTvis vin moaxdina uZvelesi fenis sityva-
Ta dajgufeba?
davaleba: moiZieT kompozitebi mxatvrul nawarmoe-

bebSi da miuTiTeT iwvevs Tu ara komponentTa Senacvleba
mniSvnelobis cvlas.
davaleba: aiReT saanalizoT ramdenime xmabaZviTi si-
tyva, SeadareT igi romelime ucxo enis amave mniSvnelobis
xmabaZviT sityvebs.
86 Tamar lomTaZe
sinonimebi
sinonimi (berZ. syn. Tan, onyma, onima saxeli. synonimos

Tanasaxeliani, erTgvarsaxeliani) ewodeba iseT sityvebs,
romlebic bgeriTad gansxvavebuli arian, mniSvneloba ki
erTnairi aqvT, xolo sinonimia, aqedan gamomdinare, sxva-
dasxva (an sxvadasxvagvarad mJReri) formativebis mniSvne-
lobaTa srul an miaxloebiT identobas hqvia.
sinonimiis sakiTxis mecnieruli kvlevis siZnele da-
kavSirebulia mniSvnelobis definiciis sirTulesTan. ami-
tom zogjer sinonimiis (ra Tqma unda, leqsikur sinonimias
vgulisxmobT) gageba Zlier bundovania da misi arsebobac
eWvqveS dgeba, Tumca rogorc samwerlobo da zepirmetyve-
lebis praqtika gviCvenebs, sinonimia enis faqtia da Tan Te-
oriulad da praqtikulad Zalze mniSvnelovani.
sinonimia amdidrebs enas, avsebs mis leqsikons. igi
farTod gamoiyeneba eqspresiuli miznebisaTvis. mas mimar-
Taven teqstSi gameorebebis, monotonurobis Tavidan asa-
cileblad, obieqtebisa da faqtebis mravalmxriv dasaxasi-
aTeblad.
sinonimika enis leqsikis simdidrisa da moqnilobis
gamovlinebaa. igi saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro zustad da
marTebulad gadmovceT azri, sagani da movlena.
sinonimebad, tradiciulad damkvidrebuli Sexedu-
lebis mixedviT, miaCniaT enis dasrulebuli faqtis is ele-
mentebi, romlebic garegnulad gansxvavebuli saxisaa, mag-
ram garkveul SemTxvevebSi erTnairi funqciiT SeiZleba
maTi gamoyeneba. magaliTad, mravlobiTis formebSi, kac-
eb-i da kac-n-i erTnairi mniSvnelobaa gamoxatuli; niSnebi
-eb da -n savsebiT erTnair sintaqsur Zalas ar gviCveneben,
magram gramatikuli funqcia mainc erTnairi aqvT; am niS-
nebs gramatikul sinonimebs uwodeben. e. i. sinonimebi
gvaqvs ara marto enis leqsikur SemadgenlobaSi, aramed
gramatikul formebsa da winadadebaTa konstruqciebSic,

romelTac morfologiuri da sintaqsuri sinonimebi hqvia.
leqsikuri sinonimebi erTi da imave distribuciuli
klasis iseTi leqsemebia, romelTa leqsikur mniSvnelo-
bebs sakmarisad didi saerTo nawili aqvT (T. gamyreliZe,
365). i. WavWavaZis „gandegilSi“ erTnairi mniSvnelobiT ga-
moyenebuli sityvebi — beri, mwiri, gandegili, meudabnoe —
leqsikur sinonimebs warmoadgenen. leqsikuri sinonime-
bi qmnian makrosistemebs — sinonimur rigebs. sinonimuri
rigebi gansxvavebuli raodenobis elementebis Semcveli
sistemebia. erT-erT leqsemas rigSi dominantis statusi
aqvs. igi gamoirCeva teqstSi yvelaze ufro maRali sixSi-
riT, yvelaze ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT, stilisturad da
pragmatikulad maqsimalurad neitraluria, magaliTad,
uyurebs, ucqers, umzers, uWvrets, dominantia — uyurebs.
sinonimebi SeiZleba urTierTSenacvlebadi iyos, e. i.
maT Soris gansxvaveba SeiZleba neitralizacias ganicdi-
des garkveul poziciebSi, magram sazogadod, sinonimia ur-
TierTSenacvlebadobas aucileblobiT ar gulisxmobs. am
ukanasknels zogjer leqsemaTa Tanaxmarebis wesebi zRu-
davs. ase magaliTad, leqsikuri SeuTavsebloba gvaqvs eqi-
mad Sromobs, hipoTeza aaSena (eqimad muSaobs, hipoTeza aa-
go) SesityvebebSi.
enaTmecnierebi eWvis TvaliT uyureben ori, sruliad
erTnairi mniSvnelobis sityvis arsebobas enaSi. marTlac
samarTlianad miuTiTebs arn. Ciqobava, rom sinonimebi er-
Ti mniSvnelobis mqone sityvebs hqvia, magram ver vityviT,
TiTqos maT savsebiT erTnairi mniSvneloba hqondeT. si-
nonimebs ganasxvavebs an aRsaniSni sagnis sxvadasxva momen-
ti, an Tvalsazrisi, romelic molaparakis damokidebule-
bas aRsaniSnisadmi axasiaTebs, an grZnobiTi ieri, romel-
sac sinonimuri sityva iwvevs, anda kidev dialeqturi sxva-
oba sinonimuri sityvebisa.
sinonimTa sxvaoba igrZnoba maTi xmarebisas sxvadas-
88 Tamar lomTaZe
xva winadadebaSi (Tu SesityvebaSi). sinonimebi yvela kon-

teqstSi ver Seenacvlebian erTimeores. „umaRlesi saswav-
leblis moswavle — iTqmis, magram „umaRlesi saswavleblis
mowafeo, ar iTqmis. moswavle ufro zogadi mniSvnelobis
sityvaa, mowafes ufro viwro mniSvneloba aqvs .
mters jarma Zlieri winaaRmdegoba gauwia — swori
qarTulia, magram ar ivargebda Zlieris nacvlad Ronieri
gvexmara (mters jarma Ronieri winaaRmdegoba gauwia).
mTqmelTa Tvalsazrisebis sxvaoba Cans sityvebSi me-
uRle da coli. meuRleSi cxovrebis erT uRelSi Sebmis mo-
mentia amosavali da amiT aixsneba is pativsacemoba, rome-
lic am sityvas meore sityvisagan (coli) ganasxvavebs.
mTqmelis Tvalsazrisi, misi gansxvavebuli damokide-
buleba aRsaniSnisadmi mJRavndeba sinonimebSi mokvda da
CaZaRlda, modis da moeTreva (ager darispani modis — ager
darispani moeTreva).
Txmela, bia, kopiti, TuTuni — kuTxur metyvelebaSi
xmarebuli sinonimebia saliteraturo enis sityvebisa —
muryani, komSi, ifani, Tambaqo...
aRniSnuli gansxvavebis garda, sinonimebi erTmaneTi-
sagan SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes gramatikuli Tavisebure-
bebiT, xmarebis sixSiriT da sxva. magaliTad, qarTuli leq-
sema Cibuxi ufro maRali sixSiriT xasiaTdeba, vidre misi
sinonimi yalioni.
savsebiT erTnairi mniSvnelobis ori sityva faqtob-
riv ar arsebobs — an obieqturi an subieqturi momenti iZ-
leva sxvaobas. es sxvaoba zogjer nakleb sagrZnobia. aseT
SemTxvevaSi sinonimebi erTmaneTs enacvlebian. (mimarTu-
lebiTi anu viTarebiTi brunva). roca sxvaoba ufro sa-
grZnobia, sinonimebi xan enacvlebian erTmaneTs damouki-
deblad (guladi jariskaci — mamaci jariskaci), xan kidev
aseTi Senacvleba stilistikurad saCoTiroa an sruliad
miuRebeli (umaRlesi saswavleblis mowafe). amgvarad, na-
mdvili sinonimebi fiqciaa. sinonimebis gamoyeneba stilis-
tikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia (arn. Ciqobava,

2008).
sinonimTa dajgufebis ramdenime cda arsebobs. Semo-
gTavazebT yvelaze gavrcelebul klasifikaciebs.
Sedegis mixedviT, erTmaneTisgan ZiriTad ori saxis
sinonimias ganarCeven — srulsa da nawilobrivs.
srul sinonimias absolutur sinonimiasac uwodeben.
miuxedavad imisa, rom TiTqmis aqsiomaTaa qceuli, rom
zustad ori mniSvnelobis sityva enaSi ar arsebobs, mecni-
erTa erTi nawili aRniSnul klasifikacias iziarebs da
sruli sinonimiis gamoyofas eTanxmeba. ganvixiloT maTi
magaliTebic: iseT sityvebs, romlebic savsebiT erTnairi
SinaarsiT ixmareba, absoluturi sinonimebi hqvia. absolu-
turi sinonimebia, magaliTad, is wyvilebi, romelTagan ara-
iSviaTad erTi gavrcelebulia aRmosavlur dialeqtebSi,
meore — dasavlurSi. aseTebia, magaliTad, papa da babua,
komSi da bia, TuTa da bJola, gogra da kvaxi... am wyvilTagan
saliteraturo enaSi ZiriTadad damkvidrebulia is erTeu-
lebi, romlebsac aRmosavluri dialeqtebi uWeren mxars,
magram saliteraturo ena xSirad uars ar ambobs arc am
wyvilTa meore wevrebze, romlebic dasavlur dieleqteb-
Sia gavrcelebuli. magaliTad, mamis an dedis mamis aRsaniS-
navad qarTulSi gvxvdeba sinonimebi papa da babua. amaTgan,
pirveli gavrcelebulia aRmosavlur dialeqtebSi, meore
— dasavlurSi, magram ver vityviT, rom mxolod erTi maT-
gania saliteraturo enisaTvis misaRebi, meore ki dialeq-
tizmiao. papa dasavlur kiloebSic cnobili sityvaa. meore
mxriv, arc babua aris aRmosavlur kiloTa warmomadgenel-
TaTvis ucxo da gaugebari, e.i. nebismieri qarTveli sinoni-
muri wyvilidan xmarobs erT-erTs, magram mSvenivrad esmis
meoris mniSvnelobac. saliteraturo enisaTvis ZiriTadia
papa, magram dasaSvebia agreTve babua (z. WumburiZe, r. gabe-
Cava, 2000). mivuTiTebT, rom aRniSnul magaliTebSic ki,
90 Tamar lomTaZe
sixSire gvaZlevs sxvaobas da es kidev erTi argumentia Ci-

qobavas Tvalsazrisis gasamyareblad.
msgavsi mniSvnelobis sityvebs relatiur sinoni-
mebs uwodeben. aseTebia: lamazi, koxta, turfa da mSvenie-
ri; xarbi da gaumaZRari; faqizi da saTuTi; Zali da Rone,
ukuni da wyvdiadi, Zlieri da Ronieri da a.S.. relatiuri
sinonimebi aRniSnaven erTsa da imave sagans an movlenas,
Tumca sxvadasxvagvar emocias aRuZraven msmenels.
absolutur sinonimebs metwilad sxvadasxva piri xma-
robs erTsa da imave SemTxvevaSi, relatiur sinonimebs ki
erTi da igive piri iyenebs sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi. magali-
Tad mohyavT Semdegi SemTxveva: roca erTi adgilobrivia,
meore ucxouri ( enaTmecnieri – lingvisti).
nawilobrivi sinonimia Tavis mxriv or jgufad iyofa;
a) ideografiuli (anu cnebobrivi) sinonimebi aris
is sityvebi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan semantikuri ele-
mentebiT gansxvavdebian. magaliTad, guladi, mamaci, gambe-
davi, vaJkaci, lomguli da a.S.
b) stilisturi sinonimebi aris is sityvebi, romle-
bic erTmaneTisagan garkveuli stilisturi markerebiT, an
gamoyenebis sferoTi gansxvavdebian. stilistur sinoni-
mebs xSirad erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs konotacia — dade-
biTi an uaryofiTi Sefaseba, magaliTad, xandazmuli-beb-
rucuna. stilis mixedviT gansxvavebuli sityvebia samSob-
lo, mamuli da dedasamSoblo.
am klasifikaciis identuria mosazreba, romlis mi-
xedviTac, mniSvnelobaTa siaxlovis mixedviT tradiciu-
lad ganarCeven: 1) srul (absolutur) sinonimebs, anu
leqsikur dubletebs (romlebic urTierTSenacvlebulia
yvela konteqstSi da erTmaneTs emTxveva mniSvnelobis
mTeli moculobiT) da 2) nawilobriv (SefardebiT) sino- -
nimebs.
dubletebi umTavresad paralelurad xmarebul ter-
minebs an saerTo Zirisa da sinonimuri afiqsebis mqone leq-
semebs warmoadgenen. maT Soris, xSiria nasesxebi da mkvid-

ri leqsemebi. dubletebia, magaliTad, orTografia-mar-
Tlwera, afiqsaluri-afiqsuri.
aseTi sinonimebi SeiZleba SeerTdes da erT rTul si-
tyvad warmogvidges. magaliTad, aseTebia: sve-bedi, Zal-
Rone, oxer-tiali, SiSvel-titveli, bed-iRbali, Rarib-Ra-
taki, sevda-naRveli da a. S.
qarTul enaSi mogvepoveba sinonimuri terminebic —
bruneba da kankledoba, mimarTulebiTi (brunva) anu viTa-
rebiTi anu vnebiTi... namyo usruli da namyo uwyveteli...
sinonimebi SeiZleba iyos:
a) arsebiTi saxelebi: ifani da kopiti, komSi da bia,
TaTara da felamuSi, Zali da Rone, muryani da Txmela...
b) zedsarTavi saxelebi: lamazi da koxta, guladi da
mamaci, wminda da sufTa, tkbili da gemrieli...
g) ganusazRvreli raodenobis aRmniSvneli saxele-
bi: mravali, bevri da uTvalavi...
d) nacvalsaxelebi: is da igi, isini da igini...
e) zmnebi: mokvda da gardaicvala, icis da uwyis, icavs
da mfarvelobs, gaiSala da gaifurCqna, movida da mobrZan-
da...
v) zmnizedebi: dinjad, wynarad da mSvidad, swrafad,
Cqara da mardad...
yvelaze gavrcelebuli sinonimebia zedsarTavebi,
zmnebi, xolo Semdeg — arsebiTi saxelebi da zmnizedebi,
sxva metyvelebis nawilTa sinonimika iSviaTia (l. kvaWaZe,
1981).
sinonimebis erT-erTi saxea sityvaTa myari SenaerTi,
romelsac perifrazuli, anu aRweriTi sinonimi hqvia.
igi Sedgeba ramdenime sityvisagan, magram ixmareba erTi si-
tyvis mniSvnelobiT. perifrazuli sinonimi aris stilis-
turi enobrivi saSualeba, romelic aadvilebs azris zus-
tad gagebas da Tanac aZlierebs emociur zemoqmedebas
msmenelze Tu mkiTxvelze. magaliTad, aviRoT sityva daRa-
92 Tamar lomTaZe
la da sityvaTa jgufi araqaTi gamoacala. semantikurad

orive erTi mniSvnelobisaa, magram stilisturad gansxva-
vebuli enobrivi erTeulebia: pirveli — neitraluria, meo-
re — eqspresiul-emociuri, imave mniSvnelobis xatovani
Tqma, e.i. mniSvneloba erTia, azrobriv-emociuri elferi
ki — sxvadasxva.
perifrazuli sinonimi semantikurad aris ori saxis:
saxeladi mniSvnelobisa da zmnuri mniSvnelobis.
saxeladi mniSvnelobisaa: moxuci — sibereSi Sesuli;
avdari — cudi amindi; avadmyofi — seniT Sepyrobili; mito-
veba — RvTis anabara migdeba da a.S
enaSi ufro metad zmnuri mniSvnelobis sinonimebi
gvaqvs, romlebic winadadebaSi Semasmenlis funqciiT ixma-
reba. aseTebia magaliTad, Tqva — xma amoiRo; ganizraxa —
gulSi gaivlo; gaerTo — guli gadaayola; esiamovna — gul-
ze malamod moecxo; gaamdidra — civ qvaze daasaxla; dau-
dastura — kveri daukra.
zemoT moyvanil magaliTebSi perifrazuli sinonime-
bi dasaxelebulia erT sityvasTan, magram isini SeiZleba
Segvxvdes sityvaTa jgufTanac. magaliTad, kargad uvlida
— civ niavs ar akarebda; did pativSi hyavda — xelis gulze
atarebda; saSinlad datuqsa — Savi dRe daaTia; xmas ar
iRebda — pirSi wyali Caiguba.
perifrazul sinonimebSi logikuri maxviliT gamoi-
yofa e.w. sayrdeni sityva.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT zemoT mocemul nimuSebs, ufro
srulyofil klasifikaciad SeiZleba CaiTvalos klasifi-
kacia, romelic sinonimTa aT jgufs gamoyofs:
1. erTi movlenis aRmniSvneli, magram stilisturi
elferiT gansxvavebuli
2. sxvadasxva stilSi xmarebuli (wignur-sasaubro)
3. araucxouri — ucxouri
4. neitraluri-emociurad Seferili
5. sityva — Sesityveba
6. literaturuli — kuTxuri
7. moZvelebuli — axali
8. sityva — misi evfemisturi monacvle
9. sityva — misi perifrazi
10. sityva-idiomaturi gamoTqma.
ganixilavs ra sinonimTa klasifikaciasTan dakavSire-
bul problematikas, b. foCxua miuTiTebs: „raki sinonimiis
mecnieruli Seswavla misi istoriuli Seswavlaa, cxadia,
meti Rirebuleba eqneba sinonimTa imgvar dajgufebas, ro-
melic maT istorias gaiTvaliswinebs, e. i. sxvadasxva jgu-
febs gamohyofs warmomavlobis xasiaTis mixedviT. sinoni-
mia SeiZleba gaaCinos a) dialeqturi an b) nairenobrivi si-
tyvebis Tavmoyram, an kidev g) mniSvnelobis cvlilebam,
ris Sedegadac ori sityva mniSvnelobiT erTmaneTs daem-
Txva (jiriTi — doRi)... faseuli iqneba agreTve, sinonimiis
SemTxvevaTa dajgufeba imis mixedviT, Tu ra gziT xdeba si-
nonimiis daZleva: a) erT-erTi sinonimTaganis gaqrobiT
(magniti — andamati) an erT-erTi sinonimTaganis mniSvne-
lobis cvliT (bulbuli — iadoni)“ (b. foCxua, 1974, 37).
rogorc vxedavT, b. foCxua cdilobs daZlios zemo-
aRniSnuli klasifikaciis ZiriTadi nakli (erTiani sakla-
sifikacio niSnis ararseboba) da gvTavazobs modelebs, ro-
melSic SeiZleba erTiani principis gatareba. Tumca aqve
unda davsZinoT, rom es dajgufebac araa universaluri.
zogierTi leqsikuri erTeuli sinonimuria mxolod
erT konteqstSi (e.w. konteqsturi sinonimebi). isini xSirad
koreferentuli saxelebia (magaliTad, vaJa-fSavelas
„CxikvTa qorwilSi“ — arwivi da mefe). msgavsi erTeulebi
enobriv-sistemaSi sinonimebs ar warmoadgenen, aq saqme
gvaqvs araregularul mimarTebebTan. stilistikis gansa-
kuTrebuli yuradRebis sagania arazusti, anu iseTi sino-
nimebi, romlebic Sinaarsis niuansobriv sxvaobas avlenen.
winadadebis gamomsaxvelobiTi Zalis, emociuri ieris
gasaZliereblad zogjer or an ramdenime sinonims erTad,
94 Tamar lomTaZe
mijriT iyeneben, riTac sagans an movlenas ufro srulad

da yovelmxriv axasiaTeben.
sinonimebis codna da maTi sworad SerCeva xels
uwyobs azrisa da grZnobis zustad da Tanac mravalferov-
nad gamoxatvas, sagnebisa da movlenebis eqspresiul-emo-
ciurad da xatovnad asaxvas.
sinonimebis saSualebiT advilad vaRwevT Tavs me-
tyvelebis erTferovnebasa da sityvaTa ganmeorebebs wina-
dadebebSi an abzacSi, e.i. iseT enobriv naklovanebebs, ro-
melic amaxinjebs saliteraturo enaze metyvelebas, ukar-
gavs mas sicxadesa da silamazes (n. basilaia, 1991).
sinonimebis araswori gamoyeneba SeiZleba iqces me-
tyvelebaSi Secdomebis daSvebis mizezad. magaliTad, Se-
saZlebelia gradaciis araswori ageba. sinonimebi zogjer
mniSvnelobiT Zalian axlos dganan, magram konteqstSi isi-
ni ar arian TanabarmniSvnelovanni. xSirad CaixedeT sino-
nimTa leqsikonSi da dazRveuli iqnebiT Secdomebisagan
sinonimTa gamoyenebis dros.
sinonimiasTan axlos dgas evfemizmisa da tabus saki-
Txi. sainteresoa tabus da krZalulsityvaobis Sedegad mi-
Rebuli sinonimia.
evfemizmi
molaparakisaTvis arasasurveli erTeulis nacvlad,

Cveulebriv, sxva enobrivi erTeuli — evfemizmi ixmareba.
evfemizmi berZnuli sityvaa (eu — kargad, phemi — vambob) da
niSnavs keTilad metyvelebas, tlanqad an uxerxulad miC-
neuli sityvis nacvlad ufro moridebuli, misaRebi si-
tyvis xmarebas.
evfemizacia anu keTilsityvaoba sazogadod damaxa-
siaTebelia kulturuli, mwignobruli enebisaTvis. droTa
ganmavlobaSi saliteraturo ena ixveweba enobrivi kultu-
ris TvalsazrisiTac, oficialuri urTierTobebisaTvis
yalibdeba enobrivi etiketi, Tavazianobis garkveuli

formulebi da formebi, romelTa dacva am kulturasTan
Tanaziarobis, xolo darRveva — masTan ucxoobis erT-er-
Ti mTavari niSania.
evfemizmebiT cvlian maT sinonimur leqsemebs, rom-
lebic, molaparakis azriT, utaqto, uxeSi an uwesoa. evfe-
mistur gamoTqmebSi Warbobs ara obieqturi kanonzomiere-
ba, aramed sazogadoebis garkveul wreTa individualuri
gemovneba.
evfemizmis SerCevisas amosavalia sityvis ZiriTadi
mniSvneloba. Tu momentTan dakavSirebiT sityva an gamoT-
qma miCneulia usiamovno, uxeSi, uzrdeli metyvelebis ni-
muSad, maSin dgeba saWiroeba, raTa igi Seicvalos ufro ke-
TiliT, zrdilobianiT. evfemizmi msmenelTan mimarTebisas
enis faqtis Sinaarsis erTgvari Semsubuqebaa, raTa sityvis
pirdapirma mniSvnelobam uxerxuloba ar gamoiwvios. ami-
tom evfemizmebis gamoyenebas mravali momenti gansaz-
Rvravs. uaRresad Tavisebur movlenas aqvs adgili im
mxriv, rom aRsaniSns ar vcvliT, magram gamoxatvis saSua-
lebebs garegnul saxes vucvliT. saamisod sagangebod
vZebniT leqsikur fondSi ufro Sesaferis evfemizmad ga-
mosayenebel sityvas an gamoTqmas. evfemizmebia, magali-
Tad: nasvami (mTvrali), gaaTavisufles (samsaxuridan mo-
xsnes)... droTa ganmavlobaSi aseTma leqsemam evfemizmis
statusi SeiZleba dakargos.
evfemizms upirispirdeba disfemizmi, anu kakofe- -
mizmi (berZnuli havious — uxeSi, saaugo gamonaTqvamebi,
kokos — uzrdeli), romlebsac emociurad da stilisturad
neitraluri sinonimebis nacvlad xmaroben. magaliTad, wa-
vida-waeTra, gardaicvala-CaZaRlda. evfemizmebi da kako-
femizmebi stilisturi figurebia.
96 Tamar lomTaZe
tabu
tabu ama Tu im sityvis warmoTqmis akrZalvaa religi-

ur-magiuri wes-Cveulebis safuZvelze. tabu (polineziuri
warmomavlobis termini, inglisuri taboo) aris garkveul ga-
monaTqvamTa xmarebis akrZalva. es movlena ukavSirdeba
rwmenas, TiTqos enam SeiZleba uSualo zemoqmedeba moaxdi-
nos garesamyaroze, Secvalos igi faqtobrivad. tabu gu-
lisxmobs sagnis gaigivebas leqsikur mniSvnelobasTan. gan-
sakuTrebiT xSirad ikrZaleba sakuTari saxelebi, saSiS an
pativsacem, wminda obieqtTa da movlenaTa aRmniSvneli si-
tyvebi. tabuirebul niSnidan akrZalva SeiZleba gavrcel-
des fonetikurad mis msgavs niSnebzec. magaliTad, guriaSi
eridebian sityva xuTis xsenebas.
saqarTvelos zogierT kuTxeSi gvels ar axseneben —
viRac gvZraxavso da mis nacvlad xmaroben tabuirebul
terminebs uxsenebeli, SavCoxiani da a.S.
omonimebi
omonimebi (homos — erTnairi) ewodeba iseT sityvebs,

romlebic bgeriTad ar gansxvavdebian, magram mniSvnelo-
biTa da warmomavlobiT gansxvavebuli arian. aqedan gamo-
mdinare, omonimia — mniSvnelobaTa sxvadasxvaobaa forma-
tivTa identobis (erTnairi JReradobis) dros. omonimia
momdinareobs berZnuli sityvidan — homonymia, romelic
SeiZleba iTargmnos rogorc „saerTo saxelis qona“ .
omonimebi sxvadasxva sityvebia ara mxolod imitom,
rom mniSvneloba aqvT sxvadasxva, aramed imitom, rom isini
sxvadasxva warmomavlobisani arian. sxvadasxva warmomav-
loba gaxlavT omonimiis aucilebeli piroba. magaliTad,
wvers iparsavs... , mTis wverze dgas... da isris wveri basrisa
iyo — am sam winadadebaSi sityvas wveri arsebiTad gansxva-
vebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom saqme gvaqvs

omonimiasTan? ra Tqma unda, ara — es erTi da igive sityvaa
sxvadasxva mniSvnelobisa, Tumca ara sxvadasxva warmomav-
lobisa.
Tu warmomavlobas angariSs ar gavuwevdiT, sityvaTa
didi wili omonimebad unda migveCnia, radganac iSviaTia
iseTi sityva, rom sxvadasxva konteqstSi mniSvnelobas ar
icvlides. omonimebi mxolod maSin gvaqvs, Tu garegnulad
erTnairi sityva gansxvavebulia ara mxolod mniSvnelo-
biT, aramed warmomavlobiTac.
omonimiis SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, saubaria erTi enobri-
vi sistemis erTeulebze da ara, vTqvaT, qarTuli mama, ru-
suli мама (deda) tipis bgeriT damTxvevebze.
leqsikuri omonimia SeiZleba iyos sruli da nawi-
lobrivi.
leqsikuri omonimia srulia, Tu omonimebis fuZeebi
erTsa da imave struqturul klass (metyvelebis nawils)
ganekuTvneba da, Tu es leqsemebi mTlianad emTxveva er-
TmaneTs gamoxatulebix planSi. magaliTad, bani — Senobis
saxuravi, dabali xma da qarTuli anbanis meore aso, jami
(Rrma WurWeli) da jami (mimatebis Sedegi).
nawilobrivi omonimebi anu homoformebi gvaqvs ma-
Sin, rodesac erTmaneTs emTxveva ori leqsemis calkeuli
sityvaformebi. am sityvaformebis fuZeebi, Cveulebriv,
sxvadasxva struqturul klass ganekuTvneba da aseT Se-
mTxvevaSi maT leqsikur-gramatikul omonimebs uwode-
ben. magaliTad, modis — moda saxelisa da mosvla zmnis
formebi.
Tu leqsikuri omonimebi sxvadasxvagvarad iwereba,
maT homofonebi ewodeba. zogierT enaSi arsebobs homog- -
rafebi, romlebic erTnairad iwereba, magram gansxvavebu-
li bgeriTi saxe aqvT. homografebia maxvilis adgiliT gan-
sxvavebuli iseTi leqsemebic, rogoric aris rusuli замок
klite da замок cixe-simagre.
98 Tamar lomTaZe
omonimebis gaCenas ganapirobebs enis ganviTarebis Si-

nagani buneba, dialeqturi ganStoebani, sityvaTa sesxeba
da fonetikuri modifikacia. arsebobs omonimTa warmoebis
oTxi SemTxveva:
1) wyvilis erTi cali literaturuli sityvaa, meore
— dialeqturi: kakabi (gareuli frinveli) da kakabi (kaxuri
— xis sadgomi);
2) wyvilis orive cali dialeqturia: boro (raWuli
didi gza) da boro (guruli zne).;
3) wyvilis erTi cali qarTulia, meore — ucxouri: be-
gi (goraki) da begi (Turquli batoni);
4) wyvilis orive cali ucxouria: bari (inglisuri
restorani) da bari (berZnuli atmosferuli wnevis erTeu-
li).
gansakuTrebiT rTulia polisemiisa da omonimiis ga-
mijvnis sakiTxi. am mxriv, leqsikonebic xSirad araerTgva-
rovan suraTs gviCveneben. magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom
omonimiis aucilebeli da sakmarisi pirobaa heteroge- -
nuloba: omonimebi sxvadasxva sityvebia. imitom, rom isini
sxvadasxva warmomavlobisani arian. xolo polisemiaSi igu-
lisxmeba SesaZlebloba — erTi sityvis (istoriulad da
fonetikurad igiveobrivi odenobis) meSveobiT mieTiTos
ramdenime gansxvavebul obieqtze. magaliTad, Tvali —
mxedvelobis organo da borbali.
polisemiasTan mxolod maSin gveqneba saqme, rodesac
erTi fonetikuri garsi mimarTebaSi aRmoCndeba saganTa
ramdenime klasTan. polisemia Sedegia saerTo enaSi im mniS-
vnelobaTa Tavmoyrisa, romelic gaaCina Tavdapirveli
mniSvnelobis ganStoebam kiloebsa da specialur enebSi.
omonimebi xSirad orazrovnebis wyaroa. maTi dife-
rencirebis saSualebebi SeiZleba iyos grafikuli, grama-
tikuli, fonemuri da sxv. magaliTad, Tvalis da Tvlis
(borblis) da welis da wlis (weliwadi).
omonimebi poeziaSi safuZvlad edeba e.w. majamur

riTmebs: „amnairi darebiT /kidiT-kide darebiT, / feris
ferTan darebiT / Senobebis Seneba“ (g. tabiZe).
polisemia
sityvas SeiZleba hqondes erTi an ramdenime mniSvne-

loba. polisemia (berZ. polysemos mravalmniSvnelianoba),
rogorc saxelwodeba migvaniSvebs, sityvis mravalmniSvne-
lianobas niSnavs. polisemiaSi igulisxmeba SesaZlebloba —
erTi sityvis (istoriulad da fonetikurad igiveobrivi
odenobis) meSveobiT mieTiTos ramdensame gansxvavebul
obieqtze.
samyaroSi arsebul rTul da mravalferovan mimarTe-
bebs azrovnebaSi cnebebs Soris asociaciuri kavSirebis sa-
xe aqvs. msgavs mimarTebebs amyareben erTmaneTTan enobriv
erTeulTa leqsikuri mniSvnelobebic. enasa da metyvele-
baSi leqsemaTa urTierTqmedebis Sedegad xdeba leqsikuri
mniSvnelobebis saxecvla, rasac ganapirobebs am ukanas-
knelTa aramkafio sazRvrebi da aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels
Soris moZravi kavSiri. cvlilebebi leqsikur mniSvneloba-
Si SeiZleba odnav SesamCnevi iyos, zogjer — individualu-
ric. e. i. isini SeiZleba Tavs iCendes mxolod metyvelebaSi.
aseT SemTxvevaSi maT leqsemis mxolod gansakuTrebuli
xmareba mohyveba. Tu garkveul konteqstebSi sityvis mniS-
vnelobaSi momxdari cvlilebebi damkvidrebulia enaSi sa-
qme gvaqvs leqsikuri mniSvnelobis cvlasTan, gardaqmnas-
Tan. aseTi gardaqmnis dros leqsemam SeiZleba dakargos
zogierTi semantikuri komponenti an SeiZinos axali. maSin
misi intensionali Seicvleba, ris Sedegad warmoiqmneba er-
Ti vokabulis sxvadasxva leqsema, romelTa mniSvnelobebs
saerTo nawili eqneba (Tumca zogjer misi gamoyofa gaZne-
lebulia). am movlenas leqsikuri polisemia ewodeba. po-
lisemiuria nebismieri enobrivi erTeuli, romelsac erT-
100 Tamar lomTaZe
ze meti denotati Seesabameba. mravalmniSvnelianobas gana-

pirobebs enis Sinaarssa da gamoxatulebis plans Soris
aracalsaxa damokidebuleba.
amgvarad, leqsikuri polisemia gulisxmobs erTi vo-
kabulis farglebSi sxvadasxva leqsemis arsebobas. polis-
miur leqsikur erTeuls unari aqvs aRniSnos monaTesave
cnebebi.
polisemiur leqsikur erTeuls aqvs pirdapiri (pir-
veladi, ZiriTadi) da arapirdapiri (gadataniTi, motivire-
buli, figuraluri) mniSvneloba. pirdapiri mniSvneloba
paradigmatuli TvalsazrisiT ufro myaria da sintagmatu-
rad nkleb SezRuduli. leqsikuri erTeulis izolirebu-
lad warmoTqmisas enis mflobelis cnobierebaSi pirvelad
swored es mniSvneloba Cndeba. igi uSualod miemarTeba
cnebas, xolo gadataniTi mniSvneloba ukavSirdeba ro-
gorc cnebas, ise pirdapir mniSvnelobas.
gadataniTi mniSvneloba ar aris damoukidebeli. igi
yovelTvis motivirebulia pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT (maga-
liTad, windis yeli). pirdapiri mniSvneloba SeiZleba iyos
motivirebuli an aramotivirebuli. pirdapiri, aramotivi-
rebuli mniSvnelobis mqone leqsemebi aRiqmeba rogorc
pirveladi, maTi motivirebulobis dadgena zogjer SesaZ-
lebeli xdeba mxolod etimologiuri kvlevis Sedegad.
mimarTeba pirdapir da motivirebul mniSvnelobebs
Soris yovelTvis ucvleli rodia; droTa ganmavlobaSi
gadataniTi mniSvneloba SeiZleba pirdapir mniSvnelobad
iqces. pirdapiri ki daikargos an gadataniTi mniSvnelobis
statusi SeiZinos. magaliTad, aRorZineba niSnavda mcena-
ris zrda-ganviTarebas, Zvel qarTulSive gvxvdeba am fu-
Zis gadataniTi xmareba, Semdeg namdvili mniSvneloba da-
karga da damoukideblad ganviTarda semantikurad. amJa-
mad aRorZineba xelaxla ganviTarebas, ganaxlebas niSnavs
(T. gamyreliZe, 2003, 358).
polisemiis kvlevisas enaTmecnierebis winaSe dgeba

istoriul-enaTmecnieruli sakiTxi — rogor, ra konkre-
tul pirobebSi daemata sityvas axali mniSvneloba, an ro-
gor SemorCa Zveli mniSvneloba axalTan erTad.
zogjer polisemia Sedegia saerTo enaSi im mniSvne-
lobaTa Tavmoyrisa, romelic gaaCina Tavdapirveli mniS-
vnelobis ganStoebam kiloebsa da specialur enebSi. maga-
liTad, beWi imitomaa polisemiuri, rom saerTo enaSi odin-
del saerToenobriv mniSvnelobas gverdiT amoudga fei-
qarTa Soris gavrcelebuli mniSvneloba amave sityvisa.
ganStoebul mniSvnelobaTa Tavmoyra Sepirobebulia
gareenobrivi movlenebiT — im roliT, romelsac enobrivi
koleqtivis cxovrebaSi asruleben masSi Semavali jgufebi
(b. foCxua, 1974, 40).
antonimebi
garesamyaros obieqtebsa da movlenebs Soris arsebu-

li mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi adamianis mier dapirispi-
rebebad aRiqmeba. zogierTi saxis dapirispireba enaSi an-
tonimiis saxiT vlindeba.
leqsikuri antonimebi (berZ. anti winaaRmdeg, onyma sa-
xeli) ewodeba erTnairi semantikuri valentobis mqone er-
Ti da imave struqturuli klasis wevr leqsemebs, romelTa
mniSvnelobebi dapirispirebulia erTmaneTTan. aqedan
gamomdinare, antonimia hqvia ori sityvis semantikur ur-
TierTgamomricxavobas.
arsebobs antonimebis ufro zogadi ganmartebac: an-
tonimebi ewodeba bgeriTad gansxvavebul iseT sityvebs,
romelTac sapirispiro mniSvneloba aqvT. antonimebia: ma-
Rali — dabali, msxvili — wvrili, bneli — naTeli, grZeli —
mokle, tkbili — mware, nayofieri — unayofo, gonieri —
ugunuri, gemrieli — ugemuri, wesieri — uweso, normaluri
102 Tamar lomTaZe
— aranormaluri, organuli — araorganuli, perioduli —

araperioduli, zusti — arazusti.
sagnebi TavisTavad ar upirispirdebian erTmaneTs.
sagnebis dapirispirebas axdenen adamianebi, magram es ukve
adamianis cnobierebis mier Catarebuli operaciaa. amitom
sinamdvileSi realuri sagnebis dapirispireba ki ar xdeba,
aramed adamianTa azrebisa am saganTa Sesaxeb, e.i. cnebebisa.
cnebaTa dapirispirebas axdens logika. igi SeuTavse-
bel cnebaTa Soris gamoyofs e.w. kontralursa da kon- -
tradiqtorul cnebebs.
cnebaTa dapirispireba kontradiqtorulia (sapiris-
piroa), rodesac erTi cnebis niSan-Tviseba meore cnebaSi
uariyofa Savi-araSavi. cnebaTa dapirispireba kontralu-
ria (sawinaaRmdegoa), rodesac dapirispirebul cnebebSi
warmodgenilia kidura wevrebi xarisxobrivad gansxvavebu-
li niSan-Tvisebebis mwkrivisa. Savi — (monacrisfro, Ria
nacrisferi) TeTri. Tu antonimebad miCneul sityvebs da
cnebaTa am or rigs SevudarebT erTmaneTs, davinaxavT, rom
leqsikaSi arsebuli dapirispireba aucileblobiT ar em-
Txveva logikurs. aseTi damTxveva mxolod SesaZlebelia.
antonimebis stilisturi daniSnuleba, Cveulebi-
samebr, imaSi vlindeba, rom mkveTrad gamoixatos movlena-
Ta da damokidebulebaTa dapirispirebuloba, obieqturi
Sinaarsobrivi kontrasti(antonimia). amgvari mkveTri kon-
trastuloba, bunebrivia, ufro mxatvruli literaturis
enisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, Tumca is arc publicis-
turi stilisaTvis aris uCveulo.
antonimebi yvela enaSia. isini enis ganviTarebisa da
simdidris maCvenebelia. antonimuri wyvilebis gamoyeneba
naTqvams ufro did gamomsaxvelobiT Zalas aniWebs. anto-
nimebs iyeneben maSin, rodesac raime movlenis an suraTis
aRwerisas saWiroa sxvadasxva sagnis, Tvisebis, moqmedebis
erTmaneTTan mkveTrad dapirispireba an erTi da imave sa-
gnis an movlenis sapirispiro niSan-Tvisebebis Cveneba.
cnebebi, romlebsac antonimebi gamoxataven, garkve-

ulwilad fardobiTia, maT saerTo hipersema da urTier-
TsawinaaRmdego hiposemebi aqvT. magaliTad, zamTari — we-
liwadis yvelaze civi dro da zafxuli — weliwadis yvela-
ze cxeli dro, gasvla — gareTa mimarTulebiT svla da Se-
svla — SigniTa mimarTulebiT svla.
antonimebi qmnian Caketil mikrosistemebs, romleb-
sac antonimuri wyvilebis saxe aqvT. aseT wyvilebSi, Cveu-
lebriv ar monawileoben argumentuli saxelebi — konkre-
tul arsebiT saxelTa umravlesoba, sakuTari saxelebi da
sxva. antonimebi erTsa da imave semantikur velSi Sedian.
teqstSi isini xSirad gverdigverd ixmareba dapirispirebis
Sesaqmnelad. magaliTad, es sulac ar aris Zneli, advilia.
qarTulSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben Zireul da
warmoqmnil antonimebs.. magaliTad: Zireulia bneli da
naTeli, dabali da maRali, mTa da bari... warmoqmnilia:
bednieri da ubeduri, gemrieli da ugemuri...
morfemuli agebulebiT gamoiyofa erTi da imave, an
sxvadasxva Ziris mqone antonimebi.
roca erTi Zirisagan ori antonimia nawarmoebi, am
dros warmoebis saSualebad gamoyenebulia an afiqsacia, an
kompozicia. afiqsaciiT warmoebis dros gamoyenebulia u-
o, u-ur da u-el TavsarT-bolosarTebi. magaliTad: fuli-
ani-ufulo, bednieri-ubeduri, gaTlili-gauTleli. kom-
poziciis saSualebiT antonimebis misaRebad sityvas TavSi
daerTvis uaryofis ara nawilaki. magaliTad, myari — aram-
yari, iSviaTad — araiSviaTad. Tumca am ukanasknels moepo-
veba sxva fuZisagan nawarmoebi antonimic: xSirad, magram
araiSviaTad da xSirad mniSvnelobiT erTmaneTs ar udris.
ase, rom gvaqvs ori sxvadasxva antonimuri wyvili, romlis
erT-erTi wevric saerToa: iSviaTad — xSirad da iSviaTad —
araiSviaTad.
erT sityvas SeiZleba imave fuZisagan nawarmoebi an-
tonimic moepovebodes da — sxva fuZis Semcvlelic. maga-
104 Tamar lomTaZe
liTad, gatexili — gautexeli an mTeli, Zlieri — uZluri

an susti da a.S.
ara nawilakis darTviT warmoqmnili sityvebia: araa-
damianuri, araarsebiTi, araamqveyniuri, arabunebrivi, ara-
kanonieri, arakeTilsindisieri, araekonomiuri, araorga-
nizebuli, arapirdapiri, araregularuli, arasaimedo...am
sityvaTa umetesoba antonimur wyvilSi Sedis uaryofiTi
mniSvnelobiT, xolo ara nawilakis daurTvelad warmodge-
nili meore wevri dadebiT Sinaarss atarebs. am wesidan
gamonakliss Seadgens da antonimebs ar miekuTvneba mxo-
lod ramdenime sityva: aravin, araviTari, araferi, araTi-
Ti, aramkiTxe.
SedarebiT cotaa iseTi antonimuri wyvilebi, romlis
erTi wevric uaryofis nawilaks dairTavs Sekvecili for-
miT, bolokidura xmovnis gareSe. magaliTad, arsebuli —
ararsebuli, gagonili — argagonili...
uaryofiTi nawilakis rolSi gvevlineba agreTve an-
ti, romelic warmoSobiT berZnuli sityvaa da “winaaR-
mdegs” niSnavs (is Sedis TviT antonim sityvis Semadgenlo-
baSi). is antonimebs awarmoebs ZiriTadad ucxouri sityve-
bisagan: anti-demokratiuli, anti-sazogadoebrivi, anti-
sanitaruli, anti-xalxuri, anti-higienuri.
arsebobs antonimTa analogiuri klasifikacia,
oRond gansxvavebuli terminologiiT gadmocemuli. aRsa-
niSnavia, rom es klasifikacia TiTqmis yvelaze srulyofi-
licaa, romelSic semantikuri urTierTgamomricxavobis
mxriv ganasxvaveben oTxi saxis antonimebs – polaruls,
kontradiqtoruls, komplementarulsa da konversiuls.
polaruli antonimebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mniS-
vnelobaTa sapirispiroba da maTi gradacia, aseve antoni-
muri wyvilis erTi wevriT gamoxatuli Sinaarsis verda-
farva meore wevris negaciis meSveobiT. magaliTad, (rus.)
большой: маленький (небольшой)
kontradiqtorul antonimebs axasiaTebT antonimu-

ri wyvilis Sedgena TavsarTis meSveobiT. magaliTad, var-
gisi da uvargisi..
komplementaruli antonimebisaTvis niSandoblivia
Sinaarsis dafarva antonimuri wyvilis erT-erTi wevris
prefiqsaciis meSveobiT. magaliTad, (rus.) sityvebis
занятый-sa da свободный-s SemTxvevaSi iqneba занятый da
несвободный.
konversiuli antonimebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
semantikuri procesebis urTierTgacvliTi dafarva.
magaliTad, yidva – gayidva.
antonimiaze mxolod maSin SegviZlia vilaparakoT,
rodesac garkveul sityvaTa dapirispireba, ama Tu im kon-
kretul enaSi, regularulad xdeba. magaliTad, Tergisa da
myinvaris dapirispireba, warmodgenili ilias „mgzavris
werilebSi“, individualuri mxatvruli saxea da saerTo
qarTul antonimTa fondSi ar Sedis. maT konteqstur an-
tonimebs uwodeben
antonimuri wyvilebi semantikurad asimetriulia —
wyvilis erT-erT wevrs ufro martivi semantikuri struq-
tura aqvs. igi aramarkirebulia meore wevris mimarT (ala-
parakda — dadumda). magram asimetria ar aris damaxasiaTe-
beli yvela antonimuri wyvilisaTvis (micema — gamorTme-
va), Tumca aseTi wyvilebi mcirericxovania.
antonimebi Sinaarsis mixedviT metad mravalferova-
nia. sinonimebis msgavsad, isini TiTqmis mniSvnelobis mqone
yvela metyvelebis nawilSi SeiniSneba. magaliTad:
1) arsebiT saxelebSi: dReE da Rame, zafxuli da zamTa-
ri, samxreTi da CrdiloeTi, sicxe da sicive, simdidre da
siRaribe, mTaA da bari...
2) zedsarTav saxelebSi: grZeli da mokle, maRali da
dabali, Tbili da civi, Cqari da neli, farTo da viwro,
Wkviani da suleli, TeTri da Savi, tkbili da mware, kargi
da cudi, keTili da boroti, msxvili da wvrili...
106 Tamar lomTaZe
3) zmnebSi: icinis — tiris, xarobs — wuxs, aSenebs — an-

grevs, aqebs-lanZRavs, laprakobs- dums…
4) zmnizedebSi: maRla da dabla, win da ukan, Sors da
axlo, nela da Cqara, kargad da cudad, Tbilad da civad,
grZlad da mokled...
5) ricxviT saxelebSi: bevri — cota, erTi — mravali,
kenti — wyvili, pirveli-ukanaskneli...
6) saxelzmnebSi: sicili-tirili, Seneba-ngreva, qeba-
lanZRva, dawera-waSla, aSenebuli-dangreuli, wayvanili-
datovebuli...
7) nacvalsaxelebSi: yvela da aravin, yvelaferi da
araferi...
8) nawilakebSi: ki da ara da a. S...
rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli ena zmniswinebiT gamoxa-
tavs rogorc gezs, ise orientacias — iqiT an aqeT. es Tavi-
sebureba zmnebsa da nazmnar saxelebSi antonimuri dapi-
rispirebisaTvisac gamoiyeneba: misvla-mosvla, miwev-mowe-
va, awev-daweva, awon-dawona, mitan-motana...
aRniSvnis Rirsia qarTuli enis Tviseba, rom erTma-
neTs daukavSiros, Seurwyas da kompozitad aqcios antoni-
muri wyvili. amgvari wyvilebi saliteraturo enaSi mrava-
lia. magaliTad, av-kargi, gogo-biWi, dedobil-mamobili,
dedul-mamuli, zamTar-zafxuli, mTa-bari, mefe-dedofa-
li, mter-moyvare...
antonimebzea dafuZnebuli bevri xalxuri gamocana
da andaza: „asjer gazome, erTxel gasWeri“.
antonimTa ostaturi gamoyenebis SesaniSnavi nimuSe-
bia SoTa rusTavelis aforizmebi: „sjobs sicocxlesa na-
zraxsa, sikvdili saxelovani“; „lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu
iyos Tunda xvadia“.
andaza-gamocanebis esTetikuri momxiblaoba, ZiriTa-
dad, swored antonimTa moxdenili gamoyenebis Sedegia.
antonimi antiTezis Seqmnis mniSvnelovani saSuale-
baa. antiTeza — kontrastis stilisturi figuraa, romelic
erTmaneTs upirispirebs cnebebs, debulebebs, saxeebs,

mdgomareobas.
antonimiis specifikuri saxea enantiosemia (berZ.
enantios — sapirispiro, sema — niSani) anu Sinasityvieri an-
tonimia. es aris leqsikur erTeulSi urTierTsapirispiro
mniSvnelobebis SeTavseba, magaliTad, iwevs (zeviT, qveviT).
urTierTgamomricxav cnebaTa gamomxatveli leqseme-
bis gverdigverd xmarebas oqsimoroni (berZnuli goneba-
maxvilur-suleluri) ewodeba. MmagaliTad, siSoris Senis
siaxlove (galaktioni), mziani Rame (n. dumbaZe), brma sinaT-
le, Wkviani Serekili (g. WeiSvili). es tropi movlenis wina-
aRmdegobrivi xasiaTis xazgasmis saSualebaa.
qarTuli ena mdidaria antonimebiT, romlebic Cveu-
lebriv gvxvdeba rogorc mxatvrulsa da samecniero lite-
raturaSi, ise bunebriv urTierTsaubarsa da sityva-pasux-
Si. isini amdidreben adamianis metyvelebas, mas met emociu-
robas, gamomsaxvelobasa da kazmulobas aniWeben. xatovani
metyveleba, rTuli filosofiuri msjeloba, mecnieruli
kvleva-Zieba, oratoruli xelovneba, adamianTa yoveldRi-
uri urTierTsaubari aRsavsea antonimuri wyvilebiT. an-
tonimebiT ufro naTlad, mkafiod, gasagebad, xatovnad
gadmoicema azrovnebis Sedegi, sagnebisa da movlenebis Se-
pirispirebiT miRebuli swori daskvna. rac ufro maRal
doneze dgas azrovneba, zogadi movlenebis abstraqcia,
miT ufro meti gasaqani aqvs metyvelebaSi antonimur si-
tyva-Tqmebs.
yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi guldasmiT unda Sevar-
CioT is antonimi, romelic ukeT, ufro mkafiod da zustad
gamoxatavs moqmedebas, movlenas, sagans Tu cnebas.
paronimebi
samecniero literaturaSi paronimis ramdenime gan-

martebas vxvdebiT, romlebic met-naklebad gvanan erTma-
108 Tamar lomTaZe
neTs paronimebi (berZnuli para axlos, gverdiT, iqve da

onyma saxeli) — aris sityvebi, romlebsac sxvadasxva mniS-
vneloba aqvT, magram erTmaneTs hgvanan warmoTqmiT.
Tu leqsemebs msgavsi, magram araidenturi gamoxatu-
leba da gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebi aqvT, maT paronimebi
ewodebaT. zogierTi maTgani erTsa da imave ideografiul
jgufSi Sedis.
paronimia specialur literaturaSi ganmartebulia
rogorc aRreva paronimi sityvebis gamoyenebisas. metyve-
lebaSi aseT leqsemebs, rogorc wesi, SecdomiT, ufro iS-
viaTad ki sagangebod aaxloeben. zogierTi maTgani erTsa
da imave ideografiul jgufSi Sedis. rogorc Secdomebis
wyaro, paronimebi sainteresoa metyvelebis kulturis spe-
cialistebisaTvis.
xSiria iseT leqsemaTa aRreva, rogoric aris aRqma
(fsiqologiuri terminia da cnobierebaSi obieqturi si-
namdvilis faqtebis asaxvis process aRniSnavs) da aRTqma
(daarseba, sityvis, pirobis micema);
cneba (Semecnebis forma, romlis meSveobiT SeiZleba
obieqturi sinamdvilis Secnoba, da mcneba a) Zveli bibliu-
ri gamonaTqvami zneobrivi xasiaTisa b) wignuri gadataniTi
moZRvreba debulebis saxiT;
masiuri aRniSnavs didi masis, didi moculobis mqo-
nes, xolo masobrivi (mosaxleobis farTo fenebi, xalxi);
penali (sakalme yuTi) da penalti (TerTmetriani da-
rtyma);
adresati (piri, romelsac egzavneba werili) da adre-
santi (piri, romelic gzavnis werils);
Tema (sakiTxi, romelsac exeba saubari, Txzuleba) da
Tematika (TemaTa erToblioba);
kompania 1) ramdenime adamiani, romlebic erTad ata-
reben dros, Tanamesufreni 2) amxanagoba — savaWro an sam-
rewvelo da kampania 1) laSqroba, saomari moqmedeba 2) ro-
melime erTdrouli sazogadoebriv-politikur amocanis

gadawyvetisaTvis Catarebuli organizebuli saqmianoba;
faqtori (raime movlenis ganmsazRvreli an procesis
mamoZravebeli Zala) da faqti 1) rac sinamdvileSi moxda,
namdvili, ueWveli 2) esa Tu is monacemi, masala raime das-
kvnis gamosatanad an mosazrebis dasadastureblad;
mevale (valis gamcemi, gamsesxebeli) da movale 1) vi-
sac raime evaleba, 2) valis amRebi, visac vali marTebs;
sacole (is qali, vinc colad unda iTxovon) da saco-
lo (is qali, vinc dasaqorwinebelia);
diplomanti (studenti, romelic sadiplomo Sromas
amzadebs) da diplomati (piri, romelic diplomatiur moR-
vaweobas eweva).
specialur literaturaSi mocemulia paronimebis
morfologiuri daxasiaTebac. paronimi SeiZleba iyos Tav-
sarTiT, bolosarTiT an ZirebiT gansxvavebuli.
paronimi sityvebi yvela ganviTarebul enas SeiZleba
hqondes. paronimebad unda CavTvaloT saerTo Ziridan
momdinare msgavsic da SemTxveviT garegnulad damsgavse-
buli sityvebi.
paronimiis mizezi enaSi sul sxvadasxvanairi SeiZle-
ba iyos. ucxo sityvaTa paronimiis safuZveli am sityvaTa
mniSvnelobebis susti codnaa. magaliTad, kampania da kom-
pania, eqsperti da eqsporti.
sxva SemTxvevaSi paronomizaciis safuZveli SeiZleba
iyos nawarmoebi sityvebis Sinaarsoblivi niuansebisaTvis
angariSis gauwevloba an isev ucodinaroba (swavla-swavle-
ba, Targmna- Targmani, adreuli-adrindeli...).
amaTgan unda ganvasxvaoT paronimiis iseTi SemTxveve-
bi, romlebic dakanonda enaSi. magaliTad, movale-mevale,
sacole-sacolo, daaCens — daamCnevs, romlebic sxvadasxva
mniSvnelobiT arian istoriulad, magram erTmaneTis magiv-
rad xmareba enaSi TiTqos aRar iwvevs uxerxulobas. Tumca
110 Tamar lomTaZe
TavsarTebiT gansxvavebuli es paronimebi umjobesia enaSi

paronimebadve darCnen, vidre iqcnen sinonimebad.
a. arabuli miuTiTebs, rom SeiZleba daRi da damRa si-
tyvebis paronimiazec vilaparakoT, radgan dRevandel sa-
literaturo qarTulSi am sityvebis tradiciuli sinoni-
moba arsebiTad moiSala da maTi mniSvnelobebi gadaanawi-
les. daRi — risame kvali, niSani; daRi azis da damRa — saqo-
nelze dakruli beWedi an niSani, romelic miuTiTebs pro-
duqciis sadaurobaze, xarixze. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom
daRi uaryofiTi Sinaarsis Sesityvebebs qmnis.
SeiZleba garkveuli myari gamoTqmebis paronimiazec
vilaparakoT, magaliTad, bodiSi mouxada — madloba gada-
uxada, Rvawli dasdo — wvlili Seitana (a. arabuli, 2003, 231).
Tu paronimebis da, saerTod, yvela sityvis mniSvne-
loba kargad gvecodineba, erTi sityvis magivrad meores
ar vixmarT, enis leqsikis codna Tavidan agvacilebs azris
damaxinjebas winadadebaSi.
paronimebis gverdigverd xmarebis stilistur xerxs
paronomazia ewodeba. mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi omonimia
da paronomazia „sityvaTa TamaSis“, kalamburis safuZveli-
a. kalamburi gvaqvs iseT magaliTebSi, rogoric aris: Cven
uCinoni, Cven uCinoni / Tqven CinianTa, buzad ggonivarT (i.
WavWavaZe).
paronomazia, rogorc stilisturi xerxi, gamoiyeneba
azris gasaZliereblad, naTqvamis xazgasasmelad. igi far-
Tod gavrcelebuli movlenaa rogorc sasaubro, ise mxat-
vrul metyvelebaSi.
ras ewodeba sinonimi da sadauri warmomavlobis sityvaa igi?

ras uwodeben gramatikul sinonimebs?
ras ewodeba leqsikuri sinonimi?
arsebobs Tu ara zustad erTnairi mniSvnelobis sityvebi

enaSi da ram SeiZleba mogces sxvaoba?
rogor sinonimebs uwodeben sruls?
rogor sityvebs uwodeben relatiur sinonimebs?
ramden jgufad iyofa nawilobrivi sinonimebi? ganmarteT
TiToeuli.
ra ganasxvavebs ZiriTadad stilistur sinonimebs?
rogor sinonimebs uwodeben leqsikur dubletebs da ras
warmoadgenen isini umetesad?
ramdeni saxis aris perifrazuli sinonimi? daasaxeleT:
gaixseneT klasifikacia, romlis mixedviT sinonimTa aTi
jgufi gamoiyofa
ras ewodeba koreferentuli saxelebi?
ras ewodeba evfemizmi da sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa igi?
sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa disfemozmi da ras ewodeba igi?
ras ewodeba tabu da saduri warmoSobis sityvaa igi?
ras ewodeba omonimi da sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa igi?
ramdengvari SeiZleba iyos leqsikuri omonimia?
ra SemTxvevaSia leqsikuri omonimia sruli?
ra SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs nawilobrivi omonimebi?
ra ganapirobebs enaSi omonimebis gaCenas?
daasaxeleT omonimTa warmoebis oTxi SemTxveva:
ras ewodeba polisemia?
ras gulisxmobs leqsikuri polisemia?
rogori mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba hqondes polisemiur erTeuls?
rogoria polisemiuri sityvis pirdapiri mniSvneloba?
rogoria polisemiuri sityvis gadataniTi mniSvneloba?
rogori mimarTeba pirdapir da arapirdapir mniSvnelobebs
Soris?
ra ganasxvavebs omonimebs polisemiuri sityvebisagan?
ras ewodeba antonimebi da saidan momdinareobs es sityva?
ra SemTxvevaSia cnebaTa dapirispireba kontradiqtoruli?
ra SemTxvevaSia cnebaTa dapirispireba kontraluri?
112 Tamar lomTaZe
emTxveva Tu ara antonimebad miCneuli sityvebi da cnebaTa es

ori rigi erTmaneTs?
raSi mdgomareobs antonimebis stilisturi daniSnuleba?
ra aris damaxasiaTebeli polaruli antonimebisaTvis?
ra axasiaTebT kontradiqtorul antonimebs?
ra aris niSandoblivi komplementaruli antonimebisaTvis?
ra aris damaxasiaTebeli konversiuli antonimebisaTvis?
ra aris antiTeza?
ra aris enantiosemia?
ras ewodeba oqsimoroni?M
ras ewodeba paronimebi da sadauri warmomavlobis sityvaa igi?
ganmarteT ra aris paronimia?
ra SeiZleba iyos paronimiis mizezi?
ras ewodeba paronomazia?
davaleba: waikiTxeT m. javaxiSvilis werili „qarTu-

li ena“, CaanacvleT Sesabamisi sityvebi sinonimebiT.
davaleba: gamoiyeneT sinonimTa leqsikoni da amowe-
reT sinonimuri mwkrivebi, romlebSic gaerTianebuli iqne-
ba konotaciiT gansxvavebuli sinonimebi.
davaleba: amowereT nawyveti nebismieri nawarmoebi-
dan da CaanacvleT sinonimebi evfemisturi gamoTqmebiT.
davaleba: gaixseneT, tabuirebis SemTxvevis magali-
Ti, romelmac Tavis droze Tqvenze STabeWdileba moaxdina.
leqsikonis rvatomeuli da amowereT ramdenime mraval-
mniSvnelobiani sityva. daasabuTeT ratom ar arian es si-
tyvebi omonimebi.
davaleba: daasaxeleT qarTul zRaprebSi gavrcele-
buli antonimebis yvelaze xSiri SemTxveva.
sityvis mniSvnelobis cvla
qarTulSi uamravi magaliTi arsebobs imisa, Tu ro-

gor Seicvala ama Tu im sityvam mniSvneloba. magaliTad,
cxedari (sawoli — micvalebuli), kubo (taxtrevani — mi-
cvalebulis Casasvenebeli yuTi), keTili (kargi — saTno)...
sityvis mniSvneloba icvleba leqsikur-istoriuli,
fsiqologiuri, Sidasistemuri da sxva faqtorebis zegav-
leniT.
leqsikuri mniSvnelobis cvla diaqronuli movlenaa,
magram zogierTi misi Sedegis ganxilva sinqroniul aspeq-
tSic aris SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, is, rom kulturul-is-
toriuli faqtoris gavleniT leqsemam sofeli „samyaros“
mniSvnelobis gverdiT „dasaxlebuli adgilis“ mniSvnelo-
bac SeiZina — wminda diaqroniuli movlenaa.
TviT enobriv sistemaSi moqmedi wesebiT aris ganpi-
robebuli elifsisis (berZ. elleipsis — gamotoveba, xarvezi)
movlena — teqstSi nagulisxmevi enobrivi erTeulis gamo-
tovebis Sedegad leqsemis semantikuri gardaqmna. magali-
tad, eweva (Tambaqos)
fsiqologiuri asociaciebiT aris ganpirobebuli
sivrciTi da droiTi cnebebis gamoxatva monaTesave leqse-
mebiT, mokle dRe.
gadataniT mniSvnelobaTa gaCenas safuZvlad udevs
cnebebs Soris iseTi logikuri mimarTebebi, rogoric aris:
daqvemdebareba (CarTva), Tanxvedra/gadaweva, kontradiq-
cia (winaaRmdegoba), gadajaWva. am mimarTebebs Seesabameba
leqsikuri mniSvnelobis gardaqmnis formebi (tipebi). da-
qvemdebarebis mimarTeba iwvevs leqsikuri mniSvnelobis
daviwroebas (specializacias) an gafarToebas (generali-
zacias). mniSvnelobis daviwroebis magaliTia darekva (te-
lefoniT), gafarToeba gvaqvs xomaldi „didi navi“, „didi
safreni aparati“. konotaciis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gvqon-
114 Tamar lomTaZe
des mniSvnelobis „gauareseba“ an „gaumjobeseba“: bedi

„gangeba“, „kargi xvedri“.
xSiria sityvebis mniSvnelobaTa gafarToebasa da da-
viwroebaze saubari. b. foCxua miuTiTebs, rom rodesac
mniSvnelobis gafarToebisa da daviwroebis Sesaxeb daxasi-
aTeba logikis gavleniT xdeba sityvis mniSvnelobas cne-
basTan aTanabreben, amitom, cnebaTa met-naklebi moculo-
bis analogiiT, sityvisaTvisac varaudoben farTo Tu viw-
ro mniSvnelobis cvlas daviwroebis Tu gafarToebis mi-
marTulebiT (J. vandriesi, 1937).
mniSvnelobis cvlis amgvari logicisturi gagebis sa-
pirispirod aRiniSna, rom yvela cvla mniSvnelobisa arse-
biTad mniSvnelobis gadatanaa da sxva araferi, radgan iq,
sadac erTi Tvalsazrisis mixedviT mniSvnelobis gafar-
Toebaze laparakoben, yovelTvis daiZebneba sxva Tvalsaz-
risi, romelic mniSvnelobis daviwroebas dainaxavs
(m. brieli, 1924). magaliTad, kalami — garkveuli mcenaris
saxeli — gamoyenebulia saxelad saweri iaraRisaTvis, ro-
melic am mcenaris Rerosagan gakeTda. sakiTxavia gafar-
Tovda Tu daviwrovda kalami sityvis mniSvneloba.
vinc moisurvebs aq mniSvnelobis gafarToeba daina-
xos, is ityvis, rom saweri mowyobiloba sxva masalisganac
SeiZleba gakeTdes, saxeli ki mcenarisa rCeba.
mniSvnelobis daviwroebas dainaxavs is, vinc mcenaris
Reris sxva funqciebsac miaqcevs yuradRebas: saweri iara-
Ris saxelad kalami sityvis gamoyenebiT ugulebeliyofa
mcenaris Reris gamoyenebis sxva danarCeni SemTxvevebi.
mniSvnelobis gafarToebasa da daviwroebaze SeiZle-
ba vilaparakoT, Tu viwro mniSvnelobis sityvebad mxolod
sakuTar saxelebs miviCnevT, maSin sakuTari saxelis gamo-
yeneba sazogado saxelad iqneba gafarToeba, xolo sazoga-
dosi — sakuTrad — daviwroeba. amis sayovelTaod cnobili
magaliTebia: boikoti, huligani, orive sityva ingliselTa
gvarebidan warmodga: boikoti kapitani iyo, romelsac pir-
velad „boikoti gamoucxades“ (e.i. moeqcnen ise, rogorc es

am sityvis mniSvnelobiTaa navaraudevi). huligani meTvra-
mete saukuneSi borotmoqmedebaTa CadeniT cnobili oja-
xis gvaria inglisSi... amJamad boikoti adamians ar aRniS-
navs, sazogadoebrivi zemoqmedebis garkveuli saSualebaa.
huligans kidev sazogadoebrivi wesrigis uxeSad damrRvev,
TavzexelaRebul moqalaqes uwodeben.
calke unda aRiniSnos mniSvnelobis cvlis erTi saxe,
saxelis gadatana funqciis mixedviT. isvris niSnavda
„isars tyorcnis“. axla zarbazanic, Tofic, naRmsatyor-
cnic „isvris“. cicxvi Tavidanve didi kovzis saxeli iyo. ax-
la cicxvi niSnavs liTonis did WurWels, romelic gamoye-
nebulia gamdnari liTonis amosaRebad, an eqskavatoris na-
wils, romliTac miwas iReben. sagans imis saxeli daerqva,
ris magivrobasac (funqciasac ) igi eweva.
„funqciuri semantikis“ es wesi mniSvnelobis cvlis
erT-erTi saxea.
mniSvnelobis cvlis saxeobaTa Soris unda gamovyoT
polarizaciis SemTxveva, rodesac sityvas ganuviTardeba
sruliad sawinaaRmdego, sapirispiro mniSvneloba. magali-
Tad, uaryofiTi elferis sityva eSmaki, aSkarad dadebiT
sityvad aqcia celqi bavSvis mimarT saalersod xmarebam.
asevea lamazi, qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mi-
xedviT sasiamovno garegnobis, kargi Sesaxedaobis mqone.
lamazi arabulidan momdinare sityvaa, romelic niS-
navda `mayivnebels~, `ybadamRebs~. qarTulSi moxda etapob-
rivad am sityvis semantikuri cvla dadebiTi elferis Tan-
daTanobiTi gaZlierebiT. kerZod: lamazoba iZens sicruis,
eSmakobis, mniSvnelobas, xolo Semdgom kargavs uaryofiT
niuanss da iZens TvalTmaqcobis semantikas. TvalTmaqcoba
ki amave dros, koxtaobis, keklucobis, moxdenilobis, mo-
mxiblaobis elferis mqonea. am droisaTvis lamazi, lama-
zoba, imdenad itvirTeba dadebiTi niuansiT, rom igi ve-
fxistyaosanSi turfa, laRi, sityvebis gverdiTaa. ase Tan-
116 Tamar lomTaZe
daTan lamaz fuZem sabolood miiRo dRevandeli mniSvne-

loba.
enaSi xSirad dasturdeba sayovelTaod gavrcelebu-
li gadataniTi xmarebis SemTxvevebi: jori jiuti adamianis
aRsaniSnavad, cxvari mSvidi, wynari adamiani da sxva. gada-
taniTi xmareba aramarto cxovelebis saxelebis xdeba: lo-
bio mouxerxebeli adamiani, varskvlavi — bedis aRsaniSna-
vad, vali zneobrivi movaleoba...
gadataniTi sityvaxmarebis arsi isaa, rom axali obi-
eqtis aRniSvnisas sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT xmare-
bac cocxalia enobriv koleqtivSi, e. i. yoveli gadataniTi
xmareba motivirebulia — mas zurgs umagrebs sityvis na-
mdvili mniSvneloba. amgvari gadataniToba gansakuTrebiT
igrZnoba cxovelTa saxelebis SemTxvevaSi, raki aq gvaqvs
ara erTgzisi, okazionaluri gadatana, aramed damkvidre-
buli gadatana. kavSiri Tavdapirvel aRsaniSnsa da axal aR-
saniSns Soris mainc Sesustebulia. magaliTad, rodesac
vinmes ZaRls uwodeben, Zneli savaraudoa — am adamianis mi-
marT mkafiod uaryofiTi grZnoba modiodes im grZnobi-
dan, romelic ZaRlis, rogorc cxovelis mimarT gvaqvs.
ZaRli, rogorc cxovelis saxeli (e. i. gadataniTi xmarebi-
saTvis sayrdeni ZiriTadi mniSvnelobiT) dRes ufro dade-
biTi elferis sityvaa. amdenad, enobrivi (enaSi damkvidre-
buli, uzualuri) gadataniTi xmareba SedarebiT avtonomi-
uria amosavali, ZiriTadi mniSvnelobisagan.
gadataniTi xmarebisas aRsaniSns zogjer sakuTari,
namdvili saxelic aqvs. rodesac adamianis Tavs gogras
uwodeben, mis gverdiT Tavi sityvac arsebobs, gogra misi
eqspresiuli sinonimia
gadataniTi xmarebis SemTxvevaTa erTobliobas xSi-
rad ajgufeben metaforebad, metonimiebad da sinekdoqe-
bad. Tumca aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom gadataniTi xmarebis
amgvari dajgufeba b. foCxuas tradiciuli poetikis kuT-
vnilebad miaCnia da maT lingvistur Rirebulebas SezRu-

dulad miiCnevs (b. foCxua, 1974, 172).
T. gamyreliZe gadajaWvis mimarTebas miiCnevs safuZ-
vlad leqsikuri mniSvnelobis gardaqmnis iseT regula-
rul tipebisa, rogoric aris metafora da metonimia. isini
mraval enaSi dasturdeba. leqsikur mniSvnelobebs Soris
arsebuli kavSirebi ori saxisaa — implikaciuri da klasi-
fikaciuri. implikaciuri kavSirebi warmoadgens obieqtur
simandvileSi arsebuli mimarTebebis azrobriv analogs,
xolo klasifikaciuri myardeba obieqtebs Soris ara rea-
luri mimarTebebis, aramed raRac Tvisebis mixedviT msgav-
sebis, saziaro niSnebis safuZvelze. implikaciuria mizez-
Sedegobrivi kavSirebi, kavSirebi sivrceSi, droSi, mimar-
Teba mTelsa da nawils Soris. maTi kerZo gamovlinebaa me-
tonimia (metonymia saxelis gadarqmeva) — semantikuri
gardaqmna, romlis drosac xdeba saxelwodebis gadatana
erTi obieqtidan mudmivad mis momijnave an imave situacia-
Si CarTul sxva obieqtze. es SeiZleba iyos WurWeli, misi
moculoba an SigTavsi (Tlili Wiqa (wyali)), masala da nake-
Toba (oqro (liToni), oqrouloba), socialuri movlena da
misi monawileebi (krebam miiRo gadawyvetileba), mecniere-
bis dargi da misi obieqti (etimologia), adgili da masTan
dakavSirebuli movlena (mTeli qalaqi laparakobs) da sxva.
metonimiis nairsaxeobaa sinekdoqe (berZ. syn Tan, dec-
homai viReb) — saxelwodebis gadatana nawilidan mTelze,
xuTi frTa qaTami. sinekdoqesagan unda ganvasxvavoT mrav-
lobiTi ricxvis formaTa xmareba ganzogadebuli, urefe-
rento mniSvnelobiT, magaliTad, ZaRli adamianis megoba-
ria.
klasifikaciuri kavSiris erT-erTi saxea hiponimia
(berZ. hypo qveS, onyma saxeli) anu gvareobiT-saxeobiTi kav-
Siri. romlis drosac ori mniSvnelobidan erT-erTi Ca-
rTulia meoreSi da hipersemas warmoadgens. hiponimi asa-
xavs saxeobiT cnebas, xolo hiperonimi (berZ. hyper zed)
118 Tamar lomTaZe
gvarobiTs. saerTo hiperonimis Sesabamisi hiponimebi er-

TmaneTis mimarT kohiponimebs (laT. co Tan) warmoadgenen.
magaliTad, enZela, SroSani, ia — kohiponimebia, maTi hipe-
ronimia yvavili. Tematuri jgufebi ZiriTadad, swored hi-
ponimiis paradigmatul mimarTebebs efuZneba. kohiponime-
bi analogebis tipobrivi warmomadgenelia.
yvelaferi rac iTqmis gvareobiT cnebaze, vrceldeba
saxeobiT cnebazec. amiT es mimarTeba gansxvavdeba sinek-
doqesagan.
klasifikaciuri kavSirebis kidev erTi gamovlenaa me-
tafora (metaphora gadatana). am gardaqmnis dros xdeba sa-
xelwodebis gadatana obieqtTa erTi klasidan raRac niS-
niT mis analogiur sxva klasze (es analogia SeiZleba iyos
molaparakis STabeWdilebis Sedegi). metaforis dros
cvladia gadataniTi mniSvnelobis rogorc hiposema (rasac
metonimiis drosac aqvs adgili), ise hipersema.
metyvelebaSi leqsemis xmarebas ukavSirdeba metafo-
rebis or jgufad — individualur da enobriv metafore-
bad dayofa.
individualuri (saavtoro) metafora ar Sedis
enobriv sistemaSi, igi individualuri Semoqmedebis Sedegs
warmoadgens. MmagaliTad, galaktionis poeziis integrale-
bi.
enobrivi metafora iqmneba maSin, rodesac sityva re-
gularulad ixmareba gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT. Mmagali—
Tad, xSiria enaSi cxovelTa aRmniSvneli sityvebis gamoye-
neba adamianis dasaxasiaTeblad (bati, jeirani, Txa).
Zveli metaforebi Cveulebriv kargaven eqspresiulo-
bas, originalurobas da metaforebad aRar aRiqmebian. ma-
galiTad, usaxsrod (ufulod).
metafora warmoadgens semantikurad gansxvavebul
enobriv niSanTa Senacvlebas erTnair sintaqsur pozicieb-
Si — maSasadame igi paradigmatikas ganekuTvneba, xolo me-
tonimia aris TviT poziciis Secvla, e. i. sintagmaturi mo-

vlenaa semantikaSi.
metafora da metonimia metyvelebis figurebi anu
tropebia (berZ. tropos saqcevi). tropebi warmoadgenen me-
tyvelebis xatovanebisa da misTvis gamomxatvelobis mini-
Webis mizniT enobriv erTeula gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT
xmarebis SemTxvevebs, maT safuZvlad udevs enis orplania-
noba (T. gamyreliZe, 2003, 362).
b. foCxua aRniSnavs, rom ufro sayuradReboa gadata-
niT xmarebaTa dajgufeba amosavali mniSvnelobis xasiaTis
mixedviT. miuTiTeben, rom zogadi semasiologiuri mniS-
vneloba aqvs im faqts, rom cxovelTa saxelebi gamoiyeneba
adamianTa sulieri daxasiaTebisaTvis gvelaZua, jori; ada-
mianTa sxeulis nawilebi gamoiyeneba nivTTa nawilebis sa-
xelebad: doqis yeli, urmis Tvali; fizikuri movlenis sa-
xeli gamoiyeneba sulieris aRsaniSnavad: maxvili azri,
tkbili ocneba; konkretuli sagnis saxeli — ganyenebuli
cnebisaTvis: naRveli mwuxareba. magram amgvari dajgufeba
ar aris sabolood Camoyalibebuli.
daasaxeleT faqtorebi, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios sityvis

mniSvnelobis cvla:
rogori saxis movlenaa leqsikuri mniSvnelobis cvla da
romel aspeqtSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT Sedegebi?
riT aris ganpirobebuli elifsisis SemTxveva?
ras niSnavs elifsisi?
ra udevs safuZvlad gadataniTi mniSvnelobebis gaCenas?
ra iwvevs leqsikuri mniSvnelobis gafarToebas an daviwroebas?
rodis SeiZleba gvqondes mniSvnelobis `gaumjobeseba~ an
`gauareseba~?
rodis aris enobrivad gamarTlebuli mniSvnelobis `daviw-
roebasa~ da `gafarToebaze~ saubari?
120 Tamar lomTaZe
ras niSnavs saxelis gadatana funqciis mixedviT?

ra SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs polarizacia?
ra aris gadataniTi sityvaxmarebis arsi?
daasaxeleT gadataniTi xmarebis SemTxvevaTa dajgufeba da aR-
niSneT ras miiCneven mis naklad?
ras niSnavs metonimia?
ras niSnavs sinekdoqe?
ras niSnavs hiponimia?
ras asaxavs hiponimi da hiperonimi?
ra aris metafora?
ramden jgufad yofen metaforebs? daasaxeleT:
ras warmoadgens individualuri metafora?
rodis iqmneba enobrivi metaforebi?
ras warmoadgenen tropebi?

leqsikoni da moiZieT sityvebi, romlebsac gadataniTi xma-
rebis Sedegad ganuviTardaT sxva mniSvnelobebi.
davaleba: daasaxeleT sityvebi, romlebSic SeiZleba
igrZnobodes mniSvnelobis gafarToveba an daviwroeba.
davaleba: moiZieT masala, romelSic gamoyenebuli
iqneba individualur-saavtoro metaforebi.
leqsikuri Semadgenlobis cvla:

arqaizmi da neologizmi
enis leqsikuri Semadgenloba yvelaze advilad da

yvelaze metad icvleba. moZvelebuli sityvebi xmarebidan
gadis. enaSi Semodis da mkvidrdeba axali sityvebi. es Sena-
Zeni metia danakargze. cvlis procesSi enis leqsika mdir-
deba, anu axali sityvebi meti raodenobiT Semodis, vidre
moZvelebuli ikargeba.
axali qarTulisaTvis ucxoa iseTi sityvebi, rogori-
caa vTqvaT, qarTuli werilobiTi Zeglebidan cnobili:
xamli — fexsacmeli, uxamuri — ufexsacmelo, fexSiSvela;
siymili — SimSili; xarWa — xasa, ergasi — ormocdaaTi; mko-
dovani — ukiduresi Raribi, Rataki... Zveli qarTulis es si-
tyvebi ar SerCa qarTuls, sabolood gamovida xmarebidan.
dRevandeli Cveni metyvelebisaTvis ucxoa aseve: ia-
sauli, mdivanbegi, Sinayma, boqauli... Tumca es sityvebi
arc ise Soreul warsulSi (me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi)
ixmareboda.
xmarebidan gamosul Zvel sityvas (Tu gamoTqmas)
uwodeben arqaizms (ber. archaios — ZvelisZveli).
Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis kursSi arqaizmisa da neo-
logizmis Semdegi klasifikaciaa mocemuli: sityvebi, rom-
lebic drois faqtoris gamo sayovelTaod ar ixmareba, jer
ar damkvidrebula enaSi an maTi gamoyeneba ukve aRar aris
aucilebeli komunikaciis mocemul sferoSi, Seadgenen pa-
siuri leqsikis qronologiur fenas. es leqsikuri erTeu-
lebi iyofa moZvelebul leqsemebad da neologizmebad.
isini specifikur sferoebSi gamoiyeneba.
zogierTi moZvelebuli sityva gasagebia enis mflo-
belTaTvis, magram ixmareba mxolod stilisturi an Semec-
nebiTi miznebisaTvis.
122 Tamar lomTaZe
moZvelebulobis mizezebis mixedviT ganarCeven is- -

torizmebsa da arqaizmebs.
istorizmi aris sityva an fraza, romelic aRniSnavs
gamqral Tu araaqtualur realiebs (tansacmels, iaraRs,
aparaturas, socialur statuss...). amgvari erTeulebi ga-
moiyeneba saswavlo da samecniero literaturaSi, agreTve
istoriuli koloritis Sesaqmnelad mxatvrul teqstebSi.
istorizmebia, magaliTad: patefoni, boqauli, amirspasa-
lari. amgvari sityvebiT aRniSnuli zogierTi realia Semo-
naxulia ucxoeTSi, daculia muzeumebSi.
arqaizmebi iseTi moZvelebuli leqsikuri erTeule-
bia, romlebic Senacvlebulia aqtiurad xmarebuli Tana-
medrove sinonimebiT. arqaizmebi stilisturad markirebu-
li leqsikuri erTeulebia, xolo istorizmebi SeiZleba ne-
itraluric iyos (magaliTad, istoriul gamokvlevaSi).
ganarCeven arqaizmebis ramdenime saxeobas: leqsiku-
-
ri arqaizmebi mTlianad moZvelebuli leqsemebia mun — iq,
Tvinier — garda...
semantikur arqaizmebs moZvelebuli mniSvneloba
aqvT, magram maTi omonimebi (an semantikurad monaTesave
leqsemebi) arsebobs Tanamedrove aqtiur leqsikonSi. maga-
liTad, daTrgunva — gaTelva, bevri — aTi aTasi, gaigona —
gansaja.
leqsikur-derivaciuli arqaizmebi Tanamedrove si-
nonimebisagan mxolod derivaciuli struqturiT gansxvav-
debian: naoTxali- meoTxedi, aRmosavali-aRmosavleTi...
leqsikur-fonetikur arqaizmebs nawilobriv gan-
sxvavebuli bgeriTi forma axasiaTebT: juari, tfili...
arqaizmebis siWarbe, iseve rogorc yovelgvari xe-
lovnuri sityva, amZimebs saliteraturo enasa da xalxis
masebisaTvis Znelad gasagebs xdis. amitom gamoCenili
erovnuli moRvaweebi da didi mwerlebi mudam ifaravdnen
enas arasaWiro arqaizmebisa da mogonili sityvebisagan.
qarTulma saliteraturo enam XVIII saukunis meore na-

xevarSi mwvaved ganicada anton kaTalikosis arqaizmebiT
aRsavse enis gavlena.
XIX saukunis samocian wlebSi arqaizmebis winaaRmdeg
gamovida ilia WavWavaZe, romelmac Teoriulad daasabuTa
axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis bunebri-
vi gza.
droTa ganmavlobaSi arqaizmebi SeiZleba gaaqtiur-
dnen. magaliTad: Cafxuti, kirCxibi. aseT SemTxvevebSi isini
zogjer amaRlebul stils ganekuTvnebian, an saxumaro,
ironiul konotacias iZenen. istorizmebma axali realie-
bis aRniSvnis Sedegad SeiZleba Seicvalon mniSvneloba. ma-
galiTad: darbazi (saTaTbiro organo), TeTri (Tanamedro-
ve qarTuli moneta).
xmarebaSi axlad Semosuli sityvas (Tu gamoTqmas)
ewodeba neologizmi (berZ. neos axali, logos sityva). e.i. ne-
ologizmebi iseTi leqsikuri erTeulebia, romlebic mo-
cemul enaSi gaCnda arauadres bolo aTwleulisa da mola-
parakeTa mier aRiqmeba rogorc axali.
yvela enas moepoveba gramatikuli saSualebani, rom-
lis daxmarebiTac iqmneba axali leqsikuri erTeulebi.
neologizmebis warmoqmna eqstralingvisturi faq-
torebiT, Cveulebriv, axali obieqtis gaCeniT aris ganpi-
robebuli. es erTeulebi enaSi moqmedi wesebis mixedviT
iqmneba ukve arsebuli morfemebisa da leqsemebis safuZ-
velze, an Semodis sesxebis gziT. isini xSirad modur rea-
liebs (tansacmels, cekvebs, varcxnilobas...) aRniSnaven.
qarTuli enis leqsikaze dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom
Zireuli sityvebidan aRmocenebula aTeulobiT axali si-
tyva da erTnairad gavrcelebula igi xalxSi. warmoqmnili
sityvac iseve mkvidrdeba enis leqsikur maragSi, rogorc
Zireuli.
zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, neologizmad enobrivi
niSani mxolod leqsikonebSi dafiqsirebamde CaiTvleba.
124 Tamar lomTaZe
neologizmis warmoqmnisas yuradRebas iqcevs ori ga-

remoeba:
1) igi pirvelad Cveulebriv Cndeba individTan da sa-
zogadoeba mas jer kidev ar icnobs;
2) neologizmi enis erTeulad iqceva mas Semdeg, roca
sanqcias miiRebs sazogadoebisagan.
yoveli neologizmi mxolod maSin damkvidrdeba me-
tyvelebaSi rogorc enobrivi faqti, roca mas sazogadoeba
miscems dasturs. magram yvela axlad Seqmnili sityva ver
vrceldeba da verc ipovebs moqalaqeobriv uflebas. Tu
neologizmi ver Seegueba enas, ver miiRebs sazogadoebriv
sanqcias, maSin is darCeba calke naTqvamad.
istoriulad dadasturebulia, rom xelovnurad Seq-
mnili da naZaladevad gamogonili sityva ver ikidebs fexs
enis leqsikur maragSi. individis Senatans Zala aqvs mxo-
lod koleqtivis dasturis Semdeg. ase rom ar yofiliyo,
ena calke individumTa savarjiSo moednad gadaiqceoda.
calke aRebuli sityva, rogorc enis erTeuli, maSinaa co-
cxali, roca igi xmarebaSia, xalxs esmis da gamoyenebulia
saurTierTod.
neologizmebs warmoSobs cxovrebis praqtika, ekono-
mikis, kulturis, mecnierebis, teqnikis ganviTareba. maTi
didi nawili terminologiur leqsikas ganekuTvneba.
neologizmebi Zalian swrafad kargaven siaxles da Se-
dian leqsikis aqtiur nawilSi an SeiZleba moZvelebul
leqsikur erTeulebad iqcnen, rogorc magaliTad: radio-
la, tvisti, televizori da sxv.
xelovnurad, enaSi moqmedi wesebis gauTvaliswineb-
lad axali leqsikuri erTeulebi Zalian iSviaTad iqmneba.
amgvar xelovnurad Seqmnil leqsemaTa ricxvs ekuTvnis ko-
daki, rokoko, neiloni da sxv.
okazionalizmebi. enobrivi niSani romelime molapa-
rakem SeiZleba Seqmnas garkveul pirobebSi. konkretul
konteqstSi erTjeradi gamoyenebisaTvis. amgvar individu-
alur-saavtoro gamonaTqvamebs, romlebic ar Sedian enob-

riv sistemasi, okazionalizmebi (laT. occasionalis — Se-
mTxveviTi) ewodeba. isini gvxvdeba poeziaSi, bavSvis me-
tyvelebaSi, lingvistur TamaSebSi. magaliTad, gulis si-
qarbuqe (g. leoniZe), moiRrija colisken kiseri (i. WavWava-
Ze). okazionalizmebi Semofarglulia mocemuli gamonaT-
qvamis CarCoebiT, moulodnelia, axalia da Zalian eqspre-
siulia. isini upirispirdebian uzualur leqsikur erTeu-
lebs. gansakuTrebiT xSiria sityvaTwarmoebiTi okaziona-
lizmebi, rogoric aris: gamaqvitkire, Savsevdiani (g. leo-
niZe). okazionaluri SeiZleba iyos enaSi arsebuli, uzua-
luri leqsemis xmareba metyvelebaSi. magaliTad, tkepniT
molaparake (g. leoniZe). am frazaSi tkepniT leqsema okazi-
onaluri mniSvnelobiT aris naxmari (T. gamyreliZe, 2003,
387).
ras ewodeba arqaizmi da sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa igi?

ra aris istorizmi?
arqaizmis ramden saxeobas ganarCeven?
ras ewodeba neologizmi da sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa
igi?
ramdeni garemoeba iqcevs yuradRebas neologizmis warmoqmnisas?
ras ewodeba okazionalizmebi?
davaleba: gamoiyeneT sulxan-sabas leqsikoni, amowe-

reT arqaizmebi da miuTiTeT romel models ganekuTvnebi-
an isini?
davaleba: Tanamedrove qarTulidan romel sityvebs
daasaxelebdiT neologizmebad?
davaleba: gadaavleT Tvali qarTul prozasa da poe-
zias: moiyvaneT okazionalizmebis magaliTebi.
126 Tamar lomTaZe
enis leqsikuri Semadgenlobis

gamdidrebis saSualebani
(zogadad)
leqsikuri fondi Zalze cvalebadia: ivseba axali

leqsikuri erTeulebiT, xmarebidan gadis moZvelebuli
leqsika, zogi sityva pasiur maragSi gadadis, zogic — aqti-
urSi, zogi viwrospecialuridan saliteraturoSi Semo-
dis, zogic — piriqiT.
leqsikuri fondis gamdidrebis gzebze msjeloba
gvxvdeba arn. CiqobavasTan, b. foCxuasTan, T. gamyreliZes-
Tan, z. WumburiZesTan, r. gabeCavasTan da a. S.
z. WumburiZisa da r. gabeCavas TvalsazrisiT, leqsi-
kuri Semadgenlobis Sevseba-gamdidreba ori gziT xdeba:
erTia axali sityvis warmoeba enaSi arsebuli Zireuli si-
tyvebis mawarmoebeli afiqsebiT. meore gzaa sityvaTa ses-
xeba sxva enebidan. amaTgan ZiriTadia pirveli, magram sakma-
od mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs meorec (z. WumburiZe,
r. gabeCava, 2000, 64).
GUFgansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, leqsikis ga-
mdidrebis am or saSualebas mesamesac umateben. xalxis, sa-
zogadoebis ekonomikuri da kulturuli progresi qmnis
enis leqsikis gamdidrebis myar niadags. yovel enas, maT So-
ris qarTulsac, moepoveba leqsikis gamdidrebis saSuale-
bebi: sityvawarmoeba, dialeqturi metyveleba da sesxeba.
qarTuli ena leqsikis gamdidrebis am samive SesaZleblo-
bas iyenebda dasabamidan moyolebuli da iyenebs dResac —
daaxloebiT es Tvalsazrisi aqvT gatarebuli arn. Ciqoba-
vas, b. foCxuas, al. Rlonts (arn. Ciqobava, 2008; b. foCxua,
1974; al. Rlonti, 1978).
yvela enas moepoveba gramatikuli saSualebani, rom-
lis daxmarebiTac iqmneba axali leqsikuri erTeulebi, si-
tyvebi. am mizniT qarTuli ena afiqsebs iyenebs. qarTuls,
rogorc afiqsur enas, aqvs specifikuri daniSnulebis mor-

fologiuri elementebi, romelTa funqcia axal fuZeTa
warmoebaa. afiqsacia qarTuli enis leqsikis gamdidrebis
uSreti wyaroa. derivatebad gamoyenebulia, rogorc sa-
gangebo daniSnulebis afiqsebi, ise Tandebulebi da brun-
vaTa (naTesaobiTis, moqmedebiTis, viTarebiTis) niSnebi.
warmoqmna sami saxisaa: prefiqsuli, sufiqsuri da
prefiqs-sufiqsuri.
Zireuli sityva axali leqsikuri erTeulebis warmoq-
mnis bazaa.
qarTuli sityvawarmoebis klasikur nimuSebs gvaZ-
levs SoTa rusTaveli. `vefxistyaosanSi“ gvxvdeba axal si-
tyvaTa warmoqmnis aseulobiT magaliTi. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom rusTveluri sityvawarmoqmnani qarTuli sityvaSemoq-
medebis mwvervalia, saidanac xelisguliviT moCans sityva-
warmoebaSi Camarxuli potencia Cveni leqsikis raodenob-
rivi da Tvisebrivi gamdidrebisa. magaliTad, naxva mWvre-
telTa axelebs, tani lerwamobs zeviTa aw egreca Sepyro-
bilman Tavi gamoimarTale (a. Rlonti, 1971).
sityvawarmoebis nimuSia agreTve rTuli sityva, rom-
lis miReba SeiZleba ori gziT. pirveli: ori an meti Ziris
gaerTianeba erT fuZed, rasac sityvaSeerTeba, kompozicia
hqvia; meore — sityvawarmoqmna, gaerTianebuli fuZis mniS-
vnelobis cvla afiqsebiT, rasac derivacia ewodeba. maga-
liTad mzeTunaxavi (mzis unaxavi), ukeTilSobilesi (u-keT-
il-Sob-il-es-i).
enis leqsikur saganZurSi did adgils iWers dialeq-
turi masala. dialeqturi leqsika enis simdidrea. cnobili
faqtia, rom yovel epoqaSi saliteraturo enisaTvis sasi-
cocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs mis damokidebulebas dialeq-
tebTan.
saliteraturo ena dialeqtebiT sazrdoobs. es exeba
rogorc teritoriul, aseve socialur dialeqtebs. magram
imavdroulad aucilebelia mkveTrad gaimijnos erTmane-
128 Tamar lomTaZe
Tisagan is, rac saliteraturo enis gamdidrebas uwyobs

xels, da is, rac arsebiTad misi ganviTarebis damabrkole-
beli SeiZleba gaxdes.
dialeqturi masalis saliteraturo enaSi Semotana
gamarTlebulia mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac es axali Si-
naarsis, anda azris axali niuansis gadmocemisaTvis aris
saWiro.
roca saliteraturo enis gamdidrebazea saubari, Zi-
riTadad, specifikuri dialeqturi formebis Semotana
igulisxmeba, romelTagan unda ganirCes:
a) sityvebi, romlis semantikuri ekvivalentebi ipove-
ba saliteraturo enaSi da maSin maTi Semotana amravalfe-
rovnebs sinonimur rigs: bia-komSi, kvaxi-gogra, Wuri-qvev-
ri...
b) sityvebi, romlis badali saliteraturo enas ar ga-
aCnia: daoryureba — axlad amosuli simindi or foTols
rom gamoiRebs. juba — `Sinauri Salis kaba~ (vaJa).
sinonimuri formebi saliteraturo enaSi Tavmoyri-
sas zogjer semantikurad diferencirdebian (magaliTad,
komSi — saSualo tanis xe an buCqi, nayofi yviTelia, surne-
lovani da motkbo-momwklarto gemosi, bia — gareuli kom-
Si). es movlena enis semantikuri mxaris gamravalferovne-
bas iwvevs, iZleva semantikuri niuansebis gamoxatvis SesaZ-
leblobas, rac TavisTavad dadebiTi movlenaa.
saliteraturo enaSi uqoneli sityvebis Semotana ki
mis leqsikur fonds amdidrebs. es procesi imavdroulad
saliteraturo enaSi axali cnebis damkvidrebasac gulis-
xmobs.
qarTuli enis leqsikis maragSi garkveul adgils
iWers nasesxebi, sxva enobrivi samyarodan Semosuli si-
tyvebi. sesxeba enis leqsikis gamdidrebis friad mniSvne-
lovani saSualebaa.
ekonomiuri da kulturuli urTierTobis pirobebSi
SeuZlebelia, rom erTi xalxis ena gavlenas ar axdendes me-
ore xalxis enaze. amitom ganviTarebul qveynebSi ar arse-

bobs ena, romelic metad Tu naklebad ar Seicavdes ucxo
sityvebs. ekonomikuri da socialuri urTierTobis, mecni-
erebis, teqnikisa da kulturis ganviTarebasTan dakavSire-
biT adamianebs gadmoaqvT sxva enebidan iseTi sityvebi da
Tqmebi, romlebic Tavis enaSi ara aqvT da aucilebelia
mSobliuri enis Sesavsebad, aseT movlenas enaTmecniereba-
Si sesxeba hqvia.
nasesxebi sityvebi da Tqmebi organulad ise uxor-
cdeba msesxebel enas, rom amiT erovnuli ena ar kargavs
TviTmyofadobas, piriqiT, is ivseba axali saWiro elemen-
tebiT da ganagrZobs ganviTarebas. bevri nasesxebi sityva
ganicdis ra msesxebeli enis fonetikur da morfologiur
gavlenas, ise icvleba, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi kargavs
Tavis pirvandel saxes da mSobliuri enis sityvebisagan
arc ki gamoirCeva. aseTi sityvebi mogvepoveba arabulidan,
sparsulidan, berZnulidan, laTinuridan, Turqulidan,
aseve sxva enebidan. umetes SemTxvevaSi verc ki vxvdebiT,
aris Tu ara esa Tu is sityva nasesxebi (n. basilaia, 1991,
157).
sxva enebidan nasesxebi sayofacxovrebo sityvebis
garda qarTulSi blomad gvaqvs saerTaSoriso, anu inter-
nacionaluri sityvebi, romlebic Semosulia wignuri
gziT, umTavresad, mecnieruli, teqnikuri, sazogadoebriv-
politikuri terminebis saxiT da ZiriTadad momdinareo-
ben evropuli enebidan, umTavresad ki — Zveli berZnuli-
dan da laTinuridan. magaliTad, berZnulidan: pedagogi,
agronomi, poeti, biografia, atomi, genezisi... laTinuri-
dan: universiteti, instituti, studenti, reqtori, leq-
tori... frangulidan: revolucia, reaqcia, ministri, Jar-
goni, Jurnali... inglisuridan: sporti, Cempioni, lideri,
mitingi, vagoni, vagzali... germanulidan: Stabi, plakati,
plackarti, marka, Stati... italiuridan: pianino, baleti,
opera, dueti, solisti, torti, kompasi...
130 Tamar lomTaZe
gvaqvs nasesxebi afiqsebic: -dan (Caidani), -xana (yava-

xana), -ist (arabisti), anti- (antisazogadoebrivi)... magram
qarTul sityvebTan isini iSviaTad ixmareba.
bevri sityva fuZeTa SeerTebiTaa miRebuli: telefo-
ni, televizori, Termometri, mikrofoni, kilometri, kos-
monavti...
nasesxeb sityvaTa Soris Zalian gavrcelebulia saer-
To-samecniero leqsika, romelic aris saerTo saxmari si-
tyvebi mecnierebis yvela dargSi da specialuri terminebi,
romlebic gamoiyeneba mxolod viwro specialobaSi.
zogjer ucxo warmomavlobis sityvebs ajgufeben na-
sesxeb da sakuTriv ucxo sityvebad. amgvari dajgufeba gu-
lisxmobs, rom ucxo warmoSobis im sityvaTa garda, romle-
bic enaSi damkvidrda (saaTi, oTaxi...), aris sityvebi, rome-
lTa ucxooba aSkarad igrZnoba (faili, suspensia...).
calke unda gamovyoT e.w. egzotikuri leqsika. am sa-
xelwodebaSi gaerTianebulia is kerZo sityvebi, romlebic
saTanado enobrivi koleqtivis yofis specifikur movlena-
Ta aRmniSvnelia da qarTulSi mxolod TargmanebSi an
ucxouri yofis aRwerisas gamoiyofa, magaliTad, torero,
pelmeni, kimano.
aqve unda mivuTiToT eTnografizmebis (berZnuli
ethnos xalxi, tomi) Sesaxeb. isini aRniSnaven garkveuli
eTnikuri jgufis yofasTan dakavSirebul realiebs, xolo
regionalizmebi qveynis erTi regionisTvis specifikurs.
unda ganvasxvaoT sityvaTa sesxebis ori SemTxveva:
1. uSualo sesxeba, roca sityvas sesxuloben pirda-
pir im enidan, romlis kuTvnilebasac is Seadgens : polkov-
niki, romelic rusulidanaa uSualod nasesxebi. uSualod
berZnulidan SeTvisebuli sityvebia: klite, boqlomi, ek-
lesia, episkoposi...
2. SualobiTi sesxebis dros pirvelwyarosa da mses-
xebel enas Soris moqceulia romelime ena (an enebi). ase, ma-
galiTad, universiteti, fakulteti, studenti, docenti —
laTinuri sityvebia, magram qarTulma es sityvebi rusuli-

dan SeiTvisa, rusuli enis meSveobiT (da ara uSualod —
laTinuridan).
sesxebis gzis garkveva sayuradRebo imitom aris, rom
xSirad Suamavali ena asxvaferebs nasesxeb sityvas. qar-
TulSi mravali nasesxebi sityva bolovdeba -cia, -sia, da -
zia -Ti: nacia, revolucia, reaqcia, unifikacia, integra-
cia, registracia, evolucia, asimilacia, realizacia... ko-
misia, profesia, versia, emisia... pretenzia... yvela es si-
tyva laTinuri warmoSobisaa, magram laTinurSi mas -ia ar
moudis bolos, qarTulSi ki — -ia miviReT, es imitom, rom
es sityvebi rusuli enis meSveobiT Semovida qarTulSi da
rusulSi ki — -ia gvaqvs.
zepir metyvelebaSi sityvaTa sesxebis procesi stiqi-
urad mimdinareobs. saliteraturo enaSi ki, romlis ganvi-
Tarebasac kontroli eweva, sesxebas sxvadasxvagvarad eki-
debian. aq erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori Tvalsazrisi: er-
Ti cdilobs Tavi aaridos sesxebas, yvela saWiro sityva sa-
kuTari maragidan awarmoos an SeTxzas. am Tvalsazriss pu-
rizmi ewodeba (laT. purus — wminda), qarTveli puristebi
erT dros winadadebas iZleodnen leqsikoni Secvliliyo
sityvariT. puristebi maTematikaSi cdilobdnen cilin-
dris nacvlad godledi exmaraT, Termometris nacvlad
Tbodandedi....
aseT qarTul terminebs qarTveli kaci ver gaigebs
ufro advilad, vidre graduss da Termometrs, romlebic
mTel rig enaSia damkvidrebuli. purizms saliteraturo
enaTa istoria ar amarTlebs, verc xalxurobaze miTiTeba
daasabuTebs purizmis saWiroebas. saWiro SemTxvevaSi si-
tyvebis sesxeba enis normalur ganviTarebas egueba.
meore ukiduresobas warmoadgens ganukiTxavad Semo-
tana ucxo sityvebisa maSin, roca amis saWiroeba ar aris.
Tu saTanado sityva SeiZleba davZebnoT sakuTar leqsikur
fondSi, anda vawarmooT arsebul sityvaTagan, sesxeba gau-
132 Tamar lomTaZe
marTlebelia. aseT pirobebSi sesxeba anagvianebs enas.

sesxebis Taviseburi saxea kalki (frang. calque asli).
kalki gvaqvs maSin, rodesac axali sityvis warmoebisas (an
gamoTqmis Seqmnisas) masalas sakuTars iyeneben, oRond ses-
xuloben sityvis warmoqmnis princips (an mTeli gamoTqmis
Sedgenis wess).
kalki imdenadvea gamarTlebuli, ramdenadac sesxeba:
kalki iseve unda SevafasoT, rogorc sesxeba.
specialuri literatura, ra dargisac unda iyos igi,
uxvad iZleva kalkis magaliTebs. es exeba yvela enas (amito-
maa, ucxo enaze specialuri literaturis gamoyeneba ufro
advilia, vidre mxatvruli nawarmoebis kiTxva).
amrigad, qarTuli ena iyenebs leqsikis gamdidrebis
sam saSualebas: sityvawarmoebas, dialeqtur leqsikasa da
sesxebas, Tumca TiToeuli procesis ganxorcielebisas zo-
mierebis dacva da sifrTxilea saWiro, raTa piriqiT, gaRa-
ribeba da ukuSedegi ar miviRoT (nasesxeb sityvebsa da dia-
leqtizmebze qvemoT dawvrilebiT gveqneba saubari)
mkvidri da nasesxebi sityvebi qarTuli

enis leqsikur fondSi
sakuTriv qarTuli sityvebi qmnis enis semantikuri

sistemis birTvs. leqsikur erTeulTa yvelaze martivi da-
jgufeba iqneboda masSi uZvelesi masalis gamoyofis Sem-
deg SeTvisebuli masalis gamoyofa, magram TiTqosda es
yvelaze martivi dayofa mraval siZnelesTnaa dakavSirebu-
li. es siZneleebi zogjer faqtobrivi xasiaTisaa — ar vi-
ciT esa Tu is leqsikuri erTeuli uZvelesia Tu Semdeg
aris SeTvisebuli. am mxriv, zogierTi sityva davis sagans
warmoadgens, magaliTad, xidi, mkacri, Zewkvi...
zogi siZnele meTodologiuri xasiaTisaa — sadavo Se-
iZleba aRmoCndes is kriteriumebi, romelic qarTuli da
araqarTuli leqsikuri masalis gasamijnavad gamoiyeneba.
Tanamedrove qarTulSi milionobiT sityvaa, zogi

maTgani axali SenaZenia, magram gvaqvs bevri iseTi sityva,
romelTa warmoSoba Soreuli warsulis burusiT aris da-
faruli.
qarTuli leqsikis uZvelesi leqsikuri fondis Sesas-
wavlad bevri ram aris gakeTebuli. arsebobs istoriul-Se-
darebiTi xasiaTis naSromebi sakuTriv leqsikis Sesaxeb.
garda amisa, qarTuli enis uZveles fonologiur da mo-
rfologiur struqturaSi garkvevas mieZRvna ramdenime
gamokvleva, romlebSic qarTuli enis sityvaTa daxasiaTe-
ba aris mocemuli da sxva enebTan mimarTebis sakiTxic aris
garkveuli. swored es naSromebi edeba safuZvlad qarTuli
leqsikis daxasiaTebas warmomavlobis mixedviT. kerZod,
uZvelesi qarTuli leqsikuri masalis gamoyofas.
yvelaze sando, am SemTxvevaSi, regularuli bgeraT-
Sesatyvisobebis safuZvelze gamoyofili uZvelesi leqsi-
kaa (ixileT zemoT), magram amasTan erTad isic unda gaviT-
valiswinoT, rom sityvaTa sxvadasxva klasi SesaZlebelia
erTgvarad ar eqvemdebarebodes fonetikuri kanonebis mo-
qmedebas.
saerToqarTulidan namemkvidrevi sityvebi Tanamed-
rove qarTul leqsikaSi sakmao raodenobiT gvaqvs. am mi-
marTulebiT kvleva-Zieba dResac aqtiurad mimdinareobs
da axal-axali erTeulebiT ivseba. SeiZleba gamovyoT
ramdenime Sinaarsoblivi jgufi. magaliTad, naTesaobis
aRmniSvneli sityvebi Zma, coli, qmari, siZe, mzaxali, mamam-
Tili, dedamTili, rZali...sxeulis nawilTa saxelebi: Tva-
li, wamwami, ena, yeli, weli, filtvi, Wipi, tyavi, frCxili...
cxovelTa saxelebi: xari, furi, kata, ZaRli, daTvi, cxva-
ri...mcenareTa saxelebi: vaSli, Txili, wifeli, Txmela, Ze-
li, anwli...bunebis movlenebidan: wyali, zafxuli, wvima,
zvavi, mze... ricxviTi saxeli: erTi, ori, sami, xuTi... zed-
sarTavebi: wrfeli, wiTeli, cxeli, TeTri...zmnebidan: abia,
hgavs, krTeba, amynobs, tovebs, qsovs, Rebavs....
134 Tamar lomTaZe
Nnasesxebi leqsika. xalxebs Soris aqtiuri kontaqte-

bi iwvevs enobriv erTeulTa erTi enidan meoreSi gadata-
nas, sesxebas. msesxebel enaSi am gziT Cndeba axali enobrivi
erTeulebi. sinqronul aspeqtSi SeiZleba visaubroT ses-
xebis Sedegebze — erTmaneTs upirispirdeba mkvidri da na-
sesxebi enobrivi erTeulebi.
nasesxeboba miesadageba msesxebeli enis sistemas,
zogjer imdenad, rom misi ucxouri warmomavloba SeiZleba
dadgindes mxolod etimologiuri analizis Sedegad. na-
sesxebi enobrivi erTeulis adaptaciis (laT. adaptatio — mi-
sadageba), anu msesxebeli enis sistemisadmi Seguebis, misa-
dagebis xarisxs gansazRvravs am erTeulis xmarebis sixSi-
re da zogierTi sxva faqtori. pirobiTad SeiZleba gamo-
vyoT nasesxobaTa sami jgufi: srulad adaptirebuli, na-
wilobriv adaptirebuli da araadaptirebuli nasesxo-
bebi.
srulad adaptirebuli enobrivi erTeulebi arafriT
gamoirCeva mkvidri erTeulebisagan, isini daSorebulia
pirvelwyaros. aseTma nasesxobam SeiZleba gamodevnos
mkvidri erTeuli (magaliTad, Turqulidan momdinare leq-
semam oTaxi Secvala qarTuli senaki). nasesxobad aRar
aRiqmeba saaTi, baliSi da mravali sxva sityva qarTulSi.
araadaptirebuli enobrivi erTeulebi mkvidri erTe-
ulebisagan gamoirCeva bgeriTi, orTografiuli, semanti-
kuri, gramatikuli niSnebiT. isini ZiriTadad, ucxo reali-
ebs aRniSnaven an specialur, terminologiur leqsikas ga-
nekuTvnebian, aseTia, magaliTad, barbekiu, de iure, de faq-
to.
nawilobrivi adaptaciis dros leqsemebs SeiZleba
hqondeT fonetikuri an gramatikuli Taviseburebebi. maga-
liTad, taqsi leqsemis fuZe i xmovanze bolovdeba, rac uC-
veuloa qarTuli sazogado saxelebisaTvis.
msesxebel enaSi SeiZleba gardaiqmnas leqsikuri er-
Teulis mniSvneloba. magaliTad, semantikuri gardaqmna
ganicada berZnulidan momdinare leqsemam simpaTia — Ta-

nagrZnoba, romelic rusulsa da qarTulSi Semovida ke-
Tilganwyobis mniSvnelobiT.
nasesxobebis orTografiis ganxilvisas, ramdenime va-
rianti SeiZleba gamovyoT:
1) nasesxoba yalibdeba nimuSis warmoTqmis safuZvel-
ze: imagie — imiji.
2) nasesxebi sityvis orTografia emTxveva etimonisas
yovelgvari cvlilebis gareSe, monitor — monitori.
3) nawilobriv emTxveva warmoTqmas, nawilobriv _
orTografias, overtime _ overtaimi.
4) orTografia yalibdeba Suamavali enis zegavleniT,
budget — biujeti.
5) gvaqvs warmoTqmisa da orTografiis variaciulo-
bis SemTxvevebic, Chat _ Ceti/Cati.
nasesxeb fonologiaze dakvirveba gviCvenebs:
1) Tu orive enis warmoTqmis sistemas aqvs erTgvari
elementebi, maSin xdeba sruli Canacvleba. am process nu-
lovani transfonemizacia ewodeba, cool — quli, zoom — zumi.
2) Tuki nasesxebi sityvis zogierTi elementi Tavisi
aRweriT ZiriTadi modelisagan gansxvavdeba, maSin warmo-
Tqma mxolod nawilobriv uTanabrdeba etimons. am process
nawilobrivi an kompromisuli transfonemizacia hqvia,
company — kompania.
3) Tuki nasesxebi etimonis warmoTqma Sedgeba iseTi
elementebisagan, romelTac mimRebi enis bgeraTa sistemaSi
ekvivalenti ara aqvT, maSin Canacvleba Tavisufalia. es
procesi Tavisufali transfonemizaciis saxels atarebs,
weekend — uikendi/viqendi.
nasesxobaTa morfologiuri adaptaciis Semdegi va-
riantebi SeiZleba gamoiyos:
1) nasesxobas SesaZloa hqondes igive forma, rac eti-
mons. es imas niSnavs, rom etimonze mimRebi enis aranairi
136 Tamar lomTaZe
sufiqsis damateba ar xdeba, rasac nulovani transmorfe-

mizacia hqvia, cool — quli.
2) roca nasesxoba inarCunebs etimonis sufiqss, am
process kompromisuli transmorfemizacia ewodeba, spea-
ker — spikeri.
3) nasesxebi sityvis sufiqss SesaZloa Caenacvlos mi-
mRebi enis sufiqsi imave funqciiTa da mniSvnelobiT, ro-
goric nasesxobis sufiqsia, am process sruli transmor-
femizacia hqvia: sarcastic — sarkastuli.
4) aris SemTxvevebi, roca nasesxoba etimonis sufiqss
inarCunebs da amasTanave mimRebi enis sufiqss imatebs: chips
— Cipsebi.
nasesxeb sityvas Tavis enaSi SeiZleba hqondes erTi an
ramdenime mniSvneloba. qarTulSi Semosvlisas, ZiriTadad,
erTi mniSvnelobiT mkvidrdeba xolme (k. lomiZe, 2005). yve-
laze iSviaTia iseTi SemTxveva, roca sesxebisas leqsikuri
erTeuli gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas iZens. aseTia, magali-
Tad, seleqcia.
qarTul enas uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli SeuTvi-
sebia ucxouri sityvebi berZnulidan (grafika, fantazia),
laTinuridan (fauna, kongresi), sparsulidan (fanjara, ai-
vani), arabulidan (eqimi, Tamami), frangulidan (gripi, Jur-
nali), inglisuridan (koleji, pijaki), germanulidan (abla-
uti, grunti), italiuridan (lataria, profili), rusuli-
dan (samovari, groSi), espanuridan (platina, reali), ho-
landiuridan (lavireba)... nasesxebi sityva uproblemod
mkvidrdeba enaSi, Tu mas Tan moaqvs axali, enaSi ararsebu-
li mniSvneloba. sityvaTa urTierTsesxeba da gacvla sayo-
velTao movlenaa.
nasesebi sityvebi, Tqmebi da formebi rom mizanSewo-
nilad vixmaroT, amisaTvis saWiroa ara marto maTi zusti
mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba, aramed zomierebis dacvac, rom
saTqmeli advilad gasagebi iyos sazogadoebisaTvis. ami-
tom sxva enebidan sityvaTa da formaTa sesxebas Tavisi
zRvari unda hqondes. arasaWiro enobrivi elementebis

SemoReba sagrZnoblad anagvianebs dedaenas, ukargavs mas
erovnul saxes da gzas ukafavs Jargonad gadaqcevisaken.
nasesxebi masalis analizi SeiZleba sxvadasxva Tval-
sazrisiT ganvixiloT. magaliTad, socialuri, kulturu-
li aspeqtebi.
kalki
sesxebas emijneba kalkireba (fr. calque — asli) — axali

frazebis an leqsemis gaCena Sesatyvisi ucxouri enobrivi
erTeulis zedmiwevniT, zogjer — nawil-nawil Targmnis
gziT. ase miRebuli erTeuli ufro daSorebulia pirvel-
wyaros, vidre nasesxoba. kalki ucxouri yalibiT (nimuSiT)
da sakuTari masaliT Sedgenili enobrivi erTeulia. mas
mxolod struqtura aqvs nasesxebi.
kalki aris sxva enis sityvis an gamoTqmis sityvasi-
tyviTi Targmani, anu erTi enis sityvis an Sesityvebis mniS-
vnelobis zustad gamoxatva meore enis amave mniSvnelobis
sityviT an SesityvebiT.
rogorc arn. Ciqobava aRniSnavs: àxali sityvis
warmoebisas (anda gamoTqmis Seqmnisas) masalas sakuTars
iyeneben, oRond sesxuloben sityvis warmoqmnis princips
(anda mTeli gamoTqmis Sedgenis wess)~ (arn. Ciqobava, 1952,
195).
kalkebis armqone ena TiTqmis ar arsebobs kalkebi
enis cvlileba-ganviTarebis aucilebeli Tanamgzavria.
miT umetes iTqmis es maSin, Tu enas ganviTarebuli da xan-
grZlivi werilobiTi tradicia aqvs. mdidari istoriuli
warsulis mqone xalxebs sxvadasxva periodSi garkveuli
kontaqtebi hqoniaT sxvadasxva xalxebTan. am kontaqtebs
mohyveboda saTanado cvlilebebi enaSi, pirvel yovlisa,
mis leqsikur SemadgenlobaSi. arsebul sityvaTa gverdiT
sxva enebidan Sedioda sityvebi, rac iwvevda, Cveulebriv,
138 Tamar lomTaZe
enis leqsikuri maragis gamdidrebas, Tumca zogjer, SesaZ-

loa, am stiqiur process mohyoloda `msesxebeli~ enis er-
Tgvarad `gaRaribebac~, ramdenadac am gziT gavrcelebuli
nasesxebi sityva zogjer iwvevda enaSi ukve arsebuli saku-
Tari leqsikuri erTeulis poziciis Sesustebas da bolos
sul gamodevnasac.
enaTa kontaqtebis donis mixedviT gansxvavebulia ga-
vlenis xarisxic. gavlena kvals tovebs ara marto leqsika-
Si, aramed sintagmebis sferoSi, enis stilistur mxareSi
(q. lomTaTiZe, 1988, 59).
ramdenadac sxvadasxva enaSi sityva-cnebaTa agebis,
gamoTqmaTa, frazeologiur erTeulTa Sedgenis gansxvave-
buli safuZveli SeiZleba arsebobdes, amdenadve gansxvave-
buli bunebisaa kalkebic.
msesxebeli enisaTvis sxva enis kalkebi SeiZleba ase
Tu ise misaRebic da sasargebloc iyos, an kidev — sruliad
Seuferebeli da Seuguebeli misi bunebisaTvis.
miuxedavad kalkebis moZalebis gardauvalobisa,
Cvens swrafad cvlads, mdidari informaciis epoqaSi, auci-
lebelia damyardes garkveuli wesrigi am mxriv, raTa Cveni
samwerlobo ena misi bunebis Sesatyvisad ufro mdidari da
moqnili gaxdes, iyos dauflebuli mravalmxriv gamomsax-
vlobiTs saSualebebs.
dRes Cven ufleba ara gvaqvs stiqiur, gaucnobiere-
bel process, TviTdinebas mivandoT qarTul enaSi kalki-
rebis sakiTxebi da amitomac mniSvnelovani muSaobac tar-
deba am mxriv.
saliteraturo enis normebisa, da kerZod, kalkebis
sakiTxi yuradRebas iTxovs. kalkebi swrafad Cndeba da ad-
vilad vrceldeba. amitomac yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi
Cven mzad unda viyoT droulad SevufardoT yovel maT-
gans mizanSewonili varianti, unda vecadoT Segnebulad
gamoviyenoT Cveni enis didi SesaZleblobani (q. lomTaTi-
Ze, 1988, 60).
kalkebi dasaSvebia maSin, roca axali cneba Semodis,

romlis Sesabamisi `mimReb~ enaSi ar iZebneba, roca amis sa-
Wiroeba Cndeba stilisturi niuansebis gadmosacemad, mag-
ram aqac unda vxelmZRvanelobdeT qarTuli enis bunebiT;
nasesxebi, kalkirebuli gamoTqmebi ase Tu ise unda ewyobo-
des qarTuli enis xasiaTs da ar unda iwvevdes misi agebu-
lebis TaviseburebaTa rRvevas.
ar gveguleba saqmeSi Caxeduli specialisti, rome-
lic amis sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebdes. am principebs yvela
Cvengani iziarebs, magram azrTa sxvaoba Tavs iCens calke-
ul enobriv movlenaTa Sefasebisas. aq principuli xasiaTis
ori rigis faqtebs gamovyofT:
1. roca Tvlian, rom esa Tu is forma sityvisa, an gamo-
naTqvami Tumc kalkia (axali warmonaqmnia), magram enaSi av-
sebs garkveul sicarieles da amitom mas mxari unda davu-
WiroT.
2. esa Tu is gamoTqma, TiTqosda saerTo tips ar mi-
hyveba, amdenadve igi kalkis niadagze gaCenili Cans da ar
unda ukuvagdoT (q. lomTaTiZe, 1988, 61).
kalki, rogorc sesxebis erT-erTi saxe, maSinaa dade-
biTi movlena, rodesac misi Sesatyvisi sityva an gamoTqma
ar gvaqvs enaSi, igi zustad gamoxatavs azrsa da avsebs
mSobliur enas.
kalki ZiriTadad ixmareba pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT.
stilis TvalsazrisiT kalkis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs mis
ise SerCevas, rom ar daupirispirdes mSobliuri enis bu-
nebriv Tqmas: kargi ar Seicvalos cudiT da ar daziandes
enis siwminde.
magram arasaWiro sityvebis umarTebulod Semotanis
msgavsad, bevr SemTxvevaSi kalki aris uaryofiTi movlena.
igi zedmetia da amaxinjebs erovnul enas. amitom misi xma-
rebac did sifrTxiles moiTxovs. Tanamedrove salitera-
turo enaSi uxvad viyenebT aseT kalkebs: Sefaseba misca
(Seafasa), daxmareba aRmouCina (daexmara), wesrigSi moiyva-
140 Tamar lomTaZe
na (moawesriga), SecdomaSi Seiyvana (Seacdina), davaleba

sisruleSi moiyvana (Seasrula).
msgavsi magaliTebis dasaxeleba usasrulod SeiZle-
ba. uxeiro kalkebis didi nawili advilad gaqreba Cveni eni-
dan, Tu qarTul zmnas SevunarCunebT Tavis specifikur Za-
las winadadebaSi azri mokled da zustad gamoxatos, e.i.
ar SevcvaloT is sawyisiani formebiT (n. basilaia, 1991,
106-109).
gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebulia sityvawarmoebiTi
kalkebi, romlebSic Targmani morfemul doneze xorciel-
deba. aseTia, magaliTad, TviTmfrinavi (rusuli самолет).
semantikur kalkebSi nasesxebia gadataniTi mniSvne-
loba. aseTia, magaliTad, anTeba (nervis anTeba, Sdr. ru-
sul воспаление нерва).
frazeologiuri kalkebi frazemaTa sityvasityviTi
Targmnis Sedegad miiReba. maT Sorisaa, magaliTad, zomebis
miReba (rusuli принимать меры). arsebobs naxevarkalkebic
— nawilobrivad naTargmni enobrivi erTeulebi. kerZod, es
SeiZleba iyos nasesxebi afiqsebis Semcveli leqsemebi, an
nawilobriv nasesxebi da nawilobriv kalkirebuli fraze-
bi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom nasesxebi sityvebi TiTqos fe-
xis yvela gadadgmaze gvxvdeba, qarTulSi isini mainc co-
taa da enis mTlian leqsikur saganZurSi mcire procents
Seadgens.
nasesxebi leqsikis analizi cxadyofs, rom igi nair-
gvaria warmomavlobis, qronologiisa Tu daniSnulebis
TvalsazrisiT. zogjer aseTi sityvebis gavrcelebas uar-
yofiTi mxarec aqvs.
ucxo sityvebs xSirad mohyveba ucxo mentalobebi im
enebidan, sadac isini mkvidri sityvebia. ucxo leqsikis er-
Ti nawiliT xdeba sityvebiT manipulireba.
adre ucxo sityvas gamoyenebis SemosazRvrulobis
gamo `samecniero~, `wignieri~, `specialuri~ sityvis avto-
riteti hqonda da am avtoritetulobas kvebavda saqmeSi Ca-

uxedavi kacisaTvis informaciis dafaruloba.
ucxo sityva adrec asrulebda Taviseburi niRbis
rols. is malavda grZnobebs, romelTa Sesaxeb uWirdaT sa-
ubari, cvlida dedaenis ekvivalent-sinonims, romlis war-
moTqma uxerxulobas qmnida.
ucxo sityvas raRacis dafarva SeuZlia. semantiku-
rad jer auTvisebeli ucxo warmomavlobis sityvebi, Sesa-
tyvisi qarTuli sityvis ekvivalenturad ar aRiqmeba. msme-
neli maTSi sxva sazriss eZebs. magaliTad, aRar mobezrdaT
insinuaciebi Cemi ojaxis winaaRmdeg. laTinuri sityva in-
sinuaciebi karga xania qarTulSi nasesxebia, Tumca wignu-
ria da abnevs mkiTxvels (s. omiaZe, 2006).
enaTa kontaqtebma SeiZleba mogvces dadebiTi Sede-
gebic da uaryofiTic — aRniSnavda b. jorbenaZe (jorbena-
Ze, 1997, 52). dadebiT SedegebSi igulisxmeba enobrivi fon-
dis gamdidreba marTebuli sesxebiTa da enis Sinagani po-
tenciis amoZraveba. amis araerTi magaliTi SeiZleba moviy-
vanoT qarTuli enis istoriidan. adamianTa sazogadoebaSi
Semavali koleqtivebis urTierTgavlena biZgebia, romle-
bic apirobebs calke sazogadoebrivi qvejgufebisa da mTe-
li sazogadoebis, saerTo sakacobrio kulturis ganviTa-
rebas. amis mixedviT, gasagebia is didi roli, romelsac
enaTa urTierToba asrulebs adamianTa sazogadoebis, ka-
cobriobis winsvla-ganviTarebisaTvis. miT ufro dRes,
rodesac msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxe aseT mWidro politi-
kur Tu kulturul kavSirSia erTmaneTTan.
Sesabamis socialur da kulturul pirobebSi nases-
xebma sityvam SeiZleba moipovos elitaruli xasiaTi an pi-
riqiT, vulgaruli gamoTqmis ieri. cnobilia, rom laTi-
nurma enam safuZveli Cauyara rogorc mecnierul leqsi-
kas, aseve evropul studentur Jargonsac (u. vainraixi,
1972, 25-49).
142 Tamar lomTaZe
magram samwuxarod, dRes uaryofiTi Sedegic saxezea,

enis danagvianeba usargeblo barbarizmebiT, iqmneba xe-
lovnuri kalkebi.
presa, rogorc masobrivi komunikaciis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani sfero, did gavlens axdens konkretuli epo-
qis enobrivi stilis Camoyalibebaze. es gavlena mizanmi-
marTulic SeiZleba iyos da stiqiuric; presa asaxavs enaSi
momxdar cvlilebas da, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, nergavs kidec
ama Tu im enobriv formebs (n. wiklauri, 2006, 387).
amitomac Jurnalistebi gansakuTrebuli yuradRe-
biT unda ekidebodnen qarTuli saliteraturo normebis
dacvis sakiTxs. dRes, samwuxarod, piriqiT xdeba. aq yvela-
ze farTod gaexsna gza ucxo enebidan Semosul nasesxobebs:
niusi, sekvestri, nalogi. Cveulebriv, ise imkvidrebs ad-
gils, TiTqos maTi Sesatyvisi qarTuli sityvebis moZebna
Wirdes (niusi — siaxle, axali ambebi; sekvestri — Sekveca;
nalogi — begara...)
samecniero literaturaSi miCneuli iyo, rom `Znelia
ucxo enidan momdinare fonologiuri erTeulis — same-
tyvelo bgeris an, vTqvaT, intonaciuri suraTis — SeRweva
ama Tu im enis fonologiur sistemaSi, metad Znelia ama Tu
im ucxo enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fonologiuri movle-
nis gavrceleba sxva enaSi. igive iTqmis morfologiuri in-
ventaris da sityvawarmoebis meqanizmis Sesaxeb (b. foCxua,
1974, 346). xSirad SeiZleba moismino qarTuli metyveleba,
magram iseTi intonaciiT, rom, Tu kargad ar daukvirdi, in-
glisuri ufro gegoneba (gansakuTrebiT radiomauwyeblo-
ba). es globaluri movlenaa. analogiuri problemebi Seim-
Cneva, magaliTad, frangulSi. `radiosa da televiziis
mZlavri ganviTareba did gavlenas axdens zogierT fone-
tikur movlenaTa gavrcelebaze, romelTa Soris, upirve-
les yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia Zlieri SemarTva da Zlieri bo-
lokiduri damarTvac~ (c. axvlediani, 2009, 12).
xSirad vrceldeba iseTi sityvebi, romlebsac qar-

TulSi ekvivalenti moepovebaT (niusi, treningi, qastingi,
menejeri, monitoringi, vipi...). Tumca, rogorc zemoT aR-
vniSneT, zogjer mcire niuansiT gansxvavdeba adgilobrivi
da nasesxebi sityva erTmaneTisagan. magaliTad, Tineijeri,
romelic asakis garda fsiqologiur, fizionomiur da so-
cialur Taviseburebebzec miuTiTebs. mxolod asakis aR-
mniSvneli sityva qarTulSi ramdenime arsebobda, magram
igi sxva niuansebs ar iTvaliswinebda. amitom aseTi nases-
xobebi enaSi unda darCes.
s. omiaZe miuTiTebs, rom zogjer Semosuli leqsiku-
ri erTeuli mSobliuri sityvis cnebis Sinaarsis damaxin-
jebas iwvevs. magaliTad, erTi moculobiT ver gaerTiande-
ba codnis da kompetenciis cnebebi, radgan es ukanaskneli
aucileblad gulisxmobs uflebamosilebaTa wresac. ami-
tom adamians SeiZleba codna hqondes, magram ar gaaCndes
kompetencia da, piriqiT, kompetencias zurgs ar umagrebs
saTanado codna. masmediis diskursSi es sityvebi erTma-
neTs aramarTebulad enacvleba, rac gaugebrobas iwvevs:
adamianebi yovelTvis Seuracxyofad iReben maT mimarT
warmoTqmul frazas, kompetencia ar gyofniTo, radgan es
pirad ucodinarobaze miTiTeba hgoniaT da ara uuflebo-
baze, gadaWran raRac sakiTxi (s. omiaZe, 2006, 225).
1971 wels gamocemul `qarTuli leqsikologiis sa-
fuZvlebSi~ a. Rlonti miuTiTebs, rom qarTuls ucxouri
enebisagan SeuTvisebia mxolod arsebiTi saxelebi, iSvia-
Tad zedsarTavi (a. Rlonti, 1971, 93). Tanamedrove saqar-
TveloSi ucxouridan Semosuli uamravi zedsarTavi ga-
vrcelda, romlebsac sazogadoebis esa Tu is jgufi gamoi-
yenebs, magram radganac umetesad socialurad dawinaure-
bul wreebSi xdeba maTi gamoyeneba, amitom isini aqtiuri
moxmarebisad iqcnen, Tumca maTi mniSvneloba yovelTvis
cnobili ar aris. magaliTad,
144 Tamar lomTaZe
avtorizirebuli — mowonebuli an nebadarTuli av-

toris, firmis mflobelis, investoris mier.
avtoritaruli — diqtati, romelic cdilobs moax-
vios Tavisi avtoriteti da Zalaufleba sxvebs.
adekvaturi — Sesabamisi.
ambivalenturi — orpiri, erTdroulad sawinaaRmde-
go Tvisebebis gamomvleni.
ambiciuri — avadmyofuri, pativmoyvare, didi warmo-
dgenis mqone Tavis Tavze.
angaJirebuli — ama Tu im politikuri orientaciis
aqtiuri mimdevari, dakavSirebuli romelime sazogadoeb-
riv mimdinareobasTan.
antiseptikuri — infeqciis gasanadgureblad an Wri-
lobebis samkurnalod gamosayenebeli.
aprioruli — faqtebze ar damyarebuli, gamocdile-
bebze damokidebuli.
auTenturi — namdvili, WeSmariti, pirvelwyaroebi-
sagan gamomdinare.
autogenuri — TviTwarmoebuli, warmoSobili TviT
organizmSi.
brutaluri — uxeSi, pirdapiri.
validnuri — kanonieri, namdvili.
venCuruli — riskTan dakavSirebuli, riskiani.
verbaluri — zepiri, sityvieri.
vizualuri — optikuri xelsawyoebis meSveobiT an
SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT aTvisebuli.
virtualuri — SesaZlebeli, romelic SeiZleba an un-
da gamoCndes gansazRrul pirobebSi, potenciuri, moCvene-
biTi, imitirebuli.
genderuli — dakavSirebuli adamianis gansxvavebas-
Tan sqesis mixedviT.
hipoTeturi — hipotezebze damyarebuli, savaraudo.
homeopaTuri — avadmyofobis gankurnva wamlebis mi-
nimaluri dozebiT.
grafologiuri — adamianis kaligrafiis kvleva misi

fsiqikuri Tvisebebis gansazRvris mizniT.
deduqciuri — dafuZnebuli logikuri daskvnebis me-
Todze zogadidan kerZosken.
diletanturi — araprofesionaluri, zedapiruli.
disonansuri — araharmoniuli, SeuTanxmebeli JRe-
radobaSi, xmebSi.
dominanturi — mTavari, ZiriTadi.
eventualuri —dasaSvebi gansazRvrul viTarebebSi.
ekzaltiuri — aRtacebuli, aRelvebuli.
eqskluziuri — gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis Mmqone.
eqspansiuri — ficxi, TavSeukavebeli.
eqsplicituri — cxadi, gansazRvruli, araorazro-
vani.
eqstensiuri — dakavSirebuli ricxobriv gamravle-
basTan.
eqstraordinaluri — iSviaTi, araCveulebrivi.
eqstremaluri — ukiduresi, metismetad rTuli, sa-
SiSi.
eqscentruli — Taviseburi, ucnauri.
efemeruli — moCvenebiTi, ararealuri.
imanenturi — damaxasiaTebeli TviT sagnis bunebisa-
Tvis, movlenisaTvis, procesisaTvis, mimdinare garegnuli
gavlenebisa da zemoqmedebis miuxedavad.
imperatiuli — usityvo damorCilebis, SeuwinaaR-
mdegobis moTxovna.
implicituri — faruli, nagulisxmebi, aSkarad ar
gamoxatuli.
imponzaturi — STamagonebeli, didebuli, STabeWdi-
lebis momxdeni, warmosadegi.
infantiluri — ganuviTarebeli bavSviviT, bavSvis
asakisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli.
inferialuri — saSineli, autaneli.
146 Tamar lomTaZe
kitCuri — iafiani, ugemuri, gaTvaliswinebuli ga-

regnul efeqtze.
komunikabeluri — is, vinc advilad amyarebs kon-
taqts da kavSirebs.
konsekventuri — logikurad Tanmimdevruli.
konstaturi — mudmivi.
konfidencialuri — saidumlo, sando, gansakuTre-
biT piraduli.
korporatiuli — gancalkevebuli, Caketili, viwro
jgufuri.
kreatiuli — SemoqmedebiTi.
kurtuazuli — Tavaziani, galanturi.
lapidaruli — mokle, garkveuli (mkafio), cxadi.
latenturi — faruli, garegnulad gamoumJRavnebe-
li.
legitimuri — kanonieri
loialuri — Tavis dakaveba formalurad kanonis
farglebSi, neitralur-keTilmosurne damokidebuleba
vinmes an rames mimarT.
maJoritaruli — damyarebuli umravlesobaze.
maJoruli — mxne, mxiaruli,
mediaturi — damafiqrebeli.
erkantiluri — xelmomWirne, sargebliani.
minoruli — mowyenili, naRvliani.
negatiuri — uaryofiTi.
norovistuli — jiuti.
odiozuri — arasasiamovno.
ordinaluri — Cveulebrivi, arafriT gamorCeuli.
orTodoqsuli _ romelime moZRvrebis, gansazRvru-
li Sexedulebebis, rwmenis momxre.
paradigmatuli — sistemuri; sinamdvilis ZiriTadi
gamomxatveli; Tvisebebis konceptualuri amosavali.
paradoqsuli — uCveulo, warmoudgeneli, sayovel-
Taod miRebul azrTan sawinaaRmdego.
pasionaruli — Sepyrobili, mizanswrafuli, nebismi-

eri gasamrjelos mimarT uaryofiTad ganwyobili.
pacifesturi — yovelggvari omebis mowinaaRmdege.
permanenturi — mudmivi.
platonuri — damyarebuli mxolod sulier swrafva-
ze.
pluralisturi — mravalsaxovani Sexedulebebis,
ideebis, moRvaweobis formebis mqone.
pozitiuri — dadebiTi.
pompezuri — sazeimo, mdidruli.
pragmatuli — praqtikuli gamoyenebis mqone.
pretenziuli — mowinaaRmdege mxaris moqmedebebis
gamafrTxilebeli.
privatuli — piradi, araoficialuri.
radikaluri — gadamwyveti, gadaWrili (gabeduli),
ZiriTadi, Rrma.
reliaturi — SedarebiTi, pirobiTi.
retrospeqtuli — warsulisken mimarTuli, miZRvni-
li warsuli movlenebis ganxilvas.
refleqturi — uneblivi, Seucnobeli.
rudimentaruli — ganuviTarebeli, SemorCenili
warsulidan.
sakramentaluri — wminda, sanukvari.
sardonikuri — damcinavi, gesliani.
seniluri — moxucebulobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli.
sensoruli — dakavSirebuli aRqmasa da grZnobebis
gadacemasTan, mgrZnobiare.
separatuli — gamoyofisaken, gankerZoebisaken mi-
swrafebuli.
spontanuri — calkeuli, calkeuli SemTxveva.
tolerantuli — sxvis azrTan, rwmenasTan Sewynare-
buli damokidebuleba.
148 Tamar lomTaZe
totalitaruli — dafuZnebuli saxelmwifos srul

batonobaze (mbrZaneblobaze) sazogadoebis cxovrebis yve-
la sferoSi, demokratiuli Tavisuflebis ganadgurebaze.
totaluri — saerTo, yovlismomcveli.
transcendenturi — aRqmis gareSe yofna, aRqmisa-
Tvis miuwvdomeli.
trivialuri — originalobas moklebuli, gacveTili,
banaluri.
unitaruli — erTiani, gaerTianebuli.
utilataruli — praqtikuli, materialuri sargeb-
lobisaken miswrafebuli.
familaruli — uceremonio, mouridebeli.
figuraluri — mxatvruli, igavuri.
fiskaluri — gankuTvnili saxelmwifo xazinisTvis,
saxelmwifo interesebisaTvis.
friboluri — qarafSutuli, uxamsi.
qolistiuri — globaluri, erTiani.
leqsikis gamdidrebis ramden gzas asaxeleben?

ramdeni saxisaa warmoqmna qarTulSi?
ramdeni gziT miiReba rTuli sityva?
rogor amdidrebs dialeqturi formebi saliteraturo enas?
rogor sityvebs uwodeben internacionalizmebs?
ras gulisxmobs ucxo warmomavlobis sityvaTa dajgufeba na-
sesxeb da sakuTriv ucxo sityvebad?
rogori sityvebia gaerTianebuli egzotikur leqsikaSi?
sesxebis ramden SemTxvevas ganasxvaveben?
ras ewodeba purizmi?
ras niSnavs kalki da sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa igi?
ra sirTuleebi warmoCndeba uZvelesi mkvidri da SeTvisebuli
masalis gamoyofisas?
romelia yvelaze sando meTodi uZvelesi qarTuli leqsikuri

masalis gamoyofisaTvis?
nasesxobaTa ramden jgufs gamoyofen adaptaciis mixedviT?
rogoria sruliad adaptirebuli leqsikuri erTeulebi?
rogoria araadaptirebuli leqsikuri erTeulebi?
rogoria nawilobriv adaptirebuli leqsikuri erTeulebi?
nasesxobebis orTografiis ganxilvisas ramden variants
gamoyofen?
nasesxobebis fonologiis ganxilvisas ramden variants gamo-
yofen?
nasesxobebis morfologiis ganxilvisas ramden variants
gamoyofen?
ra Semohyveba xolme ucxo sityvas da rogor xdeba sityviT
manipulireba?
ra aris kalki?
rodis aris dasaSvebi kalki?
rogori Sedegebi SeiZleba mogvces enaTa kontaqtebma? ra
igulisxmeba am SedegebSi?
davaleba: waikiTxeT da gaixseneT d. kldiaSvilisa da

vaJa-fSavelas nawarmoebebi da amowereT dialeqturi leq-
sikidan saliteraturoSi damkvidrebuli sityvebi.
davaleba: waikiTxeT da gaixseneT g. leoniZis Semo-
qmedebidan sityvawarmoebis modelebis mixedviT Seqmnili
sityvebi.
davaleba: moitaneT amonaridi Tanamedrove presi-
dan, romelSic nasesxebi sityvebia gamoyenebuli leqsiku-
ri fondis gasamdidreblad.
davaleba: daasaxeleT mwerali, romelmac, Tqveni az-
riT, sityvawarmoebiT gaamdidra da gaalamaza leqsikuri
fondi, daasaxeleT aRniSnuli sityvebi.
150 Tamar lomTaZe
davaleba: xom ar mogismeniaT soflad yofnisas si-

tyva, romlis ekvivalenti, Tqveni azriT, saliteraturo
qarTulSi ara gvaqvs.
davaleba: gaecaniT bolodroindel presas da daaj-
gufeT nasesxebi sityvebi warmomavlobis TvalsazrisiT.
davaleba: daasaxeleT ramdenime sityva, romlebic
bgeraTSesatyvisobebis safuZvelze CaTvlilia uZveles
qarTul leqsikur erTeulebad.
davaleba: yoveldRiuri urTierTobebidan gaixseneT
umarTeulo kalkebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi
davaleba: daakvirdiT ucxouri sityvebis gamoyene-
bas, amowereT enobrivi SeniRbvis mizniT gamoyenebuli
formebi
davaleba: gadaxedeT Tanamedrove presis furclebs
da miuTiTeT ra mizniT gamoiyeneben yvelaze xSirad nases-
xobebs?
davaleba: gadaxedeT bolodreindel presas da gamo-
yaviT nasesxobebSi semantikuri jgufebi.
saerTo qarTuli leqsika da viwro

jgufTa leqsikuri Taviseburebani
zemoT Cven saubari gvqonda saerTo gamoyenebisa da

SezRuduli gamoyenebis leqsikaze zogadad. mivuTiTeT ag-
reTve isic, rom ZiriTadi leqsikuri birTvis sityvebi sa-
erTo moxmarebisaa da Seadgens yvelaze aqtiur fenas leq-
sikisas. iseve rogorc aqtiuri da pasiuri leqsika, viwro
da sayovelTao dayofa leqsikisa pirobiTia. sityvebi zog-
jer kargaven viwro jgufuris kuTvnilebas da saerTo sa-
literaturo fondSi gadadian. magaliTad, damnaSaveTa me-
tyvelebaSi gavrcelebuli argotizmebi: kanonieri qurdi,
qurduli samyaro, TandaTan gavrcelda sxvadasxva jguf-
Si, iqca Jargonad, saidanac slengis gavliT saliteratu-
ro enaSic ki SeaRwia. Ees sityvebi, Cveulebriv, argotuli
da Jargonuli mniSvnelobiT, ra Tqma unda, arcerT leqsi-
konSi ar iyo dadasturebuli. 2007 wlis saqarTvelos sis-
xlis samarTlis kodeqsSi ki, es leqsikuri erTeulebi ukve
iuridiuli terminebia: magaliTad, muxli 223 (1) qurduli
samyaros wevroba, kanonieri qurdoba
1. qurduli samyaros wevroba — isjeba Tavisuflebis
aRkveTiT vadiT xuTidan rva wlamde, jarimiT an uamisod.
2. kanonieri qurdoba — isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkve-
TiT Svididan aT wlamde, jarimiT an uamisod (saqarTvelos
2005 wlis 20 dekembris kanoni #2355 — ssm I, 2005w., #57, mux.
439; saqarTvelos 2006 wlis 28 aprilis kanoni #2937 — ssm I,
2006w., #14, mux. 90). es aris erT-erTi nimuSi imisa, Tu rogor
Sedis da mkvidrdeba argotizmi, Jargonizmi da slenguri
leqsika saliteraturo (am SemTxvevaSi iuridiul termi-
nologiaSi) enaSi.
152 Tamar lomTaZe
politikuri da ekonomikuri leqsika
Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi intensiurad

Semodis saerTaSoriso da samarTlebriv urTierTobebTan
dakavSirebuli leqsika.
radgan saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi moicavs ro-
gorc samarTlebriv, aseve ekonomikur urTierTobebs, ami-
tom am jgufSi ganvixilavT politikur, ekonomikur da sa-
erTod, biznesTan, saqmian adamianebTan dakavSirebul ter-
minebs. aq gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT dasturdeba na-
sesxebi leqsika. es bunebrivicaa, radgan XX saukunis 90-ia-
ni wlebis Zireuli cvlilebebi swored am sferos Seexo.
moxda Zveli socialuri formaciis rRveva da CvenTvis
sruliad axal ekonomikur da politikur wyobilebaze
gadasvla. kapitalisturi msofliosaTvis kargad cnobili
procesebi, mxolod bolo dros gaxda CvenTvis nacnobi,
amitom sagnebsa da movlenebs, ZiriTadad, nasesxebi leqsi-
ka Semohyva (a. arabuli, 2003, 20). es, erTi mxriv, aiolebs ki-
dec profesiul urTierTobebs, magram arc is unda davivi-
wyoT, rom qarTul enas uaRresad mdidari leqsikuri fon-
di gaaCnia da misi SesaZleblobebi aucileblad unda gamo-
viyenoT.
politikur da ekonomikur, aseve Tanamedrove saqmian
adamianTa metyvelebaSi yvelaze xSiri gavrcelebis leqsi-
kuri erTeulebia: avansi, agenti, aqti, aqcia, aqcizi, aqcio-
neri, saaqcio sazogadoeba, imflacia, anketa, anotacia,
anulireba, arbitraJi, arenda, notariusi, asociacia, au-
diti, bankroti, gakotreba, blanki, bonusi, bankiri, viza,
viza baraTi, sagarantio werili, grifi, saqmiani werili, sa-
qmiswarmoeba, depoziti, dividenti, diskriminacia, mindo-
biloba, xelSekruleba, sivi, dotacia, dublikati, gayalbe-
ba, karuseli, kanoni, Canawerebi, Savi Canaweri, Savi buRal-
teria, Crdilovani ekonomika, Setyobineba, Savi fuli, fu-
lis gaTeTreba, zaprosi, gancxadeba, uwyeba, inventariza-

cia, investicia, indeqsi, iniciativa, inteleqtualuri sa-
kuTreba, inovacia, inflacia, msvleloba, saqmis msvlelo-
ba, kancelarizmi, kvota, kliSe, saxelmwifo saidumloeba,
sekvestri, kontragenti, kontraqti, korespodencia, audi-
encia, krediti, limiti, licenzia, piradi saqme, markireba,
memorandumi, monopolia, moritoringi, nalogi, nomenkla-
tura, minimaluri fasi, normatiuli aqti, gaufasureba,
brunvadi kapitali, aRwera, sabiTumo da sacalo fasebi,
gansakuTrebuli niSnebi, avtomopasuxe, kontraqti, pari-
teti, patenti, Sexsenebis werili, mauwyebeli werili, da-
dasturebis werili, mowveva, Txovnis werili, nota, gada-
xdisunarianoba, qmediTunarianoba, saSuamavalo firma, sa-
gnobrivi katalogi, Suamavali, dadgenileba, brZanebule-
ba, warmomadgeneli, prezentacia, pretenzia, privatizacia,
programa, dokumentis proeqti, protokoli, saregistra-
cio baraTi, reglamenti, reestri, rezolucia, reziume,
rekviziti, rentabeluroba, gadawyvetileba, sanqcia,
TviTRirebuleba, serTifikati, SeTanxmeba, sarekomenda-
cio werili, standarti, subsidia, angariSi, tabeli, Tezau-
rusi, Tezisi, samarko niSani, lizingi, faqsi, faqsimilia,
fizikuri da iuridiuli piri, formulari, aplikacia, cir-
kulacia, emaili, embargo, konsesusi, liberalizacia, lo-
bi, limitirebuli, marginali, lustracia, hardlaineri,
qarizma, qliaringi, konsignatori, kreki, listingi, logo,
marketingi, menejeri, taimeri, tenderi, transferi, tran-
Si, Carteri, samiti, sponsori, defolti, dempingi, dileri,
duti-fri, distributori, demografia, deportacia, imi-
ji, imijmeikeri, impiCmenti, inauguracia, interpoli, plu-
ralizmi, populizmi, presingi, presmdivani, eleqtorati,
praislisti, invoisi, avtoritarizmi, autsaideri, brifin-
gi, vip, granti, bareli, barteri, brendi, brokeri, tranSi...
rogorc vxedavT, qarTuli warmomavlobis sityvaTa
gverdiT, didi adgili uWiravs nasesxeb leqsikas.A maT erT
154 Tamar lomTaZe
nawils qarTuli Sesatyvisic moepoveba, magram masmediis

propagandiTa Tu TviT am wris warmomadgenelTa metyvele-
bis prestiJulobis gamo, sazogadoebaSi nasesxebi formebi
ufro gavrcelda. magaliTad, Sesatyvisi moeZebneba sek-
vestrs, igive Sekveca; nalogi, anu begara; arenda — ijara;
treningi —wvrTna, swavleba. Tumca xSiria SemTxveva, roca
nasesxeb sityvas damatebiTi niuansi axlavs da qarTulis
zust Sesatyvisad ar aRiqmeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi iqmneba si-
nonimuri wyvilebi, romlebsac, iseve rogorc yvela leqsi-
kur sinonims, niuansuri sxvaoba axasiaTebs. magaliTad, me-
siji — Setyobineba; codna — kompetencia; transferi —
gadaricxva...
aq warmodgenil sityvaTa erTi nawili, 1990-ian wleba-
mde miviwyebuli iyo. ucxo sityvaTa leqsikonSi ganmarte-
buli zogi sityva enis pasiur marags ganekuTvneboda da
qveyanaSi wyobilebis Secvlis Semdeg, kvlav aqtiur maragSi
moeqca. zog leqsikur erTeuls mxolod viwrospecialur
jgufebSi iyenebdnen da sazogadoebis farTo fenebisaTvis
cnobili ar iyo. Tanamedrove etapze isini saliteraturo
enaSi gavrceldnen da viwrospecialurobis elferi dakar-
ges.
Tanamedrove qarTuli warmogvidgens naTel maga-
liTs imisas, Tu rogor gadadis viwro specialuri termi-
nologiidan sityvebi saerTo enaSi da rogor ganicdian
terminebi determinologizacias. postsabWour epoqaSi
momxdarma socio-politikurma cvlilebebma TvalsaCino
gaxada roli politikuri terminologiis, romelic XX sa-
ukunis 80-90-ian wlebamde pasiur leqsikas ganekuTvnebo-
da. sabWoTa imperiis daSlam, msoflio sazogadoebasTan
pirdapiri kontaqtebis damyarebam, mkveTrad gazarda po-
litikuri nakadi qarTul enaSi. am sityvebma garkveuli so-
cioaqtivoba SeiZines da bevri maTgani pasiuri maragidan
aqtiurSi gadmovida. aseTi aris bevri laTinuri, berZnuli,
franguli da rusuli warmoSobis sityva (avtonomia, alian-
si, audiencia, genocidi, debatebi, kvorumi, konsesusi, sa-

botaJi, sekvestri...).
garda amisa, Zalian gavrcelda politikosTa metyve-
lebaSi inglisuri leqsika. naTelia, rom am wreSi inglisur
enas wamyvani sociolingvisturi funqcia aqvs. xdeba in-
glisur-qarTuli interferencia enobrivi ierarqiis yvela
doneze: fonologiur, gramatikul, leqsikur doneze.
marTalia, politikur terminTa umetesoba inglisu-
ri leqsikidanaa Semosuli. zogi maTgani laTinur-berZnu-
lia, magram CvenTan, saqarTveloSi, inglisuris gziT ga-
vrcelda.
aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoebac. zogjer politikosebs
Searqmeven metsaxels, romelsac mxolod am wris warmomad-
genlebTan iyeneben. aseTi saxelebi umetesad uaryofiTi an
neitraluri konotaciiT xasiaTdeba. magaliTad, ruxi kar-
dinali, daRlili viri...
kompiuterul teqnologiebTan dakavSirebuli

leqsikuri erTeulebi
Cvens saukunes teqnologiuri revoluciebis sauku-

nesac uwodeben. Tanamedrove teqnologiebis sayovelTao
gamoyeneba civilizebuli eris aucilebeli atributia,
amitomac kompiuterTan dakavSirebuli leqsika sayovel-
Tao moxmarebis leqsikur erTeulebs SeuerTda.
informatikasa da uaxles kompiuterul teqnologi-
ebTan dakavSirebuli leqsika saqarTveloSi XX saukunis
bolodan iwyebs ganviTarebas da Cvens droSi TiTqmis yve-
la Taobisa da socialuri mdgomareobis warmomadgenelTa
metyvelebaSi gavrcelda. Zneli warmosadgenia muSaoba
adamianis moRvaweobis romelime sferoSi kompiuteris ga-
reSe. amitom kacobriobam, informaciuli teqnologiis re-
voluciuri produqti — globaluri kompiuteruli qseli,
interneti, Tavis samsaxurSi Caayena. internet-urTierTo-
bebi gansxvavebulia tradiciuli komunikaciebisagan. swo-
156 Tamar lomTaZe
red aman warmoSva lingvistikaSi Tanamedrove problema

„ena da kompiuteri“, sadac xelovnuri enebisa da inteleq-
tis sakiTxi safuZvlian kvlevas saWiroebs, dawyebuli or-
Tografiidan, damTavrebuli leqsikiT.
xSirad kompiuteruli programebis saxelwodebebi
laTinuri SriftiT iwereba. magaliTad, Anonym mailer-i mci-
re moculobis safosto programaa... amis mizezi aris is,
rom raRac cneba ukve Semosulia enaSi da gamoiyeneba am
enaze mosaubreTa mier, misi orTografiuli adaptacia ki
gviandeba. Sedegad miiReba anglicizmi, romelic grafiku-
lad ise gamoisaxeba, rogorc etimoni. savaraudoa, rom ase-
Ti laTinuri damwerlobis anglicizmebi ver damkvidrdeba
enaSi da sul cota xans iarsebebs, Jargoni xom leqsikis
yvelaze aramdgradi Srea. isic faqtia, rom aseT angliciz-
mebs iyeneben internetforumebsa da CatebSi, radgan maTi
saSualebiT komunikatorebi ufro gasagebad da zustad
gadascemen Setyobinebebs (k. lomiZe, 2005, 365).
internetis momxmarebeli, garda enobrivi niSnebisa,
iyenebs specialur piqtografiul niSnebs — xatulebs (sma-
ilikebs), romelTa meSveobiT gamoxataven sxvadasxva
grZnobas, saxis mimikas da sxvas. dReisaTvis xatulebis sami
tipi SeiZleba gamovyoT: punqtuaciuri (“:_”), grafikuli
(☺
☺) da verbaluri (“::gaxarebuli smailiki::”) xatulebi
(n. amaRlobeli, n. futkaraZe, 2009, 13). farTo gamoyenebi-
saa agreTve inglisuri abreviaturebi.
dReisaTvis internetis ena mdidrdeba axal-axali
leqsikuri erTeulebiT. aq sityvawarmoebas farTo gasaqa-
ni eZleva. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad iyeneben sasaubro enaSi
gavrcelebul morfemebs: daviruseba, daklikeba.. iqmneba
rTuli sityvebi: veb-gverdi, veb-dizaini.. yvelaze xSiria
inglisuri nasesxobani: serveri, saiti, hakeri..
farTo gamoyenebisaa kompiuteruli Jargoni, romle-
bic aRniSnaven kompiuteris momxmareblis eqspresiulobas,
kompiuteris nawilebs, programul uzrunvelyofas. es
Jargonebi umetesad iqmneba inglisuris safuZvelze, an in-

glisuris kalkia: vinduza — vindousi, aseve gvxvdeba qar-
Tuli Sesatyvisebic: procesori — tvini...
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa onomastikuri leqsika. aq
gvxvdeba rogorc namdvili saxelebi, aseve fsevdonimebi,
e.w. niki (ing. nickname), romlebic eqspresiulobiT gamoirCe-
vian.
internetis enas axasiaTebs gramatikuli Tavisebure-
bebic. ZiriTadad, gamoiyeneba mxolobiTi ricxvis meore
piris brZanebiTis formebi: gaxseni, Seinaxe, daklike..
gvxvdeba martivi, ubralo sasaubro enisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli winadadebebi. mieci Senaxva; mimagrebuli failiT ga-
gzavne..
kompiuteruli teqnologiebis Semosvlas mohyva Sesa-
bamisi leqsikis sesxeba. amitom masazrdoebeli wyaro in-
glisuria. zogjer vrceldeba qarTuli terminebic: Senax-
va, Tumca paralelurad dasturdeba inglisuri seivi (save).
vindousis qarTuli versiis dasruleba da gavrcele-
ba samomavlod ufro meti daskvnebis gakeTebis SesaZleb-
lobas mogvcems.
kompiuterTan da internetTan dakavSirebuli leqsi-
ka slengs ganekuTvneba, radgan mis gamoyenebas moda ganapi-
robebs. gavrcelebulia TiTqmis yvela socialur jgufSi
da samomavlod bevr maTgans ganmartebiT leqsikonebSi,
rogorc qarTuli saliteraturo enis kuTvnil sityvas,
SevxvdebiT. aseTebia magaliTad,
baiti (ing. byte), baneri (ing. banner), brauzeri (ing.
browzer), veb-raiteri (ing. web, writer), veb-gverdi (ing. web),
vinCesteri (myari diski hard disk), joistiki (ing. joystick),
disketa (fr. disquette), sidi (CD), fleSka (usb flash), monitori
(monitor), instalacia (ing. installation, fr. installation), interne-
ti (lat. inter da ing. net), katriji (ing. cartridge), kompiuteri
(ing. computer), kopiraiTi (ing. copiright), kursori (ing. cursor),
listingi (ing. listing), modemi (ing. modem.), meili (ing. mail),
158 Tamar lomTaZe
nouTbuqi (ing. notebook), nou-hau (ing. know-how), onlaini

(ing. on-line), oflaini (ing. off-line), pentiumi (ing. pentium, ber-
Znulidan pente), ploteri (ing. plotter), invoisi (ing. invoice),
procesori (ing. processor), saiti (ing. site), serveri (ing. ser-
ver), skaneri (ing. scanner), faili (ing. file), hakeri (ing. hacker),
hardi (ing. hard), Cati (ing. chat), skaipi (ing. skype), niki (ing.
nike), smailikebi (ing. smaile), Srifti (ing. shrift), fonti (ing.
font), boldi (ing. bold) da sxva.
kompiuterul teqnologiebTan dakavSirebuli leqsi-
ka, ZiriTadad, inglisuri enidan sazrdoobs.
viwro jgufTa leqsikuri Taviseburebani
saerTo qarTulze molaparake pirTa erToblioba

qmnis did enobriv koleqtivs — sakuTriv qarTul enobriv
koleqtivs. magram am enobrivi koleqtivis wevri imavdrou-
lad aris romelime viwro koleqtivis wevric. magaliTad,
Sedis garkveul profesiul jgufSi, an saqarTvelos ga-
rkveuli kuTxis mcxovrebia, rac aisaxeba kidec mis mier
qarTul sityvaTa gamoyenebis TaviseburebebSi, sityvaxma-
rebaSi, erTgvari gansxvaveba SeimCneva sqesis, asakis mixed-
viTac.
specifikur leqsikas Seicavs istoriulad dadastu-
rebuli saidumlo enebi, romlebsac iyenebs zogierTi Cake-
tili profesiuli jgufi — kultis msaxurni, monadireebi,
meTevzeebi da sxva. enis leqsikuri maragis gansakuTrebul
nawils Seadgens bavSvis, ufro zustad gadiebis leqsika,
romelic ixmareba patara bavSvTan urTierTobis dros.
leqsikis es fena naklebad aris Seswavlili.
qvemoT warmovadgenT viwro sametyvelo jgufebis
leqsikur TaviseburebaTa nimuSebs.
genderuli metyveleba
cnobilia, rom gareenobrivi parametrebis urTier-

TgadakveTa da urTierTSexeba qalisa da mamakacis enaSi
gansxvavebulad aisaxeba, rac ganapirobebs enaTmecnierTa
dainteresebas genderuli lingvistikiT. saqarTveloSi qa-
lisa da mamakacis verbaluri enis kvlevas sul axlaxan Cae-
yara safuZveli. Sesabamisad, bevri ram masSi dauzustebe-
lia da mxolod hipoTezebis doneze arsebobs. arsebuli ma-
sala ki sakiTxis ganzogadebisaTvis arasrulyofilia
(g. gobiani, T. meburiSvili, 2007, 135). qalTa da mamakacTa
metyvelebis TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb Tanamedrove qarTul-
Si erTi SexedviT sxvaoba TiTqmis ar SeiniSneba. albaT ami-
tomacaa, rom enis specialistebi iSviaTad aqceven yura-
dRebas am rigis specifikur enobriv movlenebs. es, ra Tqma
unda, ar niSnavs imas, rom mamakacebi da qalebi absolutu-
rad erTnairad metyveleben.
qalTa da mamakacTa metyvelebis Seswavlas udidesi
mniSvneloba eniWeba leqsikuri TvalsazrisiT.
iuridiuli fakultetis studentebisaTvis gamoce-
mul damxmare saxelmZRvaneloSi „Zveli qarTuli saojaxo
samarTali“ g. nadareiSvili pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom „qal-
Ta uflebrivi mdgomareobis gasarkvevad mkvlevarTa um-
ravlesoba ar swavlobda iseT pirvelxarisxovan wyaroebs,
romlebsac warmoadgendnen qarTuli samarTlis wignebi da
qarTuli iuridiuli dokumentebi. isini umTavresad mxat-
vrul nawarmoebebSi daculi cnobebis mixedviT cdilob-
dnen sakiTxis gadawyvetas. cxadia, folklorsa da mxat-
vrul naSromebSi dacul cnobebs, agreTve enobriv monace-
mebs didi yuradRebiT unda movekidoT. rogorc n. mari
ityoda, ena xalxis istoriis uZvelesi mowmea. amave dros,
unda vecadoT, ramdenadac amis saSualebas wyaroebis
mdgomareoba mogvcems, qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba
ojaxsa da sazogadoebaSi SeviswavloT iuridiuli praqti-
160 Tamar lomTaZe
kis masalebis mixedviT, samarTlebrivi Zeglebis analizis

saSualebiT“ (g. nadareiSvili, 1996, 32). swored SuSanikis
metyvelebis analizis Sedegad xdeba SesaZlebeli V sauku-
nis qalTa da mamakacTa socialuri mdgomareobis zogier-
Ti detalis garkveva; S. rusTavelis poemis mixedviT vgebu-
lobT imdroindel saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva fenis warmo-
madgenelTa socialuri statusis Sesaxeb da a. S.
qalTa da mamakacTa metyvelebis Taviseburebebis, ma-
Ti bunebisa Tu gamomwvevi mizezebis kvleva uamrav prob-
lemasTanaa dakavSirebuli. is, Tu riTaa gamowveuli es gan-
sxvaveba — bunebrivi sxvaobiT Tu socialuriT, xSirad ga-
mxdara sxvadasxva avtoris kvleva-Ziebis sagani. magali-
Tad, r. Sori Tvlis, rom uZvelesi profesiuli diferenci-
reba sqesis mixedviT xdeboda. mamakacsa da qals TavianTi
movaleoba ekisrebodaT sazogadoebaSi. mamakacisa da qa-
lis metyvelebis dialeqturi diferencireba aqedan unda
iRebdes saTaves, Semdeg ki, sadac SemorCa, socialuri dia-
leqtebis ieri miiRo (r. Sori, 1926). bunebrivi faqtori
gadamwyvetia zogi avtorisaTvis, romlebic, ZiriTadad,
anTropologiur, neirologiur da genetikur monacemebs
eyrdnobian (T. Jordania, 1993, 39).
fiziologiuri maxasiaTeblebiT gamowveuli sqesob-
rivi maxasiaTeblebi, ra Tqma unda, arsebobs: magaliTad,
mamakacis saxmo simebi ufro modunebulia da rxevis sixSi-
rec, Sesabamisad, dabalia qalisasTan SedarebiT. amiTaa
gamowveuli ori sqesis mkafio vokaluri diferenciacia.
magram es movlena sul sxva rigisaa da zemoT naxsenebTan
aranair kavSirSi ar aris. Tu sxvaoba signalizebulia enis
ama Tu im aspeqtis erTeulebiT (fonemebi, gramatika, leq-
sika), an mTeli enobrivi sistemiT, mizezi socialur piro-
bebs Soris unda daiZebnos (z. kikviZe, 1997, 111).
ianaSi (amerikel indielTa ena) arsebul qalTa me-
tyvelebis TaviseburebebTan dakavSirebiT jer kidev e. se-
piri aRniSnavda, rom SesaZloa reducirebuli qaluri
formebi warmoadgens sazogadoebaSi qalTa naklebad Rire-

buli statusis pirobiT simboloebs (e. sepiri, 1993, 460).
qarTuli leqsikis Seswavla adasturebs r. Soris
Tvalsazriss, rom qalTa da mamakacTa metyvelebrivi gan-
sxvaveba uSualodaa dakavSirebuli maT socialur da pro-
fesiul ganawilebasTan. sqesis kategoria mWidro kavSir-
Sia socialuri fenebis kategoriebsa da kriteriumebTan.
sqesi ar aris mxolod biologiuri da fsiqologiuri sidi-
de, igi agreTve socialuri sididea. socialuri sqesi —
genderi _ flobs garkveul enobriv saSualebebs sakuTari
socialuri mdgomareobis gamosaxatavad. magaliTad, avto-
mobilebis SemkeTeblebi, monadireebi, meTevzeebi, qvis xe-
losnebi, ZiriTadad, mamakacebi arian da am dargebTan da-
kavSirebul leqsikasac isini gamoiyeneben. agreTve, mamaka-
cebisTvisaa cnobili totalizatorTan da kompiuterul
TamaSebTan dakavSirebuli sityvebi. gansxvaveba is aris,
rom avtomobils qalebic gamoiyeneben, amitom momxmareb-
lis poziciidan, avtomobilebis nawilebTan, SekeTebasTan
dakavSirebuli leqsika, qalebisTvis naklebad, magram ma-
inc cnobilia, xolo totalizatorTan dakavSirebuli
leqsika qalebisaTvis TiTqmis ucnobia (totalizatoris
TanamSromeli qalebis garda). axalgazrdul Jargonsac
umetesad vaJebi gamoiyeneben, Tumca mniSvneloba gogoneb-
sac esmiT, magram susti sqesi ufro viwro situaciebSi
gamoiyenebs maT. narkomanebisa da damnaSaveTa Jargoni da
argoc umetesad mamakacebTanaa gavrcelebuli. rac Seexeba
medicinis muSakTa, iuristTa da. a. S. iseT profesiul Jar-
gonebs, sadac dasaqmebis xvedriTi wili mamakacebisa da qa-
lebis TiTqmis erTnairia, profesiuli Jargonebis gamoye-
nebac orive sqesis mier Tanabaria.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom qalebi rogorc fonetikur-
fonologiur, aseve morfologiur-sintaqsur sibrtyeze
ufro axlos dganan standartul enobriv ganzomilebeb-
Tan, vidre — mamakacebi. n. ladaria am faqts xsnis imiT, rom
162 Tamar lomTaZe
qalebi maRali enobrivi formebis gamoyenebiT cdiloben

ufro aRiarebulni iyvnen sazogadoebaSi, radgan salite-
raturo enaze saubari yovelTvis gaigeba, rogorc kompe-
tenturoba da inteligenturoba (n. ladaria, 2002). qalTa
maRali mgrZnobeloba prestiJuli enobrivi formebisadmi
iklebs soflebSi. g. gogolaSvilma Seiswavla d. kldiaSvi-
lis personaJTa metyveleba, romlebic ZiriTadad, soflis
mosaxleebi arian da aRmoCnda, rom swored qalebi gamoiye-
neben yovelTvis dialeqtur formebs.
Llocvisa da wyevlis formebi umetesad qalTa metyve-
lebaSia gavrcelebuli, romlis magaliTebic uxvadaa mxat-
vrul literaturaSic. marTalia, kacebi iSviaTad iwyevle-
bian, magram sazogadoeba mamakacis wyevlas ufro SiSiT Re-
bulobs. Tu qalTa wyevlis formebi mravalnairia da maT
Semoqmedebas am mxriv sazRvaric ar uCans, mamakacTa mcire
nawili, mxolod Zalian gavrcelebul wyevlis formebs iye-
nebs. aseTebia, magaliTad, gadaaSene aqedan, gawyda magaTi
jiSi, ar mosula cocxali...
Llocvebi da Selocvebic qalTa metyvelebaSia gavrce-
lebuli, magram mamakacebTan dasturdeba RmerTma gagaxa-
ros, RmerTma daglocos, aSenda Seni ojaxi da sxva Zalzed
gavrcelebuli dalocvis formebi.
dargoblivi leqsika
yvelaze mkafiod Camoyalibebul jgufebs profesiu-

li leqsika qmnis, magram mosaqmeobis ama Tu im saqmianobas-
Tan dakavSirebiTac vlindeba rigi leqsikuri Tavisebure-
bani
sanimuSod warmogidgenT nadirobis leqsikas.
samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom, rac uf-
ro diferencirebulia sazogadoeba sxvadasxva profesiul
jgufebad, miT ufro gansxvavebuli unda iyos specialuri
da saerTo-enobrivi leqsika. sazogadoebis ganviTareba
gulisxmobs ara mxolod diferenciacias calke jgufebad,

aramed maT urTierTobasac, rac iwvevs specialuri si-
tyvis damkvidrebas saerTo enaSi.
leqsikis Seswavla, garda profesiuli da asakobrivi
jgufebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTeulebisa, varaudobs
agreTve leqsikis analizs calkeul jgufTa mosaqmeobis
gaTvaliswinebiTac.
marTalia, yvelaze mkafiod Camoyalibebul leqsikur
jgufebs profesiuli da asakobrivi leqsika qmnis, magram
aranakleb sainteresoa mosaqmeobis ama Tu saxeobasTan da-
kavSirebuli leqsikuri Taviseburebani.
Aamgvar leqsikas dargobliv leqsikasac uwodeben,
radgan profesiulisa da asakobrivisagan gansxvavebiT,
sxvadasxva mxareSi aseTi sityvebi SeiZleba gansxvavebulic
iyos erTmaneTisagan. Aamitomac aris, rom dialeqturi leq-
sikis mimoxilva xSirad mocemulia dargoblivad. magali-
Tad, xevsurulisa Semdegi dargebis mixedviT: mesaqonleo-
ba, abjari da a. S.
qarTuli leqsikis dargobliv Seswavlas awarmoeben
eTnografebic, magram eTnografiul monacemebze damyare-
biT leqsikis dajgufeba mogvcems saTanado kulturuli
wris suraTs, ramdenadac es kultura aisaxeba leqsikaSi,
xolo enaTmecnieruli TvalsazrisiT Seswavla gulis-
xmobs im urTierTobis kvlevas, romelic arsebobs specia-
lur leqsikasa da saerTo enas Soris, — acxadebs b. foCxua
(b. foCxua, 1974, 214). Cveni mxridan davamatebT, rom socio-
lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT Seswavla am orive mxaris er-
Tad warmoCenas gulisxmobs.
dargoblivi leqsika Zalian axlos dgas profesiul
dialeqtebTan. profesiul dialeqtad unda miviCnioT pro-
fesiuli terminologiis, profesiuli Jargonisa da argos
erToblioba. xolo dargobriv leqsikad, ama Tu im dargi-
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli leqsika, romelSic erTiandeba am
dargis Jargoni, argo da dialeqtebsa Tu saliteraturo
164 Tamar lomTaZe
enaSi gavrcelebuli leqsikuri erTeulebi. gansxvaveba is

aris, rom profesiuli dialeqtebi ar gansxvavdebian geog-
rafiuli arealis mixedviT (magaliTad, dasavleT saqar-
TveloSi gavrcelebuli profesiuli dialeqti SeiZleba
sxvaobdes fonematurad), xolo dargoblivis leqsika te-
ritoriuli dialeqtebis mixedviT gansxvavebuli SeiZleba
iyos (magaliTad, mesaqonleobis leqsika aRmosavleTsa da
dasavleT saqarTveloSi gansxvavebulic aris, identuri
sityvebis garda).
specialuri sityvebis saerToenobrivi gavrceleba
damokidebulia im interesze, rasac mTeli sazogadoeba
iCens am specialuri saqmianobis Tu dargis mimarT. intere-
sis matebis Tu klebis mixedviT xdeba ama Tu im dargis si-
tyvebis Sesvla saerToenobriv leqsikur fondSi an am fon-
didan periferiaSi gadasvla.
monadireebi specialur sityvebs, iseve rogorc sxva
jgufis warmomadgenlebi, qmnian saxeldebis nebismierobis
principiT da emociur-eqspresiuloba aqac wamyvan rols
TamaSobs.
nadiroba dRes moduradac iTvleba da garTobisa da
dasvenebis erT-erTi saukeTeso saSualebaa. Aanu nadirobas-
Tan dakavSirebuli leqsika dargoblivTan erTad socia-
lur momentebsac Seicavs.
am jgufSi adamianebi erTiandebian ara socialuri
mdgomareobisa da profesiis mixedviT, aramed nadirobis
siyvaruliT.
Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi Seiqmna specialuri na-
krZalebi, sadac Sesvla da nadiroba fasiania. dRes bevri
nadirobis moyvaruli wuxs imis gamo, rom sanadiro saSua-
lebebi gaZvirda da ekonomikuri pirobebis gamo sanadirod
wasvlas ver axerxebs.
arsebobs sanadiro Tofebis saxeobebi. garda amisa,
nawilebsac Tavisi saxelebi aqvT. magaliTad, yvelaze ga-
vrcelebuli da iafiani Tofia tulka, tula, tozi; er-
Tlulian Tofs, romelSic 5 tyvia ideba emces eZaxian; To-

fi, romelsac lulebi erTmaneTis zemoT aqvs mijenillu-
liani, vertikaluri hqvia; Tofi, romelsac lulebi erTma-
neTis gverdiT aqvs brtyelluliani, horizontaluri
ewodeba; Tofi, romlis gadaxsnis drosac tyvia amovardeba
avtomaturad iJegtoriania; Tofi, romlis Caxmaxic ar mo-
sCans malulCaxmaxians uwodeben; orluliani Tofi orpi-
rianad moixsenieba; erTluliani Tofi — calpirianad;
prestiJuli Tofis saxeobebia: goland-golandi, zaucer
trikalca, lugeri, brauningi; Tofis wina nawils lulas
eZaxian; Tofis ukana nawili kondaxis saxeliTaa cnobili;
tyviis Casadeb adgils Caxmaxi, gadasaxsneli hqvia; sasrols
sasxlets an vibrasitels eZaxian; tyviis amosagdebi — iJeg-
tori; mizanSi amosaRebi — saniSnebeli, priceli; tyvias
rac ertymis — nemsa; Tofis Casadebi — kabura; Tofis sa-
wmendi — zumpa;
sanadirod mimaval monadireebs uamravi tyvia-wamali
sWirdebaT. dRes socialurad da finansurad saqarTvelos
mosaxleobas Soris mkveTri gansxvavebaa. amitom erTi nawi-
li mza tyviebs yidulobs, xolo maT, visac aseTi finansuri
mdgomareoba ara aqvs, an karga xnis monadirea da tyviis da-
mzadebis procesi siamovnebas aniWebs, specialurad amza-
debs.
tyviis damzadebasTan dakavSirebuli leqsikuri er-
Teulebia:
Savi feris wamali: Savi wamali

TeTri feris wamali: TeTri wamali
avtomatis tyviis wamali: avtomatis wamali
tyviis saxeobebi safantis sisqis mixedviT: Jakani, noli,
dva nolia, karteJi, erTiani, oriani.. TerTmetiani
xis instrumenti, riTac tyviis qaRalds presaven: mrgvali
kota
qaRaldi, fistonis sacobi: piJebi
166 Tamar lomTaZe
denTis sawyavi: wamlis sawyavi

fistonis sacobi: sabeWdi
piJebis dasapresi: mrgvali kota
tyviis Sesanaxi yuTi: sagilZe
welze Semosartymeli tyviebis Casawyobi: Ffalaska, patron-
taJi
monadiris sxva xelsawyoebi:
xafangis nawilebi: sakeceebi, sasxleti tafa, trosis dage-

ba, jaWvi
danis Casadebi: danis bude
adgili, sadac monadireebi tyeSi Tavs afareben: balagani
monadireebis misalmeba: silamcaRa
cxovelebsa da frinvelebs zogjer gansxvavebulad

eZaxian:
xoxobi: qilori
gareuli qaTami: valCnepi, bekasi, snaipi
ixvi: kvati
didi ixvi: xarazula
yviTeli ixvi Savi talebiT: baqos ixvi, kaspiis ixvi
Ppatara ixvi: kokorina, carskoe
wivwiva: meskia
roWo: endemuri jiSi
tyis qaTami: valdSrepi
bekasi: Wrovilo, Waobis frinveli
RaJori: ZaRlaCita
Mmgalobeli SaSvi: wripa
Ggareuli mtredi: qedani
kapoeti: Zlieri qori
Ggareuli indauri: wero
daWrili frinveli: padranka
daTvi: beber medvedi

Mmsuqani daTvi: RordaTva
gareuli Txa: arCvi
didi daTvi: yvirapi daTvi, liangi daTvi
didi Sveli: joriviT Sveli
gadafrenis periodi: perelioti
samonadireo ZaRlebi: Ggamwe Zala, pointeri, seteri, daTxa-
ri, kurcxali, laveraki, mwevari, taqsa, foqsterieri
kargi, jiSiani ZaRli: parodisti
daTvis bunagi: beCo
daTvis sacxovrebeli adgili: kldiani baZaZgva
irmis sacxovrebeli adgili: fxekiani qaSnari
nadirs win rom dauxvdebi: yelis moketva
nadirobis RmerTi: evfemia, kvirike, estate, dali
Nnanadirevis gayofa: fandi
amgvari dargobrivi, an specialuri leqsikis leqsi-
kologiuri TvalsazrisiT Seswavla gulisxmobs specia-
lur leqsikasa da saerTo enas Soris urTierTobis rkve-
vas.
diferencireba asakis mixedviT
is, rom asakobrivi gansxvavebuloba asaxulia leqsi-

kis gamoyenebaSi magaliTisaTvis asakobrivi Jargoni SeiZ-
leba davasaxeloT.
saskolo Jargoni
leqsikuri fondis klasifikacia asakobriv jgufeb-

sac moicavs axalgazrdebi yvelaze didi raodenobiT gamo-
iyeneben Jargons, argos, slengs...
asakobrivad pirveli safexuri saskolo Jargonia.
168 Tamar lomTaZe
saskolo Jargoni, rogorc saxelwodeba gviCvenebs,

gavrcelebulia skolebSi. maT iyeneben skolis moswavlee-
bi, romelTa asakic daaxloebiT 10-dan 17 wlamdea.
moswavle am asakSi garkveuli fizionomiuri, fsiqo-
logiuri da socialuri TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba. swo-
red skolaSi swavlobs bavSvi intensiur komunikacias. am
dros erTmaneTis gverdiT vlindeba:
1) kerZo interesebi: mas aqvs Tavisufali dro, rome-
lic surs gaataros Tavis megobrebTan, sadac, ZiriTadad,
gamoxataven TavianT azrebsa da miswrafebebs Tavisuflad,
yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe.
2) skola da maswavleblebi, romelTa interesi mimar-
Tulia saswavlo sagnebisadmi. maT surT daaintereson mo-
swavleebi TavianTi sagnebiT da zog SemTxvevaSi aiZulon,
Sesabamisi disciplinisadmi yuradReba gamoiCinon.
3) mSoblebis interesi, rom Svilebi mimarTon skolisa
da ganaTlebisaken, datvirTon rac SeiZleba, rom ar `gaeq-
ces~ bavSvi da didxans darCes maTi zedamxedvelobis qveS.
4) TanaklaselTa interesebi, romelic mimarTulia:
a) Tavisufal droze b) maswavlebelTa da mSobelTa mimarT.
swored am CamonaTvalidan gamomdinare, vinmes an ra-
mes winaaRmdeg yofna aiZulebT Tanatolebs solidarobi-
saken da iqmneba jgufebi, romelTa warmomadgenlebic, Zi-
riTadad, azrovnebiT, ufrosebisa da skolisadmi damoki-
debulebiT, xSirad finansuradac utoldebian erTmaneTs.
am dros, ZiriTadad, finansur daxmarebas moswavleebi iRe-
ben mSoblebisagan da ar SeuZliaT damoukideblad cxovre-
ba. amitomac maT jer ara aqvT saSualeba, ojaxis fsiqolo-
giur zemoqmedebas daaRwion Tavi.
isini, rogorc aRvniSneT, skolis moswavleebi arian.
ZiriTadad, mexuTe-meTermete klaselebi. maTi Jargonuli
sityvebis maragi mcirea da umetesoba saswavlo procesTa-
naa dakavSirebuli. magaliTad:
Castraxva — erTi an ramdenime moswavle gaacdens

unebarTvod gakveTils an gakveTilebs.
Satalo — roca mTeli jgufi wava unebarTvod skoli-
dan da gaacdens gakveTilebs.
Sefi — skolis direqtori an klasis damrigebeli.
Surika — maswavlebeli kaci, romelic saTvales ata-
rebs.
bosi — skolis direqtori.
geniosa — kargi moswavle.
Spargalka — ama-Tu im saganSi momzadebuli konspeq-
ti, romelime sakiTxisa, romelsac Cumad iweren, rom sxvam
ar SeamCnios.
aRsaniSnavia, rom maswavleblebsac da moswavleebsac
zedmet saxelebs bavSvebi garegani niSnis, funqciis, an xa-
siaTis mixedviT arqmeven.
es sityvebi yvela moswavlisaTvis cnobili da gasage-
bia.
saskolo asakis Jargons miekuTvneba e.w. kompiuteru-
li leqsika, romelic sainterneto TamaSebTanaa dakavSire-
buli. kompiuteruli TamaSebi dRes saqarTveloSi Zalian
gavrcelebulia. bavSvebi ikribebian da ejibrebian erTma-
neTs. kompiuteruli TamaSebis moyvarulebs geimerebs
uwodeben. TamaSebis saxelwodebebia: qondiSen zero, qaun-
Ter straiqi, andagraundi...
moswavleTa Jargoni Sedgeba:
1) gansakuTrebuli leqsikiT, romelic dawesebulebe-
bisaTvis (skolisaTvis) aris gankuTvnili. magaliTad, Sata-
lo, Castraxva, soCika, beTxovena, buldoga, Sefi, bosi..
2) gansakuTrebuli stilisturi, mokle gamonaTqvame-
bi, perifrazebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba moswavleTa jgu-
febSi, ama Tu im movlenisa Tu sagnis aRsaniSnavad. aseTi si-
tyvebi SeiZleba gavrcelebuli iyos mxolod erT skolaSi,
SeiZleba erT jgufSi da sxvebTan ara. magaliTad, bavSvebi,
romlebsac ar uyvarT romelime maswavlebeli da am maswav-
170 Tamar lomTaZe
lebels aqvs didi Tvalebi, eZaxian soCikas. mkacr maswavle-

bels, romelsac saxezedac mkacri gamometyveleba aqvs,
buldoga. biologiis maswavlebels — butkos. aseTi saxe-
lebi jgufidan jgufs gadaecema, Taobidan Taobas da fun-
qcionirebs mxolod erT skolaSi, erTi romelime maswav-
leblis aRsaniSnavad, magram jer kidev ar aris gavrcele-
buli ise, rom vTqvaT, yvela mkacr maswavlebels yvela
skolaSi buldogas eZaxian.
h. bauzingeris mixedviT, moswavleTa saidumlo enebs
aqvT funqcia sawinaaRmdego enisa (h. bauzingeri, 1984, 124).
saerTod evropaSi saskolo Jargoni Zalian gavrcelebu-
lia, saqarTveloSi SedarebiT naklebad, safrangeTSi li-
ceumis moswavleebi argos iyeneben TviT saSlelisa da fan-
qris gamosaxatavad (q. jaSi, 1999), magram orives aqvs saer-
To _ isini miiswrafian imisaken, rom TavianTi ena dife-
rencirebuli iyos ufrosebisagan. es aris gamorCeulobis
survili.
frangi moswavleebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia stili
„verlani“, e. i ena „piriqiT“. verlanis teqnika warmoiSva
axalgazrdobis surviliT, SeeqmnaT „saidumlo“ ena. prin-
cipi martivia: sityvis marcvlebis gadaadgileba: pirveli
marcvali xdeba bolo, anu misi warmoTqma piriqiT. saqme
arc ise martivadaa, praqtikulad sityvebis amocnoba xSi-
rad araTu Znelia, aramed TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. miuxeda-
vad amisa, dRes Tanamedrove frangul enaSi es Zalian mo-
duri da popularuli movlenaa.
verlanis gamoyeneba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom mo-
zardebs surT, ilaparakon enaze, romelic gaugebaria gar-
Semo myofTaTvis (m. sioriZe, 2007, 212).
aseTi Camoyalibebuli ena qarTvel moswavleebs na-
mdvilad ara aqvT, Tumca aqa-iq SeimCneva survili amgvari
enis Seqmnisa, rac moswavleTa argod SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
rogorc safrangeTSi, ise saqarTveloSi moswavleTa
damokidebuleba Jargonisadmi rTulia da sapirispiro.
erTni miiCneven, rom isini unda gamoiyenon da amaSi cuds

verafers xedaven, xolo meoreni acxadeben, rom es araa
qarTuli da Jargonizmebis gamoyeneba cudi aRzrdisa da
ganaTlebis arqonis bralia.
moswavleTa JargonisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia gamoye-
neba enobrivi resursebisa. magaliTad, isini gansakuTre-
bul mniSvnelobas aniWeben metaforebs, rogorc stilur
saSualebebs. amitomacaa, rom isini xSirad arsebiT saxe-
lebs zedsarTavisebr gamoiyeneben. magaliTad, moswavlis
gamonaTqvami, „buldogaa namdvili“ miuTiTebs maswavleb-
lis Tvisebaze da a.S.
franguli saskolo argos ganxilvisas q. jaSi miuTi-
Tebs, rom saskolo argosaTvis damaxasiaTebelia metafo-
rizacia, sityvaTa gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT xmareba. es
swored is xerxia, romliTac sinamdvilis sagnebisadmi da
movlenebisadmi SegviZlia gamovxatoT dadebiTi an uaryo-
fiTi damokidebuleba. magaliTad, „ancien — literaturul
enaSi niSnavs Zvels, saskolo argoSi III kursis students...~
(q. jaSi, 1999).
skolis moswavleebTan gvxvdeba
— misalmebis formulebi, mimarTvebi partnioris da-
saxelebis mixedviT (privet beso, baro irakli).
— saxeli grifiT (privetebi — bavSvebma ician, rom maT
esalmeba konkretuli piri (nika), romelic mxolod misal-
mebis am formas xmarobs).
— replikebi, aRfrTovanebiT da cudi sityvebiT (vau
— gakveTili cdeba, au — sxva maswavlebeli Semodis).
moswavleTa Jargoni ara mxolod zepirmetyvelebaa.
rogorc J-p. gudaie aRniSnavs, igi aseve mimikaa, Cvevebis
erTianobaa, romelsac mTeli lingvisturi samyaro da
TviT skolac iyenebs (J. gudaie, 1997, 10).
Tanamedrove msoflioSi Zalian gavrcelebulia az-
rebis gamoxatvis araenobrivi simboloebi, rac Cveni mo-
swavleebisaTvis (da saerTod, axalgazrdebisaTvis) Zalian
172 Tamar lomTaZe
miRebuli da gavrcelebuli movlena aRmoCnda. magaliTad,

telefonebisa da internetis saSualebiT, isini agzavnian
specialur simboloebs, romlebic maT grZnobebs da emoci-
ebs usityvodac gamoxatavs. magaliTad:
_ )))) _ sasacilo rame da saerTod gaRimebuli saxe;
: _ (((mowyenili saxe;
: _ ) kmayofili var;
: _ p SeZrwunebuli var;
: _ O gakvirvebuli var;
: _ )) Zalian mixaria da a.S.
v. vaiTis `sociolingvistikaSi~ mocemulia cxrili,
romelsac aqtiurad iyeneben germaniaSi. es gansakuTrebu-
li ena aris sakomunikacio ena, romelic Seesabameba (gamo-
xatavs) axalgazrdis fantaziasa da eqsperimentebs (Sdr.
p. Slobinski, 1993). alfaviti Sedgeba sul 23 niSnisagan () {
} < > / | \ * _ = : ; 8 9 @ P O X C D I.
skolis moswavleebTan da axalgazrdebTan am simbo-
loebs didi gamoyeneba aqvs. gansakuTrebiT sms-ebis enaSi.
sms-ebis ena gamoirCeva martivi da saxeldebiTi wina-
dadebebis gamoyenebiT, aq ekonomiurobas erT-erTi wamyva-
ni roli ekisreba. magaliTad, hi, rogor xar? modixar
uniSi? (hai, rogor xar? Mmodixar universitetSi?); mapatie,
ver gwer. tatbiri. Shexvedra. rest (mapatie, ver gwer. TaT-
biri. Sexvedra. restorani). ici datom ra momwera? (ici, da-
Tom ra momwera?) Ppasuxi: gamoushvi(gamouSvi), rac imas niS-
navs, rom momwere, rac mogwerao.
gavrcelebuli movlenaa asoebis gameoreba Zlieri
emociis gamosaxatavad. magaliTad, kiii, miyvarxaaar, gilo-
cavtttt...
rac Seexeba xatulebis gamoyenebas sms-ebSi, aq gamoi-
yeneba mxolod punqtuaciuri da grafikuli niSnebi. verba-
lur xatulebs arc mozardebi da arc mozrdilebi ar iye-
neben.
amgvarad, moswavleebi qmnian specialuri daniSnule-

biT argosa da Jargons. aqedan argo am jgufSic iqmneba ko-
munikaciis sagnis dafarvis mizniT, xolo Jargoni, maTi az-
riT, ufro emociur-eqspresiulia.
axalgazrduli Jargoni
axalgazrduli Jargonis gamoyofis safuZveli, ro-

gorc saxelwodeba gviCvenebs, sxva faqtorebTan erTad,
asakia. pirveli safexuri axalgazrduli Jargonisa aris sa-
skolo Jargoni.
skolis damTavrebis Semdeg moswavle ukve damouki-
debel pirovnebad grZnobs Tavs. igi srulwlovania da aqvs
sakuTari piradobis damadasturebeli mowmoba.
skoladamTavrebulTa erTi nawili studenti xdeba,
meore didi nawili — ufunqciod rCeba quCaSi, xolo mcire
jgufi axerxebs Semosavlis povnas. aqedan gamomdinare,
axalgazrdebis umetesi nawili finansurad jer kidev mSob-
lebzea damokidebuli da ojaxis fsiqologiuri zemoqme-
debis qveS rCebian. mcire jgufisaTvis ki swored am dros
xdeba gadasvla ojaxis mzrunvelobidan — damoukideblo-
bamde. Tumca qarTuli tradiciebidan da dRevandeli eko-
nomikuri pirobebidan gamomdinare, calke, damoukideblad
cxovreba mainc Znelia. mSoblis zrunva àiZulebT“ maT iy-
vnen am ojaxis wevrebi.
studentobis damTavrebis Semdeg, kidev axali etapi
iwyeba maT cxovrebaSi. ukve bevri maTgani damoukidebeli
xdeba, xolo erTi nawili kvlav ufunqcioa.
amrigad, axalgazrduli Jargonis matareblebi, Ziri-
Tadad, 16-30 wlis axalgazrdebi arian. marTalia, Jargo-
nizmebi Semdegac rCeba maT metyvelebaSi, magram aqtiuri
moxmarebisa da axali Jargonizmebis Seqmnis periodi, swo-
red zemodasaxelebuli asakia.
174 Tamar lomTaZe
momxmarebelTa TvalsazrisiT, swored axalgazrdu-

li Jargoni qmnis yvelaze did jgufs sxvadasxva Jargonis
saxeebidan. axalgazrdas eZaleba survili, rom Tavisi
gamorCeuli adgili moipovos sazogadoebaSi. maT surT,
rac SeiZleba male gaxdnen damoukidebelni da daimkvid-
ron sakuTari `me“.
saskolo Jargonis msgavsad, vinmes an rames winaaR-
mdeg yofna aiZulebT Tanatolebs solidarobisaken da iq-
mneba jgufebi, romelTa warmomadgenlebic azrovnebiT,
saqmianobiT zogjer finansurad da metyvelebiTac utol-
debian erTmaneTs (T. lomTaZe, 2006, 135).
axalgazrduli Jargonis nimuSebi samecniero lite-
raturaSi XIX saukunis pirvel naxevridan Cndeba. e. bori-
sova varaudobs, rom axalgazrduli Jargonis istoria Sua-
saukuneebidan unda iwyebodes da unda gamoCeniliyo dasav-
leT evropis studentTa wreSi (e. borisova, 1981, 83).
am jgufSic SesaZlebelia ufro mcire qvejgufebis
gamoyofa, magaliTad, studentTa wreSi gavrcelebuli
Jargonizmebi sxva axalgazrdebisaTvis xSirad gaugebaria.
fiz-maTi, antikuri, Semetena sagani, difi... e.i. fizika-ma-
Tematikis fakulteti, antikuri literatura, diferenci-
aluri CaTvla da a.S. swored am jgufSia gavrcelebuli
kompiuterTan dakavSirebuli Jargonizmebic.
meore didi nawili — es is jgufia, romelsac SeiZleba
sakuTriv axalgazrduli Jargonis matareblebi ewodos.
jgufis warmomadgenlebi TiTqmis yvelgan da yvela situa-
ciaSi Jargonizmebs iyeneben. aq erTiandebian skolis da-
mTavrebs Semdeg ufunqciod darCenilebi, studentTa nawi-
lic. isini TavianT metyvelebas ufro martivad miiCneven
da Tvlian, rom azri ase ufro naTlad gadmoicema. magali-
Tad, ponti niSnavs:
1) saqmes (magari ponti gaCiTa da mayuTic blomad ga-
Wra, magari ponti aagdo);
2) variants, varianti ar arsebobs (pontia, ar gamova

dRes eg saxlidan, gaqvs rame ponti?; ra pontia, rom wamovi-
de? e. i. gamova raime Cemi wamosvliT? ) da uamravi sxva niu-
ansis dasaxeleba SeiZleba, romelic axlavs am sityvas, mag-
ram yvela SemTxvevaSi aqvs mas saliteraturo qarTulSi
Sesatyvisi, Tumca isini TviTon am Sesatyvisebs TiTqmis
ver iyeneben, ver pouloben da fiqroben, rom mxolod es
Jargonizmi arsebobs ama Tu im cnebis gamosaxatavad enaSi.
Jargonze msjelobisas b. jorbenaZe aRniSnavda —
`Jargons, garda gamorCeviTobisa, meore mxarec aqvs. igi
klavs pirovnebis individualobas da yvelasa da yvela-
fers erT usaxo masad aqcevs. es ki uSualo ukuzegavlenas
axdens axalgazrdis sulier samyaroze. axalgazrdas uTu-
od aqvs Tavisi, sakuTari, sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli gancda,
SegrZneba, msoflgageba, magram mis gamosaxatavad Sesafe-
risi sityvebi ver upovia. maSin igi iol gzas irCevs da isev
da isev im sityvebs moixmars, mis wreSi rom trialebs. Tav-
dapirvelad, ra Tqma unda, igi grZnobs, rom mis azrsa da
warmoTqmul sityvas Soris didi zRvaria, magram TandaTan
eCveva am situacias, individualobis grZnoba uClungdeba,
mere ki misi azrovnebac am sityvaTa Targze aigeba da kidev
erTi individi gaxdeba usaxuri masis usaxuri nawili (b.
jorbenaZe, 1991, 12).
Jargonebi
Cven ganvixileT asakobriv jgufebTan dakavSirebuli

Jargonizmebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi, magram unda mivu-
TiToT, rom JargonTa gamoyeneba yovelTvis asakobrivad
ar xdeba. Jargonebi saerTod, SezRuduli gamoyenebis leq-
sikas ganekuTvneba.
Jargoni (franguli jargon) ewodeba zepir metyvele-
bas, romelic ixmareba SedarebiT myari socialuri jgufe-
bis wevrebs Soris urTierTobis dros da romelsac axasia-
176 Tamar lomTaZe
Tebs Taviseburebebi sityvawarmoebaSi, leqsikasa da fra-

zeologiaSi. Jargoni Cndeba erTnairi socialuri mdgoma-
reobis, interesebis, asakis, profesiis mqone pirTa jgu-
febSi. misi xmarebisas aqcenti keTdeba mocemuli jgufis
wevrobaze. es aris garkveuli etalonisadmi mibaZva. Jar-
gonizmebia, magaliTad, mayuTi — fuli, faSisti — mdida-
ri...
zogierTi socialuri jgufi, romelic Jargons iye-
nebs, Riaa da sazogadoebis organul nawils Seadgens. aseT
sityvebs zogjer slengs (inglisuri slang) uwodeben (maga-
liTad, moswavle-axalgazrdobis slengi). slengi eqspre-
siulia, Zalian aramdgradia, eqvemdebareba modas.
Jargonizmebi, romlebmac dakarges socialuri Sez-
Ruduloba, xSirad avseben mdabiuri metyvelebis leqsikas,
saidanac SeiZleba SeaRwion saliteraturo enaSi. aseT ga-
dasvlas xels uwyobs mxatvruli literatura, romelSic
Jargoni personaJTa metyvelebis dasaxasiaTeblad gamoi-
yeneba — socialur-simbolur funqcias asrulebs. e.i. Jar-
goni mwerlisaTvis kargi saSualebaa garkveuli socialu-
ri wreebis warmosaxvisaTvis. swored am mizniT iyeneben
Jargonizmebs Tanamedrove mwerlebi: aka morCilaZe, daTo
turaSvili, kote yubaneiSvili... Jargonuli leqsikoni,
romelSic Sesulia mxatvrul literaturaSi dadasture-
buli Jargonizmebi, gamosca l. bregaZem.
Jargonidan momdinare leqsika sayovelTao gavrce-
lebis SemTxvevaSic inarCunebs eqspresiulobas. salitera-
turo enis sasaubro stilSi slengidan Sevida magaliTad,
Cawyoba, ZonZebi, xaltura.
Caketili socialuri jgufebis Jargoni ixmareba da-
narCeni sazogadoebisagan izolaciis mizniT. es aris, ro-
gorc wesi, konspiraciis saSualeba (saidumlo kodi). ase-
Tia, magaliTad, azartuli TamaSebis moyvarulTa, qurde-
bisa da narkomanebis Jargonebi, romlebsac zogjer argos
(franguli argot) uwodeben. argo erTi an ramdenime buneb-
rivi enidan nebismierad aRebuli da saxecvlili elemente-

bis erTobliobaa.
specialur literaturaSi Jargonisa da argos gan-
martebebi xSirad emTxveva erTmaneTs, Tumca aucilebelia,
gavmijnoT. Tu sityva komunikaciis dafarvis mizniT ixma-
reba — argoa, xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi — Jargoni.
Jargonizmebis ZiriTadi nawili miiReba sesxebis an
semantikuri gardaqmnis gziT.
calke gamoiyofa profesiuli Jargoni, anu specia-
luri slengi — dadablebuli stilis arasaliteraturo
leqsika, damaxasiaTebeli profesiulad gankerZoebul
pirTa arasaidumlo metyvelebisTvis. profesionalizmebi,
Cveulebriv, oficialuri terminebis dubletebia. magali-
Tad, tvini — kompiuteris mexsiereba, zeStati — anazRaure-
badi Warbi datvirTva.
dialeqtizmebi
dialeqtizmebi (kuTxuri sityvebi, provincializme-

bi) sayovelTaod ar ixmareba. isini mxolod erTi kuTxis
mcxovrebTa metyvelebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. maT
SeiZleba hqondeT fonetikuri, derivaciuli, semantikuri
da sxva Taviseburebebi. saerTod, leqsikuri dialeqtizme-
bis Seswavlisas ver iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli calke si-
tyvebSi gamomJRavnebuli sxvaoba im bgeriTi da sityvawar-
moebiTi Taviseburebebisa, rac mocemuli kilosaTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli. es Taviseburebani sistemur xasiaTs ata-
reben da, maSasadame, regularulad upirispirdebian saer-
To enis sityvawarmoebiTsa da fonetikur struqturas (ma-
galiTad, douZaxeb, wuma...). aseTi sityvebi TviT dialeq-
tur leqsikonebSic ar iqneba registrirebuli bevr Se-
mTxvevaSi.
rodesac saerToenobriv leqsikaSi dialeqtizmebis
Sesaxeb laparakoben, upirveles yovlisa, ivaraudeba sa-
178 Tamar lomTaZe
kuTriv leqsikuri dialeqtizmebi, anu dialeqturi sityve-

bi (CiCxa- Ria Wreli Tvalebi, bazi- simwifeSi Sesuli lo-
bio an simindi). abraxdoma — xmis gacema, dalaparakeba(xev-
suruli); moyvare — colis naTesavi ( imeruli); kerketi —
magari, mkvrivi (leCxumuri).
dialeqturi leqsika enis simdidrea. yovel kuTxeSi
lokalizebulia aTasobiT sityva, romlis mniSvneloba me-
ore kuTxisaTvis xSir SemTxvevaSi sruliad ucnobia.
dialeqturi leqsika Sedis enis mTlian sityvobriv
maragSi. is unda aisaxos ara enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi,
aramed specialuri daniSnulebis dialeqtur leqsikonSi.
dialeqtur leqsikaSi sam fenas gamoyofen: ZiriTad
nawils dialeqturi leqsikisas qmnis saerToenobrivi si-
tyvebi, namemkvidrevi im uZvelesi droidan, rodesac dia-
leqturi gansxvaveba minimaluri iyo da saerToqarTuli
ena warmodgenili iyo met-naklebad monoliTuri leqsiku-
ri fondiT. aq Semodis yvela sxva saerToqarTuli sityva,
romelic ki dialeqtebSi gvxvdeba.
dialeqturi leqsikis meore Semadgenel nawils war-
moadgens ama Tu im dialeqtisaTvis (an dialeqtTa jgufi-
saTvis) damaxasiaTebeli nasesxobani, magaliTad, Turqu-
lidan nasesxebi pakani (Tambaqos saWreli aWarulSi); zanu-
ri jimadi (biZa, deidis qmari) qvemoimerulSi da sxv.
danarCeni leqsikuri masala ama Tu im dialeqtSi lo-
kalizmia, axali, dialeqtSi Seqmnili sityvaa, romelic sa-
Tanado kuTxisaa da mis mcxovrebTa bunebrivsa da istori-
ul pirobebs asaxavs: ormosavala (abreSumis Wiis jiSi) gu-
rulSi, banduli (sabandiT gamoWrili Custi) xevsurulSi
da a.S.
rodesac dialeqtur leqsikaze vlaparakobT, simar-
tivisaTvis saerTo saliteraturo qarTulSi normad dam-
kvidrebulisagan gansxvavebul sityvebs vgulisxmobT, mag-
ram ar unda vifiqroT, TiTqos sakuTriv enobrivi Tval-
sazrisiT aq or mkafiod gamijnul fondTan gvqondes saqme.
saerTo samwerlobo qarTulis sityvebic, garda uSualod

samwerlo gziT nasesxebi masalisa (patriarqi, filosofia...),
an samwerlo enaSi sagangebod nawarmoebi fuZeebisa (TviT-
mfrinavi...), bunebrivia, cocxali metyvelebidan, e.i. isev
kiloebidan, dialeqtebidan momdinareobs.
dialeqturi leqsika mwerlobisaTvis sityvobrivi ma-
salis amouwuravi salaroa. aseulobiT kuTxuri sityva
damkvidrebula saliteraturo enis saganZurSi mwerlobis
meSveobiT.
dialeqturi sityvebi, Tu maT saerTo samwerlobo
qarTulis leqsikasTan SepirispirebiT ganvixilavT, or
jgufad SeiZleba davyoT:
1) samwerlo qarTulSi damkvidrebuli sityvebis dub-
letebi da
2) Seunacvlebeli sityvebi, romelTac saliteratu-
ro enaSi sinonimebi ar moepovebaT.
dialeqtur dubletebSi SeiZleba calke gamovyoT
iseTi sityvebi, romlebic literaturul wyaroebSi dadas-
turebulia (gemoiani, imeruli — gemrieli (n. lorTqifani-
Ze); cxori, moxeuri cxvari (al. yazgegi). aseTi leqsikuri
erTeulebi ZiriTadad, personaJis metyvelebaSia dadas-
turebuli.
dialeqturi warmomavlobis leqsikuri dubletebi
saerTo enaSi zogjer CarCeba xolme. marTalia, bevri maT-
gani SemdgomSi erTgvar asimilacias ganicdis — egueba sa-
erTo enis leqsikur fonds, iZens stilistur Tavisebure-
bebs da, maSasadame, saerTo enaSi damkvidrebis uflebasac.
Seunacvlebeli sityvebi or jgufad iyofa. erTia —
saliteraturo enaSi ukve Sesuli — mweralTa mier TavianT
nawerebSi gamoyenebuli sityvebi (magaliTad, diagona, er-
Tgvari yvavili (vaJa). meore jgufs Seadgens iseTi sityve-
bi, romlebic literaturul nawarmoebebSi ar aris dadas-
turebuli.
bilCi — tvirTis zurgze mosakidebeli sabeli (fSauri);
180 Tamar lomTaZe
saxreSi — wisqvilis qvis mosakodavi rkinis piriani

iaraRi (qarTluri).
Tavisi bunebiT es sityvebi metwilad saerTo enis
kuTvnilebas warmoadgens, imis miuxedavad, dadasturebu-
lia Tu ara isini literaturaSi; saerTo samwerlo enaSi
maT fardi ar moepovebaT. amitom, unda vifiqroT, rom isi-
ni adre Tu gvian daubrkolebliv daiWeren adgils saerTo
qarTul leqsikur fondSi.
dialeqtizmebis gamoyeneba mxatvrul teqstSi sami
mizeziTaa Sepirobebuli:
a) saliteraturo enaSi ar ipoveba ama Tu im dialeq-
tSi gamoyenebul formaTa ekvivalentebi — dialeqtizmi am
SemTxvevaSi avsebs saliteraturo enis xarvezebs;
b) dialeqtizmebi gamoiyeneba adgilobrivi kolori-
tis Sesaqmnelad — am dros dialeqtizmebs wminda mxatvru-
li daniSnuleba aqvT;
g) mwerals ereva saliteraturo da dialeqturi
formebi anda Segnebulad amjobinebs dialeqtizmebs nor-
miT rekomendebul formebs. zogjer amas dadebiTi Sedegi-
ca aqvs — xdeba trafaretad qceuli gamoTqmebis ganedle-
ba, gaxaliseba, magram umetesad aseT SemTxvevebSi salite-
raturo ena zedmetad itvirTeba uxeSi, dauxvewavi forme-
biT.
dialeqturi leqsikiT uxvad sazrdoobda qarTuli
samecniero terminologia. dialeqtebidanaa Semosuli
lilvi, bazo, kveJo... qarTuli enis dialeqturi mravalfe-
rovneba am SemTxvevaSi isev da isev saliteraturo enis gam-
didrebasa da gamravalferovnebas Seewia.
kiloebidan momdinare sityvebis Sesvla-damkvidreba
saerTo saliteraturo qarTulSi kargad asaxavs salite-
raturo qarTulis dialeqturi bazis mniSvnelovan gafar-
Toebas, cocxali metyvelebis mzard rols saerToqarTu-
li leqsikuri fondis gamdidrebaSi.
ratom aris politikur-ekonomikuri leqsikis didi nawili

nasesxebi?
ratom aris politikur-ekonomikur sferoSi nasesxobebis
gamoyeneba xelsayreli?
ZiriTadad, romeli enidanaa nasesxebi politikur-ekonomiku-
ri leqsika?
rodidan iwyebs ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi kompiuteruli
teqnologiebTan dakavSirebuli leqsika da riTaa gamowveuli
misi gaaqtiureba?
garda enobrivi niSnebisa, ras iyeneben xSirad internetis
momxmareblebi?
ra ganapirobebs enaTmecnierTa dainteresebas genderuli lin-
gvistikiT?
saidan unda iRebdes saTaves r. Soris azriT mamakacisa da
qalis metyvelebis diferenciacia?
r. Sori Tvlis, rom uZvelesi profesiuli diferenci-
leqtebis ieri miiRo
ra SemTxvevaSia ufro gansxvavebuli specialuri da saerTo
leqsika?
ras uwodeben dargobliv leqsikas?
ras gulisxmobs dargoblivi leqsikis eTnografiuli da
enaTmecnieruli Seswavla?
riT gansxvavdeba profesiuli da dargoblivi leqsika?
sad aris gavrcelebuli saskolo Jargoni?
ra funqcia aqvT moswavleTa saidumlo enebs bauzingeris mo-
sazrebis mixedviT?.
ra mizniT qmnian moswavleebi Jargonsa da argos?
182 Tamar lomTaZe
Jargonis momxmarebelTa TvalsazrisiT romeli jgufia yve-

laze didi?
daaxasiaTeT axalgazrduli Jargoni b. jorbenaZis mi-
xedviT:
ras ewodeba Jargoni da sadauri warmomavlobis sityvaa igi?
ras uwodeben slengs?
vin gamosca saqarTveloSi Jargonis leqsikoni?
ras ewodeba argo da riT gansxvavdeba igi Jargonisagan?
ras ewodeba profesiuli Jargoni?
ras ewodeba dialeqtizmi?
ramden fenas gamoyofen dialeqtur leqsikaSi?
ramden jgufad SeiZleba davyoT dialeqturi sityvebi samwer-
lobo qarTulis leqsikasTan SepirispirebiT?
rogor axdenen dialeqturi dubletebis diferencirebas?
ramden jgufad yofen Seunacvlebel sityvebs?
ramdeni mizeziTaa Sepirobebuli dialeqtizmebis gamoyeneba
mxatvrul teqstSi?
davaleba: gaixseneT TqvenTvis nacnobi dargi da daa-

saxeleT da axseniT masTan dakavSirebuli leqsikuri erTe-
ulebis mniSvnelobebi.
davaleba: waikiTxeT vaJa-fSavelasa da daviT kldi-
aSvilis nawarmoebebi da miuTiTeT ra mizezebiTaa gamowve-
uli dialeqtizmebis gamoyeneba maT nawarmoebebSi.
davaleba: ra SemTxvevaSi igrZnoba Tanamedrove qar-
TulSi qalTa da mamakacTa Soris metyvelebrivi sxvaoba?
daadastureT magaliTebiT.
davaleba: waikiTxeT aka morCilaZis, daTo turaSvi-
lisa da sxva Tanamedrove mweralTa nawarmoebebi da miuTi-
TeT ra mizniT iyeneben mwerlebi Jargonebs.
davaleba: daasaxeleT da ganmarteT studentTa wre-
Si gavrcelebuli Jargonebis mniSvnelobebi.
terminologia
terminis (laT. terminus — zRvari, sazRvari) ramdenime

ganmarteba arsebobs. qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediaSi mo-
cemuli gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, termini aris, sityva (an
Sesityveba), romelsac iyeneben romelime specialuri dar-
gis cnebis an specialuri sagnis aRsaniSnavad. ama Tu im
enaSi termini SeiZleba iyos nasesxebi an kalkirebuli sa-
erTaSoriso sityva (magaliTad, qarTuli gramatikis ter-
minebidan „subieqti“ nasesxebia, „qvemdebare“ — kalkirebu-
li). termini SeiZleba sagangebod Seiqmnas (magaliTad,
„TurmeobiTi“) an kidev arsebuli, Cveulebriv saxmari si-
tyva gamoyenebul iqnes terminad (magaliTad, „brunva“).
logikaSi termini aris formaluri enis iseTi gamo-
saxuleba, romelic aRniSnavs an romelsac SeuZlia aRniS-
nos sagani. aristoteles silogistikasa da tradiciul
logikaSi termini ewodeba msjelobisa da da daskvnis (si-
logiamis) im Semadgenel nawilebs, romlebic aRniSnaven sa-
ganTa Tvisebebs an klasebs. magaliTad, msjelobaSi „yvela
adamiani aris mokvdavi arseba“ — „adamiani“ da „mokvdavi ar-
seba“ terminebia.
terminebi — codnis an moRvaweobis specialuri dar-
gebis tipobriv cnebaTa aRmniSvneli leqsikuri erTeule-
bia (T. gamyreliZe, 2003, 396).
terminTa sistemas terminologia ewodeba. termini
sityvaa, magram yoveli sityva termini ar aris da arc SeiZ-
leba iyos. termini cnebis aRmniSvneli sityvaa, an sityviT
gamoxatuli cneba. terminologiis funqcia saTanado dar-
gis specialistTa Soris optimaluri urTierTgagebis mi-
Rwevaa, amitom mTavari moTxovna, romelic waeyeneba ter-
minad gamoyenebul sityvas aris sizuste, erTmniSvnelia-
noba, lakonuroba, esTetikuri, gamomsaxvelobiTi da moda-
luri neitraluroba. is maqsimaluri sizustiTa da siswo-
184 Tamar lomTaZe
riT unda gamoxatavdes Sesabamis cnebas. Tumca aqve isic

unda aRvniSnoT, rom ar arsebobs mecnierebis romelime
dargis terminologia, romelSic yvela es niSani miRweuli
iyos.
terminTa Semswavlel disciplinas terminTmcodne-
oba ewodeba.
enis leqsikur sistemaSi terminologia, pirvel rig-
Si, Tavisi funqciis safuZvelze gamoiyofa. igi salitera-
turo enis Zalze aqtiurad xmarebuli da maqsimalurad
marTvadi nawilia. terminebi informaciulad sxva leqsi-
kur erTeulebze ufro metad arian datvirTuli. isini sin-
Tezurad gamoxataven imas, rac analizurad definiciiT
gamoixateba. terminebi neitraluri Sefasebis leqsikas
ganekuTvneba, maT eqspresiuloba ar axasiaTebT.
terminologia imdengvaria, ramdenic codnis sferoa.
mecnierebis, teqnikis, kulturis axali dargebis Seqmnis-
Tanave Cndeba misi Sesaferisi terminologia. icvleba,
zustdeba, ixveweba arsebuli terminologia, xmarebidan
gamodis moZvelebuli termini da Cndeba axali. mecniere-
bis, kulturis, ekonomikis ganviTareba Tavis asaxvas pou-
lobs terminTa samyaroSic.
terminebis Seqmna dakavSirebulia axali realiebis
saxeldebasTan; terminologia realobisT. Seswavlis Sede-
gia. igi garkveul msoflmxedvelobas asaxavs. droTa gan-
mavlobaSi garesamyaros Sesaxeb adamianTa codna icvleba,
viTardeba, ris gamoc zogierTi terminis Sinaforma SeiZ-
leba winaaRmdegobaSi movides im cnebis SinaarsTan, ro-
melsac igi aRniSnavs. aseT SemTxvevebSi miiReba e.w. cruma-
-
orientirebeli terminebi. magaliTad, atomi (berZnuli
atomos dauSladi)... yoveli termini Sedis romelime termin-
TsistemaSi, romlis gareT igi determinologizacias ga-
nicdis da sayovelTaod xmarebuli xdeba. magaliTad, sim-
ptomi — niSani. sapirispiro procesia terminologizacia
— terminad gadaqceva. magaliTad, gamJRavneba (fotogra-

fiaSi).
amgvarad, zRvari terminologiur da araterminolo-
giur leqsikas Soris pirobiTia. zogjer termini erTi
dargidan meoreSi gadadis, rasac Tan sdevs mniSvnelobis
gardaqmna. magaliTad, amgvari reterminologizaciis Se-
degad aris miRebuli veli — enaTmecnierebaSi, romelic
fizikidan Semosuli terminia, aseve valentoba — qimiidan
enaTmecnierebaSi Semosuli terminia. terminebi iqmneba
enaSi ukve arsebuli erTeulebis safuZvelze an sesxebis
gziT. isini emorCilebian im fonetikur da gramatikul ka-
nonebs, romlebic mocemul enaSi moqmedeben. sakmaod bevri
termini sakuTari saxelebidan momdinareobs: volti, ber-
Toles marili...
zogierTi termini sayovelTaod gasagebia, farTod
ixmareba, zogi ki viwrospecialuria. Sdr., erTi mxriv —
kvadrati, diagnozi da meore mxriv — fitofagi (biologiis
termini). Tuki viwrospecialuri termini xSirad gvxvdeba
presaSi, mxatvrul literaturaSi da a.S., igi TandaTan sa-
yovelTaod gasagebi da xmarebuli xdeba.
magaliTad, presasa Tu mxatvrul literaturaSi xSi-
rad gvxvdeba msjeloba medicinis sakiTxebze, romlebSic,
bunebrivia, bevri terminologiuri sityva aris gamoreu-
li. zog SemTxvevaSi termins ganmarteba Tan axlavs: reani-
macia (gacocxleba), toqsikuri (momSxamveli). zogi termini
sayovelTaod gasagebia da ar saWiroebs ganmartebas: acra,
malaria.. samarTlianad miuTiTeben, rom samecniero-popu-
laruli literaturis meSveobiT xdeba terminTa determi-
nologizacia. m. javaxiSvilis „patara dedakaci“ eqimebis
cxovrebas exeba. Tumca medicina aq mxolod fonia, magram,
bunebrivia, samedicino terminologiac aris gamoyenebuli
koloritisaTvis. viwro specialuri sityvebi (sayovelTa-
od gasagebi rom araa) am moTxrobaSi TiTqmis mxolod eqim-
Ta metyvelebaSi, dialogebSi vlindeba, Tanac imgvarad,
186 Tamar lomTaZe
rom moTxrobis Sinaarsis mimdinareobaSi garkvevas xels

ar SeuSlis maTi ucodinaroba. magaliTad, „es morfinia, es
ki... da mere wamalic daasaxela“. mkiTxveli igebs, rom mor-
fini raRac wamalia da metis codna mas ar esaWiroeba.
avtori eqimTa dialogSi moxerxebulad urTavs gan-
martebas, romelic namdvilad gankuTvnilia ara Tanamosa-
ubre eqimis, aramed mkiTxvelisaTvis. gansamartavi gamoT-
qma am SemTxvevaSi mxolod koloritis Sesaqmnelad ki ar
aris gamoyenebuli, aramed misi mniSvnelobis codna saWi-
roa moTxrobis SinaarsSi garkvevisaTvis.
struqturis mixedviT gamoiyofa martivi (erTsi-
tyviani) da Sedgenili (Sesityvebebis saxiT arsebuli) ter-
minebi (marTi kuTxe).
terminTsitemis Camoyalibebis aucilebeli pirobaa
mocemul dargSi codnis sakmarisad maRali donis arsebo-
ba. terminologiuri sistema maSin aris sicocxlisunaria-
ni, rodesac igi mowesrigebulia da amasTanave, rodesac
terminTa Sinaarsi da gamoxatuleba kargad Seefardeba er-
TmaneTs. terminTsistemebSi yvela erTeuls unda hqondes
definicia (es ar exeba pirveladi cnebebis aRmniSvnel ter-
minebs). mocemuli dargis farglebSi termini monosemiuri
unda iyos. im terminebs, romlebic sxvadsxva dargSi ixma-
reba dargTaSorisi omonimuri terminebi ewodeba. ase-
Tia, magaliTad, reaqcia (qimiaSi, fsiqologiaSi, istoria-
Si) da sxva.
terminebi iqmneba enaSi ukve arsebuli erTeulebis
safuZvelze an sesxebis gziT. qarTulSi cnobilia i. petri-
wis mier (gonieri, upiratesi), efrem mciris (arsi, mecnie-
reba), i. WavWavaZis (Sinaarsi, Rirebuleba), d. uznaZis (aRq-
ma, ganwyoba, ), v. beriZis (Svebuleba) da sxva.
terminTsistemebi, rogorc wesi, Riaa, isini ivseba
axali erTeulebiT mecnierebisa da teqnikis ganviTarebas-
Tan erTad. axali terminiT Zvelis Senacvlebisas SeiZleba
dubletebi miviRoT, rac tvirTavs mexsierebas da arTu-
lebs aRqmas. amitom zogjer sjobs ukve damkvidrebuli,

Tundac uaresi terminis SenarCuneba. dubletebis gaCena
SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos Semoklebul terminTa xmare-
biTac, agreTve xSiria dublireba terminTa sesxebis dros.
zogierT dargSi upiratesad romelime enidan nases-
xebi terminebi gvxvdeba, magaliTad, sportuli termino-
logia ZiriTadad inglisuri warmomavlobisaa, musikis —
italiuri, baletis — franguli, teqnikis — germanuli.
Zalian grZeli terminebi araekonomiuria, xSirad ik-
vecebian, rasac SeiZleba polisemiis gaCena mohyves.
arsebuli terminTsistemebis tipobrivi naklovane-
bebidan aRsaniSnavia: terminTa sinonimia, polisemia (erTi
dargis farglebSi), erTgvarovan terminTa (antonimebis)
araerTgvarovani struqtura, Zalian Zneli da Znelad
warmosaTqmeli, agreTve „crumaorientirebeli“ termine-
bis arseboba.
terminologiaSi idealuri viTareba maSin gvaqvs, ro-
ca cnebac internacionaluria da terminic. internaciona-
luri terminebi marjve da mosaxerxebelia, ara imitom rom
aadvilebs urTierTgagebas sxvadasxva qveynis mkvlevarTa
Soris, aramed imitomac, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi lakonu-
ria. lakonurobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSania erTsityvia-
noba (p. cxadaia, 1988, 9)
terminTsistemis mowesrigebas xels uwyobs leqsiko-
nebsa da cnobarebSi terminTa fiqsireba da ganmarteba.
leqsikonebSi xSirad aris miTiTebuli im dargze, saidanac
saerTo enaSi Semosula esa Tu is sityva. magaliTad, gan-
martebiT leqsikonSi centrosferos axlavs kvalifikacia
„geol.“, rac imas niSnavs, rom es sityva geologiis termi-
nologiis kuTvnilebaa da a.S. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven Ta-
visuflad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qarTuli gamoiyeneba ara
marto sayovelTao saubrisaTvis da elementaruli komu-
nikaciis moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad, aramed igi
Tanamedrove mecnierebisa da teqnikis enac aris.
188 Tamar lomTaZe
terminologiisagan unda ganvasxvavoT nomenklatu-

ra — ama Tu im dargis specifikuri kerZo obieqtebis saxel-
wodeba. maTi raodenoba SeiZleba Zalian didi iyos. termi-
nebi nomenklaturisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom maklasifi-
cirebeli definiciebi aqvT da amasTanave, terminebi ab-
straqtul cnebaTa aRmniSvnel leqsemebs moicaven xolme.
nomenklaturas ganekuTvneba magaliTad, wamlebis, qimiuri
elementebis, mdinareebis saxelwodebebi da sxva.
ganmarteT termini qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediaSi mocemuli

ganmartebis Tanaxmad, sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa igi?
ras ewodeba terminologia?
ra aris terminisadmi wayenebuli mTavari moTxovna?
ras ewodeba terminTmcodneoba?
rasTan aris dakavSirebuli axali terminebis Seqmna?
ra SemTxvevaSi miiReba crumaorientirebeli terminebi?
ras niSnavs determinologizacia da terminologizacia?
ras niSnavs reterminologizacia?
ramden jgufad iyofa terminebi struqturulad?
ras ewodeba dargTaSorisi omonimuri terminebi?
ra aris terminTsistemebis naklovanebebi?
rodis gvaqvs terminologiaSi idealuri viTareba?
ra aris nomenklatura?
davaleba: CamoTvaleT nasesxebi enaTmecnieruli

terminebi da miuTiTeT moepovebaT Tu ara maT qarTuli
Sesatyvisebi.
davaleba: enaTmecnieruli terminebis magaliTze da-
asaxeleT sinonimuri terminebi.
davaleba: daasaxeleT enaTmecnieruli terminebidan
romelia crumaorientirebeli.
leqsikis stilistikuri diferencireba
Tanamedrove qarTuli enis stilebis Camoyalibeba:

samwerlobo leqsika, zepirmetyvelebis leqsika.
Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis mraval-

planianoba da polivalentovneba TavisTavad ganapirobebs
mis mravalmxriv funqcionalur da stilistikur ganStoe-
bas. sityvaTa arCeva da erTmaneTTan dakavSireba ganpiro-
bebulia ara marto informaciis gadacemis amocaniT, ara-
med im situaciiT, romelSic komunikacia xorcieldeba.
enaSi mocemulia erTi da imave azris gadmocemis sxvadas-
xva saSualebebi, romelTagan molaparake erT-erTs irCevs
sametyvelo aqtis gamiznulobis Sesabamisad. enis am sino-
nimur resursebs Seiswavlis stilistika. misi ZiriTadi sa-
gania funqciuri stili (laT. Stilus — saweri, weris manera).
ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi adamianTa urTierTobebi
rTuli da mravalmxrivia. es garemoeba enaSic aisaxeba da
ganapirobebs mis stilur diferenciacias. ZiriTad sti-
lur opozicias qmnian stilurad neitraluri anu stilTa-
Sorisi da stilurad Seferili, araneitraluri enobrivi
saSualebebi.
stilurad Seferili erTeulebi iyofa ufro maRali
(wignis) da dabali (sasaubro) stilis erTeulebad. am opo-
zicias zogjer enis weriTi da zepiri formebis dapirispi-
rebasTanac akavSireben, magram es dakavSireba pirobiTia.
magaliTad, megobrisadmi miweril werilSi savsebiT buneb-
rivia sasaubro stilis gamoyeneba, zepir samecniero mo-
xsenebaSi — weriTi metyvelebis stilisa.
stilisturad neitraluri enobrivi saSualebebi ix-
mareba sayovelTaod, metyvelebis nebismier tipSi, nebismi-
eri saxis situaciaSi, anu nebismier stilur registrSi, e. i
komunikaciis sxvadasxva saxeobaSi. stilurad markirebuli
190 Tamar lomTaZe
enobrivi saSualebebi damaxasiaTebelia molaparakeTa zo-

gierTi jgufisaTvis an metyvelebis garkveuli registri-
saTvis.
gamoyenebis sferos mixedviT Tanamedrove salitera-
turo enaSi ganirCeva leqsikis sxvadasxva stiluri fena:
sayovelTao-saliteraturo, teqnikuri, publicisturi,
oficialur-saqmiani, samecniero stilis leqsika. qarTuli
enis leqsika ise mdidari arasdros yofila, rogorc amJa-
mad aris, roca qarTulad ena aidga yvela mecnierebam. am
mecnierebaTa nawili ukanaknel saukuneebSi Seiqmna, maTi
cnebebi winaT ar arsebobda.
sayovelTao-saliteraturo stilis leqsika ixmareba
adamianTa urTierTobis sxvadasxva sferoSi, sxvadasxva si-
tuaciaSi. igi stilTaSorisia, xolo aq CamoTvlili danar-
Ceni stiluri fenebis leqsika maRal stils ganekuTvneba.
dabali stilisaa saliteraturo enis sasaubro leqsika —
uSualo, araoficialuri, magram ara uxeSi.
samecniero da teqnikuri stilis leqsika ZiriTadad
terminologias moicavs.
biurokratiul dokumentebSi gamoiyeneba kancela-
rizmi (laT. cancellarius gadamweri) — oficialur saqmiani
stilis leqsika da frazeologia, magaliTad, samsaxureob-
rivi, gankargva, mobinadre. es leqsika SeiZleba imavdrou-
lad iuridiul, an diplomatiur terminologias warmoad-
gendes. sagazeTo-politikuri an publicisturi stilisaa
magaliTad, mSvidobismyofeli, alagmva.
zogjer calke gamoyofen mxatvrul, poetur stils,
romelSic xSiria arqauli leqsikis xmareba, magaliTad,
Rawvi, mnaTobi, gasxivosnebuli.
leqsikonebSi stilisturi miniSnebebi xSirad araer-
Tgvarovani da winaaRmdegobrivia, ar aris calsaxad gamij-
nuli neitraluri da stilisturad Seferili leqsika.
droTa ganmavlobaSi leqsemis stili SeiZleba Seicva-

los. magaliTad, rameTu winaT maRal stils ganekuTvnebo-
da, amJamd neitraluri stilisaa.
stilisturi gansxvavebebi damaxasiaTebelia calkeu-
li derivaciuli morfemebisTvisac, magaliTad, afiqsi aR
— aRmarTva ufro xSirad maRali stilisaa, misgan gansxva-
vebiT, uka — biWuka, dabal stils ganekuTvneba.
is leqsemebi da frazemebi, romelTa mniSvnelobaSi
Sedis SefasebiTi komponenti, konotacia — cxadad gamoxa-
tuli dadebiTi an uaryofiTi Sefaseba, ganekuTvneba leq-
sikur-eqspresiul enobriv erTeulTa ricxvs. es erTeule-
bi aformeben emociur, afeqtur metyvelebas: isini dakav-
Sirebulia molaparakis mier grZnobaTa gamovlenasTan. Se-
fasebiTi elementi vlindeba neitralur sinonimTan Seda-
rebisas. magaliTad, xuxula -saxli, vaJbatoni — vaJi, zozi-
na -neli.
konotacia xSirad gamoixateba sityvis SinaformiT,
afiqsebiT, bgerweriT.
dadebiT Sefasebas zogjer maRal stils ukavSireben,
uaryofiTs — dabals, rac marTebuli ar aris. okupanti, bi-
urokrati maRali stilis leqsemebia, magram denotatisa-
dmi uaryofiT damokidebulebas gamoxatavaven. putkuna,
pawia sasaubro, dabali stilis leqsemebia, romelTac da-
debiTi Sefaseba axlavT.iseve rogorc maRali da dabali
stilis erTeulebs, dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Sefasebis mqo-
ne erTeulebsac SeiZleba svadasxva interpretacia mieces.
magaliTad, kacuna mosaferebeli an damamcirebelia — kon-
teqstis mixedviT. maRali stilis leqsikuri erTeulebi
xSirad ironiul konteqstSi gvxvdeba da maSin metyveleba-
Si maT xmarebas uaryofiTi Sefaseba ukavSirdeba. nebismi-
erma erTeulma garkveul konteqstSi SeiZleba dadebiTi an
uaryofiTi Sefaseba gamoxatos, rac enobrivi sistemis
faqts yovelTvis rodi warmoadgens (T. gamyreliZe, 2003,
382).
192 Tamar lomTaZe
mkveTrad uaryofiTi Sefaseba gamoixateba vulga—

rizmebiT (laT. vulgaris ubralo, Cveulebrivi). es aris daux-
veweli, zogjer daudevari, dabali stilis leqsika, rome-
lic dauSvebelia zrdilobian metyvelebaSi. magaliTad,
moeTra, daegdo.
zogjer amgvari sityvebi da frazebi tabuirebulia.
ra ganapirobebs enis stilur diferenciacias?

ra qmnis ZiriTadad stilur opozicias?
ramden jgufad iyofa stilurad Seferili erTeulebi?
romelia gamoyenebis sferos mixedviT leqsikis stiluri fe-
nebi?
ra aris kancelarizmi?
rogoria leqsikonebSi stilisturi miniSnebebi?
davaleba: gadaavleT Tvali bolodroindel poezias

da amowereT poeturi stilis sityvebi.
davaleba: gadaxedeT qarTuli enis ganmartebiTsa da
sulxan-sabas leqsikonebs. moiyvaneT magaliTebi, romleb-
sac stilisturi miniSnebebi aqvs.
frazeologia
idiomebi, andazebi, frTiani gamoTqmebi...
myar SesityvebaTa erTobliobas frazeologia (berZ.

phrasis gamonaTqvami, logos sityva, moZRvreba) ewodeba. imave
terminiT aRiniSneba is dargi, romelic enis frazeologi-
ur Sedgenilobas Seiswavlis.
frazemebi leqsemaTa mudmivi konteqstis safuZvel-
ze miiReba. amgvar SesityvebaTa zogierTi an yvela kompo-
nentis mniSvneloba gardaqmnilia metaforis, metonimiisa
Tu sxva formiT. frazemaTa struqturis mdgradoba imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom maTi komponentebis Senacvlebadoba Se-
zRudulia. sityvaformaTa rigi umeteswilad fiqsirebu-
lia, komponentebs Soris sxva sityvaformebis Casma, ro-
gorc wesi, akrZalulia, magaliTad,gvaqvs drois mokvla,
magram ar vambobT — didi drois mokvla.
struqturuli da semantikuri wesebi, ara marto myar,
aramed Tavisufal SesityvebebSic moqmedeben. meore mxriv,
frazemebi absoluturad ucvlelni ar arian, maTi mdgra-
doba SefardebiTia; dasaSvebia frazemaTa leqsikuri Se-
dgenilobis da zogierTi gramatikuli maxasiaTeblis mo-
difikacia, Tumca maT struqturaSi aucileblad arsebobs
ucvleli komponentic. magaliTad, gulis toli, misi vari-
antia gulis swori. miuxedavad amisa, zRvari Tavisufal da
myar Sesityvebebs Soris pirobiTia.
myar Sesityvebebs frazeologiuri mniSvneloba aqvT.
arsebobs frazemaTa ramdenime klasifikacia sxvadas-
xva niSnis mixedviT. erT-erT maTgans safuZvlad udevs
mTeli Sesityvebisa da maTi komponentebis mniSvnelobaTa
Tanafardoba, magaliTad, bolTas scems frazemaSi kompo-
nentebs Soris kavSiri ufro mWidroa, vidre SiSma Seipyro
frazemaSi.
194 Tamar lomTaZe
myar SesityvebaTa distribuciuli (gramatikuli)

klasifikacia iTvaliswinebs winadadebaSi maT sintaqsur
rols. gamoyofen ama Tu im metyvelebis nawilis ekviva-
lent frazemebs. magaliTad, kalmiT naxati zedsarTavi sa-
xelis ekvivalentia, RvTis anabara — zmniszedisa da a. S.
calke jgufs qmnis winadadebis ekvivalenturi frazemebi.
kidev erTi klasifikaciis mixedviT, myar Sesityveba-
Ta simravle iyofa Semdeg araerTgvarovan jgufebad: idi-
omebi, frazeologiuri Sesityvebebi, sametyvelo Stam-
pebi, frazeosqemebi da e. w. frTiani gamoTqmebi (andaze-
bi, aforizmebi da misT).
idiomebi (berZ. idioma Tavisebureba) anu idiomaturi

gamoTqmebi formiT emTxveva Tavisufal Sesityvebebs, mag-
ram maTi leqsikuri struqtura azrobrivad gardaqmnilia.
maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTiani (bmuli) mniSvneloba,
leqsemis msgavsi sinTezuri funqcia. idiomebia magaliTad,
tyemalze zis (araferi icis), erTi muWa (cota), TiTiT sa-
Cvenebeli (samagaliTo). idiomebi leqsemaTa eqspresiuli
sinonimebia.
frazeologiur SesityvebebSi semantikurad garda-

qmnilia mxolod erTi leqsema, komponentebs SenarCunebu-
li aqvT semantikuri damoukidebloba, nominacia (saxelde-
ba) analizuria. magaliTad, rkinis (Zlieri) nervebi, eklia-
ni (rTuli) gza, analizuri mniSvnelobis gamo frazeolo-
giuri Sesityvebebi Tavisufal Sesityvebebs uaxlovdebian.
frazeologiur Sesityvebebs uaxlovdeba sametyve-
lo Stampebi (ital. stanpa — beWedi, anabeWdi) — xSirad da
regularulad xmarebuli Sesityvebebi, romlebic enobri-
vi koleqtivis cnobierebaSi mocemulia „mza formulebis“
saxiT da gansakuTrebiT „mosaxerxebel “ niSnebs warmoad-
genen garkveuli Sinaarsis gamosaxatavad. termini „Stampi“
ixmareba daufiqrebeli, ugemovno gamonaTqvamis aRsaniSna-
vad. amgvar uaryofiT Sefasebas moklebulia kliSe (frang.

cliche), standarti, stereotipi. isini aRniSnaven garkveul
dargebSi informaciulad aucilebel mza enobriv formu-
lebs, magaliTad, fasdaudebeli Rvawli, uSreti wyaro.
Stampebs maTi xSiri xmarebis gamo, dakarguli aqvT eqspre-
siuloba. zogjer Stampebad miiCneven sametyvelo etiketis
(zrdilobis) formulebsac, iseTebs, rogoricaa uRrmesi
pativiscemiT, didad gmadlobT, magram maTi statusis Se-
saxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs.
frazeosqemebi ewodeba specifikur sintaqsur kon-

struqciebs, romlebSic leqsemaTa nawili icvleba konteq-
stis mixedviT. amgvar „sintaqsur idiomebs“ aRniSvnis ana-
lizuri funqcia aqvT. frazeosqemebia magaliTad, adeqi da
... (hkiTxe, naxe, miutane).
zogierTi frazemis komponentebi Tanamedrove enaSi
aRar ixmareba (mocemuli formiT an saerTod), magaliTad,
ixtibars ar itexs.
frazemebi sityvasityviT sxva enaze ar iTargmneba,
amasTan Sinaarsi, romelic erT enaSi frazemiT gadmoicema,
sxva enaSi SeiZleba sxva saSualebiT gamoixatos.
myar SesityvebaTa umravlesoba eqspresiulia, magram
gvxvdeba konotacias moklebuli frazemebic — Tvalyurs
adevnebs.
enis frazeologiur sistemaSi Sesityvebebs Soris
myardeba sxvadasxva saxis paradigmatuli mimarTebebi.
magaliTad, sinonimuri frazemebia: tyemalze zis, azrze ar
aris; xelis Sewyoba, mxarSi amodgoma, zurgis gamagreba; an-
tonimuria: kalmiT naxati — jojoxeTis maSxala; polisemi-
uria: sityva CamoarTava — saubarSi Caeria — piroba Camoar-
Tava.
omonimiisa da polisemiis gamijvnis sakiTxi frazeme-
bis SemTxvevaSic rTuli gadasawyvetia. zogierTi mkvleva-
196 Tamar lomTaZe
ri omonimebad miiCnevs pirdapiri da frazeologiuri mniS-

vnelobiT naxmar Sesityvebebs.
sinonimuri da antonimuri frazmebis struqtura Se-
iZleba araerTgvarovani iyos, magaliTad, erTsa da imave
sinonimur rigs warmoadgenen — kalmiT naxati, ciT mowyve-
tili varskvlavi.
sinonimiis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebiT
sayuradReboa idiomebi. maT SeuZliaT neitraluri sityvis
sinonimebad mogvevlinon.
magaliTad: gabrazeba — mis sinonimad gvevlineba Tva-
lebidan cecxlis yra.
mecnierTa erTi nawili idiomebis garda myar Sesi-
tyvebebad miiCnevs andazebs, anu frTian gamoTqmebs.
frTiani sityvebi hqvia iseT Tqmebs, romlebic sxar-
tad gamoxataven azrs da farTodaa gamoyenebuli rogorc
zepir, ise weriT mxatvrul metyvelebaSi enobrivi Stampe-
bis saxiT. maTi gamoyeneba mimzidvelsa da emociurs xdis
saTqmels. „vefxistyaosnidan“ amokrebili aforizmebi gan-
sakuTrebiT uxvad gvxvdeba „glaxis naambobSi“, „oTaraanT
qvrivSi“ da a.S.
„lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu iyos, Tunda xvadia“.
„sjobs sicocxlesa nazraxsa, sikvdili saxelovani.“
„gastexs qvasaca magarsa, grdemli tyviisa lbilisa“.
andaza aris mokle, gonebamaxviluri mxatvruli Tqma,
romelsac aqvs damrigeblobiTi xasiaTi. idiomebis msgav-
sad andazebi da frTosani gamoTqmebi Tavisi mravalfe-
rovnebiT gamoirCevian rogorc mxatvrul literaturaSi,
aseve publicistikaSi.
Tumca leqsikologiaSi andazebisa da frTiani gamo-
Tqmebis frazeologiur erTeulebad miReba sayoveTaod
gaziarebuli ar aris. magaliTad, Teoriuli enaTmecniere-
bis kursSi miTiTebulia „frTiani gamoTqmebi (berZ. eE pea
pteroenta) — andazebi, aforizmebi, moaruli citatebi bibli-
idan (e. w. bibleizmebi), mxatvruli literaturidan da a. S —
zogjer frazemebad ar miiCneva, maT ufro xSirad winada-

debis forma aqvT. magaliTad, rasaca gascem Senia, rac ara
dakargulia, qva qvaze ar datova. frTiani gamoTqmebi Zli-
er eqspresiulia.
arasasurvelia, frazeologizmTa Sedgeniloba ara-
motivirebulad gafarTovdes, risi SemTxvevebic sakmaod
daiZebneba.
frazeologizmis TiToeuli komponenti Tvisebrivad
gansxvavdeba Sesabamisi leqsikuri erTeulisagan rogorc
morfologiuri, ise sintaqsuri TvalsazrisiT. amitom misi
komponentebis gramatikuli, leqsikuri kategoriebis
TviTneburi Secvla iwvevs stilistur xarvezebs.
ras ewodeba frazeologia?

ra aris idiomi?
rogoria semantikurad frazeologiuri Sesityveba?
ra aris sametyvelo Stampi?
ra aris kliSe?
ras ewodeba frazeosqemebi?
ra aris andaza?
ra aris frTiani gamoTqmebi?
davaleba: waikiTxeT mixeil javaxiSvilis nawarmoebe-

bi. amoiwereT frazeologiamebi da moaxdineT maTi klasi-
fikacia frazeologiur SenaerTad, idiomad, aforizmad da
andazad.
davaleba: gadaxedeT qarTul frazeologiur leqsi-
konebs da daakvirdiT, romeli metyvelebis nawilis ekviva-
lenti frazeologizmi ufro Warbobs qarTulSi.
davaleba: amokribeT leqsikonidan frazeologizme-
bi, romlis Semadgenel elementad gvxvdeba guli.
198 Tamar lomTaZe
etimologia
etimologia (berZ. ἔτυµος, WeSmariteba, sityvis na-

mdvili mniSvneloba, λόγος moZRvreba) zogadi ganmartebis
Tanaxmad, Seiswavlis enaSi sityvebis warmoSobasa da isto-
rias . etimologias aseve uwodeben ama Tu im konkretuli
sityvis pirvel mniSvnelobas. am ganmartebasTan axlosaa m.
andronikaSvilis ganmartebac: etimologia Seiswavlis
calke sityvaTa da morfemaTa warmomavlobasa da istorias
(m. andronikaSvili).
etimologias — istoriuli enaTmecnierebis darga-
dac miiCneven. b. foCxuas ganmartebiT, etimologia isto-
riuli leqsikologiis nawilia. mas saqme aqvs calkeul si-
tyvaTa mniSvnelobis ganviTarebis uZveles safexurTan —
mniSvnelobis warmoqmnasTan.
aRsaniSnavia, rom dargis saxelwodeba SemuSavebulia
stoikosTa mier. magram cxadia, manamdec berZnuli filo-
sofiuri Tu filologiuri tradiciisagan damoukidebla-
dac arsebobda interesi am sakiTxisadmi, Tu ratom hqvia
ama Tu im sagans esa Tu is saxeli. sityvis warmomavlobaze
msjeloba stoelTa skolis erT-erTi ZiriTadi problema
iyo, rac berZnul filosofiaSi gamovlinda ori Teoriis
saxiT: erTi amtkicebda, rom sagnisa da movlenis saxelwo-
debas gansazRvravs TviT sagnis buneba, meore ki aviTareb-
da sapirispiro azrs — kavSiri sagansa da saxels Soris ne-
bismieria, pirobiTia; saxeli sagnis bunebidan ar gamomdi-
nareobs (fiusei da Tesei Teoriebi). amgvari kiTxva adami-
ans yovelTvis uCndeboda da misTvis pasuxis gacemas imTa-
vive cdilobda. amitom gvxveba yovel enaSi gulubryvilo
ganmartebebi — xalxuri etimologiebi. xalxuri etimo-
logia aris mxolod msgavsebaze damyarebuli analizi, sa-
dac ar xdeba fonetikuri kanonebis (magaliTad, bgeraTSe-
satyvisobebis), mniSvnelobaTa cvlilebisa da gramatiku-

li Sedgenilobis gaTvaliswineba.
xalxuri etimologia zogjer iwvevs leqsemis fone-
muri garsis gardaqmnas sxva leqsemasTan misi daaxloebis
mimarTulebiT, Tu es ori leqsema monaTesaved aRiqmeba ma-
Ti JReradobis, Sinaarsobrivi msgavsebis an sxvadasxvagva-
ri asociaciis safuZvelze. magaliTad, varZia (àq var
Zia!~), Savi zRvis berZnuli saxelwodeba pontos evqsinos
gaazrebulia rogorc `stumarTmoyvare zRva~. (sinamdvi-
leSi misTvis amosavlad miCneulia skviTuri saxelwodeba
axsaina = `muqi Savi, lurji~ (m. andronikaSvili, 1966).
xalxuri etimologiis dros xSiria sityvis motivaci-
isaken miswrafeba da survili àmoicnon~ sityva ara mxo-
lod sagnobrivi mimarTebiT, aramed `Sinaganad~, etimolo-
giuradac. swored aseT SemTxvevaSi xdeba xolme bundovani
agebulebis sityvaTa gaazrianeba sxva nacnob sityvebTan
asociaciuri dakavSirebiT. magaliTad, samaia sparsuli
warmoSobis sityvaa. sama aris `rokva~, `SuSpari~ (saba), qar-
Tulad ki igi gaazrianda `sami qalis cekvad~ (b. foCxua,
1974).
Zvel elinTa amgvari etimologiuri varjiSis nimuSe-
biT, rogorc miuTiTeben, mTeli tomebi SeiZleba Sedges.
etimologiuri varjiSebi Zveli berZnebis Semdegac grZel-
deboda (Cvens droSic gvxvdeba). Sinaformas ukavSirdeba
xalxuri etimologiis movlena — leqsemis mniSvnelobis
gardaqmna misi Sinaformis mcdari aRdgenis Sedegad.
gansakuTrebiT xSiria nasesxebi leqsemebis mkvidr
erTeulebTan araswori dakavSireba. magaliTad, gulavka —
rus. bulavka, gulTan asociaciiT (T. gamyreliZe, 2003, 356).
xalxuri etimologiis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba moxdes
cru kalkireba. am dros saqme gvaqvs leqsemis an frazemis
Sinaformis araswor gaazrebasTan.
etimologia, rogorc saenaTmecniero disciplina,
enaTmecnierebis (istoriul-SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebis)
200 Tamar lomTaZe
Camoyalibebis Semdeg Seiqmna. swored amis Semdeg gaxda Se-

saZlebeli etimologiis dayeneba mecnierul niadagze.
etimologia emyareba enis struqturis, enobrivi sis-
temis yvela rgolis Camoyalibebisa da cvlis codnas.
magaliTad, sityvis naxSiri warsulis kvlevis safuZvels
warmoadgens qarTuli bgeraTa jgufebis Sx, xS istoriuli
Seswavla, kiloebis monacemTa gaTvaliswineba, svanurSi da
megrulSi SemorCenil fuZeTa (Six, noSqveri) Sedareba.
e. i. mecnieruli etimologia bgeraTa kanonzomieri
Sesatyvisobis safuZvelze adgens sityvaTa naTesaoba-
warmomavlobas da gviCvenebs maTs Tavdapirvel mniSvnelo-
bas.
mecnieruli etimologiis safuZvelia ori ZiriTadi
faqtori:
1) bgeraTa kanonzomieri Sesatyvisoba sxvadasxva
enebs an erTi enis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurs Soris;
2) mniSvnelobaTaA kanonzomieri Tanafardoba.
xSirad etimologiuri kvleva gvaZlevs gasaRebs ada-
mianTa yofis, kerZod, misi azrovnebis istoriis sakiTxebis
gadasaWrelad. e. i sityvis etimologia, am SemTxvevaSi sain-
tereso informacias gvawvdis ama Tu im enobrivi koleqti-
vis yofis an azrovnebis istoriuli kvlevisTvis. magali-
Tad, mizezobrivi kavSiris gamomxatveli sityva vinaidan
adre gamoxatavda droSi Tanmimdevrobas, `ra droidan~,
Tavdapirvelad ki gadmoscemda Tanamimdevrobas sivrceSi
(daaxl. „saidan“). amrigad, vinaidan sityvis mniSvnelobis
cvlaSi ukufenilia azrovnebis ganviTareba konkretuli-
dan abstraqtulisaken.
amasTan dakavSirebiT b. foCxua miuTiTebs: „marTalia
arsebobs TiTo-orola bednieri SemTxveva, sadac sityvis
mniSvnelobis ganviTareba met-naklebad Seesabameba Cvens
warmodgenas azrovnebis ganviTarebis magistraluri xazis
Sesaxeb, magaliTad, vinaidan sityvis istoria, magram ege-
Tebi gamonaklisebia, Cveulebriv, etimologiis ueWveli
faqtebidan Cven mxolod is viciT, rom sagnisaTvis saxelis

SerCevisas yovelTvis araa gaTvaliswinebuli arsebiTi ni-
Sani da metwilad raime SemTxveviTi niSan-Tviseba edeba sa-
fuZvlad sagnis saxels“ (foCxua, 1974).
sityvis etimologiisaTvis arsebiTia ramdenime mo-
mentis gaTvaliswineba:
1) ratom (ris mixedviT) daerqva sagans saxeli
2) saxeldebis Semdgomi gaazrianeba
3) semantikis cvla, rac gulisxmobs mniSvnelobis gan-
zogadebas (gafarToebas), dakonkretebas (daviwroebas) an-
da sruliad gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis miRebas.
magaliTad, Tayvaniscema, romlis amosavali forma
iyo Tav-yanis-cema, rac sityvasityviT niSnavda `Tavis miwa-
mde daxras~ (Zvel qarTulSi yana = miwa). am sityvis for-
mobriv-semantikuri cvla dawyebula Zvel qarTulSive:
Tav-yaniscema, Tavyuanis-cema, Tayuanis-cema da aRniSnavda
`locvas~, `vedrebas`, `Txovnas~, `msaxurebas~ (`daemorCi-
le Tavyuanis-cemad didsa apolonsa~; àRdga petre erdosa
zeda Tayuanis-cemad~ (= locvad)... (il. abulaZe, 1974).
dRes Tayvaniscema aris: 1) Zveli religiuri, visime am
risame pativiscema, rogorc wminda, uzenaesi Zalisa, — sa-
locavad miCneuli; gaRmerTeba, kerpad gaxda. 2) didi pati-
viscemiT, mowiwebiT, mokrZalebiT, mdablad Tavis dakvra
(misalmebis dros) (qegl).
mecnieruli etimologiuri Ziebebis Sedegad SeiZle-
ba sxvadasxva daskvnac iqnes miRebuli. am mxriv, saintere-
soa zafxul sityvis etimologiuri Zieba. magaliTad, p. Wa-
raiam zafxulis amosaval Zirad CaTvala fx (za-fx-ul-i),
n. marma ki zafxul-Si gamoyo zaf (`weli~) da xul//xur
(`Tbili~) nawilebi da struqturul-semantikurad xur Zi-
ris msgavsi formebis (somx. hur `cecxli, qarT. gaa-xur-a~)
gaTvaliswinebiT warmoadgina saanalizo sityvis aseTi
etimologia: zaf-xul-i — „weli Tbili, cxeli~.
202 Tamar lomTaZe
arn. Ciqobavas azriT, ufro marTebuli Cans gamoiyos

fx (`Tbili~) elementi, xolo mTliani sityva CaiTvalos
amave semantikis mqone svan. lu-fx-is da afxaz. a-fxen-is Se-
satyvisad; g. klimovmac amosavali fx Ziri (Wan. fx; svan. fx
`Tbili~) daukavSira afxaz. fxa-s (`Tbili~) da bacbur da-
fxe-s (`cxeli, Tbili~).
etimologiis mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
etimologiuri Zieba iZleva stimuls ama Tu im enis bgeriTi
da gramatikuli agebulebis gaRrmavebuli SeswavlisaTvis,
etimologiis dargis warmateba asaxavs dones, rasac miaR-
wies saTanado enis bgeriTi da gramatikuli agebulebis Se-
swavlaSi. etimologiaTa met-naklebi sandooba damokide-
bulia imaze, Tu ramdenad safuZvlianad viciT mocemuli
enis ganviTarebis gzebi da ramdenad kargad aqvs gaTvalis-
winebuli ama Tu im enobrivi faqtis istoriuli bed-iRbali.
amrigad, mecnieruli etimologia gamoricxavs Se-
mTxveviT msgavsebas da cvlilebebs. sityvis swori (zusti)
etimologiis dasadgenad gaTvaliswinebulia istoriuli
fonetikis monacemebi da mniSvneloba.
qarTuli mecnieruli etimologiuri Ziebani dakavSi-
rebulia iv. javaxiSvilis, a. SaniZis, g. axvledianis, s. yaux-
CiSvilis, arn. Ciqobavas, v. Tofurias, S. ZiZiguris, iv. qav-
TaraZis, al. Rlontisa da sxvaTa SromebTan, romlebic em-
yareba axal meTodologiur safuZvlebs da metyveleben
etimologiuri kvlevis farTo masStabebze CvenSi.
ras ewodeba etimologia da sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa

igi?
ra aris xalxuri etimologia?
ras adgens mecnieruli etimologia?
ra faqtorebia mecnieruli etimologiis safuZveli?
raSi mdgomareobs etimologiis mniSvneloba?
davaleba: gaecaniT krebuls etimologiuri Ziebani

da gadmoeciT TqvenTvis yvelaze saintereso da damaje-
reblad mocemuli sityvis etimologia.
davaleba: mogviyeviT Tqveni soflis an kuTxis sa-
xelwodebebTan dakavSirebuli xalxuri etimologiebi.
204 Tamar lomTaZe
onomastika
leqsikologiis im dargs, romelic sakuTar saxelebs

Seiswavlis onomastikas uwodeben. onomastikaSi ori Ziri-
Tadi terminologiuri plasti gamoiyofa: 1. sakuTriv ono-
mastikuri terminebi da 2. monaTesave disciplinebidan na-
sesxebi terminebi. onomastika, marTalia, enaTmecnierebis
nawilia, misi kvleva-Ziebis meTodic enaTmecnierulia da
ZiriTadi terminologiac, magram mas sakuTari, mxolod am
dargisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli terminebic moepoveba (p. cxa-
daia, 1988, 3). rogorc p. cxadaia aRniSnavs, qarTuli ono-
mastikuri literatura arcTu mdidaria. ganmazogadebeli
xasiaTis naSromi TiTqmis ar mogvepoveba. onomastikur
terminTa nawili gvxvdeba al. Rlontis, z. WumburiZis, i.
maisuraZis, S. afridoniZis da sxvaTa SromebSi.
aq erTiandeba adamianTa, xalxTa, tomTa (eTnonimebi),
cxovelTa, frinvelTa, mwerTa, qvewarmavalTa (zoonimebi),
adgilis, okeaneTa, zRvaTa, tbaTa, mdinareTa (hidronime-
bi) saxelebi. es sistema Zalze farToa da amitomac maTi
ufro mcire jgufebad dayofa xdeba. magaliTad, adamianTa
saxelebs (anTroponimebs) antroponimika Seiswavlis, ad-
gilis saxelwodebebs toponimika da a. S.
sakuTari saxelebi, marTalia, sagnobrivi mimarTebis
TvalsazrisiT gansxvavebul mdgomareobas gviCveneben sa-
zogado saxelebisagan, magram amasTanave isic ar unda da-
gvaviwydes, rom es saxelebi leqsikis Semadgeneli nawilia
da misi simdidris maCvenebelia.
sakuTari saxeli da sazogado saxeli erTurTis sapi-
rispiro iseTi sityvebia, romelTac individualuri niSan-
doblivi Tvisebebi aqvT. a.SaniZis formula „saxeli SeiZ-
leba iyos sakuTari da sazogado“ — swored amas gulis-
xmobs. sazogado saxelebs specifikuri, mxolod maTTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebanic aqvT. specifikas Cven
vxvdebiT rogorc gamoyenebaSi, ise gramatikaSi. sakuTar

saxelebs bevri ram aqvT saerTo da gansxvavebulic. a.re-
formatskis azriT „ sazogado saxelis gadasvla sakuTar
saxelTa TanrigSi, uwinares yovlisa, niSnavs gagebiTobis
dakargvas da sityvis gadaqcevas Serqmeul saxelad. xolo
sakuTari saxelis gadaqceva sazogado saxelad dakavSire-
bulia sityvis axali gagebiT, axali arsebiTi niSnebiT Se-
vsebasTan“ (a. reformatski, 1955, 37).
sakuTari saxeli genetikurad igive sazogado saxe-
lia, xolo sakuTari saxelis gadasvla sazogado saxelTa
jgufSi da piriqiT, sazogado saxelisa — sakuTar saxelTa
jgufSi, dResac bunebrivi procesia. o. iersperseni aRniS-
navda: „lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT sruliad SeuZlebelia
zusti sadermakacio xazis gavleba sazogado saxelsa da sa-
kuTar saxels Soris“ (o. ierspeseni, 1958, 43) . ufro Sors
midis e. taSicki „araviTari arsebiTi sxvaoba ar arsebobs
onomastikursa da sazogado sityvebs Soris“ (e. taSicki,
1961, 11) Znelia imis Tqma, TiTqos sakuTar saxelebs aRar
rCebaT TavianTi specifika, romelic maT ganasxvavebs sa-
zogado saxelebis sistemisagan. maT msgavsebas da gansxva-
vebas gverds ver avuvliT. kuriloviCis SexedulebiT mo-
ferebiTobis gadmocema, rac genetikurad dakavSirebulia
sazogado saxelTa kninobiTobis gamoxatvis saSualebeb-
Tan, warmoadgens sakuTar saxelTa morfologiur Tavise-
burebas, maT specifikas (e. kuriloviCi, 1963, 260).
toponimika
toponimi gaxlavT onimis saxeoba, romelic Seiswav-

lis geografiul da geografiuli obieqtebis saxelwode-
bebs. toponimia aris toponimTa erToblioba. magaliTad,
saqarTvelos toponimia, imereTis toponimia da a. S. topo-
nimika ki ewodeba onomastikis qvedargs, romelic Seiswav-
lis toponimebs, maTi warmoSobis, ganviTarebisa da fun-
206 Tamar lomTaZe
qcionirebis kanonzomierebebs (p. cxadaia, 1988, 110). e. i.

toponimika swavlobs geografiul nomenklaturas mcire
da farTo masStabiT. gamoiyofa rogorc mikro, ise vrceli
geografiuli monakveTebis toponimia, e. i. saxelwodebani
dasaxlebuli adgilebisa — soflis, qalaqis, raionis, ol-
qis, xeobis. erTi romelime geografiuli raionis adgilis
saxelwodebaTa erToblioba, gawyobili anbanis rigze, iq-
neba am raionis toponimTa leqsikoni.
toponimiuri terminologia enis leqsikis ganuyofe-
li nawilia, magram, specifikuri mizezebis gamo, is ver ai-
saxeba enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi da calke unda gamoi-
ces (amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT qvemoT visaubrebT).
al. Rlonti, `qarTuli leqsikologiis sakiTxebSi“,
romelic 1988 wels gamoica miuTiTebda, qveynis geografi-
ul saxelwodebaTa srul gamovlinebas, saistorio, sali-
teraturo, saepigrafiko wyaroebSi damowmebuli da xal-
xis zepirxsovnaSi Semonaxuli toponimiuri terminebis aR-
nusxva-gamocemas farTo mecnieruli interesi aqvs. amJa-
mad CvenSi gacxovelebuli muSaoba warmoebs calke kuTxe-
Ta geografiuli nomenklaturis yovelmxriT Sesaswavlad
da sruli qarTuli toponimiuri leqsikonis Sesadgenad
(a. Rlonti, 1988).
qarTuli toponimiis Segrovebasa da Seswavlas didi
tradicia aqvs. pirveli cnobebi toponimiis Sesaxeb Semona-
xulia Zvel saistorio wyaroebSi, romlebic V-XI da XII-XVIII
saukuneebs ganekuTvnebian. adgilobriv toponimTa Zvelis-
Zveli fondis sakmarisad solidur nawils „qarTlis cxov-
rebis~ meSveobiT vecnobiT. uZveles saistorio Txzuleba-
Ta es krebuli, romelic XI-XII ss. Seiqmna, xolo Semdeg, XVIII
saukunemde ganuwyvetliv ivseboda, asaxavs qarTveli to-
mebis, mTlianad istoriuli iberiisa da kolxeTis cxovre-
bas dasabamidan XVIII saukunemde. toponimiuri masala re-
liefurad aRbeWdilia agreTve am saukuneTa Cvenamde mo-
Rweul sigel-gurjebsa da saistorio-epigrafikul Zeg-

lebSic.
am wyaroebSi vecnobiT qarTveli tomebis geografi-
ul ganlagebas, Tavdapirvel ekonomikursa da politikur
urTierTobas, adgilis uZveles saxelwodebaTa nomenkla-
turas. pirvel rigSi, aq aRsaniSnavia metad Zvirfasi cno-
bebi toponimTa (qarTli, kavkasia, ponto, tao, klarjeTi,
mtkvari, berduji, alazani, hereTi, lixi, egrisi, bedia, da-
rubandi, lomeki (axlandeli Tergi), armazi, speri, sa-
mSvilde, xunani, mcxeTa, Tbilisi, rusTavi, aragvi, kaxeTi,
javaxeTi, oxrxe, Tuxarisi, wunda, artaani, ufliscixe, ur-
bnisi, kaspi...) struqturisa da warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. ad-
gilobriv toponimTa aRwerilobebSi alag-alag saqarTve-
los mezobel mxareTa adgilis saxelwodebanicaa CarTuli.
pirveli sakuTriv toponimTa cnobebis Semcveli ge-
ografiuli naSromi saqarTveloSi XVIII saukunis Sua wleb-
Si gamoCnda. es gaxlavT vaxuSti bagrationis (1696-1770)
brwyinvale wigni: „aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~. vaxuS-
ti bagrationma saukeTeso momzadeba miiRo, Rrmad Seiswav-
la Tavisi samSoblos istoria da kultura, sakuTari fe-
xiT Semoiara maSindeli saqarTvelos provinciebi da maTi
unikaluri aRweriloba dagvitova. avtors mocemuli aqvs
toponimTa daxasiaTeba istoriuli da geografiuli Tval-
sazrisiT, zogierT cnebas Tan urTavs etimologiur (zog-
jer nebismier) analizsac. vaxuSti bagrationis naSromi
dResac did mecnierul interess iwvevs. bevri aq aRwerili
toponimi droTa viTarebaSi aRarc arsebobs da dRes am ad-
gilebs sul sxva saxelwodebiT vicnobT. erTaderTi sando
wyaro, romlis mixedviT SeiZleba daviwyebul saxelwode-
baTa aRdgena da maTi koordinatebis Cveneba, swored vaxuS-
ti bagrationis naSromia.
qarTuli toponimiis istoriul-geografiul Seswav-
las axali impulsi XIX saukuneSi mieca. jer kidev am sauku-
nis pirvel naxevarSi gamoCenilma istorikosebma da filo-
208 Tamar lomTaZe
logosebma i. bagrationma, T. bagrationma, n. dadianma, m.

brosem, n. CubinaSvilma, meore naxevarSi — d. CubinaSvilma,
b. baqraZem, a. cagarelma, g. wereTelma, b. niJaraZem, a. xaxa-
naSvilma, i. da k. gvaramaZeebma da sxv. TavianT naSromebSi
mogvces araerTi toponimis SedarebiTi analizi. maT mier
gamovlenili masala da miRebuli daskvnebi axlac iqceven
yuradRebas da fasdaudebel daxmarebas gviweven saqarTve-
los istoriisa da geografiis ZiriTadi problemebis mar-
Tebulad dasmasa da gadawyvetaSi.
900-iani wlebis dasawyisidan qarTuli toponimiis sa-
kiTxebisadmi interesi gamoiCines akademikosebma e. TayaiS-
vilma da i. javaxiSvilma. am mecnierTa naSromebSi farTo
da Taviseburi gaSuqeba hpoves qarTuli istoriuli geog-
rafiisa da toponimikis Zireulma sakiTxebma. e. TayaiSvi-
li, am problemebs ixilavs Tavisi „arqeologiuri mogzau-
robisa da SeniSvnebis~ yvela tomsa da calke monografieb-
Si.
qarTuli istoriuli geografiis kardinaluri saki-
Txebi aqvs Seswavlili i. javaxiSvils. 1942 wels gamoqvey-
nda monografia „saqarTvelos saistorio geografia VII-XII
ss~, 1919 daibeWda amave avtoris „saqarTvelos sazRvrebi~,
romelSic Zvirfasi toponimuri masalacaa gaanalizebuli.
saqarTvelos istoriuli toponimikis sakiTxebs iv. java-
xiSvili aSuqebs Tavis „qarTveli eris istoriis~ mraval-
tomeulSi, monografiaSi „saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da max-
lobeli aRmosavleTis istoriul-eTnologiuri proble-
mebi~. igi toponimikis calkeul sakiTxebs kvlav ubrundeba
Tavis „sqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoriis~ orive da „sa-
qarTvelos samarTlis istoriis~ samive wignSi. i. javaxiS-
vilis zemoTxsenebul naSromSi aRdgenilia saqarTvelos
istoriuli sazRvrebi, sasazRvro dasaxlebuli punqtebi,
dadgenilia ramdenime toponimis warmomavloba.
qarTuli da qarTveluri sageografio saxelebis di-
di nawili Seswavlili aqvs akad. n. mars. mis SromebSi
gvxvdeba aTeulobiT adgilobrivi da araqarTuli warmo-

Sobis toponimis gonebamaxviluri analizi da etimologia.
istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebma Taviseburi gaSu-
qeba poves prof. s. kakabaZis gamokvlevebSi: „qarTuli sa-
xelmwifoebriobis genezisis sakiTxebi~ (1924 w.), „saisto-
rio Ziebani~ (1924 w.), „Ziebani qarTvelTa IV-VII ss. Sesaxeb~
(1928 w.) da sxv. prof. s. kakabaZes ganxiluli aqvs istoriu-
li iberiisa da kolxeTis toponimiis sakiTxebi.
qarTuli, afxazuri, Cerqezuli (adiRuri), winaaziis
miwa-wyalze mosaxle uZvelesi xalxebis toponimias eZRvne-
ba akademikosebis s. janaSias, n. berZeniSvilis, g. meliqiS-
vilisa da sxv. naSromebi. n. berZeniSvilma saTave daudo is-
toriuli geografiis problemebis axleburad Seswavlas
saqarTveloSi (kolxeTi, afxazeTi, tao, klarjeTi, SavSe-
Ti, artaani, samcxe, aWara, javaxeTi). ingoroyvam Tavis mo-
nografiaSi („giorgi merCule~, 1954 w.) gaaSuqa aTeulobiT
toponimis struqtura. metad Zvirfas dakvirvebebs vecno-
biT qarTvel enaTmecnierTa da istorikosTa gramatikul-
sa da istoriul analizebSi. aqedan unda davasaxeloT: a.
SaniZis ~К этимологии названия ~Топада~ (1937 w.), „qarTuli
gramatikis safuZvlebi~ (1953 w.) da sxva; s. yauxCiSvilis
„georgika~, g. axvledianis „afxazeTis istoriuli toponi-
mikis zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis~ (1957 w.), m. lorTqifaniZis
„Zveli Tbilisis istoriuli geografiidan~ (1954 w.), g.
zardaliSvilis „qluxoris raionis zogierTi geografiu-
li saxelis dadgenisaTvis~ (1949 w.), l. meliqseT-begis „to-
ponimikuri Studiebi~ (1934 w.), v. gamrekelis „dvaleTis
toponimikis analizisaTvis~ (1958 w.), a. Rlontis `toponi-
mikuri Ziebani, I~ (1971 w.), v. oTinaSvilis „xevis toponimi-
ka~ (1971 w.) da a.S.
toponimikuri Zieba saqarTveloSi mimdinareobda sa-
mi mimarTulebiT: masalebis Sekreba da publikacia, topo-
nimTa struqturisa da genezisis Seswavla, toponimikuri
Ziebis aspeqtebi — istoriuli, geografiuli, lingvisturi.
210 Tamar lomTaZe
toponimi yvela mkvlevars ar Seaqvs leqsikis ZiriTad

semantikur jgufebSi, rasac samecniero literaturaSi
sxvadasxva axsna aqvs. toponimebs adamianTa Cveulebriv
urTierTobasa da metyvelebaSi didi adgili uWiravs, mis
gareSe adamians arseboba ar SeuZlia: quCa, sofeli, raioni,
qalaqi, mTa, tye, baRi, mdinare, wyaro, nakveTi, bostani, ve-
naxi, saCaie, gza da maTi saxelwodebani imdenad maxlobelia
qalaqisa da soflis mcxovrebTaTvis da isea damkvidrebu-
li maT yofaSi, rom yoveldRiur sityva-pasuxSi aqtiurad
monawileoben. amas Tu davumatebT presis, radios televi-
ziis cnobebsac, romlebSic laparakia toponimebze, SegviZ-
lia gaviTvaliswinoT toponimTa adgili yoveldRiur sa-
laparako enaSi.
toponimebi raodenobiT Zalian bevria. am raodenobas
zrdis toponimTa mikrofondi. amitom sityvaTa am uzarma-
zari maragis gauTvaliswinebloba enis leqsikaze msjelo-
bisas da misi gankerZoeba marTebulad ver CaiTvleba. to-
ponimebi leqsikis semantikur rkalebSi iseve unda gaviTva-
liswinoT, rogorc sazogado saxelebi.
toponimebSi asaxulia xalxis gonebamaxviloba. Tav-
dapirvelad adgils erTi saxeli hqonda da igi sayovelTa-
od iyo cnobili. saxelis darqmevaSi SemTxveviToba mcire
rols TamaSobda. toponimTa sistemaSi daculi iyo garkve-
uli kanonzomiereba: adgilis saxelwodebani asaxavdnen ga-
remos, mdebareobas, niSnebs, fers. toponimad iqca sazoga-
do saxelic, romelsac daekisra reliefis, midamos daxasi-
aTeba garkveuli niSnebiT. am gziTaa Seqmnili didZali to-
ponimi. advilad ixsneba sityvaTSeerTebiTi (kompozituri)
toponimebi: axalcixe, axalqalaqi, axaldaba, orwyali, xer-
Tvisi, SerTuli, Suaxevi, barisaxo, mTispiri, vakijvari, xa-
disTavi, kodiswyaro, vanisqedi, cixisZiri, Wuburxinji
(„wablis xidi~), megr. Cxorowyu (cxra Wa~), megr. wyurgili
(=wyugrili „wyali grili~), cxramuxa, muxrani, koxnari,
wyaltubo da misT.
Tavdapirvelad adgilis saxelwodeba ar meordeboda:

erTi toponimiT erTi cneba aRiniSneboda. es kanonzomie-
reba udevs safuZvlad yovel erovnul toponimias. magram
Semdeg mravali obieqturi faqtoris wyalobiT am wesSi
cvlileba Sevida. xalxTa gadasaxleba-gadmosaxlebis, mo-
saxleobis gadaadgilebis, gansxvavebul enebze molaparake
tomebis SeerTeba-SekavSirebisa da am rigis sxva mizeziT
gaCnda aTeulobiT sexnia saxelwodeba an misi kalki. mrava-
li erTnairi saxeli praqtikulad bevr dabrkolebas qmnis,
mas mixedva sWirdeba.
toponimTa SeqmnaSi didi roli uTamaSia mniSvneloba-
Ta dapirispirebas. Seqmnilia wyvilebi: zeda da qveda, zemo
da qvemo, dabla da maRla, axali da Zveli, pirveli da meo-
re, didi da patara, gaRma da gamoRma. magaliTad, axali
aToni — Zveli aToni; axali abaSa — Zveli abaSa, axali marab-
da — Zveli marabda da a.S.
dapirispirebul wyvilTa SeerTeba zogadi kanonia,
romelic dasturdeba yvela qveynis toponimiaSi. CineTSi,
magaliTad, analogiuradaa miRebuli toponimebi pekin-i
„CrdiloeTi dedaqalaqi~ da nankin-i „samxreTi dedaqala-
qi~.
toponimTa gaCenaSi sagulisxmoa Sinagani da garegani
faqtorebis aRniSvna. adgils saxeli aucileblad unda da-
rqmeoda. gasagebia, rom am SemTxvevaSi SearCevdnen sityvas,
romelic am adgilis erTgvari miniSnebis SesaZleblobas
iZleoda. amitom aq metaforul sityvaobas farTo gasaqani
unda hqonoda, amis nimuSebia: mterCveuli, axalbediseuli,
yvirila, SerTuli, zefenia („mze hfenia~), Waladidi, wyal-
wiTela...
garegan faqtorad sityvaTwarmoeba unda miviCnioT.
toponimTa warmoebas emsaxureba ara yoveli afiqsi, aramed
afiqsTa mkacrad SerCeuli rigi, romelsac Cven toponimTa
afiqsebs vuwodebT. magaliTad, -eT sufiqsi mxolod adgi-
lis saxelebs (toponimebs) awarmoebs, hidronimebSi, Cveu-
212 Tamar lomTaZe
lebriv, ar gvxvdeba, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT erTa-

derT algeT hidronims, romelSic, marTalia, gamoiyofa
fuZis sawarmoebeli -eT sufiqsi, magram hidronimi Semo-
klebuli Cans: unda gvqonoda „algeTis mdinare~, rasac
mdinare CamoSorebia da dagvrCenia algeTi.
gansakuTrebiT unda aRvniSnoT toponimebSi zedsar-
Tavis epiTeturi gamoTqmis produqtiuloba. zedsarTavi
saxeli, Cveulebriv, msazRvreli sityvaa da msazRvrel-sa-
zRvrulis wyvili sagnis Tvisebis aRmniSvneli ufroa. ase
unda iyos miRebuli kolxuri hidronimi civi. es sityva ad-
re msazRvreli unda yofiliyo mdinarisa Tu wylisa: gveq-
neboda civi wyali (axlacaa qarTlSi wminda wyali, rome-
lic jer ver qceula wmindad), rasac meore komponenti mo-
Sorebia da darCenila mxolod epiTeti, adieqtivi gasub-
stantivebula.
calkea Seswavlili rTulfuZiani toponimebi. zog-
jer am fuZeSi ufro meti mniSvneloba pirvels, an meore
komponents eZleva. fSavisa da xevsureTis sazRvarze, sa-
dac erTdeba xevsureTis aragvi da fSavis aragvi da iqmneba
TeTri aragvi, aris adgili, romelsac orwyali hqvia. to-
ponimi zustad asaxavs adgilmdebareobas: aq swored ori
wyali erTdeba. ufro marTebuli iqneboda ara orwyali,
aramed oraragvi. magram, Cans, orwyali ufro Zveli termi-
nia, es maSin unda iyos Seqmnili, rodesac jer kidev ar iyo
hidronimi aragvi. Tavdapirvelad am mdinares, albaT, xev-
sureTis wyali da fSavis wyali erqva, aragvi Semdeg gaCeni-
la.
cnobili poloneli toponimisti, v. taSicki savsebiT
marTebulad ambobda: „rom ar daikargos warsulis enobri-
vi da araenobrivi mowmobani, Tanabari yuradRebiT unda
movepyraT rogorc erT, ise meore wevrs. cal-calke unda
CavagdoT anragiSSi ganmasxvavebeli da gamaigivebeli wev-
rebi, orgzis unda movaxdinoT maTi klasifikacia~ (v. ta-
Sicki, 1960, 54). magram es advili saqme rodia. aseTi klasi-
fikaciis siZneleebze laparakia sagnis samecniero lite-

raturaSic. es advilia maSin, roca saqme gvaqvs budapeStis
tipis toponimTan, romelSic gaerTianebulia ori damou-
kidebeli saxeli — buda da peSti. maTi cal-calke klasifi-
kacia siZneles ar warmoadgens. qarTuli toponimebidan
aseTia: xiblar-wifnari (sofeli samtrediis raionSi), ci-
xia-boboTi (sofeli tyibulis raionSi), ikvliv-gorana (so-
feli sagarejos raionSi), Svelaur-cicabauri ( Coxatau-
ris raioni), Cxar-eweri (Terjolis raioni), Wagan-WyviSi
(vanis raioni).
sxvagvari semantikuri struqturisaa msazRvrel-sa-
zRvruliani toponimi. aq ori — mTavari da daqvemdebare-
buli sityva erTiandeba, romelTagan erTi gviCvenebs obi-
eqtis niSan-Tvisebas (maRali, dabali, axali, Zveli, didi,
patara, wiTeli, Savi, TeTri, cxra, zemo, qvemo, zeda, qveda),
meore — TviT obieqts (eweri, ateni, qalaqi, sofeli, mTa,
wyaro, qedi...). prepoziciuli rigi msazRvrel-sazRvruli-
sa Tanamedrove qarTul normas warmoadgens (maRali eweri,
didi ateni, TeTri wyaro, cxrawyaro, orwyali...), postpo-
ziciuri rigi — Zveli qarTulisas (andriawminda, mTawmin-
da, wyalwiTela, ninowminda, nikorwminda, gormaRali...).
am rigSi eqceva zmnis brZanebiTi formiT Sedgenili
toponimebic. qarTulSi amis nimuSia modinaxe. analogiebs
vpoulobT polonur, germanul, rusul toponimebSic.
arsebobs toponimebi, romlebic ori an ramdenime sa-
xeliTaa cnobili. megruli metyveleba ar icnobs Tbiliss.
am toponimisaTvis mas aqvs uZvelesi saxeli qarTi. saisto-
rio wyaroebSi Tbilisi 1500-ze meti weliwadia ixsenieba,
megruli tradicia mas ar icnobs. meti ucnaurobaa, roca
mtkvari ucxour enebze kura-d ismis, saqarTvelo gruzia-
d, georgia-d. Tergi ori saxeliTaa moxseniebuli TviT
qarTul wyaroebSic: lomeki da Tergi. lomeki zogjer
aragvis saxeladac gvxvdeba; erTi hidronimia xrami da qci-
ac.
214 Tamar lomTaZe
toponimi, hidronimi, eTnonimi ama Tu im enis organu-

li kuTvnilebaa da maTi sxva enaze gadaTargmna an kalkire-
ba dauSveblia. toponimi ucvlelad, erovnuli marTlwe-
riT unda ixmarebodes sxva enaze. ras mogvcemda, magali-
Tad, iseTi kolxuri toponimebis kalkireba an Targmani,
rogoricaa Wuburxinji (megr. „wablis xidi~), buliSxinji
(megr. „blis xidi~), Cxorowyu (megr. „cxra Wa~)? — arafers.
toponimi sityvaa da leqsikis ZiriTad semantikur
rkalebSi mas Tavisi adgili unda daeTmos. marTalia, is ad-
gils aRniSnavs da amitom masTan bevri istoriuli movle-
nacaa dakavSirebuli, magram, uwinares yovlisa, igi mainc
sityvaa, erTeuli enisa. toponimis mowyveta leqsikologi-
idan da mxolod sageografio Tu saistorio disciplinad
miCneva mecnierulad gaumarTlebelia. toponimikis mona-
cemebiT, ra Tqma unda, sargeblos geografiac, istoriac,
lingvistikac, eTnografiac, folkloristikac, magram mas
pirvel rigSi, mainc saqme aqvs enis faqtebTan. toponimika
enis ZiriTad erTeuls, sityvas ikvlevs. igi lingvisturi
mecnierebaa, romelsac ganviTarebis sakuTari specifiku-
ri kanonebi aqvs. toponimebi, hidronimebi, eTnonimebi aTe-
uli saukunis ganmavlobaSi ucvlelad emsaxurebian erT
enaze molaparake xalxs (Sdr.: aragvi, rioni, mcxeTa, Tbi-
lisi, quTaisi, iori, alazani, algeTi, fSavi, xevi, aWara,
Tori, kaxeTi, qsani, Zegvi, mesxeTi...). did sageografio er-
TeulTa saxelwodebebis gamZleoba bunebrivia, magram na-
kleb gamZlea mikrotoponimia.
cvlileba gansakuTrebiT im teritoriazea Zlieri,
sadac istoriulad gansxvavebul enebze molaparake to-
mebs ucxovriaT. toponimiaSi darCenila sxvadasxva enaze
molaparake tomTa nakvalevi. magaliTad, tana, ueWvelia,
erTi fenis sityvaa, gori — meorisa, ufliscixe — mesamisa.
toponimTa klasifikacia warmoSobis mixedviT mraval siZ-
nelesTanaa dakavSirebuli.
mikro-, makro- da sakuTriv toponimebi
toponimia — sam rkalad jgufdeba; gamoiyofa mikro-

toponimia, sakuTrivtoponimia da makrotoponimia. am kla-
sifikacias geografiuli da istoriuli safuZveli aqvs.
geografiuli TvalsazrisiT klasifikacia obieqtis are-
alsa da sidide-simcires gviCvenebs, istoriuli Tvalsaz-
risiT ki warmodgenas gvaZlevs saxelmwifosa da dasaxle-
bul punqtTa kontaqtebsa da maTTan dakavSirebul movle-
nebze.
mikrotoponimiaSi Tavs iyris mcire geografiuli er-
Teulis, bunebrivi Tu xelovnurad Seqmnili obieqtis, er-
Ti an ori dasaxlebuli punqtis farglebSi moqceuli adgi-
lis, saxnav-saTesi, sabostne, savenaxe, saCaie nakveTebis,
mcire mdinareTa, wyaroTa, maRlobTa, xeobaTa, xevebis,
tyeebis, ubnebis, qalaqebSi — quCebis saxelwodebani. aq
gvaqvs pirveladi saxelwodebani, romelTac momxmarebel-
Ta viwro wre icnobs da gaugebari an nakleb gasagebia sazo-
gadoebis farTo nawilisaTvis. arealis SezRuduloba,
obieqtis farglebis simcire — ai, mTavari niSan-Tvisebani
mikrotoponimiisa.
sakuTriv toponimebSi erTiandeba ufro msxvili ge-
ografiuli erTeulebi. aq gvaqvs dasaxlebuli punqtebis
(soflebis, dabebisa da qalaqebis), mozrdili da saSualo
mdinareebis, mcire tbebis, mTebis saxelwodebani, amisTana
bunebrivisa Tu xelovnurad Seqmnil obieqts xalxma odes-
Rac Searqva Tavisi saxeli, romelic epoqebs wvdeba. sakuT-
riv toponimiis areali farToa, obieqtis farglebi — ga-
Slili, sakuTriv toponimia metad gamZlea, misi asaki epo-
qebs iTvlis.
makrotoponimia gulisxmobs did geografiul erTe-
ulTa, saxelmwifoTa, udides qalaqTa, mdinareTa, zRvaTa,
tbaTa, okeaneTa, gzaTa saxelwodebebs. mikrotoponimia
scildeba ama Tu im saxelmwifo bunebriv sazRvrebs da sa-
216 Tamar lomTaZe
erTaSoriso gavrceleba aqvs, sayovelTaod cnobili da ga-

sagebia. sxvanairad, saxelmwifoTa, maTi provinciebis, di-
di qalaqebis, mdinareebis, tbebis, zRvebis, okeaneebis, mTe-
bis, mwvervalebis, trasebis saxelwodebani makrotoponim-
Ta samyaros qmnian.
vatikani da monako geografiulad miniaturuli sa-
xelmwifoebia, magram isini makrotoponimebia iseve, ro-
gorc italia da safrangeTi, romelTac teritoriulad
udidesi adgili uWiravT da kanonzomierad makrotoponi-
mebs warmoadgenen. aseT SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti araa geog-
rafiuli arealis simcire, aramed obieqtis individualu-
roba, saerTaSoriso xasiaTi. vatikani uflebiT iseTive sa-
xelmwifoa, rogorc italia, Tumca mas raRac 44 heqtari
uWiravs, italia ki — 301 aTas kv. kilomet farTobs flobs.
monakoc uflebiT iseTive saxelmwifoa, rogoric safran-
geTi, Tumca misi teritoria 1,5 kv. kilometrs Seadgens,
xolo safrangeTis teritoria 551 aTas kv. kilometrs aR-
wevs.
aseTia toponimTa klasifikacia geografiuli area-
lisa da gavrcelebulobis mixedviT. amrigad, toponimi
farTo cnebaa da didi Tu mcire adgilis, saxelmwifos,
mdinaris, zRvis, mTisa da maTi nawilebis saxelwodebaTa
erTobliobas gulisxmobs.
praqtikulad toponimTa es rkalebi SeiZleba warmo-
vidginoT Semdegnairad. saxelwodeba saqarTvelo ganekuT-
vneba makrotoponimTa rkals. aqve iqneba saerTaSoriso ga-
vrcelebis toponimebi: qarTli, kaxeTi, mesxeTi, javaxeTi,
xevsureTi, TuSeTi, fSavi, aWara, guria, lazeTi, samegre-
lo, imereTi, raWa, leCxumi, svaneTi, mtkvari, rioni, Tbi-
lisi, quTaisi, rusTavi, baTumi, soxumi, kavkasioni... TiTo-
eul am makrotoponimSi gamoiyofa sakuTrivtoponimebi.
qarTlSi — ateni, gori, ufliscixe, mejuda, liaxvi, qsani,
dviri, aragvi, tirifoni, lorwoma da misT. dasaxelebuli
adgilebis (soflebis, dabebis, qalaqebis), mdinareebis,
mTebis saxelwodebani. atenSi vpoulobT mikrotoponimebs:

didi ateni, patara ateni, gardateni, WeWelaanT ubani, ci-
xisubani, monasteri, tana, danaxvisi.
mikrotoponimTa specifika da adgili sageografio

saxelTa saerTo fondSi
mikrotoponimiis sazRvrebi jer kidev daudgenelia.

mecnierTa Soris davas iwvevs ama Tu im toponimis mikuT-
vneba mikro- da sakuTrivtoponimTa rkalisaTvis. erTni
fiqroben, rom mikrotoponimebad unda miviCnioT mxolod
miwis nakveTTa saxelwodebani (saxnav-saTesi nakveTebi, sa-
Zovrebi, mindvrebi, adgilobrivi tyeebi). zogis azriT, mik-
rotoponimia aris mcire geografiuli obieqtebis saxel-
wodebaTa erToblioba. mikrotoponimiuri sistema mikro-
teritoriulia, igi toponimiis dabali, umciresi iarusia.
qalaqis quCebi, magaliTad, ar ganekuTvneba mikrotoponim-
Ta samyaros. mikrotoponimi geografiul saxelTa sxva rka-
lebisagan gansxvavdeba Tavisi specifikuri wyaroebiT da
a.S. mikrotoponimTa farglebi zog mecniers farTod aqvs
warmodgenili, zogs — SezRudulad. erTi, sayovelTaod
miRebuli sazRvrebi dadgenili ar aris.
qarTuli toponimia enobrivi TvalsazrisiT eyrdno-
bad 5 ZiriTad kanonzomierebas. amasTan am kanonzomiere-
bebs erTnairad eqvemdebareba yvela rkali — mikro-, makro-
da sakuTrivtoponimebi: toponimTa didi nawili miRebulia
Zireuli sazogado saxelisagan; nawili toponimebisa
warmoqmnilia sityvaTmawarmoebeli afiqsebiT; zogi topo-
nimi miRebulia sityvaSeerTebiT; toponimebad gamoyenebu-
lia kompozitebi; toponimad gamoyenebulia adamianis saxe-
li an gvari.
xuTive modeli saerToa qarTul toponimTa yvela
rkalisaTvis. mikrotoponimebi struqturulad aq raime
specifikur Taviseburebebs ar gvaCveneben. warmoebis, se-
218 Tamar lomTaZe
mantikisa da modelis mixedviT qarTuli mikrotoponimia

ar gansxvavdeba toponimTa sxva rkalebisagan. qarTulSi ar
Cans safuZveli, romelic toponimebs enobrivi modelis mi-
xedviT calke klasebad daajgufebda, radgan aq mikroto-
ponimia ZiriTadia, sakuTriv da makrotoponimia — umTav-
res SemTxvevebSi misi ganviTarebis Sedegi. ganviTarebis
fenebi gamoiyofa toponimTa fondSi, magram maT, rogorc
aRiniSna, geografiuli an zogjer istoriuli safuZveli
SeiZleba hqondeT da ara enobrivi.
ramden xans cocxlobs toponimi?
toponimi didxans cocxlobs. misi istoria bevrad us-

wrebs damwerlobis warmoSobas. saistorio wyaroebs ufro
makro- d sakuTriv toponimebi SemorCa, mikrotoponimebi
ki umTavresad xalxis xsovnam Seinaxa da Taobidan Taobas
gadasca. amitom yvelaze nakleb gamZle toponimTa swored
es rkali aRmoCnda. makro- da sakuTriv toponimTa ZiriTa-
di fondi met-naklebad aRibeWda werilobiT wyaroebSi.
qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebi, uZvelesi saistorio
Txzulebani, romelTa gvirgvins „qarTlis cxovreba~ Sead-
gens, geografiuli aRwerilobani da sigel-gurjebi amis
utyuari mowmeebia. algeTi, alazani, ali, aragvi, quTaisi,
aWara, bodbe, geguTi, egrisi, iberia, vani, kaxeTi, marabda,
mcxeTa, naqerala, speri, surebi, sufsa, Tbilisi, Sorapani,
curtavi, wromi, WaneTi, xaxuli, oSki... uZvelesi qarTuli
sakuTrivi da makrotoponimebia, Cveni damwerlobis Semo-
Rebamde rom icnobdnen adgilobrivi tomebi da kidevac ai-
saxa wyaroebSi. rac Seexeba mikrotoponimTa uZveles
fonds, misi mxolod umniSvnelo nawili SemorCa saistorio
da sageografio Zeglebs.
mecnierebi xazs usvamen mikrotoponimiis nakleb ga-
mZleobasa da xSir cvalebadobas. es savsebiT bunebrivicaa.
mosaxleobis Semadgenlobis cvla da siWrele miwaTmoqme-
debis dargebis regulacia, tyeebis gaCexva, gvarebisa da

tomebis amoJleta an emigracia, Zveli obieqtebis gaqroba
da axlis warmoSoba, arsebul saxelwodebaTa daviwyeba an
sxva terminebiT Secvla da sxva faqtorebi xels uwyobdnen
mikrotoponimiis xSir cvalebadobas.
makro- da sakuTriv toponimebma epoqaTa qartexi-
lebs gauZles da Semoinaxes TavianTi Tavdapirveli saxe.
arqeologiurma Ziebam naTelyo bevri toponimis siZ-
vele. kerZod, mcxeTis arqeologiurma aRmoCenebma xeli
Seuwyes antikuri epoqis sxva uZvelesi wyaroebiTac cno-
bil toponimTa (iberia, mcxeTa da sxv.) arealis lokalize-
basa da struqturis dadgenas. sagulisxmoa imis aRniSvnac,
rom es arqeologiuri Zeglebi mravali saukuniT uswreben
qarTuli damwerlobis Cvenamde moRweul pirvel wyaroebs
— V saukunes. yovelive es udavod mowmobs, rom Zvel iberi-
asa da kolxeTSi jer kidev antikur epoqaSi toponimTa kar-
gad Camoyalibebuli nomenklatura arsebobda: tradiciul
leqsikaSi gamoiyofoda makro-, mikro da sakuTrivtoponi-
mebis mdidari fena. Cven, cxadia, ar viciT maSin yvela obi-
eqts erqva Tu ara saxeli, arc pirvandel saxelTa sruli
fondia gamovlenili, magram is mcire masalac ki, rac Cve-
namde aris moRweuli toponimTa diaqronuli da sinqronu-
li inventaridan, maT ueWvel siZveles adasturebs.
toponimi Cndeba enis warmoqmnisTanave da enas Tan ax-
lavs misi arsebobis mTel manZilze. igi iseve Zveli da ga-
mZlea, rogorc TviT ena, misi mTavari sakomunikacio erTe-
uli — sityva. ena xalxis, sazogadoebis qmnilebaa xalxi,
adamianTa myari erToba, dasaxlebiT romeliRac adgilTa-
naa dakavSirebuli, cxovrobs gansazRvrul geografiul
zolSi da, bunebrivia, sacxovrebel adgils specifikuri
saxelwodebiT aRniSnavs. toponimia enis erT-erTi pirveli
leqsikuri inventaria. ar arsebobs ena, romlis leqsikas ar
amdidrebs eg masala. kerZod, qarTuli enis sityvobriv ma-
ragSi toponimebs Tavidanve didi adgili dauWeria.
220 Tamar lomTaZe
jer kidev antikuri epoqa icnobda iseT makrotoponi-

mebs, rogoricaa romi da aTeni, nilosi da Razi, babiloni
da urartu, tigrosi da evfrati, egvipte da karTageni,
beTlemi da ierusalimi, quTaisi da kolxeTi... es uZvelesi
saxelebi dResac tradiciulad JReren. maT ase xangrZlivi
xmarebuleba mowmobs toponimTa gamZleobas.
rigiTi adamiani flobs toponimTa ara mTel, aramed
mxolod im marags, razedac mas Tvali da xeli miuwvdeba;
mis leqsikonSi SedarebiT met adgils makro- da sakuTriv-
toponimebi iWeren, xolo mikrotoponimebidan igi mxolod
imas icnobs, rac misi samoqmedo radiusiT Semoifargleba.
toponimTa warmoSobisaTvis
toponimebi warmoSobilia uSualod, adamianTa urTi-

erTobis procesSi da, rogorc mecnierebi fiqroben, saxe-
li ama Tu im geografiul adgils zogjer stiqiurad, pir-
velad miRebuli STabeWdilebis mixedviT Serqmevia. adami-
anTa Semoqmedebasa da gonebamaxvilobas aq usazRvro gaqa-
neba hqonia. toponimebSi moCans xalxis uSualo Semoqmede-
ba da gonebamaxviloba. uSualo STabeWdilebiTaa miRebuli
magaliTad, orwyali. im adgilas, romelsac orwyali hqvia,
erTdeba ori mdinare da, marTlac, ori wylis (=mdinaris)
Sesayari iqmneba.
stiqiuri warmoSobisaa toponimi rio-de-Janeiro. es
termini amerigo vespuCim Seqmna. mogzauri axali wlis (pir-
veli ianvris) adre diliT Tavisi karvidan gamosula ad-
gilmdebareobis dasazveravad. Tvali moukravs zRvis ubi-
saTvis, romelic didi mdinare hgonebia da uwodebia rio-
de-Janeiro — „mdinare ianvrisa~. saxelwodeba gavrcelda.
mecnierebi sworad SeniSnaven, rom es saxelwodeba SemTxve-
viT gaCndao. amerigo vespuCi wina dRes rom gamosuliyo
adgilmdebareobis dasazveravad, mdinares sxva saxels da-
arqmevdao. aseve cotam Tu icis, magaliTad, aziis erTi
cnobili toponimis — bucefalis warmoSoba. igi cxenisa-

Tvis Serqmeuli saxelidan warmomdgara. saqme ase yofila:
aleqsandre makedonels aziaSi laSqrobisas erT adgilas
cxare brZola mougia, magram sayvareli cxeni — bucefala
ki daukargavs. gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad mefes am adgilas
cixe-simagre augia da misTvis sayvareli cxenis saxeli —
bucefala uwodebia.
egzotikuri da adgilobrivi warmoSobis sxva topo-
nimTa Taviseburma gaazrebam da deetimologizaciam waSa-
la sityvis namdvili Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba da sruli-
ad axleburi gageba misca calkeul toponims. qarTlSi go-
ris raioni) aris SesaniSnavi sofeli mejvrisxevi. garegnu-
lad am rTuli sityvis etimologia ase SeiZleba warmovid-
ginoT: mejvaris (a-s reduqciiT — mejvris) xevi. namdvilad
toponims araviTari damokidebuleba jvarTan an mejvares-
Tan ara aqvs. sofeli mdebareobs md. mejvdis (axlandeli
mejudis) xeobaSi da Tavdapirvelad, rogorc a. SaniZem ga-
arkvia, mejvdisxevi gvqonia, magram Semdeg mejvrisxevad
gaazrebula.
toponimTa aglutinaciuri warmoeba
sityvaTwarmoeba qarTulSi saerTod aglutinaciu-

ria, amave tipologiisaa toponimebic. calke, geografiul
saxelTa sawarmoebel afiqsebTan erTad, amave funqciiTaa
gamoyenebuli sxva sityvaTmawarmoebeli afiqsebi. TiTqmis
yvela maTgani produqtiulia rogorc aRmosavleT, ise da-
savleT saqarTvelos geografiul nomenklaturaSi.
qarTuli geografiuli saxelebi sxvadasxva warmoSo-
bisaa da yvela maTganis etimologia SeuZlebeli avxsnaT.
ZiriTadi nawili miRebulia sagnis, cnebis, cxovelis, frin-
velis, mcenaris, adamianis sakuTari da gvarovnuli saxe-
lisagan. amisTana saxeli gamoyenebulia fuZed, rasac er-
Tvis sagangebo sawarmoebeli afiqsi. magaliTad, tb-eT-i,
222 Tamar lomTaZe
romelSic tb Ziria, -eT — geografiul saxelTa sawarmoebe-

li sufiqsi. magram gvaqvs sofeli tba-c, romelic uafiq-
sodac geografiul punqts aRniSnavs. aseTi, sufTa ZiriT
warmodgenili, geografiuli erTeuli bevria: ali, arbo,
atoci, acana, aZvi, axadi, axo, abi, bako, baji, biRa, boga, bo-
ri, gdu, geri, gomi, gori, derCi, dici, dre, zana, zoti, zu-
mi, Tago, Tezi, ino, iri, karbi, kobi, koki, koxi, kurzu, le-
sa, mna, musxi, noste, noRa, oTa, oni, saja, skra, tami, fca,
qere, Ru, Sovi, caxi, cdo, Zegvi, wifa, xino, xoni, java,
jria...
toponimTa warmoqmna qarTulSi xorcieldeba pre-
fiqsebiT, sufiqsebiT, an prefiqs-sufiqsebiT. ufro ga-
vrcelebuli sufiqsuri da prefiqs-sufiqsuri warmoebaa.
sakulto toponimebi da agionimebi
samlocveloebis, xatebis, warmarTul dReobebTan

dakavSirebuli adgilebis, eklesia-monastrebis saxelwo-
debebi da agionimebi toponimiaSi gankerZoebulad unda
gamoiyos, rogorc wminda adgilebi. bevri maTgani Cveuleb-
riv toponimebTanaa dakavSirebuli (magaliTad, mcxeTa —
mcxeTis jvari, bodbe — bodbis monasteri, Semoqmedi —
Semoqmedis monasteri, SuamTa — SuamTis monasteri, bolni-
si — bolnisis sioni da a.S.), magram didi umetesoba Tavad
sakuTriv- an mikrotoponimebia. aseTebia, kerZod, gelaTi,
SiomRvime, qaSveTi, ninowminda, mTawminda, bedia, ulumba,
martvili da sxva. cnobilia warmarTul da qristianul
rwmenasTan dakavSirebuli sakulto adgilebi, romelTa
saxelebi xalxSi toponimebadaa damkvidrebuli. aseTebia:
amaRleba, aRdgoma, bodbe, giorgoba, elia, elias mTa, kvi-
rike, kvirikeseri, naTlimcemeli, pirimze, sameba, sveti-
cxoveli, jvari, RvTismSobeli, yvelawminda, nikorwminda,
ninowminda, xornabuji, kopala, gorisjvari, jvarcma...
msgavsi toponimebis didi umetesoba tradiciulia qveynis

TiTqmis yvela regionisaTvis.
warmarTuli sakulto saxelebi unda iyos kambeCanis
miwa-wyalze lokalizebuli bodbe, xoranTa, xornabuji,
romelTa warmomavlobas santereso gamokvleva uZRvna iv.
lolaSvilma (iv. lolaSvili,1971 , 145-152). bodbe uZvelesi
toponimia, saidanac miRebulia bodbis monasteri da bod-
bisxevi. bodbe, iv. lolaSvilis azriT, kompozitia:
bod+daba (bodisdaba-bodidaba-boddaba-bodabe-bodbe). am
procesis realurad warmodgena SesaZlebelia da dakvir-
vebac originaluria, magram mainc ufro optimalurad un-
da miviCnioT fuZis meore komponentad ara daba, aramed
dube, rac, sabas ganmartebiT, „dabali adgilia~. dube sa-
vsebiT udgeba adgilmdebareobasac. saqme isicaa, rom Semo-
naxulia ara bode, aramed boda. kerZod, vaxuSti bagratio-
ni mxolod bodas icnobs: „ara winaRudges boda qalaqTa me-
feTasa~; „movida dabasa bodas~. boda dabis saxeli iyo da
kompozitSi ori dabis SeerTeba eWvs iwvevs. magram bodas
semantika mainc ucnobia. is nasesxebi unda iyos sparsul-
arabul-Turquli enobrivi samyarodan. safiqrebelia, mo-
mdinareobdes sparsuli bodidan, rac siSores, „SoreTs~,
„Soreuls~, „daSorebuls~, „manZils~ niSnavs. Tu es varaudi
sworia, maSin gvTeqneba: bud(is) — dube — bodbe „Sori daba-
li adgili (a. Rlonti, 1988).
xornabuji da xoranTac, rogorc iTqva, sakulto ad-
gilebia. xornabuji sxvanairad Tamaris cixedac iwodeba.
iv. lolaSvilis dakvirvebiT, igi xuaran// xoran-isganaa mi-
Rebuli. mz. andronikaSvilTan erTad mkvlevari am fuZeSi
xedavs saSualo sparsulis mzes (xuaran//xoran „mze~, Ta —
„mTa~). is mzis kerpis adgils gvaCvenebs da amdenad toponi-
mia (mz. andronikaSvili, 1966, 511.).
sakulto adgilTa saxelwodebani da agionimebi enis
iseTive leqsikuri erTeulebia, rogoric sxva semantikuri
224 Tamar lomTaZe
rkalis toponimebi. amitom erTnairad aRibeWdeba topo-

nimTa saerTo leqsikonSi.
anTroponimika
anTroponimika Seiswavlis adamianTa saxelebs. adami-

anis sakuTari saxeli enis leqsikis uZvelesi fondis kuT-
vnilebaa. sakuTar saxelebs sxvadasxva warmoSoba aqvT da
maT gavrcelebas sxvadasxva pirobebi gansazRvravs.
anTroponimi semantikurad Taviseburi sityvaa. igi
warmoSobiTa da ramdenime funqciiT ganirCeva substanti-
vis klasis sxva Tanrigis sityvebisagan, Torem gramatiku-
lad, struqturiTa da winadadebaSi moxmarebiT arsebiTi
saxelia, oRond ar ZaluZs mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoeba.
sakuTar saxelTa specifikas gviCvenebs nominatiuro-
ba, mravlobiTi ricxvis uqonloba, kninobiT-moferebiTi
formaTa warmoeba. sakuTari saxeli Seadgens gaqvavebuli
saxis enobriv faqts, razedac xSirad amyareben TavianT va-
raudebs onomastikosebi, arsebiTad ver gvaCvenebs am sa-
xelTa Sinagan samyaros. sakuTar saxelTa struqtura da
semantika erTi mxriv hgavs sazogados, meore mxriv gan-
sxvavdeba. am msgavseba-gansxvavebis amplitudis Sefasebi-
sas saWiroa zomierebis dacva. am sxvaobas onomastikosebi
xSirad specifikur kanonebsac uwodeben.
swored, sazogado saxelTa samyaro aris is niadagi,
romelSidac istoriulad saTaves iRebs anTroponimika.
antroponimTa genezisis, Sinagani struqturisa da se-
mantikis sakiTxebi CvenSi jerjerobiT ar qceula sistemu-
ri Ziebis sagnad da TviT anTroponimikac ar gamxdara iseT
samecniero disciplinad, romelsac SeeZleboda damouki-
debeli sityvis Tqma.
samwuxarod, qarTveluri anTroponimika ar aris sa-
fuZvlianad Seswavlili. Tavis mxriv, Seswavlac sakmao siZ-
neleebTanaa dakavSirebuli. magaliTad, qristianobamdeli
anTroponimika fragmentuladaa Semonaxuli. arada is faq-

ti, rom warmarTul RvTaebaTa sakuTari saxelebi kargadaa
Camoyalibebuli, gvafiqrebinebs, rom qarTvel tomebs kar-
gad Camoyalibebuli TviTmyofi onomastikoni hqondaT.
damwerlobis SemoRebis Semdeg, qarTvelur tomebSi ga-
vrcelebuli qarTveluri anTroponimika TandaTan Seaviw-
rova qristianulma damwerlobamac. saqmes isic arTuleb-
da, rom qristianobis miRebis Semdeg saxelis darqmevis ri-
tuali samRvdeloebis xelSi gadavida, ramac sabolood
gandevna warmarTuli saxelebi da daamkvidra axali, qris-
tianuli saxelebi. mTasa da xalxSi araoficialurad es sa-
xelebi kvlav arsebobda, Tumca maT oficialuri gza da-
xSuli hqondaT. Sua saukuneebisTvis saeklesio centrebis
maxloblad warmarTuli saxelebi TiTqmis dakarguli iyo,
magram xalxi saukunovani tradiciis erTbaSad aRmofxvras
ver egueboda. amitomac aris, rom am periodis sigel-gur-
jebsa Tu sxva saistorio TxzulebebSi aSkarad igrZnoba
ori tendenciis brZola. am brZolaSi jer kidev Tanaarse-
bobda sakuTar saxelTa tradiciuli nomenklaturis ga-
rkveuli nawilica da qristianuli saxelebis didi umrav-
lesoba.
yvelaze didi xnis ganmavlobaSi tradiciuli saxele-
bi SemorCa mTas. werilobiT ZeglebSi gabneuli am saxele-
bis analizis Sedegad, SeiZleba gamovyoT Zireuli da
warmoqmnili jgufebi. Zireuli sakuTari saxelebis abso-
lutur boloSi xuTive xmovani gvxvdeba: zaza, vaCe, duro,
duxu, maci. TanxmovanfuZian saxelTagan gavrcelebuli
Cans alxaz, asan, arjevan.
gvxvdeba warmoqmnili saxelebi: Tandua, TunTia, Ci-
tia, kacia, bera, aluda, romelTa umravlesobas, Tavis
mxriv, daerTvis moferebiT-kninobiTi mawarmoeblebi: pa-
pua, Temia, beruka, xarika. zogi anTroponimi nawarmoebia
TavsarT-bolosarTiT, magaliTad, salome. xSiria Txzuli
anTroponimebis gamoyenebac: gulnazi, xvTisavari.
226 Tamar lomTaZe
zogjer saxelebi gadmocemulia romelime brunvis

formiT, magaliTad, xatisa, caco da a. S. morfologiurad
Zireuli da warmoqmnili anTroponimebi brunebadi sityve-
bia da eqvemdebareba qarTuli brunebis sistemas.
uxvad mogvepoveba nasesxebi saxelebic. sesxeba sxva-
dasxva epoqas ganekuTvneba da igrZnoba Tu romel epoqaSi,
romel erTan unda gvqonoda urTierToba. amitom nasesxebi
anTroponimebi gvaqvs sparsulidan, arabulidan, Turqu-
lidan, berZnulidan, rusulidan, inglisuridan da a. S.
qristianobis Semosvlas, pirvel rigSi, qristianuli
saxelebis sesxeba mohyva: daviTi, giorgi, maTe, petre, mar-
kozi da a. S.
Tu nasesxebi saxeli mravalmarcvliani iyo, qarTuli
cdilobda Tavisi enis modelisTvis daeqvemdebarebina, sa-
dac ZiriTadad, or da sammarcvliani saxelebi iyo gavrce-
lebuli, amitom zepirmetyvelebaSi axdendnen nasesxeb sa-
xelTa Sekvecas (dezintegracias). am tendenciam male
mwerlobaSic iCina Tavi ( viqtoria — vika; vladimeri — la-
do, aleqsandre — sandro, elizabeti -lizi....).
metsaxeli. qarTul tomebSi ZvelTaganve gavrcele-
buli yofila adamianisaTvis metsaxelis Serqmeva. es tra-
dicia dRemde arsebobs. metsaxelis Serqmevisas iTvaliswi-
neben adamianis garegnobas, mosaqmeobas, Tvisebebs, warmo-
mavlobas da a. S.
metsaxels mTis kiloebSi Tikuns eZaxian. mTam Semoi-
naxa adamianis sakuTar saxelTa tabuirebis tradicia. va-
Jas sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, fSaveli qmari da misi coli ise
dahberdebian, rom erTmaneTs saxels ar dauZaxeben — es
unamusobad, sircxvilad miaCniaT.
sakuTar saxelTa tabuirebis gamoZaxils pouloben
amerikel indielebSi, sadac l. morganis cnobiT, uxeSobad
iTvleba sakuTari saxeliT mimarTva, an saxelis kiTxva
(l. morgani, 1934, 48).
arsebobs mosazreba, rom anTroponimTa mTavari nawi-

li swored Tikunidan momdinareobs. metsaxelTa safuZ-
velze sakuTar saxelTa sistemis Seqmna-ganviTareba sayo-
velTao movlenaa, amitomac amis nimuSebi ara marto saqar-
TveloSi, aramed ucxoeTSic daiZebneba.
miaCniaT, rom metsaxeli udevs safuZvlad Zveli da
axali aRTqmis wignebis onomastikonis mTavar nawilsac.
amitomacaa, rom maTi didi nawili dResac iolad iTargmne-
ba. magaliTad, aleqsi niSnavs TanaSemwes; aleqsandre — vaJ-
kacuri daxmareba; viqtori — gamarjvebuli; giorgi — mi-
waTmoqmedi, irine — mSvidoba, elisabed — fici, sofio —
brZeni, elene — rCeuli...
zogjer metsaxelSi aerTianeben fsevdonimebsac.
xSirad adamiani fsevdonimiT aris cnobili da misi namdvi-
li saxeli bevrma ar icis.
ratom ar SeaqvT sakuTari saxelebi leqsikonebSi?
Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebSi erTmaneTisagan ganas-

xvaveben denotatsa da referents. referents uwodeben im
realias (faqts an obieqts), romelsac gulisxmobs molapa-
rake mocemuli saxelis warmoTqmisas, xolo denotati ewo-
deba SesaZlo, virtualur referents, gamosaxatavi faqte-
bis an obieqtebis klass; igi konkretul sametyvelo aqts
ar ukavSirdeba. Tu saxeli metyvelebaSi xmarebisas SesaZ-
lo denotatebidan erT-erTze miuTiTebs, am saxels kon-
kretuli referenti Seesabameba, xolo Tu metyvelebaSi
arsebuli saxeli obieqtTa mTel klasze miuTiTebs, am sa-
xelis ureferento xmareba (ganzogadebuli mniSvnelobiT
xmareba) gavqvs. ase, magaliTad, kata Sinauri cxovelia
gamonaTqvamSi kata saxels aqvs denotati, magram es saxeli
ureferentod aris naxmari. bunebriv samyaroSi denotate-
bi ar gaaCniaT iseT saxelebs rogoric aris faskunji, enZe-
lebis Rimili da a. S.
228 Tamar lomTaZe
iseT saxelebs, romlebic ureferentod aris naxmari

mxolod signifikaturi mniSvneloba aqvT. es mniSvneloba
asaxavs aRmniSvnelis mimarTebas cnebis SinaarsTan da moi-
cavs obieqtTa klasisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs. signi-
fikatur mniSvnelobas, upirveles yovlisa, enobrivi erTe-
ulis Rirebuleba gansazRvravs.
signifikaturi mniSvneloba vlindeba rogorc enaSi,
ise metyvelebaSi, xolo denotaturi mniSvneloba mxolod
metyvelebaSi iCens Tavs, rac mis arastabilurobas ganapi-
robebs, amitom sakuTari saxelebi (Tu isini sazogadoTa
funqciiT ar arian gamoyenebuli) leqsikonebSi ar SeaqvT
(T. gamyreliZe, 2003, 342).
ras ewodeba toponimi?

ra aris toponimia?
ras ewodeba toponimika?
rogori saxis toponimebs gamoyofen?
ras ewodeba toponimTa leqsikoni?
romel naSroms miiCneven pirvel sakuTriv toponimTa Semcvel
geografiul naSromad saqarTveloSi?
ramdeni aspeqtiT mimdinareobs toponimikuri Zieba da rome-
lia es aspeqtebi?
rogor gaCnda sexnia toponimebi?
ra unda miviCnioT toponimTa gaCenis garegan faqtorad?
ramden rkalad ajgufeben toponimias?
rogori safuZveli aqvs am klasifikacias?
ra iyris Tavs mikrotoponimiaSi?
ra aris niSandoblivi mikrotoponimiisaTvis?
ra erTiandeba sakuTriv toponimebSi?
ra erTiandeba makrotoponimiaSi?
rogoraa warmoSobili toponimTa umetesoba?
rogoraa miRebuli toponimebi?
saqarTveloSi sad SemorCa yvelaze didxans tradiciuli saxe-

lebi?
ramdeni struqturuli jgufi SeiZleba gamoiyos sakuTar sa-
xelebSi?
ra SemTxvevaSi axdendnen nasesxeb saxelTa dezintegracias?
ras iTvaliswinebdnen ZiriTadad metsaxelis Serqmevisas?
ras uwodebdnen metsaxels mTis kiloebSi?
ratom miaCniaT, rom metsaxeli udevs safuZvlad Zvel ono-
mastikonsac?
davaleba: gaixseneT TqvenTvis nacnobi kuTxis topo-

nimebi da miuTiTeT rogoraa miRebuli isini.
davaleba: gaecaniT vaxuSti bagrationis naSromSi
erT-erTi kuTxis toponimikas da miuTiTeT, romeli topo-
nimi SeiZleba iyos miRebuli stiqiurad.
davaleba: saqarTvelos sinamdvilidan daasaxeleT
mikro, makro da sakuTriv toponimebi
davaleba: gaecaniT al. Rlontis qarTul leqsikog-
rafias da daasaxeleT nasesxeb saxelTa mniSvnelobebi.
230 Tamar lomTaZe
qarTuli leqsikografia
ama Tu im leqsikas metnaklebi sisruliT Tavs uyrian

leqsikonebSi (berZ. lexicos leqsikoni). leqsikonis Sedgenis
sakiTxebs arkvevs leqsikografia (berZ. lexicos da grapho
vwer — leqsikonTSedgena).
saqarTveloSi leqsikografiuli muSaoba mwignobro-
bis warmoqmnisTanave unda dawyebuliyo, rasac mowmobs uZ-
velesi xelnaweri Zeglebi, romelTa mniSvnelovan nawils
Tan axlavs sqolio-Seiswave-Segonebani, romlebSic axsni-
lia ama Tu im sityvis mniSvneloba.
mwignobrobis ganviTareba organulad apirobebda
leqsikografiuli muSaobis aucileblobas. mTargmnelobi-
Ti muSaoba kidev ufro mwvaved ayenebda dRis wesrigSi gan-
martebiTi da enciklopediuri leqsikonebis Sedgenis sa-
kiTxs. swored am mizezebiT qarTuli leqsikografiis saTa-
veebi Zvel mTargmnelebTanaa saZiebeli.
samwuxarod, uZvelesi qarTuli leqsikografiuli
muSaobis Sesaxeb bevri masala ar aris SemorCenili, Tumca
fragmentuli masalebidanac irkveva, Tu rogori dainte-
resebulni iyvnen qarTveli mwignobrebi imdroindeli leq-
sikografiuli miRwevebiT da rogor cdilobdnen warmate-
buli praqtikis saqarTveloSi danergvas. amis magaliTad
SeiZleba davasaxeloT efrem mcire, romelic kargad ic-
nobda imdroindel berZnul leqsikografias da mouwodeb-
da qarTvel Tanamedroveebs ganmartebebi sityvebisa anba-
nis rigiT daerToT originalur Tu TargmniT Sromebze.
albaT, logikuricaa, rom Cvenamde moRweuli pirveli gan-
martebiTi leqsikoni ekuTvnis efrem mcires. esaa fsalmu-
nis Targmanebis SesavalSi CarTuli sityvari. m. SaniZis si-
tyvebiT rom vTqvaT, aq ganmartebulia asamdis leqsikuri
erTeuli. fsalmunTa Targmanebis Sesavlis Sua nawili Se-
iZleba CaiTvalos qarTul enaze Sedgenil pirvel leqsi-
konad~ (mz. SaniZe, 1968, 81).

miuxedavad amisa, pirveli TargmniTi da ganmartebiTi
leqsikonebi saqarTveloSi mogvianebiT Cndeba. es imas ar
niSnavs, rom Sewyda leqsikografiuli muSaoba saqarTve-
loSi raRac periodi, ubralod, rogorc sulxan-saba aR-
niSnavs, qarTuli enis leqsikoni manamdec arsebula, mag-
ram qarTvelebs `patiosani ese wigni dahkargodaT~.
leqsikoni sxvadasxvagvari SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad,
ganmartebiTi, dialeqtologiuri, calkeuli mwerlis leq-
sikonebi... ganmartebiTi leqsikoni SeiZleba Sedgenili
iyos calkeuli dargebis mixedviT. aseTebs dargobriv,
anu terminologiur leqsikonebs uwodeben. ganmartebiTi
leqsikoni SeiZleba asaxavdes enis Zvel leqsikasac. enaT-
mecnierulia agreTve ucxo sityvaTa, sinonimebis, omonime-
bis, xatovani, ideografiuli, orTografiuli, SedarebiTi
da etimologiuri, fsevdonimebis, sakuTar saxelTa, pirTa
anotirebuli, Jargonis, inversiuli, sityvaTa sixSirisa da
sxva leqsikonebi.
qarTuli leqsikografiis saTaveebTan, pirvel rigSi,
unda davasaxeloT nikifore ColoyaSvili, farsadan
gorgijaniZe, vaxtang meeqvse da leqsikologiis mamamTa-
vari saqarTveloSi sulxan-saba orbeliani.
1629 wels nikifore ColoyaSvilma (irbaxma) stefane
paulinTan erTad Seadgina da romSi gamosca pirveli qar-
Tuli nabeWdi wigni „qarTul-italiuri leqsikoni“.
amis Semdeg farsadan gorgijaniZes Seudgenia qar-
Tul-arabul-sparsuli leqsikoni, magram aRsaniSnavia,
rom leqsikoni anbanze ar aris dalagebuli.
am periodis leqsikografiuli Sromebidan uTuod un-
da gamovyoT vaxtang meeqvsis „vefxistyaosnis Targmani“,
romelic 1712 wels daibeWda da romelSic mocemuli aqvs
650-mde Znelad gasagebi sityvis ganmarteba, magram ro-
gorc a. SaniZe aRniSnavs „leqsikoni im saxiT, rogorc es am-
Jamad gvesmis, vaxtangs `vefxistyaosnisTvis“ ar gaukeTe-
232 Tamar lomTaZe
bia... marTalia, vaxtangi leqsikons anbanze ar alagebs, mag-

ram es mxolod teqnikuri naklia... bevri sityva vaxtangs Ci-
nebulad aqvs axsnili“ (a. SaniZe, 1937, 367). aRsaniSnavia,
rom vaxtangis leqsikografiul naSromebs (sparsul-qar-
Tuli leqsikoni darTuli sparsulidan naTargmn uluR-
begis naSroms „ziji“, „qilila da damana, sabaseuli redaq-
cia (vaxtang VI-is Targmani“) aCnevia misi aRmzrdelis, sul-
xan-sabas gavlena.
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom epoqaluri mniSvnelo-
bis leqsikografiuli naSromi aris sulxan-saba orbelia-
nis `qarTuli leqsikoni~ anu `sityvis kona~, Sedgenili
1685-1715 wlebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom leqsikoni ganmar-
tebiTi xasiaTisaa, zogjer zogierT sityvasTan qarTuli
dawerilobiT mocemulia somxuri, Turquli an italiuri
Targmani. ase rom ganmartebiT leqsikonSi TargmniTi leq-
sikonis elementebic aris warmodgenili. ucxouri warmo-
mavlobis sityvebTan miTiTebulia, Tu romeli enidan aris
Semosuli, aqvea dialeqtebidan Sesuli sityvebic, Zveli
wignebidan amokrebil sityvebsa da xalxis sasaubro enidan
aRebul wignebs leqsikonSi axlavs saTanado miTiTeba.
zogjer ki sityvebi leqsikonSi miTiTebebis gareSec aris
Setanili.
am leqsikonSi sityvebi gaerTianebulia gvareobiTi
cnebis mixedviT da sinonimur budeebad aris dalagebuli.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Semonaxulia Tavad sulxan-sabas xelna-
weri versiac.
`sityvis kona~ pirvelad poetma rafiel erisTavma
gamosca 1884 wels. bolo gamocema daTariRebulia 1991
wliT.
am periodis leqsikografiuli naSromebidan Zalze
sayuradReboa msoflio enaTa SedarebiT leqsikonSi Seta-
nili qarTveluri masala (1787-1791). aRniSnuli masalebi
(285 qarTuli, 107 megruli, 109 svanuri sityva) Setanilia
akad. i. giuldenStedtis, n. axverdovis, a. mouravovisa da
sxvaTa Canawerebis mixedviT. SedarebiT leqsikonSi gamo-

qveynebul qarTul-megrul-svanur masalas, rogorc pir-
vel beWdur wyaros rusul enaze qarTuli da qarTveluri
enebis leqsikis Sesaxeb, fasdaudebeli mniSvneloba hqonda
am enaTa mecnieruli Seswavlis interesis gaRvivebisaTvis
ruseTsa da dasavleTSi (a. Rlonti, 1971, 136).
ganmartebiTi leqsikonebi
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis gamocemis Zi-

riTadi principebi daamuSava arn. Ciqobavam, romlis saer-
To redaqciiT 1950-1964 wlebSi gamovida leqsikonis rva
tomi.
ganmartebiT leqsikonSi Setanil TiTqmis yvela leq-
sikur erTeuls ganmartebasTan erTad erTvis saTanado
gamonaTqvamebi gamoCenili mwerlebis Txzulebebidan.
zogjer ki sasaubro enis Cveulebrivi frazaa gamoyenebu-
li. leqsikonSi Setanilia iseTi kuTxuri sityvebic, rom-
lebic samwignobro enisaTvis sarezervod iTvleba.
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, Tavis mxriv, safuZvlad da-
edo sxva leqsikonebs, magaliTad, `qarTuli enis ganmarte-
biTi leqsikonis~ safuZvelze 1986 wels gamovida ganmar-
tebiTi leqsikonis erTtomeuli. aseve, varlam Tofuriasa
da ivane gigineiSvilis `qarTuli enis orTografiuli leq-
sikoni~ (1968 w.), leqsikonSi warmodgenilia qarTuli si-
tyvebis marTebuli formebi. amdenad, bunebrivia, masSi ar
aris mocemuli sityvis mniSvnelobebi.
am leqsikonis gamocemidan 30 wlis Semdeg, 1998 wels,
gamovida `qarTuli enis orTografiuli leqsikonis~ meo-
re Sevsebuli gamocema. leqsikonis axal gamocemaSi dama-
tebiT Sesuli masala 30 000 erTeuls aRemateba, xolo
mTlianad saleqsikono erTeulTa raodenoba daaxloebiT
80 000-s aRwevs.
234 Tamar lomTaZe
ganmartebiTi leqsikonis bazaze Seiqmna agreTve 1967

wels gamocemuli `qarTuli enis inversiuli leqsikoni~.
ena cvalebadi kategoriaa, cvalebadoba gansakuTre-
biT leqsikas Seexeba. Tanamedrove epoqam moiTxova Sevse-
buli da ganaxlebuli leqsikonis gamocema. amitomac mo-
mzadda da gamoica ganmartebiTi leqsikonis pirveli da me-
ore tomis axali redaqcia prof. a. arabulis redaqtoro-
biT, romelsac aTasobiT axali sityva da sailustracio ma-
sala daerTo.
sityvis mniSvneloba leqsikonSi SeiZleba uCvenon
sxva enidan saTanado sityvis SerCeviT. esaa TargmniTi anu
paraleluri leqsikoni. TargmniTi leqsikoni Cveulebriv,
orenovania (qarTul-rusuli, rusul-qarTuli, somxur-
qarTuli, laTinur-rusuli, germanul-rusuli, frangul-
inglisuri...). Tumca zogjer SeiZleba iyos sam da oTxeno-
vani, vTqvaT, laTinur-rusul-qarTuli botanikuri an sa-
medicino leqsikoni... germanul-frangul-inglisur-rusu-
li paraleluri leqsikoni.
mniSvnelovani orenovani leqsikonebia: niko Cubi-
naSvilis `rusul-qarTuli leqsikoni~ (or tomad). es leq-
sikoni avtors 1812-1825 wlebSi Seudgenia. arsebobda xel-
naweris saxiT, is gamosca al. Rlontma.
daviT CubinaSvilma Seqmna `qarTul-rusul-frangu-
li leqsikoni~ (1840 w.) da „rusul-qarTuli“ leqsikoni or
tomad (1846).
k. Cxenkelis qarTul-germanuli leqsikoni, romelic
1960-1974 wlebSi ciurixSi sam tomad daibeWda.
qarTul-franguli leqsikonebidan cnobilia i. gvar-
jalaZis leqsikoni, romelic (12 aTasi sityviT) daibeWda
1946, 1967 wlebSi. Semdeg ki avtorma 40 000 sityviani leqsi-
koni gamoaqveyna.
1979 wels gamocemulia Tamar da isidore gvarjala-
Zeebis qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni.
specialuri leqsikonebi
arn. Ciqobavas mixedviT, specialur leqsikonebSi Se-

dis dialeqtologiuri (ama Tu im dialeqtis leqsikur Ta-
viseburebaTa aRnusxviT), istoriuli (sadac leqsikis Se-
madgenlobisa da sityvaTa mniSvnelobis cvlaa aRnusxuli),
SedarebiTi ( masSi ori an meti monaTesave enis sityvebia Se-
darebuli) leqsikonebi.
SedarebiTi leqsikoni arsebiTad gansxvavdeba para-
leluri leqsikonisagan: paraleluri leqsikoni SeiZleba
yoveli ori enisaTvis SevadginoT, iqneba es enebi monaTesa-
ve Tu ara (magaliTad, arabul-qarTuli, Turqul-rusuli),
SedarebiTi leqsikoni ki mxolod monaTesave enebisa iqne-
ba, e.i. iseTi enebisa, romelTac saerTo warmoSoba aqvT.
amisdakvalad paraleluri leqsikoni erTi mniSvnelobis
sityvebs iZleva, SedarebiTi — erTi warmoSobis fuZeebs
gamoyofs, Tundac, rom maTi mniSvneloba sxva iyos. ase, ma-
galiTad, paralelur qarTul-megrul leqsikonSi gveqne-
ba: kaci — koCi, Zma-jima, xe-ja, Rame-seri... SedarebiT qar-
Tul-megrul leqsikonSi ki gveqneboda: kaci-koCi, Zma-ji-
ma, Zeli-ja, Rame-Ruma „wuxel“. qarT. Zel-i da megr. ja „xe“
warmoSobiT erTi da igive fuZea. asevea: qarT. Rame-s
warmoSobiT ukavSirdeba megr. Ruma, romelsac amJamad sxva
mniSvneloba aqvs (da ara ser-i, romelic amJamad „Rames“
niSnavs) (arn. Ciqobava, 2008).
SedarebiTi leqsikonebidan unda davasaxeloT arn.
Ciqobavas `Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi leqsiko-
ni~(Tb.,1938).
2003 wels gamoica merab Cuxuas `qarTvelur ena-ki-
loTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni~.
qarTuli leqsikonebidan enaTmecnieruli Tvalsaz-
risiT mniSvnelovania z. sarjvelaZis `Zveli qarTuli enis
sityvis kona~, romelic 1995 wels gamoica. am wignSi Sesu-
lia 10000-mde iseTi leqsikuri erTeuli, romlebic ver ai-
236 Tamar lomTaZe
saxnen an gansxvavebuli formiTa da mniSvnelobiTaa damow-

mebuli ilia abulaZis `Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonSi~.
mTlianad naSromSi 28400-ze meti leqsemaa.
arsebobs qarTuli literaturis klasikosTa Txzu-
lebebis leqsikonebi, magaliTad, vaJa-fSavelas, yazbegis,
kldiaSvilis da a. S.
sakuTar saxelTa leqsikonebidan unda aRiniSnos
1988 wels paata cxadaias mier gamocemuli onomastikur
terminTa ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. aseTi tipis leqsikoni
manamde gamocemuli hqonda al. Rlonts — `qarTveluri sa-
kuTari saxelebi — anTroponimTa leqsikoni~.
hainc fenrixisa da zurab sarjvelaZis qarTvelur
enaTa etimologiuri leqsikoni 1990 wels qarTul enaze
pirvelad gamoqveynda. am leqsikonis meore Sevsebuli da
gadamuSavebuli gamocema 2000 wels ganxorcielda.
leqsikonSi sityvebs alageben an anbanTrigze, an bu-
deebad. amis mixedviT gamoyofen tradiciul, anbanTrigze
gawyobilsa da ideografiul leqsikonebs. sabednierod,
gamosacemad mzaddeba b. foCxuas ideografiuli leqsiko-
nis axali versia, romelic man moamzada qarTuli enis gan-
martebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulis bazaze.
budeSi Tavs iyris erTi fuZis (an Ziris) yvela nawar-
moebi sityva (magaliTad, Zma sityvis budeSi iqneba Zmuri,
moZme, saZmo, Zmoba, Zmobili... Tu ananTrigze davalageb-
diT, Zma, Zmoba, Zmobili, Zmuri... — mohyveboda Z asoze, mo-
Zme — m asoze, saZmo — s -ze...)
leqsikonTa gansxvavebul klasifikacias gvTavazobs
l. geguCaZe. misi azriT, leqsikoni orgvaria: enaTmecnie-
ruli da enciklopediuri.
enciklopedia iseTi leqsikonia, romelic Seicavs
sistematurad dalagebul cnobebs codnis yvela, an rome-
lime calke dargidan.
enciklopediuri leqsikoni orgvaria: zogadi da spe-
cialuri. zogadSi codnis yvela dargis monacemebia warmo-
dgenili, specialurSi — mxolod romelime dargis. zogadi

enciklopediuri leqsikonebia: `qarTuli enciklopedia~,
`sabavSvo enciklopedia~.
„qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia“ (1975-1987 w.w.)
gamosca saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiam i.abaSiZis re-
daqtorobiT.
axali etapi leqsikografiaSi
meoce saukunis 70-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, kompi-

uteruli teqnologiebis swrafma ganviTarebam da amis sa-
fuZvelze kompiuterizebuli resursebis, saxeldobr, ene-
bis eleqtronuli korpusebis Seqmnam leqsikografebs
sruliad axali perspeqtiva dausaxa (T. margalitaZe, g. me-
laZe, 2012). Seiqmna korpusze orientirebuli sxvadasxva
saxis onlain leqsikoni.
Tanamedrove eleqtronuli leqsikonebi gvaZlevs sa-
Sualebas bevrad ufro martivad gadavwyvitoT leqsikis
seleqciis sakiTxi, radgan eleqtronuli leqsikonebi rea-
luri drois reJimSi filtraciis saSualebas iZleva. es
imas niSnavs, rom leqsikonis Seqmnis procesSi SegviZlia
mTeli xelmisawvdomi informacia Semdgomi muSaobisaTvis
xelSeuSlelad SevkriboT leqsikonis struqturisa da
programuli uzrunvelyofis arqiteqturis winaswar gan-
sazRvris SemTxvevaSi. (a.a. berzinSi, 2012, 55).
eleqtronuli resursebis gamoyenebam leqsikogra-
febs saSualeba misca ara marto eleqtronuli leqsikone-
bisaTvis gamoiyenon umdidresi masala, aramed tradiciu-
li, beWvdiTi leqsikonebis axali gamocemebic gaamdidron
iseTi enobrivi erTeulebiT, romlebic adre mkvlevarebs
mxedvelobidan rCebodaT.
qarTuli elqtronuli monacemTa bazebis raodenobis
zrdam, qaRaldis leqsikonebis cifrul matareblebze
gadatanam, manqanuri saTargmni sistemis Seqmnisa da daxve-
238 Tamar lomTaZe
wis moTxovnilebam, qarTulis rogorc ucxo enis Seswav-

lis saWiroebam, sxvadasxva dargis terminologiuri leq-
sikonebis arsebobis aucileblobam TandaTanobiT Seqmna
saWiroeba saqarTveloSi eleqtronuli leqsikografiis
ganviTarebisaTvis. amisaTvis Seiqmna specialuri programa
„leqsikografi“, romelic Sedgeba bazis redaqtorisa da
teqstis dizainis redaqtorisagan. bazis redaqtoris saSu-
alebiT iqmneba leqsikonis monacemTa baza, xolo dizainis
redaqtoris saSualebiT SesaZlebelia sasurveli dizainis
SerCeva da teqstis daformateba, igi agreTve uzrunvel-
yofs teqstSi sxvadasxva simboloebisa da markerebis avto-
maturad Casmas. programa „leqsikografi“ saSualebas iZ-
leva momzaddes sxvadasxva saxis leqsikonebi droisa da
resursebis mniSvnelovani ekonomiiT (q. daTukiSvili, n.
lolaZe, m. zakalaSvili, 68, 2010).
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis leqsikografi-
ulma centrma daasrula muSaoba did inglisur-qarTul
onlain leqsikonze, romlis Seqmnis procesSic intensiu-
rad gamoiyeneboda eleqtronul korpusebze dafuZnebuli
inglisuri ganmartebiTi leqsikonebi (T. margalitaZe,
g. melaZe, 2012, 123). radgan leqsikoni Seicavs didZal leq-
sikur Tu frazeologiur masalas, avtorebi varaudoben,
rom es leqsikoni maT miscems saSualebas Seqmnan sxva ore-
novani leqsikonebi.
erovnul biblioTekaSi arsebobs èleqtronuli re-
sursebis erTiani baza“ da „eleqtronuli leqsikonebis ko-
leqcia“ (g. kilaZe, 2012, 105) .
enis modelirebis asociaciis mier Seiqmna qarTuli
enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulis, orTografiu-
li leqsikonis, Jurnalisturi leqsikonis eleqtronuli
versiebi.
eleqtronuli leqsikonebis mniSvneloba ganuzome-
lia virtualur sivrceSi qarTuli enis srulfasovani
funqcionirebisaTvis. manqanuri saTargmni sistemis Seq-
mnisa da daxvewis, qarTulis, rogorc ucxo enis Seswavlis,

sxvadasxva dargis terminologiuri leqsikonebis Seqmnis
saqmeSi.
ras ewodeba leqsikografia da sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa

igi?
vin Seadgina da gamosca qarTul-italiuri leqsikoni da
riT aris es leqsikoni mniSvnelovani?
vin da rodis Seadgina sityvis kona?
vin gamosca pirvelad sityvis kona?
vin daamuSava qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis princi-
pebi?
romel leqsikonebs daedo safuZvlad qarTuli enis ganmarte-
biTi leqsikonis rvatomeuli?
ratom da visi redaqciiT gamodis qarTuli enis ganmartebi-
Ti leqsikonis axali redaqcia?
ras ewodeba TargmniTi anu paraleluri leqsikoni?
ra saxis leqsikonebs aerTianeben specialur leqsikonebSi?
risi saSualeba misca leqsikografebs eleqtronuli resurse-
bis gamoyenebam?
risgan Sedgeba programa `leqsikografi~?
davaleba: moiZieT sabas leqsikonSi budeebad dawyo-

bili masala da gaaanalizeT igi.
davaleba: gadaavleT Tvali romelime specialur
leqsikons da ganmarteT ramdenime sityvis mniSvneloba,
romelic TqvenTvis manamde ucnobi iyo.
240 Tamar lomTaZe
kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis
leqsikologiis sagani
ras ewodeba leqsikologia da sadauri sityvaa igi?

leqsikologia enaTmecnierebis erT-erTi dargia. igi
berZnuli sityvaa (berZ. λεξικός — sityva da λόγος — sityva,
moZRvreba; leqsikologia — moZRvreba leqsikis Sesaxeb) da
rogorc saxelwodeba gviCvenebs Seiswavlis enis leqsikas.
anu, enaTmecnierebis im dargs, romelic leqsikas Seiswav-
lis, ewodeba leqsikologia. leqsikologia ikvlevs enis
leqsikur fonds, mis Semadgenlobas, funqcionirebas da
cvalebadobas.
ras Seiswavlis aRweriTi leqsikologia?
arsebobs aRweriTi da istoriuli leqsikologia. aR-
weriTi, anu sinqroniuli (berZ. syn — erTad, chromos — dro)
leqsikologia Seiswavlis leqsikis Tanamedrove mdgomare-
obas.
ras Seiswavlis istoriuli leqsikologia?
istoriuli anu diaqronuli (berZ. dD ia — Semdgom, chro-
nos — dro) leqsikologia Seiswavlis leqsikas misi istori-
uli ganviTarebis procesSi.
leqsikologia iZleva sityvaTa maragis daxasiaTebas
(mdidaria Tu Raribi enis leqsika), analizs ukeTebs leqsi-
kis Semadgenlobas, gamoyofs sityvaTa sxvadasxva Sinaar-
sobliv jgufebs, arkvevs, Tu ra adgili ukavia maT enis
leqsikaSi, Seiswavlis imas, Tu rogor viTardeba leqsika
da sxv.
ra aris leqsa?
leqsa (berZn. leksis — laparaki, matyveleba) aris si-
tyvaforma an iseTi Sesityveba, romelSic erT-erTi si-
tyvaforma leqsikuri mniSvnelobis matarebelia, xolo da-
narCeni ki — fleqsiurisa.
ras ewodeba leqsema?
iseT leqsaTa simravles, romlebic mxolod fleqsiu-
ri mniSvnelobebiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan leqsema
ewodeba. leqsema enobriv niSanTa — leqsaTa simravles
warmoadgens. igi fonemuri, morfemuli, sintaqsuri da se-
mantikuri variantebis erTobliobaa. leqsema aris enobri-
vi erTeuli, romelic metyvelebaSi vlindeba erT-erTi
(zogjer erTaderTi) Tavisi konkretuli formis — leqsas
saxiT. leqsema ganzogadebis Sedegia. igi enobrivi sistemis
abstraqtuli erTeulia.
ras ewodeba aloleqsebi?
erTi leqsemis warmomadgenel leqsebs aloleqsebi
ewodeba. aloleqsebs saerTo fuZe da erTnairi paradigma-
tuli qceva aqvT; isini erTsa da imave struqturul klass
ganekuTvnebian.
ra aris vokabula da sadauri warmomavlobis sityvaa igi?
vokabula (laT. vocabula — saxelwodeba) aris saleqsi-
kono statiis saTauri. masSi erTiandeba semantikurad mo-
naTesave leqsemebi, romlebic emTxveva erTmaneTs gamoxa-
tulebis planSi. zog SemTxvevaSi sityvaze saubrisas voka-
bulasac gulisxmoben.
ra aisaxeba semantikur velebSi?
aRsaniSni faqtebis cnebiTi, sagnobrivi da funqciu-
ri msgavseba aisaxeba leqsikur erTeulTa vrcel gaerTia-
nebebSi — semantikur velebSi.
242 Tamar lomTaZe
ras aerTianeben semantikuri velebi?

semantikuri velebi aerTianeben ara leqsemebs, ara-
med calkeul semantemebs. erTsa da imave semantikur velSi
erTiandeba sxvadasxva struqturuli klasebis wevri leq-
semebis mniSvnelobebi.
ra aris leqsikur-semantikuri jgufebi (leqsikuri velebi)
da ras aerTianeben isini?
leqsikur erTeulTa nakleb zogadi gaerTianebebia
leqsikur-semantikuri jgufebi (leqsikuri velebi). es er-
Tgvari qvevelebia, romlebic erTi da imave struqturuli
klasis semantikurad monaTesave leqsemebs aerTianebs.
ra aris integraluri sema da sadauri warmomavlobis si-
tyvaa igi?
leqsikuri velis yvela erTeulisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli saerTo sema aris integraluri (laT. integer — mTliani)
sema anu hipersema. igi centraluria maT leqsikur mniSvne-
lobebSi, asaxavs gvarobiT cnebebs. igi gaxlavT leqsikur
mniSvnelobaTa dominanturi sema.
ras ganasxvaveben hiposemebi?
diferencialuri semebi, anu hiposemebi erTmaneTisa-
gan ganasxvaveben leqsikur-semantikuri jgufis wevrebs.
ras asaxaven asociaciuri semebi?
asociaciuri semebi asaxaven denotatis meoreul,
araarsebiT Tvisebebs da zogjer konteqstSi wina planze
gamodian.
ras uwodebs sulxan-saba `ganyofilebaTa Semoklebul dawe-
ras~?
sulxan-saba orbelianis „qarTul leqsikonSi“ asamde
leqsikur-semantikuri jgufia gamoyofili. TiToeul maT-
ganSi Semavali sityvebi erT saleqsikono statiad arian ga-
erTianebulni: avtori amas „ganyofilebaTa Semoklebul

daweras“ uwodebs.
ra vlindeba ideografiul jgufebSi?
mTelisa da nawilis mimarTebebi vlindeba leqsemaTa
(umTavresad — arsebiTi saxelebis) Tematur (ideografi-
ul, cnebiT) jgufebSi, romlebic eqstralingvistur sa-
fuZvelze gamoiyofa (maTi wevrebi semantikurad monaTesa-
ve leqsemebs ar warmoadgenen).
ra aris Tesaurusi da sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa igi?
eqstralingvistur safuZvelze leqsikis dayofis Se-
degad SeiZleba Seiqmnas enis Tesaurusi (berZ. thesauros — sa-
unje) — ideografiuli leqsikoni, romelic iZleva cnebi-
dan leqsemaze gadasvlis saSualebas da avlens ierarqiul
semantikur mimarTebebs leqsikur erTeulebs Soris. Tesa-
urusi leqsikis semantikuri sistemis erT-erTi SesaZlo
modelia.
rogori SeiZleba iyos gramatikuli mniSvneloba?
gramatikuli mniSvneloba SeiZleba iyos fleqsiuri
an derivaciuli.
ras ewodeba nominatiuri mniSvneloba da rogor mniSvnelo-
bebad iyofa is?
im mniSvnelobebs, romlebic gramatikuli ar aris,
nominatiuri mniSvnelobebi ewodeba. isini iyofa leqsikur
— sityvebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel — da SesityvebaTa mniS-
vnelobebad.
ra ganasxvavebs leqsikur mniSvnelobas cnebisagan?
leqsikur mniSvnelobas cnebisagan pragmatikuli
komponentis arseboba ganasxvavebs. garda amisa, cneba obi-
eqtTa ufro Rrma, arsebiT niSnebs moicavs, leqsikuri
mniSvneloba ki — mxolod ganmasxvavebels.
244 Tamar lomTaZe
ramdeni aspeqtia gasaTvaliswinebeli leqsikuri mniSvnelobis

dasaxasiaTeblad?
sityvis leqsikuri mniSvnelobis dasaxasiaTeblad ga-
saTvaliswinebelia sami aspeqti: sintaqtikuri, semantiku-
ri da pragmatikuli. sintaqsuri TvalsazrisiT, mocemuli
leqsikuri mniSvneloba dakavSirebulia sxva enobrivi er-
Teulebis mniSvnelobebTan — sintagmaturad (Sesityvebasa
da winadadebSi) da pragmatikulad (enobriv sistemaSi). se-
mantikuri TvalsazrisiT, leqsikuri mniSvneloba vlinde-
ba signifikaturi an denotaturi mniSvnelobis saxiT.
ra aris konotacia da sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa igi?
pragmatikuli TvalsazrisiT, sityvis leqsikur mniS-
vnelobaSi gamoiyofa pragmatikuli komponenti anu kono-
tacia (laT. connotation — damatebiTi mniSvneloba), romelic
emateba kognitiur komponents da sityvas eqspresiulobas
aniWebs.
ras niSnavs eqspresiuloba da sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa
igi?
eqspresiuloba (laT. expressio — gamoxatuleba) aris
saubris Temisa da msmenelisadmi molaparakis subieqturi
damokidebulebis gamoxatva. konotaciebi xatovani warmo-
dgenebia, romlebic molaparakeTa da msmenelTa cnobiere-
baSi denotats ukavSirdeba. realur obieqtTan kavSiri aq
gaSualebulia am obieqtis enobrivi gamoxatulebiT.
ras ewodeba sema?
enobriv sistemaTa gamoxatulebis planis analizis
msgavsad, maTi Sinaarsis planis analizis Sedegad gamoiyo-
fa umartivesi, dauSladi erTeulebi. TiToeul aseT ele-
mentarul semantikur erTeuls (mniSvnelobas) sema (seman-
tikuri diferencialuri niSani, semantikuri komponenti,
semantikuri markeri, semantikuri mamravli) ewodeba.
ra aris semantema?
semebis kombinirebis Sedegad aigeba Sinaarsis planis
ufro rTuli erTeulebi — semantebi. semantema (semema)
aris semebis kona, romelic enobrivi niSnis ganmartebaSi
monawileobs (Sdr. fonologiuri diferencialuri niSani —
fonema, gramatikuli diferencialuri niSani — gramema, se-
mantikuri diferencialuri niSani — semantema).
qarTuli enis leqsikuri fondi

ra Seadgens qarTuli enis leqsikur fonds?
qarTuli enis sityvobrivi maragi Seadgens qarTuli
enis leqsikur fonds.
romelia sityvaTa yvelaze zogadi dajgufeba leqsikologii-
saTvis?
leqsikis Sedgenilobis kvleva gulisxmobs, pirvel
yovlisa, sityvaTa klasifikacias. yvelaze zogadia dajgu-
feba srulmniSvnelobian da damxmare sityvebad.
rogori sityvebi ganekuTvneba sayovelTao leqsikas?
sayovelTao leqsikas ganekuTvneba sayovelTaod
gamoyenebuli sityvebi. isini warmoadgenen qarTuli enis
leqsikuri Semadgenlobis safuZvels. am jgufSi Sedis si-
tyvebi sazogadoebis cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferodan: po-
litikuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli, sayofacxovrebo... es
iZleva imis saSualebas, sayovelTao leqsikidan gamoiyos
sityvaTa gansxvavebuli Tematikuri jgufi. amasTan, isini
gasagebi da misawvdomia enis yvela matareblisaTvis da Se-
iZleba gamoyenebuli iyos sxvadasxvagvar pirobebSi, yo-
velgvari SezRudvis gareSe.
rogori sityvebi ganekuTvneba SezRuduli sferos leqsikas?
SezRuduli sferos leqsikas mimarTaven erTi kon-
kretuli geografiuli adgilis macxovreblebi, an is ada-
246 Tamar lomTaZe
mianebi, romlebsac aerTianebT profesia, saerTo intere-

sebi da a.S. am leqsikur jgufSi Sedis dialeqtizmebi, pro-
fesiuli leqsika, Jargonuli sityvebi da sxva.
struqturuli TvalsazrisiT ramden jgufad SeiZleba gavyoT
qarTuli enis leqsikuri fondi?
struqturuli TvalsazrisiT qarTuli enis leqsiku-
ri fondi SeiZleba gavyoT or did jgufad: Zireul da na-
warmoeb sityvebad. nawarmoebi sityva, Tavis mxriv SeiZleba
iyos prefiqsiT, sufiqsiT, prefiqs-sufiqsiT nawarmoebi,
an kidev miRebuli iyos ramdenime Ziris SeerTebiT.
leqsikis gamdidrebis ramdeni gza arsebobs?
leqsikis gamdidrebis sami ZiriTadi gza arsebobs:
1) sityvawarmoeba, rodesac ena iyenebs Tavis sakuTar in-
ventars axali sityvebis sawarmoeblad, 2) dialeqturi
leqsika, rodesac dialeqtSi dadasturebul sityvas ekvi-
valenti ar aRmouCndeba saliteraturo enaSi da damkvid-
rdeba da 3) sesxeba.
ras Seiswavlis semasiologia?
semasiologia (berZ. semasia — mniSvneloba) — leqsiko-
logiis dargia, romelic Seiswavlis sityvis mniSvnelobas
(sagnobriv mimarTebas), mis agebulebas da droSi cvaleba-
dobas. zogjer semasiologia ufro farTodac esmiT, ro-
gorc sityvis Sinaarseuli mxaris Semswavleli mecniereba.
amJamad semasiologia Seiswavlis sityvis mniSvnelobis
cvlas, mniSvnelobaTa klasifikacias, sityvis Sinaarsob-
rivi mxaris agebulebas, enobrivi niSnis bunebas da misi
kvlevis meTodebs.
ras Seiswavlis onomasiologia?
leqsikis semasiologiur kvlevas upirispirdeba ono-
masiologia, sityvis, rogorc saxelwodebis, kvleva. ono-
masiologia (onomasia — saxelwodeba) — leqsikologiis dar-
gia, romelic sityvebs Seiswavlis rogorc saganTa (da mo-

vlenaTa) saxelwodebebs.
ras Seiswavlis etimologia?
leqsikologias miekuTvneba etimologia (berZ. ἔτυµος,
WeSmariteba, sityvis namdvili mniSvneloba, λόγος moZRvre-
ba), romelic enaSi sityvebis warmoSobasa da istorias Se-
iswavlis. etimologia aseve ewodeba ama Tu im konkretuli
sityvis pirvel mniSvnelobas. etimologia emyareba enis
struqturis enobrivi sistemis yvela rgolis Camoyalibe-
bisa da cvlis codnas.
ras Seiswavlis leqsikografia?
leqsikologiis erT-erT dargad SeiZleba ganvixi-
loT leqsikografia. is gaxlavT mecniereba leqsikonTa Se-
dgenis principebis Sesaxeb.
rasTan aris dakavSirebuli sityvis mniSvneloba?
sityvis mniSvneloba dakavSirebulia sityvis erT na-
wilTan. esaa sityvis ZiriTadi nawili. mas fuZe ewodeba.
sityva — leqsikologiis ZiriTadi erTeuli

ras ewodeba sityva?
qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediaSi mocemuli ganmar-
tebis Tanaxmad, sityva aris enis ZiriTadi struqturul-
semantikuri erTeuli, romelic molaparakeTaTvis fsiqo-
logiur realobas warmoadgens. sityva aris enis ZiriTadi
Semadgeneli erTeuli da amdenad erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
enaTmecnieruli cneba-terminic.
CamoTvaleT 5 mTavari maxasiaTebeli, romliTac sityvas gan-
sazRvraven:
arsebobs 5 mTavari maxasiaTebeli, romliTac sityvas
gansazRvraven: 1. sityva aris erT-erTi mTavari da met-na-
248 Tamar lomTaZe
klebad stabiluri erTeuli; 2. sityva gamoiyeneba Cvens

irgvliv arsebuli sinadvilis movlenaTa aRsaniSnavad, am
movlenaTa Cvens cnobierebaSi ganzogadebuli anareklis
safuZvelze; 3. sityva warmoadgens bilateralur (or-
mxriv) erTeuls, romelSic materialuri forma (formati-
vi) Seerwymis ideur Sinaarss (mniSvneloba); 4. sityva
warmoadgens fonetikur-fonologiursa da morfematul
erTeuls, romelic gramatikulad formdeba; 5. sityva ar-
sebobs enaSi, rogorc mza masala saxelwodebiTi funqciiT,
romelic metyvelebaSi viTarebaTa dasaxatavad winadade-
bebad gadaiqceva xolme.
ramdeni mxare aqvs sityvas?
sityvas ori mxare aqvs: bgeriTi da miTiTebiTi. am or
mxares imTaviTve ganasxvavebdnen Zveli berZnebi, xolo so-
siuris droidan moyolebuli (mecxramete saukune) sityva
(enobrivi niSnani) aRsaniSnisa da aRmniSvnelis erToblio-
baa.
ras uwodeben aRmniSvnels?
aRmniSvnelia sityvis garegani garsi, bgeraTa Sexame-
bani, mas sityvis materialur mxaresac uwodeben. aq Ziri-
Tadia fonemebi, romelTa kombinacia gvaZlevs morfemebsa
da sityvebs. xolo aRsaniSnia misi Sinaarsobrivi mxare, sa-
gani, cneba am sagnisa... aRmniSvneli gankuTvnilia raRac Si-
naarsis gadmosacemad da mas aRsaniSni Seesatyviseba. meore
mxriv, aRsaniSni ar gveqneba, Tu mas gamoxatvis saSualeba,
aRmniSvneli ar gaaCnia. aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris
mimarTeba konversiulia, e. i. erTi aucileblad gulis-
xmobs meores da piruku.
ras miiCneven mecnierebi sityvis mniSvnelobad?
sityvis mniSvnelobis ganmarteba erT-erTi rTuli
sakiTxia leqsikologiaSi. mecnierTa erTi nawili sityvis
mniSvnelobad mis sagnobriv mimarTebas miiCnevs, zogi im
warmodgenas, romelsac am sityvis gagoneba aRZravs msme-

nelSi, magram yvelaze xSirad sityvis mniSvnelobad miiCne-
ven cnebas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, uSualo mimarTebaSia sa-
ganTan, iseve rogorc sityva. Ciqobavas azriT, sityvis
mniSvneloba arc cnebaa da arc warmodgena.sityvis mniSvne-
loba viciT, Tu viciT, razedac miuTiTebs sityva, rasac
gulisxmobs igi. mniSvnelobisaTvis sayrdenia obieqturi
viTareba, realuri sinamdvilis faqti. sityvis mniSvnelo-
ba mdgomareobs miTiTebaSi obieqturi sinamdvilis garkve-
ul monacemze. es monacemi (sagani, Tviseba, moqmedeba Tu
sxva ram movlena obieqturi sinamdvilisa) aris sityvisa-
Tvis saorientacio, sityvis mniSvneloba mas emyareba, mis
mixedviT izomeba da ganisazRvreba. es obieqturi monacemi
sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba iyos gancdili: akustikuri Tu
optikuri sagnobrivi warmodgenis saxiT, an saTanado si-
tyvis akustikuri Tu optikuri warmodgenis saxiT.
ras ewodeba referencia?
mimarTeba sagansa da sityvas Soris gaSualebulia
cnebiT. am mimarTebis damyarebis operacias referencia
ewodeba. referencia aris gamonaTqvamis dakavSireba imas-
Tan, rasac es gamonaTqvami gamoxatavs gareenobriv samya-
roSi.
ra aris pragmatikuli mniSvneloba?
pragmatikuli mniSvneloba gaxlavT informacia mo-
laparakis subieqturi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. niSnis
pragmatikuli mniSvneloba ar myardeba uSualod molapa-
rakesa da niSans Soris. igi gaSualebulia denotatisadmi
molaparakis emociuri damokidebulebiT da asaxavs deno-
tatis Sefasebas.
250 Tamar lomTaZe
srulmniSvnelobiani da damxmare sityvebi

rogor sityvebs hqviaT srulmniSvnelobiani sityvebi?
enobriv erTeulTa umravlesobas aqvs saxeldebis,
anu nominaciis damoukidebeli funqcia — isini damouki-
deblad, uSualod aRniSnaven gareenobrivi samyaros sagne-
bisa da movlenebis amsaxvel cnebebs, cal-calke asaxele-
ben maT. aseTi funqciis mqone sityvebs srulmniSvnelobia-
ni (damoukidebeli, cnebiTi, sruli) sityvebi ewodeba.
rogor sityvebs uwodeben arasrulmniSvnelobian sityvebs?
arasrulmniSvnelobiania (damxmare, momsaxure, aras-
ruli, mimarTebiTi, carieli) sityvebi, romelTac mxolod
damoukidebel sityvebTan erTad SeuZliaT saxeldebis
funqciis Sesruleba — gareenobrivi samyaros movlenebis,
kerZod, mimarTebaTa amsaxveli cnebebis gamoxatva.isini,
Cveulebriv calke gamonaTqvams ver qmnian.
rogori sityvebi ganekuTvneba aqtiur leqsikas?
enis leqsikur erTeulebs Soris zogierTi gamoirCe-
va metyvelebaSi maRali sixSiriT. isini aRniSnaven mocemu-
li enobrivi koleqtivisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan
realiebs. es erTeulebi enis aqtiur leqsikas ganekuTvne-
ba. aqtiuri leqsika ar aris dakavSirebuli molaparakeTa
sacxovrebel adgilTan, ganaTlebasTan, socialur, profe-
siul Tu asakobriv da sxva jgufebTan. igi stilisturad
neitraluria, SedarebiT nela icvleba, distribuciulad
naklebSezRudulia.
rogori sityvebi ganekuTvneba pasiur leqsikas?
pasiuri leqsika ufro SezRudulad ixmareba. mas
ganekuTvneba iSviaTi realiebis aRmniSvneli erTeulebi,
sakuTari saxelebi, iseTi leqsemebi, romlebic enobrivi
koleqtivis mxolod zogierTi wevrisaTvis aris cnobili —
terminebi, moZvelebuli leqsemebi, agreTve eqspresiuli,

stilisturad araneitraluri leqsika da misT.
romeli leqsemebi ganekuTvneba potenciur leqsikas?
pasiuri leqsikisagan unda ganvasxvavoT molaparaki-
saTvis ucnobi leqsika, romelTa gageba mas ZaluZs leqse-
maTa Sinaformisa Tu konteqstis safuZvelze. es leqsemebi
potenciur leqsikas ganekuTvneba. igive termini ixmareba
agreTve mTeli enobrivi koleqtivis leqsikis mimarT; igi
aRniSnavs produqtiuli derivaciuli modelebis mixedviT
Seqmnil leqsikur erTeulebs, romlebic realur metyve-
lebaSi ar dasturdeba (derivaciuli modelebis produq-
tiulobis Sefaseba SeiZleba eqsperimentulad gamovleni-
li potenciuri erTeulebis, kerZod, leqsemebis raodeno-
bis mixedviT). aseTi erTeulebis arseboba SeiZleba viwi-
naswarmetyveloT enobriv sistemaSi moqmedi wesebis mixed-
viT; isini sistemis cariel ujredebs avseben.
ras niSnavs uzusi?
uzusi (laT. usus gamoyeneba, Cveuleba) — aris metyve-
lebaSi enobriv erTeulTa faqtobrivi xmarebis SemTxveva-
Ta erToblioba.
ras ewodeba enis birTvuli leqsika?
aqtiuri leqsikis is nawili, romelic aerTianebs ara-
motivirebul, pirvelad, Zireul leqsemebs, Seadgens enis
birTvul anu bazisur leqsikas. masSi Sedis universaluri,
bazisuri cnebebis aRmniSvneli leqsemebi.
sityvis funqcionirebis pirobebi

ra pirobebia aucilebeli sityvis funqcionirebisaTvis?
bgeradoba da Sinaarsis erToblioba, enobrivi ko-
leqtivi, sxva sityvebTan urTierToba da droSi arseboba.
252 Tamar lomTaZe
ra aris sintagmatika da ras ikvlevs is leqsikaSi?

sintagmatika aris moZRvreba metyvelebis nakadis
sintagmebad (Sesityvebebad) dayofis Sesaxeb. sintagmatika
ikvlevs imas, Tu erTi tipis enobriv erTeulTa Soris
(magaliTad, sityvaTa, agreTve fonemaTa, morfemaTa da sxv.
Soris) romeli erTeulebis mezoblobaa dasaSvebi am Tu im
enaSi da romeli ara.
ras ikvlevs paradigmatuli midgoma leqsikaSi?
paradigmatuli midgoma Zalze qmediTia morfologi-
aSi (fleqsiis SemTxvevaSi), Tumca leqsikis Seswavlis dro-
sac iyeneben mas. sityvis semantikuri Sinaarsi ganisa-
zRvreba ara mxolod imiT Tu ras aRniSnavs, aramed imiTac
Tu ras upirispirdeba. magaliTad naTeli da dRe SeiZleba
erTmaneTs Caenacvlos konteqstSi da agreTve qmnian dapi-
rispirebas bnelsa da Rames Soris. Senacvleba erTi mxriv
da opozicia meore mxriv, Seadgenen or umniSvnelovanes
konstituciur faqtors metyvelebisas.
qarTuli leqsika sagnobrivi mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT

ras warmoadgenen Sorisdebulebi?
Sorisdebulebi raime movlenas ki ar aRniSnaven, ki ar
miemarTebian, aramed gancdaTa obieqtivaciis, gamovlenis
konvencialur saSualebas warmoadgenen.
gadmosacemi Sinaarsis mixedviT Sorisdebulebis ramden jgufs
gamoyofen?
gadmosacemi Sinaarsis mixedviT Sorisdebulebis or
did jgufs gamoyofen, eseni gaxlavT grZnobaTa gamomxat-
veli da nebis gamomxatveli Sorisdebulebi, romlebic Ta-
vis mxriv ufro viwro jgufebad dayofis saSualebas iZle-
vian.
ras uwodeben funqcionalur leqsikas da ras warmoadgenen

isini?
leqsikuri fondis semantikuri daxasiaTebisas calke
unda gamovyoT e. w. funqcionaluri leqsika anu damxmare
sityvebi. aseT sityvebs arc sagnobrivi mimarTeba aqvT da
TavisTavad arafris saxelebs ar warmoadgenen. maTi daniS-
nulebaa gamoxaton urTierToba, romelic arsebobs sxva
sityvebs an sagnobrivi mimarTebis mqone sityvebiT aRniS-
nul movlenebs Soris.aseTebia, kavSirebi, Tandebulebi da
nawilakebi, romlebic metyvelebis nakadSi damoukidebel
sityvebad gamodian da azrobrivad ucvlian iers winadade-
bas.
ras uwodeben Cineli gramatikosebi damxmare sityvebs?
Cineli gramatikosebi damxmare sityvebs cariel si-
tyvebs uwodeben (gansxvavebiT srulmniSvnelobian, „savse“
sityvebisagan).
ras warmoadgenen semantikuri TvalsazrisiT nacvalsaxelebi?
nacvalsaxelebi semantikuri TvalsazrisiT metad
Taviseburi sityvebia. isini ki ar aRniSnaven sagnebsa da mo-
vlenebs, aramed mxolod miuTiTeben maTze .
ras warmoadgenen semantikuri TvalsazrisiT ricxviTi saxe-
lebi?
ricxviTi saxelebi Tavisi semantikuri bunebiT zmna-
Ta Tu saxelTa mniSvnelobis dazustebas emsaxurebian da
gramatikulad zedsarTav saxelebs uTanabrdebian. ricxvi-
Ti saxelebi nacvalsaxelTa msgavsad substanciurs rasme
damoukideblad ki ar aRniSnaven, aramed mimarTebisaTvis
gamoiyenebian.
ramden ZiriTad leqsikur jgufs gamoyofen metyvelebis nawi-
lebSi?
254 Tamar lomTaZe
enaTmecnierebaSi farTod aris gavrcelebuli Sexe-

duleba, romlis Tanaxmad metyvelebis nawilTagan sityva-
Ta oTxi klasi gamoiyofa, rogorc ZiriTadi leqsikuri
jgufebi. Cvens enebSi leqsikur kategoriebs Seicaven sa-
gnis aRmniSvneli, TvisebaTa aRmniSvneli, procesTa aR-
mniSvneli da TvisebaTa da moqmedebaTa saxeobebis aRmniS-
vneli sityvebi: sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, arsebiTi saxelebi,
zedsarTavebi, zmnebi da zmnissarTebi.
Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi ras aerTianeben predikatebSi?
Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi, ufro xSirad, zmnas, zed-
sarTavsa da zmnissarTebs — erT klasSi — predikatebSi —
aerTianeben.
ras viRebT nawarmoeb sityvaTa semantikuri dajgufebis Sede-
gad?
nawarmoeb sityvaTa (arsebiT saxelTa, zedsarTavTa...)
semantikuri dajgufebis Sedegad viRebT leqsikur jgu-
febs da ara sityvawarmoebiT klasebs.
ramdengvaria daaxloebiT warmoqmnili fuZe Sinaarsis mixed-
viT?
warmoqmnili fuZe Sinaarsis mixedviT sxvadasxvagva-
ria: kninobiTi, qonebis, uqonlobis, warmomavlobis, ab-
straqtuli, daniSnulebis, xelobis, wina viTarebis, geog-
rafiuli, xarisxis da a.S.
romeli mawarmoeblebi awarmoeben kninobiT-alersobiT saxe-
lebs?
kninobiTia is semantikuri jgufi, romelSic Semavali
sityvebi xasiaTdebian Semdegi sufiqsebiT: a, ak, ik, il, uk,
en, ia da sxva mawarmoeblebi.
romeli sufiqsebi awarmoeben qonebis saxelebs?
zedsarTav saxelTagan damoukidebel jgufs qmnis

ian, ier, osan, ovan, ed, a mawarmoebelTa mqone qonebis saxe-
lebi.
romelia uqonlobis saxelTa mawarmoeblebi?
uqonlobis saxelTa mawarmoeblebia u-, u-o, u-
ur//ul, ara-.
romeli mawarmoeblebiT iwarmoeba daniSnulebis saxelebi?
daniSnulebis, anu gankuTvnilebis saxelebi iwarmoe-
ba sa-e, sa-o, sa-ur//ul, sa-ar.
romeli mawarmoeblebi gamoiyofa xelobis saxelebis sawar-
moeblad?
xelobis anu mosaqmeobis aRmniSvneli saxelebis sa-
warmoeblad gamoiyeneba me-e, me-ur, m-are, me-ar konfiqse-
bi. amaTgan ZiriTadia me-e.
rogor iwarmoeba Tvisebis gadmomcemi ganyenebuli saxelebi?
-eba, -oba da si-e prefiqs-sufiqsiT.
romeli derivatebi awarmoeben warmomavlobis saxelebs?
warmomavlobis saxelebs awarmoebs -el, -ur/ul, -
iur/iul, -del, -eul mawarmoeblebi.
romeli mawarmoeblebiT iwarmoeba geografiuli saxelebi?
geografiuli saxelebis sawarmoeblad funqcionire-
ben -eT, -iT, sa-eT, sa-o afiqsebi.
romelia winaviTarebis saxelTa mawarmoeblebi?
winaviTarebis saxelTa sawarmoeblad gamoyenebulia
mawarmoeblebi: na-ar da na-ev.
ra aris ufroobiTisa da odnaobiTis mawarmoeblebi?
256 Tamar lomTaZe
ufroobiTisa da odnaobiTis mawarmoeblebiaa: u-es

da mo-o.
ra miiReba kompoziciis Sedegad?
kompozicis Sedegad miiReba rTuli sityva anu kompoziti.
ris mixedviT ajgufebs SaniZe Txzul sityvebs?
rTuli sityva a. SaniZis terminologiiT, aris Txzu-
li saxeli. mkvlevari Txzul saxelebs ajgufebs cnebiano-
bis mixedviT da gamoyofs erTcnebian, or da metcnebian sa-
xelebs. aqedan rTul sityvebad mas mxolod erTcnebiani
kompozitebi miaCnia, xolo or da metcnebian sityvebs — Se-
rwymuls uwodebs.
ra SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs erTcnebiani kompoziti?
erTcnebiania kompoziti, Tu misi mniSvneloba ar ud-
ris Semadgenel komponentTa mniSvnelobebis meqanikur
jams, anu kompoziti erT damoukidebel Sinaarss gamoxa-
tavs (ciskari, wamwami).
ras gulisxmobs orcnebiani kompoziti?
orcnebiani kompoziti TavisTavSi gulisxmobs TiTo-
euli komponentis mniSvnelobas, anu is aris erTgvari jami
Semadgenel fuZeTa (mSvild-isari, wver-ulvaSi).
ras gulisxmobs xmabaZva?
xmabaZva bgeradobisa da mniSvnelobis maqsimalur si-
axloves gulisxmobs, savaraudoa, rom sxvadasxva enaSi er-
Tgvari mniSvnelobis mqone xmabaZviT sityvebs msgavsi bge-
radoba hqondeT.
rogori Sinaarsoblivi jgufebi SeiZleba gamovyoT xmabaZviT
sityvebSi?
xmabaZviT sityvebSi SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi Sina-
arsoblivi jgufebi: adamianis metyvelebis gamomxatveli
sityvebi; adamianis arasametyvelo bgeradoba; cxovelTa

xmianobis mibaZva; cxovelTa xmianobis aRniSvna; dartymis,
dacemis xma; siarulis dros gamocemuli xma; stiqiur mo-
vlenaTa xmianoba; adamianis naxelavis xmauri.
ras ewodeba ideografiuli leqsikoni?
ama Tu im enis Tematikurad dajgufebul sityvebs
ideografiuli an ideologiuri leqsikoni ewodeba. Zveli
berZnebi mas onomastikonsac uwodebdnen.
riT aris gamorCeuli roJes Tesaurusi?
1852 wels gamocemul roJes „inglisuri sityvebisa da
frazebis saunjeSi“, SemoklebiT roJes Tesaurussac uwo-
deben. aRniSnuli leqsikoni safuZvlad daedo frangul,
ungrul, holandiur, Svedur, espanur, axal berZnul ide-
ografiul leqsikonebs. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iT-
qvas, rom roJes leqsikonma misca biZgi leqsikuri fondis
Tematikur aRweras.
risTvis esaWiroeba S. balis leqsikuri fondis Sinaarsobli-
vi klasifikacia?
leqsikuri fondis Sinaarseuli klasifikaciaa moce-
muli Sarl balis „franguli enis stilistikaSi“. es dayofa
mas esaWiroeboda eqspresiuli faqtebis identifikaciisa-
Tvis, anu sinonimTa dasajgufeblad cnebaTa moculobis
TvalsazrisiT.
vin Seadgina germanuli enisaTvis pirveli ideografiuli
leqsikoni da ras uwodeben mas?
germanuli enisaTvis ideografiuli leqsikoni, ro-
melsac saxelad ewodeba „germanuli leqsikuri fondi sa-
ganTa jgufebis mixedviT“ Seadgina f. dornzaifma. aRsa-
niSnavia, rom man es wigni 5-jer gamosca da xuTive gadamu-
Savebuli da daxvewili saxiT. aq masala dalagebulia me-
cnierul cnebaTa sistemis mixedviT.
258 Tamar lomTaZe
ra ewodeba rudolf haligisa da valter vartburgis ideog-

rafiul leqsikons da ris safuZvelze xdeba masSi dajgufeba?
uaxlesi sqema ideografiuli leqsikonisa ekuTvnis
rudolf haligsa da valter vartburgs, romelsac ewode-
ba „cnebaTa sistema rogorc leqsikografiis safuZveli“.
rogorc saTauridan Cans, aqac dajgufeba faqtobrivad,
mecnierul cnebaTa mixedviT xdeboda, Tumca halig-var-
tburgiseuli cneba ara mecnieruli, aramed „xalxuri“ , wi-
namecnieruli cnebaa. aq mocemulia sami ZiriTadi ganyofi-
leba: samyaro, adamiani, adamiani da samyaro. danawevreba
aqac aTasobiTaa.
qarTuli sityvebisaTvis vin moaxdina uZvelesi fenis sityva-
Ta dajgufebis cda?
qarTuli sityvebisaTvis amgvari dajgufebis cda mo-
cemuli aqvs arn. Ciqobavas. kerZod, mas ganxiluli aqvs
qarTuli enis leqsikuri fondis uZvelesi fena, anu si-
tyvebi, romlebsac Sesatyvisebi moepovebaT monaTesave
enebSi. sul gamoyofilia TerTmeti klasi: naTesauri ur-
TierTobis aRmniSvneli sityvebi, adamianis sxeulis nawi-
lebi, cxovelebis, frinvelebis, qvewarmavalTa saxelebi,
mcenareuli, Senobebi, wyali, dRe, ricxviTi saxelebi, na-
cvalsaxelebi, atributivebi, zmnebi.
sinonimebi
ras ewodeba sinonimi da sadauri warmomavlobis sityvaa
igi?
sinonimi (berZ. syn, „Tan“, onyma, onima „saxeli“. synoni-
mos „Tanasaxeliani“ , „erTgvarsaxeliani“) ewodeba iseT si-
tyvebs, romlebic bgeriTad gansxvavebuli arian, mniSvne-
loba ki erTnairi aqvT , xolo sinonimia, aqedan gamomdina-
re, sxvadasxva (an sxvadasxvagvarad mJReri) formativebis
mniSvnelobaTa srul an miaxloebiT identobas hqvia.
ras uwodeben gramatikul sinonimebs?

sinonimebad, tradiciulad damkvidrebuli Sexedu-
lebis mixedviT, miaCniaT enis dasrulebuli faqtis is ele-
mentebi, romlebic garegnulad gansxvavebuli saxisaa, mag-
ram garkveul SemTxvevebSi erTnairi funqciiT SeiZleba
maTi gamoyeneba. magaliTad, mravlobiTis formebSi, kac-
eb-i da kac-n-i erTnairi mniSvnelobaa gamoxatuli; niSnebi
-eb da -n savsebiT erTnair sintaqsur Zalas ar gviCveneben,
magram gramatikuli funqcia mainc erTnairi aqvT; am niS-
nebs gramatikul sinonimebs uwodeben. e. i. sinonimebi
gvaqvs ara marto enis leqsikur SemadgenlobaSi, aramed
gramatikul formebsa da winadadebaTa konstruqciebSic,
romelTac morfologiuri da sintaqsuri sinonimebi hqvia.
ras ewodeba leqsikuri sinonimi?
leqsikuri sinonimebi erTi da imave distribuciuli
klasis iseTi leqsemebia, romelTa leqsikur mniSvnelo-
bebs sakmarisad didi saerTo nawili aqvT. i. WavWavaZis
„gandegilSi“ erTnairi mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebuli si-
tyvebi — beri, mwiri, gandegili, meudabnoe — leqsikur si-
nonimebs warmoadgenen.
arsebobs Tu ara zustad erTnairi mniSvnelobis sityvebi
enaSi da ram SeiZleba mogvces sxvaoba?
enaTmecnierebi eWvis TvaliT uyureben ori sruliad
erTnairi mniSvnelobis sityvis arsebobas enaSi. marTlac
samarTlianad miuTiTebs arn. Ciqobava, rom sinonimebi er-
Ti mniSvnelobis mqone sityvebs hqvia, magram ver vityviT,
TiTqos maT savsebiT erTnairi mniSvneloba hqondeT. sino-
nimebs ganasxvavebs an aRsaniSni sagnis sxvadasxva momenti,
an Tvalsazrisi, romelic molaparakis damokidebulebas
aRsaniSnisadmi axasiaTebs, an grZnobiTi ieri, romelsac si-
nonimuri sityva iwvevs, anda kidev dialeqturi sxvaoba si-
nonimuri sityvebisa.
260 Tamar lomTaZe
rogor sinonimebs uwodeben sruls?

srul sinonimias absolutur sinonimiasac uwodeben.
iseT sityvebs, romlebic savsebiT erTnairi SinaarsiT ix-
mareba, absoluturi sinonimebi hqvia.
rogor sityvebs uwodeben relatiur sinonimebs?
msgavsi mniSvnelobis sityvebs relatiur sinonimebs
uwodeben. relatiuri sinonimebi aRniSnaven erTsa da imave
sagans an movlenas, Tumca sxvadasxvagvar emocias aRuZra-
ven msmenels.
ramden jgufad iyofa nawilobrivi sinonimebi? ganmarteT
TiToeuli.
nawilobrivi sinonimia Tavis mxriv or jgufad iyofa;
a) ideografiuli (anu cnebobrivi) sinonimebi aris is si-
tyvebi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan semantikuri elemente-
biT gansxvavdebian. magaliTad, guladi, mamaci, gambedavi,
vaJkaci, lomguli da a.S. b)stilisturi sinonimebi aris is
sityvebi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan garkveuli stilistu-
ri markerebiT, an gamoyenebis sferoTi gansxvavdebian.
ra ganasxvavebs ZiriTadad stilistur sinonimebs?
stilistur sinonimebs xSirad erTmaneTisagan ganas-
xvavebs konotacia — dadebiTi an uaryofiTi Sefaseba.
rogor sinonimebs uwodeben leqsikur dubletebs da ras
warmoadgenen isini umetesad?
srul (absolutur) sinonimebs uwodeben leqsikur
dubletebs (romlebic urTierTSenacvlebadia yvela kon-
teqstSi da erTmaneTs emTxveva mniSvnelobis mTeli mocu-
lobiT). dubletebi umTavresad paralelurad xmarebul
terminebs an saerTo Zirisa da sinonimuri afiqsebis mqone
leqsemebs warmoadgenen. maT Soris xSiria nasesxebi da
mkvidri leqsemebi.
ramdeni saxis aris semantikurad perifrazuli sinonimi? daa-

saxeleT:
perifrazuli sinonimi semantikurad aris ori saxis:
saxeladi mniSvnelobisa da zmnuri mniSvnelobis.
gaixseneT klasifikacia, romlis mixedviT sinonimTa aTi
jgufi gamoiyofa:
1. erTi movlenis aRmniSvneli, magram stilisturi
elferiT gansxvavebuli; 2. sxvadasxva stilSi xmarebuli
(wignur-sasaubro); 3. araucxouri — ucxouri; 4. neitralu-
ri-emociurad Seferili; 5. sityva — Sesityveba; 6. litera-
turuli — kuTxuri; 7. moZvelebuli — axali; 8. sityva — mi-
si evfemisturi monacvle; 9. sityva — misi perifrazi; 10. si-
tyva-idiomaturi gamoTqma.
ras ewodeba koreferentuli saxelebi?
zogierTi leqsikuri erTeuli sinonimuria mxolod
erT konteqstSi (e.w. konteqsturi sinonimebi). isini xSirad
koreferentuli saxelebia (magaliTad, vaJa-fSavelas
„CxikvTa qorwilSi“ — arwivi da mefe).
ras ewodeba evfemizmi da sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa igi?
molaparakisaTvis arasasurveli erTeulis nacvlad,
Cveulebriv, sxva enobrivi erTeuli — evfemizmi ixmareba.
evfemizmi berZnuli sityvaa (eu — kargad, phemi — vambob) da
niSnavs keTilad metyvelebas, tlanqad an uxerxulad miC-
neuli sityvis nacvlad ufro moridebuli, misaRebi si-
tyvis xmarebas.
sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa disfemizmi da ras ewodeba igi?
evfemizms upirispirdeba disfemizmi, anu kakofemiz-
mi (berZnuli havious) — uxeSi, saaugo gamonaTqvamebi, rom-
lebsac emociurad da stilisturad neitraluri sinonime-
bis nacvlad xmaroben.
262 Tamar lomTaZe
ras ewodeba tabu da sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa igi?

tabu ama Tu im sityvis warmoTqmis akrZalvaa religi-
ur-magiuri wes-Cveulebis safuZvelze. tabu (polineziuri
warmomavlobis termini, inglisuri taboo) aris garkveul
gamonaTqvamTa xmarebis akrZalva. es movlena ukavSirdeba
rwmenas, TiTqos enam SeiZleba uSualo zemoqmedeba moax-
dinos garesamyaroze, Secvalos igi faqtobrivad.
ras ewodeba omonimi da sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa igi?
omonimebi ewodeba iseT sityvebs, romlebic bgeriTad
ar gansxvavdebian, magram mniSvnelobiTa da warmomavlo-
biT gansxvavebuli arian. aqedan gamomdinare, omonimia —
mniSvnelobaTa sxvadasxvaobaa formativTa identobis (er-
Tnairi JReradobis) dros. omonimia momdinareobs berZnu-
li sityvidan — homonymia, romelic SeiZleba iTargmnos
rogorc `saerTo saxelis qona“.
ramdengvari SeiZleba iyos leqsikuri omonimia?
leqsikuri omonimia SeiZleba iyos sruli da nawilob-
rivi.
ra SemTxvevaSia leqsikuri omonimia sruli?
leqsikuri omonimia srulia, Tu omonimebis fuZeebi
erTsa da imave struqturul klass (metyvelebis nawils)
ganekuTvneba da Tu es leqsemebi mTlianad emTxveva erTma-
neTs gamoxatulebis planSi.
ra SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs nawilobrivi omonimebi?
nawilobrivi omonimebi anu homoformebi gvaqvs maSin,
rodesac erTmaneTs emTxveva ori leqsemis calkeuli si-
tyvaformebi. am sityvaformebis fuZeebi, Cveulebriv,
sxvadasxva struqturul klass ganekuTvneba da aseT Se-
mTxvevaSi maT leqsikur-gramatikul omonimebs uwodeben.
ra ganapirobebs enaSi omonimebis gaCenas?
omonimebis gaCenas ganapirobebs enis ganviTarebis Si-

nagani buneba, dialeqturi ganStoebani, sityvaTa sesxeba
da fonetikuri modifikacia.
daasaxeleT omonimTa warmoebis oTxi SemTxveva:
arsebobs omonimTa warmoebis oTxi SemTxveva: 1) wyvi-
lis erTi cali literaturuli sityvaa, meore — dialeq-
turi: kakabi (gareuli frinveli) da kakabi (kaxuri — xis
sadgomi); 2) wyvilis orive cali dialeqturia: boro (raWu-
li didi gza) da boro (guruli zne).; 3) wyvilis erTi cali
qarTulia, meore — ucxouri: begi (goraki) da begi (Turqu-
li batoni); 4) wyvilis orive cali ucxouria: bari (ingli-
suri restorani) da bari (berZnuli atmosferuli wnevis
erTeuli).
ras ewodeba polisemia?
sityvas SeiZleba hqondes erTi an ramdenime mniSvne-
loba. rogorc saxelwodeba migvaniSnebs, polisemia si-
tyvis mravalmniSvnelianobas niSnavs. polisemiaSi igulis-
xmeba SesaZlebloba — erTi sityvis (istoriulad da fone-
tikurad igiveobrivi odenobis) meSveobiT mieTiTos ram-
densame gansxvavebul obieqtze.
ras gulisxmobs leqsikuri polisemia?
leqsikuri polisemia gulisxmobs erTi vokabulis
farglebSi sxvadasxva leqsemis arsebobas. polisemiur
leqsikur erTeuls unari aqvs aRniSnos monaTesave cnebe-
bi.
rogori mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba hqondes polisemiur erTeuls?
polisemiur leqsikur erTeuls aqvs pirdapiri (pir-
veladi, ZiriTadi) da arapirdapiri (gadataniTi, motivire-
buli, figuraluri) mniSvneloba.
rogoria polisemiuri sityvis pirdapiri mniSvneloba?
264 Tamar lomTaZe
pirdapiri mniSvneloba paradigmatuli Tvalsazri-

siT ufro myaria da sintagmaturad nakleb SezRuduli.
leqsikuri erTeulis izolirebulad warmoTqmisas enis
mflobelis cnobierebaSi pirvelad swored es mniSvneloba
Cndeba. igi uSualod miemarTeba cnebas.
rogoria polisemiuri sityvis gadataniTi mniSvneloba?
gadataniTi mniSvneloba ar aris damoukidebeli. igi
yovelTvis motivirebulia pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. poli-
semiis kvlevisas enaTmecnierebis winaSe dgeba istoriul-
enaTmecnieruli sakiTxi — rogor, ra konkretul pirobeb-
Si daemata sityvas axali mniSvneloba, an rogor SemorCa
Zveli mniSvneloba axalTan erTad.
rogori mimarTeba pirdapir da arapirdapir mniSvnelobebs
Soris?
mimarTeba pirdapir da motivirebul mniSvnelobebs
Soris yovelTvis ucvleli rodia; droTa ganmavlobaSi
gadataniTi mniSvneloba SeiZleba pirdapir mniSvnelobad
iqces. pirdapiri ki daikargos an gadataniTi mniSvnelobis
statusi SeiZinos.
ra ganasxvavebs omonimebs polisemiuri sityvebisagan?
gansakuTrebiT rTulia polisemiisa da omonimiis ga-
mijvnis sakiTxi. unda gvaxsovdes, rom omonimiis aucilebe-
li da sakmarisi pirobaa heterogenuloba: omonimebi sxva-
dasxva sityvebia. imitom, rom isini sxvadasxva warmomavlo-
bisani arian. xolo polisemiaSi igulisxmeba SesaZlebloba
— erTi sityvis (istoriulad da fonetikurad igiveobrivi
odenobis) meSveobiT mieTiTos ramdenime gansxvavebul
obieqtze.
ras ewodeba antonimebi da saidan momdinareobs es sityva?
antonimebi (berZ. anti winaaRmdeg, onyma saxeli) ewode-
ba erTnairi semantikuri valentobis mqone erTi da imave
struqturuli klasis wevr leqsemebs, romelTa mniSvnelo-

bebi dapirispirebulia erTmaneTTan.
ra SemTxvevaSia cnebaTa dapirispireba kontradiqtoruli?
cnebaTa dapirispireba kontradiqtorulia (sapiris-
piroa), rodesac erTi cnebis niSan-Tviseba meore cnebaSi
uariyofa Savi-araSavi.
ra SemTxvevaSia cnebaTa dapirispireba kontraluri?
cnebaTa dapirispireba kontraluria (sawinaaRmde-
goa), rodesac dapirispirebul cnebebSi warmodgenilia ki-
dura wevrebi xarisxobrivad gansxvavebuli niSan-Tvisebe-
bis mwkrivisa. Savi — (monacrisfro, Ria nacrisferi) TeTri.
emTxveva Tu ara antonimebad miCneuli sityvebi da cnebaTa es
ori rigi erTmaneTs?
Tu antonimebad miCneul sityvebs da cnebaTa am or
rigs SevudarebT erTmaneTs, davinaxavT, rom leqsikaSi ar-
sebuli dapirispireba aucileblobiT ar emTxveva logi-
kurs. aseTi damTxveva mxolod SesaZlebelia.
raSi mdgomareobs antonimebis stilisturi daniSnuleba?
antonimebis stilisturi daniSnulebaa mkveTrad
gamoixatos movlenaTa da damokidebulebaTa dapirispire-
buloba, obieqturi Sinaarsobrivi kontrasti (antonimia).
amgvari mkveTri kontrastuloba, bunebrivia, ufro mxat-
vruli literaturis enisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, Tum-
ca is arc publicisturi stilisaTvis aris uCveulo.
ra aris damaxasiaTebeli polaruli antonimebisaTvis?
polaruli antonimebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mniS-
vnelobaTa sapirispiroba da maTi gradacia, aseve antoni-
muri wyvilis erTi wevriT gamoxatuli Sinaarsis verda-
farva meore wevris negaciis meSveobiT.
ra axasiaTebT kontradiqtorul antonimebs?
266 Tamar lomTaZe
kontradiqtorul antonimebs axasiaTebT antonimuri

wyvilis Sedgena TavsarTis meSveobiT. magaliTad, vargisi
da uvargisi.
ra aris niSandoblivi komplementaruli antonimebisaTvis?
komplementaruli antonimebisaTvis niSandoblivia
Sinaarsis dafarva antonimuri wyvilis erT-erTi wevris
prefiqsaciis meSveobiT.
ra aris damaxasiaTebeli konversiuli antonimebisaTvis?
konversiuli antonimebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia se-
mantikuri procesebis urTierTgacvliTi dafarva.
magaliTad, yidva – gayidva.
ra aris antiTeza?
antiTeza — kontrastis stilisturi figuraa, rome-
lic erTmaneTs upirispirebs cnebebs, debulebebs, saxeebs,
mdgomareobas.
ra aris enantiosemia?
antonimiis specifikuri saxea enantiosemia, anu Sina-
sityvieri antonimia. es aris leqsikur erTeulSi urTier-
Tsapirispiro mniSvnelobebis SeTavseba, magaliTad, iwevs
(zeviT, qveviT).
ras ewodeba oqsimoroni?
urTierTgamomricxav cnebaTa gamomxatveli leqseme-
bis gverdigverd xmarebas oqsimoroni (berZnuli — goneba-
maxvilur-suleluri) ewodeba. M
ras ewodeba paronimebi da sadauri warmomavlobis sityvaa
igi?
samecniero literaturaSi paronimis ramdenime gan-
martebas vxvdebiT, romlebic met-naklebad hgvanan erTma-
neTs paronimebi (berZnuli para „axlos, gverdiT, iqve“ da
onyma „saxeli“) — aris sityvebi, romlebsac sxvadasxva

mniSvneloba aqvT, magram erTmaneTs hgvanan warmoTqmiT.
ganmarteT ra aris paronimia?
paronimia specialur literaturaSi ganmartebulia
rogorc aRreva paronimi sityvebis gamoyenebisas. metyve-
lebaSi aseT leqsemebs, rogorc wesi, SecdomiT, ufro iS-
viaTad ki sagangebod aaxloeben. zogierTi maTgani erTsa
da imave ideografiul jgufSi Sedis.
ra SeiZleba iyos paronimiis mizezi?
paronimiis mizezi enaSi sul sxvadasxvanairi SeiZleba
iyos. ucxo sityvaTa paronimiis safuZveli am sityvaTa
mniSvnelobebis susti codnaa. magaliTad, kampania da kom-
pania, eqsperti da eqsporti. sxva SemTxvevaSi paronomiza-
ciis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos nawarmoebi sityvebis Sinaar-
sobrivi niuansebisaTvis angariSis gauwevloba an isev
ucodinaroba (swavla-swavleba, Targmna- Targmani, adreu-
li-adrindeli...).
ras ewodeba paronomazia?
paronimebis gverdigverd xmarebis stilistur xerxs
paronomazia ewodeba.
sityvis mniSvnelobis cvla

daasaxeleT faqtorebi, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios sityvis
mniSvnelobis cvla:
sityvis mniSvneloba icvleba leqsikur-istoriuli,
fsiqologiuri, Sidasistemuri da sxva faqtorebis zegav-
leniT.
rogori saxis movlenaa leqsikuri mniSvnelobis cvla da
romel aspeqtSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT Sedegebi?
268 Tamar lomTaZe
leqsikuri mniSvnelobis cvla diaqronuli movlenaa,

magram zogierTi misi Sedegis ganxilva sinqroniul aspeq-
tSic aris SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, is, rom kulturul-is-
toriuli faqtoris gavleniT leqsemam sofeli „samyaros“
mniSvnelobis gverdiT „dasaxlebuli adgilis“ mniSvnelo-
bac SeiZina — wminda diaqronuli movlenaa.
riT aris ganpirobebuli elifsisis SemTxveva?
enobriv sistemaSi moqmedi wesebiT aris ganpirobebu-
li elifsisis (berZ. elleipsis — gamotoveba, xarvezi) movlena
ras niSnavs elifsisi?
teqstSi nagulisxmevi enobrivi erTeulis gamotove-
bis Sedegad leqsemis semantikuri gardaqmna.
ra udevs safuZvlad gadataniTi mniSvnelobebis gaCenas?
gadataniT mniSvnelobaTa gaCenas safuZvlad udevs
cnebebs Soris iseTi logikuri mimarTebebi, rogoric aris:
daqvemdebareba (CarTva), Tanxvedra/gadaweva, kontradiq-
cia (winaaRmdegoba), gadajaWva.
ra iwvevs leqsikuri mniSvnelobis gafarToebas an daviwroe-
bas?
daqvemdebarebis mimarTeba iwvevs leqsikuri mniSvne-
lobis daviwroebas (specializacias) an gafarToebas (gene-
ralizacias).
rodis SeiZleba gvqondes mniSvnelobis `gaumjobeseba~ an
`gauareseba~?
konotaciis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gvqondes mniSvne-
lobis „gauareseba“ an „gaumjobeseba“: bedi „gangeba“, „kar-
gi xvedri“.
rodis aris enobrivad gamarTlebuli mniSvnelobis `daviw-
roebasa~ da `gafarToebaze~ saubari?
mniSvnelobis gafarToebasa da daviwroebaze SeiZle-

ba vilaparakoT, Tu viwro mniSvnelobis sityvebad mxolod
sakuTar saxelebs miviCnevT, maSin sakuTari saxelis gamo-
yeneba sazogado saxelad iqneba `gafarToeba“, xolo sazo-
gadosi — sakuTrad — `daviwroeba“.
ras niSnavs saxelis gadatana funqciis mixedviT?
saxelis gadatana funqciis mixedviT gvaqvs maSin, ro-
ca funqciiT msgavsi saxeli gadaaqvT sxva sityvis saxelad.
ra SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs polarizacia?
polarizaciis SemTxveva gvaqvs maSin, rodesac si-
tyvas ganuviTardeba sruliad sawinaaRmdego, sapirispiro
mniSvneloba.
ra aris gadataniTi sityvaxmarebis arsi?
gadataniTi sityvaxmarebis arsi isaa, rom axali obi-
eqtis aRniSvnisas sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT xmare-
bac cocxalia enobriv koleqtivSi, e. i. yoveli gadataniTi
xmareba motivirebulia — mas zurgs umagrebs sityvis na-
mdvili mniSvneloba.
daasaxeleT gadataniTi xmarebis SemTxvevaTa dajgufeba da aR-
niSneT ras miiCneven mis naklad?
gadataniTi xmarebis SemTxvevaTa erTobliobas xSi-
rad ajgufeben metaforebad, metonimiebad da sinekdoqe-
bad. Tumca aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom gadataniTi xmarebis
amgvari dajgufeba b. foCxuas tradiciuli poetikis kuT-
vnilebad miaCnia da maT lingvistur Rirebulebas SezRu-
dulad miiCnevs.
ras niSnavs metonimia?
metonimia (metonymia „saxelis gadarqmeva“) — semanti-
kuri gardaqmna, romlis drosac xdeba saxelwodebis gada-
270 Tamar lomTaZe
tana erTi obieqtidan mudmivad mis momijnave an imave si-

tuaciaSi CarTul sxva obieqtze.
ras niSnavs sinekdoqe?
metonimiis nairsaxeobaa sinekdoqe (berZ. syn Tan, dec-
homai viReb) — saxelwodebis gadatana nawilidan mTelze,
xuTi frTa qaTami. sinekdoqesagan unda ganvasxvavoT mrav-
lobiTi ricxvis formaTaxmareba ganzogadebuli, urefe-
rento mniSvnelobiT.
ras niSnavs hiponimia?
klasifikaciuri kavSiris erT-erTi saxea hiponimia
(berZ. hypo qveS, onyma saxeli) anu gvareobiT -saxeobiTi
kavSiri. romlis drosac ori mniSvnelobidan erT-erTi Ca-
rTulia meoreSi da hipersemas warmoadgens.
ras asaxavs hiponimi da hiperonimi?
hiponimi asaxavs saxeobiT cnebas, xolo hiperonimi
(berZ. hyper zed) gvarobiTs.
ra aris metafora?
klasifikaciuri kavSirebis kidev erTi gamovlenaa me-
tafora (metaphora gadatana). am gardaqmnis dros xdeba sa-
xelwodebis gadatana obieqtTa erTi klasidan raRac niS-
niT mis analogiur sxva klasze (es analogia SeiZleba iyos
molaparakis STabeWdilebis Sedegi). metaforis dros
cvladia gadataniTi mniSvnelobis rogorc hiposema (rasac
metonimiis drosac aqvs adgili), ise hipersema.
daasaxeleT ramden jgufad yofen metaforebs?
metaforebs or jgufadyofen — individualur da
enobriv metaforebad.
ras warmoadgens individualuri metafora?
individualuri (saavtoro) metafora ar Sedis enob-

riv sistemaSi, igi individualuri Semoqmedebis Sedegs
warmoadgens. magaliTad, galaktionis poeziis integrale-
bi.
rodis iqmneba enobrivi metaforebi?
enobrivi metafora iqmneba maSin, rodesac sityva re-
gularulad ixmareba gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT. magali-
Tad, xSiria enaSi cxovelTa aRmniSvneli sityvebis gamoye-
neba adamianis dasaxasiaTeblad (bati, jeirani, Txa).
ras warmoadgenen tropebi?
tropebi (berZ. tropos saqcevi) warmoadgenen metyvele-
bis xatovanebisa da misTvis gamomxatvelobis miniWebis
mizniT enobriv erTeulTa gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT xma-
rebis SemTxvevebs, maT safuZvlad udevs enis orplaniano-
ba.
leqsikuri Semadgenlobis cvla: arqaizmi da

neologizmi
ras ewodeba arqaizmi da sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa igi?
xmarebidan gamosul Zvel sityvas (Tu gamoTqmas)
uwodeben arqaizms (ber. archaios „ZvelisZveli“). arqaizmebi
iseTi moZvelebuli leqsikuri erTeulebia, romlebic Se-
nacvlebulia aqtiurad xmarebuli Tanamedrove sinonime-
biT. arqaizmebi stilisturad markirebuli leqsikuri er-
Teulebia.
ra aris istorizmi?
istorizmi aris sityva an fraza, romelic aRniSnavs
gamqral Tu araaqtualur realiebs (tansacmels, iaraRs,
aparaturas, socialur statuss...).
arqaizmis ramden saxeobas ganarCeven?
272 Tamar lomTaZe
leqsikuri arqaizmebi mTlianad moZvelebuli leqse-

mebia, semantikur arqaizmebs moZvelebuli mniSvneloba
aqvT, magram maTi omonimebi (an semantikurad monaTesave
leqsemebi) arsebobs Tanamedrove aqtiur leqsikonSi. leq-
sikur-derivaciuli arqaizmebi Tanamedrove sinonimebisa-
gan mxolod derivaciuli struqturiT gansxvavdebian;
leqsikur-fonetikur arqaizmebs nawilobriv gansxvavebu-
li bgeriTi forma axasiaTebT.
ras ewodeba neologizmi da sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa
igi?
xmarebaSi axlad Semosuli sityvas (Tu gamoTqmas)
ewodeba neologizmi (berZ. neos „axali“, logos „sityva“).
e.i. neologizmebi iseTi leqsikuri erTeulebia, romlebic
mocemul enaSi gaCnda arauadres bolo aTwleulisa da mo-
laparakeTa mier aRiqmeba, rogorc axali.
ramdeni garemoeba iqcevs yuradRebas neologizmis warmoqmni-
sas?
neologizmis warmoqmnisas yuradRebas iqcevs ori ga-
remoeba: 1) igi pirvelad Cveulebriv Cndeba individTan da
sazogadoeba mas jer kidev ar icnobs; 2) neologizmi enis
erTeulad iqceva mas Semdeg, roca sanqcias miiRebs sazo-
gadoebisagan.
ras ewodeba okazionalizmebi?
enobrivi niSani romelime molaparakem SeiZleba Seq-
mnas garkveul pirobebSi, konkretul konteqstSi erTje-
radi gamoyenebisaTvis. amgvar individualur-saavtoro
gamonaTqvamebs, romlebic ar Sedian enobriv sistemaSi,
okazionalizmebi (laT. Occasionalis — SemTxveviTi) ewodeba.
enis leqsikuri Semadgenlobis gamdidrebis

saSualebani
leqsikis gamdidrebis ramden gzas asaxeleben?
z. WumburiZisa da r. gabeCavas TvalsazrisiT, leqsi-
kuri Semadgenlobis Sevseba-gamdidreba ori gziT xdeba.
gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, leqsikis gamdidre-
bis saSualebebia: sityvawarmoeba, dialeqturi metyveleba
da sesxeba.
ramdeni saxisaa warmoqmna qarTulSi?
warmoqmna sami saxisaa: prefiqsuli, sufiqsuri da
prefiqs-sufiqsuri.
ramdeni gziT miiReba rTuli sityva?
rTuli sityva miiReba ori gziT. pirveli: ori an meti
Ziris gaerTianeba erT fuZed, rasac sityvaSeerTeba, kom-
pozicia hqvia; meore — sityvawarmoqmna, gaerTianebuli
fuZis mniSvnelobis cvla afiqsebiT, rasac derivacia ewo-
deba.
rogor amdidrebs dialeqturi formebi saliteraturo enas?
roca saliteraturo enis gamdidrebazea saubari, Zi-
riTadad specifikuri dialeqturi formebis Semotana igu-
lisxmeba, romelTagan unda ganirCes: a) sityvebi, romlis
semantikuri ekvivalentebi ipoveba saliteraturo enaSi da
maSin maTi Semotana amravalferovnebs sinonimur rigs: bia-
komSi, kvaxi-gogra, Wuri-qvevri... b) sityvebi, romlis bada-
li saliteraturo enas ar gaaCnia: daoryureba — axlad
amosuli simindi or foTols rom gamoiRebs. juba — ~Sinau-
ri Salis kaba~.
rogor sityvebs uwodeben internacionalizmebs?
sxva enebidan nasesxebi sayofacxovrebo sityvebis
garda qarTulSi blomad gvaqvs saerTaSoriso, anu inter-
274 Tamar lomTaZe
nacionaluri sityvebi, romlebic Semosulia wignuri gziT

da ganekuTvneba umTavresad mecnierul, teqnikur sfe-
roebs.
ras gulisxmobs ucxo warmomavlobis sityvaTa dajgufeba na-
sesxeb da sakuTriv ucxo sityvebad?
zogjer ucxo warmomavlobis sityvebs ajgufeben na-
sesxeb da sakuTriv ucxo sityvebad. amgvari dajgufeba gu-
lisxmobs, rom ucxo warmoSobis im sityvaTa garda, romle-
bic enaSi damkvidrda (saaTi, oTaxi...), aris sityvebi, rome-
lTa ucxooba aSkarad igrZnoba (faili, suspensia...).
rogori sityvebia gaerTianebuli egzotikur leqsikaSi?
calke unda gamovyoT e.w. egzotikuri leqsika. am sa-
xelwodebaSi gaerTianebulia is kerZo sityvebi, romlebic
saTanado enobrivi koleqtivis yofis specifikur movlena-
Ta aRmniSvnelia da qarTulSi mxolod TargmanebSi an
ucxouri yofis aRwerisas gamoiyofa, magaliTad, torero,
pelmeni, kimano.
sesxebis ramden SemTxvevas ganasxvaveben?
unda ganvasxvavoT sityvaTa sesxebis ori SemTxveva: 1.
uSualo sesxeba, roca sityvas sesxuloben pirdapir im eni-
dan, romlis kuTvnilebasac is Seadgens 2. SualobiTi ses-
xebis dros pirvelwyarosa da msesxebel enas Soris moqce-
ulia romelime ena (an enebi).
ras ewodeba purizmi?
rodesac cdiloben Tavi aaridon sesxebas, yvela saWi-
ro sityva sakuTari maragidan awarmoon an SeTxzan, am
Tvalsazriss purizmi ewodeba (laT. purus „wminda“, purizmi
„siwminde“).
ras niSnavs kalki da sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa igi?
sesxebis Taviseburi saxea kalki (frang. calque asli).
kalki gvaqvs maSin, rodesac axali sityvis warmoebisas (an-

da gamoTqmis Seqmnisas) masalas sakuTars iyeneben, oRond
sesxuloben sityvis warmoqmnis princips (anda mTeli gamo-
Tqmis Sedgenis wess).
ra sirTuleebi warmoCndeba uZvelesi mkvidri da SeTvisebuli
masalis gamoyofisas?
leqsikur erTeulTa yvelaze martivi dajgufeba iq-
neboda masSi uZvelesi masalis gamoyofis Semdeg SeTvise-
buli masalis gamoyofa, magram TiTqosda es yvelaze mar-
tivi dajgufeba mraval siZnelesTnaa dakavSirebuli. es
siZneleebi zogjer faqtobrivi xasiaTisaa — ar viciT esa
Tu is leqsikuri erTeuli uZvelesia Tu Semdeg aris SeTvi-
sebuli. am mxriv, zogierTi sityva davis sagans warmoad-
gens, magaliTad, xidi, mkacri, Zewkvi... zogi siZnele meTo-
dologiuri xasiaTisaa — sadavo SeiZleba aRmoCndes is kri-
teriumebi, romelic qarTuli da araqarTuli leqsikuri
masalis gasamijnavad gamoiyeneba.
romelia yvelaze sando meTodi uZvelesi qarTuli leqsikuri
masalis gamoyofisaTvis?
yvelaze sando, am SemTxvevaSi, regularuli bgeraT-
Sesatyvisobebis safuZvelze gamoyofili uZvelesi leqsi-
kaa. magaliTad, qarTuli, zanuri, svanuri Sesatyvisobebi:
kaci — koCi — WaS. magram amasTan erTad isic unda gaviTva-
liswinoT, rom sityvaTa sxvadasxva klasebi SesaZlebelia
erTgvarad ar eqvemdebarebodnen fonetikuri kanonebis
moqmedebas.
nasesxobaTa ramden jgufs gamoyofen adaptaciis mixedviT?
pirobiTad SeiZleba gamovyoT nasesxobaTa sami jgu-
fi: srulad adaptirebuli, nawilobriv adaptirebuli da
araadaptirebuli nasesxobebi.
rogoria srulad adaptirebuli leqsikuri erTeulebi?
276 Tamar lomTaZe
srulad adaptirebuli enobrivi erTeulebi arafriT

gamoirCeva mkvidri erTeulebisagan, isini daSorebulia
pirvelwyaros. aseTma nasesxobam SeiZleba gamodevnos
mkvidri erTeuli (magaliTad, Turqulidan momdinare leq-
semam oTaxi Secvala qarTuli senaki). nasesxobad aRar
aRiqmeba saaTi, baliSi da mravali sxva sityva qarTulSi.
rogoria araadaptirebuli leqsikuri erTeulebi?
araadaptirebuli enobrivi erTeulebi mkvidri erTe-
ulebisagan gamoirCeva bgeriTi, orTografiuli, semanti-
kuri, gramatikuli niSnebiT. isini ZiriTadad, ucxo reali-
ebs aRniSnaven an specialur, terminologiur leqsikas ga-
nekuTvnebian, aseTia, magaliTad, barbekiu, de iure, de faq-
to.
rogoria nawilobriv adaptirebuli leqsikuri erTeulebi?
nawilobrivi adaptaciis dros leqsemebs SeiZleba
hqondeT fonetikuri an gramatikuli Taviseburebebi. maga-
liTad, taqsi leqsemis fuZe /i/ xmovanze bolovdeba, rac
uCveuloa qarTuli sazogado saxelebisaTvis.
nasesxobebis orTografiis ganxilvisas ramden variants
gamoyofen?
nasesxobebis orTografiis ganxilvisas gamoyofen 5
variants: 1) nasesxoba yalibdeba nimuSis warmoTqmis sa-
fuZvelze: image — imiji; 2) nasesxebi sityvis orTografia
emTxveva etimonisas yovelgvari cvlilebis gareSe, monitor
— monitori; 3) nawilobriv emTxveva warmoTqmas, nawilob-
riv _ orTografias, overtime _ overtaimi; 4) orTografia
yalibdeba Suamavali enis zegavleniT, budget — biujeti; 5)
gvaqvs warmoTqmisa da orTografiis variaciulobis Se-
mTxvevebic, Chat _ Ceti/Cati.
nasesxobebis fonologiis ganxilvisas ramden variants gamo-
yofen?
nasesxeb fonologiaze dakvirveba gamogvayofinebs 3

variants: 1) Tu orive enis warmoTqmis sistemas aqvs er-
Tgvari elementebi, maSin xdeba sruli Canacvleba. am pro-
cess nulovani transfonemizacia ewodeba, cool _ quli, zo-
om — zumi; 2) Tuki nasesxebi sityvis zogierTi elementi Ta-
visi aRweriT ZiriTadi modelisagan gansxvavdeba, maSin
warmoTqma mxolod nawilobriv uTanabrdeba etimons. am
process nawilobrivi an kompromisuli transfonemizacia
hqvia, company — kompania; 3) Tuki nasesxebi etimonis warmo-
Tqma Sedgeba iseTi elementebisagan, romelTac mimRebi
enis bgeraTa sistemaSi ekvivalenti ara aqvT, maSin Canac-
vleba Tavisufalia. es procesi Tavisufali transfonemi-
zaciis saxels atarebs, weekend _ uikendi/viqendi.
nasesxobebis morfologiis ganxilvisas ramden variants
gamoyofen?
nasesxobaTa morfologiuri adaptaciis 4 varianti
SeiZleba gamoiyos: 1) nasesxobas SesaZloa hqondes igive
forma, rac etimons. es imas niSnavs, rom etimonze mimRebi
enis aranairi sufiqsis damateba ar xdeba, rasac nulovani
transmorfemizacia hqvia, cool _ quli; 2) roca nasesxoba
inarCunebs etimonis sufiqss, am process kompromisuli
transmorfemizacia ewodeba, speaker — spikeri; 3) nasesxebi
sityvis sufiqss SesaZloa Caenacvlos mimRebi enis sufiqsi
imave funqciiTa da mniSvnelobiT, rogoric nasesxobis su-
fiqsia, am process sruli transmorfemizacia hqvia: sarcas-
tic _ sarkastuli; 4) aris SemTxvevebi, roca nasesxoba eti-
monis sufiqss inarCunebs da amasTanave mimRebi enis su-
fiqss imatebs: chips _ Cipsebi.
ra Semohyveba xolme ucxo sityvas da rogor xdeba sityviT
manipulireba?
ucxo sityvebs xSirad mohyveba ucxo mentalobebi im
enebidan, sadac isini mkvidri sityvebia. ucxo leqsikis er-
Ti nawiliT xdeba sityvebiT manipulireba.ucxo sityvas
278 Tamar lomTaZe
raRacis dafarva SeuZlia. semantikurad jer auTvisebeli

ucxo warmomavlobis sityvebi, Sesatyvisi qarTuli sityvis
ekvivalenturad ar aRiqmeba. msmeneli maTSi sxva sazriss
eZebs. magaliTad, aRar mobezrdaT insinuaciebi Cemi oja-
xis winaaRmdeg. laTinuri sityva insinuaciebi karga xania
qarTulSi nasesxebia, Tumca wignuria da abnevs mkiTxvels.
ra aris kalki?
kalki aris sxva enis sityvis an gamoTqmis sityvasi-
tyviTi Targmani, anu erTi enis sityvis an Sesityvebis mniS-
vnelobis zustad gamoxatva meore enis amave mniSvnelobis
sityviT an SesityvebiT.
rodis aris dasaSvebi kalki?
kalkebi dasaSvebia maSin, roca axali cneba Semodis,
romlis Sesabamisi “mimReb” enaSi ar iZebneba, roca amis sa-
Wiroeba Cndeba stilisturi niuansebis gadmosacemad, mag-
ram aqac unda vxelmZRvanelobdeT qarTuli enis bunebiT;
nasesxebi, kalkirebuli gamoTqmebi ase Tu ise unda ewyobo-
des qarTuli enis xasiaTs da ar unda iwvevdes misi agebu-
lebis TaviseburebaTa rRvevas.
rogori Sedegebi SeiZleba mogvces enaTa kontaqtebma? ra
igulisxmeba am SedegebSi?
enaTa kontaqtebma SeiZleba mogvces dadebiTi Sede-
gebic da uaryofiTic. dadebiT SedegebSi igulisxmeba
enobrivi fondis gamdidreba marTebuli sesxebiTa da enis
Sinagani potenciis amoZraveba. xolo uaryofiTi Sedegia
enis danagvianeba.
saerTo qarTuli leqsika da viwro jgufTa leqsikuri

Taviseburebani
ratom aris politikur-ekonomikuri leqsikis didi nawili
nasesxebi?
XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis Zireuli cvlilebebi am
sferos Seexo. moxda Zveli socialuri formaciis rRveva
da CvenTvis sruliad axal ekonomikur da politikur wyo-
bilebaze gadasvla. kapitalisturi msofliosaTvis kargad
cnobili procesebi, mxolod bolo dros gaxda CvenTvis na-
cnobi, amitom sagnebsa da movlenebs, ZiriTadad, nasesxebi
leqsika Semohyva.
ratom aris politikur-ekonomikur sferoSi nasesxobebis
gamoyeneba xelsayreli?
saerTaSoriso terminologiis gamoyeneba aiolebs
profesiul urTierTobebs, magram arc is unda daviviwyoT,
rom qarTul enas uaRresad mdidari leqsikuri fondi gaaC-
nia da misi SesaZleblobebi aucileblad unda gamoviyenoT.
ZiriTadad, romeli enidanaa nasesxebi politikur-ekonomiku-
ri leqsika?
politikur terminTa umetesoba inglisuri leqsiki-
danaa Semosuli. zogi maTgani laTinur-berZnulia, magram
CvenTan, saqarTveloSi, inglisuris gziT gavrcelda.
rodidan iwyebs ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi kompiuteruli
teqnologiebTan dakavSirebuli leqsika da riTaa gamowveuli
misi gaaqtiureba?
informatikasa da uaxles kompiuterul teqnologi-
ebTan dakavSirebuli leqsika saqarTveloSi XX saukunis
bolodan iwyebs ganviTarebas da Cvens droSi, TiTqmis yve-
la Taobisa da socialuri mdgomareobis warmomadgenelTa
metyvelebaSi gavrcelda. Zneli warmosadgenia muSaoba
adamianis moRvaweobis romelime sferoSi kompiuteris ga-
280 Tamar lomTaZe
reSe. amitom kacobriobam, informaciuli teqnologiis re-

voluciuri produqti — globaluri kompiuteruli qseli,
interneti, Tavis samsaxurSi Caayena.
garda enobrivi niSnebisa, ras iyeneben xSirad internetis
momxmareblebi?
internetis momxmarebeli, garda enobrivi niSnebisa,
iyenebs specialur piqtografiul niSnebs — xatulebs (sma-
ilikebs), romelTa meSveobiT gamoxataven sxvadasxva
grZnobas, saxis mimikas da sxvas.
ra ganapirobebs enaTmecnierTa dainteresebas genderuli lin-
gvistikiT?
gareenobrivi parametrebis urTierTgadakveTa da
urTierTSexeba qalisa da mamakacis enaSi gansxvavebulad
aisaxeba, rac ganapirobebs enaTmecnierTa dainteresebas
genderuli lingvistikiT.
saidan unda iRebdes saTaves r. Soris azriT mamakacisa da
qalis metyvelebis diferenciacia?
r. Sori Tvlis, rom uZvelesi profesiuli diferenci-
leqtebis ieri miiRo.
ra SemTxvevaSia ufro gansxvavebuli specialuri da saerTo
leqsika?
rac ufro diferencirebulia sazogadoeba sxvadas-
xva profesiul jgufebad, miT ufro gansxvavebuli unda
iyos specialuri da saerTo-enobrivi leqsika. sazogadoe-
bis ganviTareba gulisxmobs ara mxolod diferenciacias
calke jgufebad, aramed maT urTierTobasac, rac iwvevs
specialuri sityvis damkvidrebas saerTo enaSi.
ras uwodeben dargobliv leqsikas?

mosaqmeobis ama Tu saxeobasTan dakavSirebul leqsi-
kas dargobriv leqsikas uwodeben, radgan profesiulisa
da asakobrivisagan gansxvavebiT, sxvadasxva mxareSi aseTi
sityvebi SeiZleba gansxvavebulic iyos erTmaneTisagan.
Aamitomac aris, rom dialeqturi leqsikis mimoxilva xSi-
rad mocemulia dargobrivad. magaliTad, xevsurulisa Sem-
degi dargebis mixedviT: mesaqonleoba, abjari da a. S.
ras gulisxmobs dargoblivi leqsikis eTnografiuli da
enaTmecnieruli Seswavla?
qarTuli leqsikis dargobriv Seswavlas awarmoeben
eTnografebic, magram eTnografiul monacemebze damyare-
biT leqsikis dajgufeba mogvcems saTanado kulturuli
wris suraTs, ramdenadac es kultura aisaxeba leqsikaSi,
xolo enaTmecnieruli TvalsazrisiT Seswavla gulis-
xmobs im urTierTobis kvlevas, romelic arsebobs specia-
lur leqsikasa da saerTo enas Soris.
riT gansxvavdeba profesiuli da dargoblivi leqsika?
dargobrivi leqsika Zalian axlos dgas profesiul
dialeqtebTan. profesiul dialeqtad unda miviCnioT pro-
fesiuli terminologiis, profesiuli Jargonisa da argos
erToblioba. xolo dargobrivi leqsika, ama Tu im dargisa-
Tvis damaxasiaTebeli leqsika, romelSic erTiandeba am
dargis Jargoni, argo da dialeqtebsa Tu saliteraturo
enaSi gavrcelebuli leqsikuri erTeulebi. gansxvaveba is
aris, rom profesiuli dialeqtebi ar gansxvavdebian geog-
rafiuli arealis mixedviT (magaliTad, dasavleT saqar-
TveloSi gavrcelebuli profesiuli dialeqti SeiZleba
sxvaobdes fonematurad), xolo dargobrivis leqsika te-
ritoriuli dialeqtebis mixedviT Zalian gansxvavebuli
SeiZleba iyos (magaliTad, mesaqonleobis leqsika aRmosav-
282 Tamar lomTaZe
leTsa da dasavleT saqarTveloSi gansxvavebulic aris,

identuri sityvebis garda).
sad aris gavrcelebuli saskolo Jargoni?
saskolo Jargoni, rogorc saxelwodeba gviCvenebs,
gavrcelebulia skolebSi. maT iyeneben skolis moswavlee-
bi, romelTa asakic daaxloebiT 10-dan 17 wlamdea.
ra funqcia aqvT moswavleTa saidumlo enebs bauzingeris mo-
sazrebis mixedviT?.
bauzingeris mixedviT, moswavleTa saidumlo enebs
aqvT funqcia sawinaaRmdego enisa.
ra mizniT qmnian moswavleebi Jargonsa da argos?
moswavleebi qmnian specialuri daniSnulebiT argosa
da Jargons. aqedan argo am jgufSic iqmneba komunikaciis
sagnis dafarvis mizniT, xolo Jargoni, maTi azriT, ufro
emociur-eqspresiulia.
Jargonis momxmarebelTa TvalsazrisiT romeli jgufia yve-
laze didi?
momxmarebelTa TvalsazrisiT, axalgazrduli Jargo-
ni qmnis yvelaze did jgufs sxvadasxva Jargonis saxeebi-
dan.
daaxasiaTeT axalgazrduli Jargoni b. jorbenaZis mixedviT:
Jargons, garda gamorCeviTobisa, meore mxarec aqvs.
igi klavs pirovnebis individualobas da yvelasa da yvela-
fers erT usaxo masad aqcevs. es ki uSualo ukuzegavlenas
axdens axalgazrdis sulier samyaroze. axalgazrdas uTu-
od aqvs Tavisi, sakuTari, sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli gancda,
SegrZneba, msoflgageba, magram mis gamosaxatavad Sesafe-
risi sityvebi ver upovia. maSin igi iol gzas irCevs da isev
da isev im sityvebs moixmars, mis wreSi rom trialebs. Tav-
dapirvelad, ra Tqma unda, igi grZnobs, rom mis azrsa da
warmoTqmul sityvas Soris didi zRvaria, magram TandaTan

eCveva am situacias, individualobis grZnoba uClungdeba,
mere ki misi azrovnebac am sityvaTa Targze aigeba da kidev
erTi individi gaxdeba usaxuri masis usaxuri nawili.
ras ewodeba Jargoni da sadauri warmomavlobis sityvaa igi?
Jargoni (franguli jargon) ewodeba zepir metyvelebas,
romelic ixmareba SedarebiT myari socialuri jgufebis
wevrebs Soris urTierTobis dros da romelsac axasiaTebs
Taviseburebebi sityvawarmoebaSi, leqsikasa da frazeo-
logiaSi. Jargoni Cndeba erTnairi socialuri mdgomareo-
bis, interesebis, asakis, profesiis mqone pirTa jgufebSi.
misi xmarebisas aqcenti keTdeba mocemuli jgufis wevro-
baze. es aris garkveuli etalonisadmi mibaZva.
ras uwodeben slengs?
zogierTi socialuri jgufi, romelic Jargons iye-
nebs, Riaa da sazogadoebis organul nawils Seadgens. aseT
sityvebs zogjer slengs (inglisuri slang) uwodeben. slen-
gi eqspresiulia, Zalian aramdgradia, eqvemdebareba modas.
vin gamosca saqarTveloSi Jargonis leqsikoni?
Jargonuli leqsikoni, romelSic Sesulia mxatvrul
literaturaSi dadasturebuli Jargonizmebi, gamosca l.
bregaZem.
ras ewodeba argo da riT gansxvavdeba igi Jargonisagan?
argo erTi an ramdenime bunebrivi enidan nebismierad
aRebuli da saxecvlili elementebis erTobliobaa.
specialur literaturaSi Jargonisa da argos gan-
martebebi xSirad emTxveva erTmaneTs, Tumca aucilebelia,
gavmijnoT. Tu sityva komunikaciis dafarvis mizniT ixma-
reba — argoa, xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi — Jargoni.
ras ewodeba profesiuli Jargoni?
284 Tamar lomTaZe
profesiuli Jargoni, anu specialuri slengi — dada-

blebuli stilis arasaliteraturo leqsika, damaxasiaTe-
beli profesiulad gankerZoebul pirTa arasaidumlo me-
tyvelebisTvis. profesionalizmebi, Cveulebriv, oficia-
luri terminebis dubletebia.
ras ewodeba dialeqtizmi?
dialeqtizmebi (kuTxuri sityvebi, provincializme-
bi) sayovelTaod ar ixmareba. isini mxolod erTi kuTxis
mcxovrebTa metyvelebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. maT
SeiZleba hqondeT fonetikuri, derivaciuli, semantikuri
da sxva Taviseburebebi..
ramden fenas gamoyofen dialeqtur leqsikaSi?
dialeqtur leqsikaSi sam fenas gamoyofen: ZiriTad
nawils dialeqturi leqsikisas qmnis saerToenobrivi si-
tyvebi, namemkvidrevi im uZvelesi droidan, rodesac dia-
leqturi gansxvaveba minimaluri iyo da saerToqarTuli
ena warmodgenili iyo met-naklebad monoliTuri leqsiku-
ri fondiT. aq Semodis yvela sxva saerToqarTuli sityva,
romelic ki dialeqtebSi gvxvdeba.
dialeqturi leqsikis meore Semadgenel nawils war-
moadgens ama Tu im dialeqtisaTvis (an dialeqtTa jgufi-
saTvis) damaxasiaTebeli nasesxobani, magaliTad, Turqu-
lidan nasesxebi pakani (Tambaqos saWreli aWarulSi); zanu-
ri jimadi (biZa, deidis qmari) qvemoimerulSi da sxv.
danarCeni leqsikuri masala ama Tu im dialeqtSi lo-
kalizmia, axali, dialeqtSi Seqmnili sityvaa, romelic sa-
Tanado kuTxisaa da mis mcxovrebTa bunebrivsa da istori-
ul pirobebs asaxavs.
ramden jgufad SeiZleba davyoT dialeqturi sityvebi samwer-
lobo qarTulis leqsikasTan SepirispirebiT?
dialeqturi sityvebi, Tu maT saerTo samwerlobo
qarTulis leqsikasTan SepirispirebiT ganvixilavT, or
jgufad SeiZleba davyoT: 1) samwerlo qarTulSi damkvid-

rebuli sityvebis dubletebi da 2) Seunacvlebeli sityve-
bi, romelTac saliteraturo enaSi sinonimebi ar moepove-
baT.
rogor axdenen dialeqturi dubletebis diferencirebas?
dialeqtur dubletebSi SeiZleba calke gamovyoT
iseTi sityvebi, romlebic literaturul wyaroebSi dadas-
turebulia. aseTi leqsikuri erTeulebi ZiriTadad, per-
sonaJis metyvelebaSia dadasturebuli.
dialeqturi warmomavlobis leqsikuri dubletebi
saerTo enaSi zogjer CarCeba xolme. marTalia, bevri maT-
gani SemdgomSi erTgvar asimilacias ganicdis — egueba sa-
erTo enis leqsikur fonds, iZens stilistur Tavisebure-
bebs da, maSasadame, saerTo enaSi damkvidrebis uflebasac.
ramden jgufad yofen Seunacvlebel sityvebs?
Seunacvlebeli sityvebi or jgufad iyofa. erTia —
saliteraturo enaSi ukve Sesuli — mweralTa mier TavianT
nawerebSi gamoyenebuli sityvebi (magaliTad, diagona, er-
Tgvari yvavili (vaJa). meore jgufs Seadgens iseTi sityve-
bi, romlebic literaturul nawarmoebebSi ar aris dadas-
turebuli.
ramdeni mizeziTaa Sepirobebuli dialeqtizmebis gamoyeneba
mxatvrul teqstSi?
dialeqtizmebis gamoyeneba mxatvrul teqstSi sami
mizeziTaa Sepirobebuli: a) saliteraturo enaSi ar ipove-
ba ama Tu im dialeqtSi gamoyenebul formaTa ekvivalente-
bi — dialeqtizmi am SemTxvevaSi avsebs saliteraturo enis
xarvezebs;
b) dialeqtizmebi gamoiyeneba adgilobrivi kolori-
tis Sesaqmnelad — am dros dialeqtizmebs wminda mxatvru-
li daniSnuleba aqvT; g) mwerals ereva saliteraturo da
dialeqturi formebi anda Segnebulad amjobinebs dialeq-
286 Tamar lomTaZe
tizmebs normiT rekomendebul formebs. zogjer amas da-

debiTi Sedegica aqvs — xdeba trafaretad qceuli gamoT-
qmebis ganedleba, gaxaliseba, magram umetesad aseT Se-
mTxvevebSi saliteraturo ena zedmetad itvirTeba uxeSi,
dauxvewavi formebiT.
terminologia
ganmarteT termini qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediaSi mocemuli
ganmartebis Tanaxmad, sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa igi?
termini (laT. terminus — zRvari, sazRvari) qarTul sa-
bWoTa enciklopediaSi mocemuli gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad,
aris sityva (an Sesityveba), romelsac iyeneben romelime
specialuri dargis cnebis an specialuri sagnis aRsaniSna-
vad.
ras ewodeba terminologia?
terminTa sistemas terminologia ewodeba.
ra aris terminisadmi wayenebuli mTavari moTxovna?
mTavari moTxovna, romelic waeyeneba terminad gamo-
yenebul sityvas aris sizuste, erTmniSvnelianoba, lako-
nuroba, esTetikuri, gamomsaxvelobiTi da modaluri neit-
raluroba.
ras ewodeba terminTmcodneoba?
terminTa Semswavlel disciplinas terminTmcodneo-
ba ewodeba.
rasTan aris dakavSirebuli axali terminebis Seqmna?
axali terminebis Seqmna dakavSirebulia axali reali-
ebis saxeldebasTan; terminologia realobis Seswavlis Se-
degia. igi garkveul msoflmxedvelobas asaxavs.
ra SemTxvevaSi miiReba crumaorientirebeli terminebi?
droTa ganmavlobaSi garesamyaros Sesaxeb adamianTa

codna icvleba, viTardeba, ris gamoc zogierTi terminis
Sinaforma SeiZleba winaaRmdegobaSi movides im cnebis Si-
naarsTan, romelsac igi aRniSnavs. aseT SemTxvevebSi miiRe-
ba e.w. crumaorientirebeli terminebi.
ras niSnavs determinologizacia da terminologizacia?
yoveli termini Sedis romelime terminTsistemaSi,
romlis gareT igi determinologizacias ganicdis da sayo-
velTaod xmarebuli xdeba. magaliTad, simptomi — niSani.
sapirispiro procesia terminologizacia — terminad ga-
daqceva. magaliTad, gamJRavneba (fotografiaSi).
ras niSnavs reterminologizacia?
zRvari terminologiur da araterminologiur leq-
sikas Soris pirobiTia. zogjer termini erTi dargidan me-
oreSi gadadis, rasac Tan sdevs mniSvnelobis gardaqmna.
magaliTad, amgvari reterminologizaciis Sedegad aris
miRebuli veli — enaTmecnierebaSi, romelic fizikidan Se-
mosuli terminia.
ramden jgufad iyofa terminebi struqturulad?
struqturis mixedviT gamoiyofa martivi (erTsityvi-
ani) da Sedgenili (Sesityvebebis saxiT arsebuli) termine-
bi (marTi kuTxe).
ras ewodeba dargTaSorisi omonimuri terminebi?
im terminebs, romlebic sxvadasxva dargSi ixmareba
dargTaSorisi omonimuri terminebi ewodeba.
ra aris terminTsistemebis naklovanebebi?
arsebuli terminTsistemebis tipobrivi naklovanebe-
bidan aRsaniSnavia: terminTa sinonimia, polisemia (erTi
dargis farglebSi), erTgvarovan terminTa (antonimebis)
araerTgvarovani struqtura, Zalian Zneli da Znelad
288 Tamar lomTaZe
warmosaTqmeli, agreTve „crumaorientirebeli“ termine-

bis arseboba.
rodis gvaqvs terminologiaSi idealuri viTareba?
terminologiaSi idealuri viTareba maSin gvaqvs, ro-
ca cnebac internacionaluria da terminic.
ra aris nomenklatura?
terminologiisagan unda ganvasxvavoT nomenklatura —
ama Tu im dargis specifikuri kerZo obieqtebis saxelwodeba.
leqsikis stilistikuri diferencireba

ra ganapirobebs enis stilur diferenciacias?
ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi adamianTa urTierTo-
bebi rTuli da mravalmxrivia. es garemoeba enaSic aisaxeba
da ganapirobebs mis stilur diferenciacias.
ra qmnis ZiriTadad stilur opozicias?
ZiriTad stilur opozicias qmnian stilurad neitra-
luri anu stilTaSorisi da stilurad Seferili, araneit-
raluri enobrivi saSualebebi.
ramden jgufad iyofa stilurad Seferili erTeulebi?
stilurad Seferili erTeulebi iyofa ufro maRali
(wignis) da dabali (sasaubro) stilis erTeulebad.
romelia gamoyenebis sferos mixedviT leqsikis stiluri fe-
nebi?
gamoyenebis sferos mixedviT Tanamedrove salitera-
turo enaSi ganirCeva leqsikis sxvadasxva stiluri fena:
sayovelTao-saliteraturo, teqnikuri, publicisturi,
oficialur-saqmiani, samecniero stilis leqsika.
ra aris kancelarizmi?
biurokratiul dokumentebSi gamoiyeneba kancela-

rizmi (laT. cancellarius — gadamweri) — oficialur saqmiani
stilis leqsika da frazeologia.
rogoria leqsikonebSi stilisturi miniSnebebi?
leqsikonebSi stilisturi miniSnebebi xSirad araer-
Tgvarovani da winaaRmdegobrivia, ar aris calsaxad gamij-
nuli neitraluri da stilisturad Seferili leqsika.
frazeologia
ras ewodeba frazeologia?
myar SesityvebaTa erTobliobas frazeologia (berZ.
phrasis gamonaTqvami, logos sityva, moZRvreba) ewodeba. ima-
ve terminiT aRiniSneba is dargi, romelic enis frazeolo-
giur Sedgenilobas Seiswavlis.
ra aris idiomi?
idiomebi (berZ. idioma — Tavisebureba) anu idiomaturi
gamoTqmebi formiT emTxveva Tavisufal Sesityvebebs, mag-
ram maTi leqsikuri struqtura azrobrivad gardaqmnilia.
maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTiani (bmuli) mniSvneloba,
leqsemis msgavsi sinTezuri funqcia.
rogoria semantikurad frazeologiuri Sesityveba?
frazeologiur SesityvebebSi semantikurad garda-
qmnilia mxolod erTi leqsema, komponentebs SenarCunebu-
li aqvT semantikuri damoukidebloba, nominacia (saxelde-
ba) analizuria. analizuri mniSvnelobis gamo frazeolo-
giuri Sesityvebebi Tavisufal Sesityvebebs uaxlovdebian.
ra aris sametyvelo Stampi@?
frazeologiur Sesityvebebs uaxlovdeba sametyvelo
Stampebi (ital. stampa — beWedi, anabeWdi) — xSirad da regu-
larulad xmarebuli Sesityvebebi, romlebic enobrivi ko-
290 Tamar lomTaZe
leqtivis cnobierebaSi mocemulia „mza formulebis“ saxiT

da gansakuTrebiT „mosaxerxebel “ niSnebs warmoadgenen
garkveuli Sinaarsis gamosaxatavad. termini „Stampi“ ixma-
reba daufiqrebeli, ugemovno gamonaTqvamis aRsaniSnavad.
Stampebs maTi xSiri xmarebis gamo, dakarguli aqvT eqspre-
siuloba. zogjer Stampebad miiCneven sametyvelo etiketis
(zrdilobis) formulebsac.
ra aris kliSe?
kliSe (fr. clishe — standarti, stereotipi) garkveul
dargebSi informaciulad aucilebeli mza enobrivi saSua-
lebebia.
ras ewodeba frazeosqemebi?
frazeosqemebi ewodeba specifikur sintaqsur kon-
struqciebs, romlebSic leqsemaTa nawili icvleba konteq-
stis mixedviT. amgvar „sintaqsur idiomebs“ aRniSvnis ana-
lizuri funqcia aqvT.
ra aris andaza?
andaza aris mokle, gonebamaxviluri mxatvruli Tqma,
romelsac aqvs damrigeblobiTi xasiaTi. idiomebis msgav-
sad andazebi Tavisi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCevian ro-
gorc mxatvrul literaturaSi, aseve publicistikaSi.
ra aris frTiani gamoTqmebi?
frTiani gamoTqmebi (berZ. eE pea pteroenta) — andazebi,
aforizmebi, moaruli citatebi bibliidan (e. w. bibleizme-
bi), mxatvruli literaturidan da a. S — zogjer frazeme-
bad ar miiCneva, maT ufro xSirad winadadebis forma aqvT.
etimologia
ras ewodeba etimologia da sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa igi?
etimologia (berZ. ἔτυµος, WeSmariteba, sityvis namdvi-
li mniSvneloba, λόγος moZRvreba) zogadi ganmartebis Ta-
naxmad, Seiswavlis enaSi sityvebis warmoSobasa da istori-
as. etimologias aseve ewodeben ama Tu im konkretuli si-
tyvis pirvel mniSvnelobas. am ganmartebasTan axlosaa an-
dronikaSvilis ganmartebac: etimologia Seiswavlis calke
sityvaTa da morfemaTa warmomavlobasa da istorias.
ra aris xalxuri etimologia?
xalxuri etimologia aris mxolod msgavsebaze damya-
rebuli analizi, sadac ar xdeba fonetikuri kanonebis (ma-
galiTad, bgeraTSesatyvisobebis), mniSvnelobaTa cvlile-
bisa da gramatikuli Sedgenilobis gaTvaliswineba.
ras adgens mecnieruli etimologia?
mecnieruli etimologia bgeraTa kanonzomieri Sesa-
tyvisobis safuZvelze adgens sityvaTa naTesaoba-warmo-
mavlobas da gviCvenebs maTs Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobas.
ra faqtorebia mecnieruli etimologiis safuZveli?
mecnieruli etimologiis safuZvelia ori ZiriTadi
faqtori: 1) bgeraTa kanonzomieri Sesatyvisoba sxvadasxva
enebs an erTi enis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurs Soris;
2) mniSvnelobaTaA kanonzomieri Tanafardoba.
raSi mdgomareobs etimologiis mniSvneloba?
etimologiis mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
etimologiuri Zieba iZleva stimuls ama Tu im enis bgeriTi
da gramatikuli agebulebis gaRrmavebuli SeswavlisaTvis.
292 Tamar lomTaZe
onomastika
ras ewodeba toponimi?
toponimi gaxlavT onimis saxeoba, romelic Seiswavlis
geografiul da geografiuli obieqtebis saxelwodebas.
ra aris toponimia?
toponimia aris toponimTa erToblioba. magaliTad,
saqarTvelos toponimia, imereTis toponimia da a. S.
ras ewodeba toponimika?
toponimika ewodeba onomastikis qvedargs, romelic Se-
iswavlis toponimebs, maTi warmoSobis, ganviTarebisa da fun-
qcionirebis kanonzomierebebs. e. i. toponimika swavlobs ge-
ografiul nomerklaturas mcire da farTo masStabiT.
rogori saxis toponimebs gamoyofen?
gamoiyofa rogorc mikro, ise vrceli geografiuli
monakveTis toponimia, e. i. saxelwodebani dasaxlebuli ad-
gilebisa — soflisa, qalaqisa, raionisa, olqisa, xeobisa.
ras ewodeba toponimTa leqsikoni?
erTi romelime geografiuli raionis adgilis saxel-
wodebaTa erToblioba, gawyobili anbanis rigze, iqneba am
raionis toponimTa leqsikoni.
romel naSroms miiCneven pirvel sakuTriv toponimTa Semcvel
geografiul naSromad saqarTveloSi?
pirveli sakuTriv toponimTa cnobebis Semcveli ge-
ografiuli naSromi saqarTveloSi XVIII saukunis Sua wleb-
Si gamoCnda. Cven mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs am periodis SesaniS-
navi istorikosisa da geografosis vaxuSti bagrationis
(1696-1770) brwyinvale wigni: „aRwera samefosa saqarTve-
losa~.
ramdeni aspeqtiT mimdinareobs toponimikuri Zieba da rome-

lia es aspeqtebi?
toponimikuri Zieba saqarTveloSi mimdinareobs sami
mimarTulebiT: masalebis Sekreba da publikacia, toponim-
Ta struqturisa da genezisis Seswavla, toponimikuri Zie-
bis aspeqtebi — istoriuli, geografiuli, lingvisturi.
rogor gaCnda sexnia toponimebi?
Tavdapirvelad adgilis saxelwodeba ar meordeboda:
erTi toponimiT erTi cneba aRiniSneboda. es kanonzomie-
reba udevs safuZvlad yovel erovnul toponimias. magram
Semdeg mravali obieqturi faqtoris wyalobiT am wesSi
cvlileba Sevida. xalxTa gadasaxleba-gadmosaxlebis, mo-
saxleobis gadaadgilebis, gansxvavebul enebze molaparake
tomebis SeerTeba-SekavSirebisa da am rigis sxva mizeziT
gaCnda aTeulobiT sexnia saxelwodeba an misi kalki.
ra unda miviCnioT toponimTa gaCenis garegan faqtorad?
garegan faqtorad sityvaTwarmoeba unda miviCnioT.
qarTuli toponimiis Sesaxeb SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misi Zi-
riTadi nawili sityvaTwarmoebis produqtia.
ramden rkalad ajgufeben toponimias?
toponimia — sam rkalad jgufdeba; gamoiyofa mikro-
toponimia, sakuTrivtoponimia da makrotoponimia.
rogori safuZveli aqvs am klasifikacias?
am klasifikacias geografiuli da istoriuli safuZ-
veli aqvs. geografiuli TvalsazrisiT klasifikacia obi-
eqtis arealsa da sidide-simcires gviCvenebs, istoriuli
TvalsazrisiT ki warmodgenas gvaZlevs saxelmwifosa da
dasaxlebul punqtTa kontaqtebsa da maTTan dakavSirebul
movlenebze.
ra iyris Tavs mikrotoponimiaSi?
294 Tamar lomTaZe
mikrotoponimiaSi Tavs iyris mcire geografiuli er-

Teulis, bunebrivi Tu xelovnurad Seqmnili obieqtis, er-
Ti an ori dasaxlebuli punqtis farglebSi moqceuli adgi-
lis, saxnav-saTesi, sabostne, savenaxe, saCaie nakveTebis,
mcire mdinareTa, wyaroTa, maRlobTa, xeobaTa, xevebis,
tyeebis, ubnebis, qalaqebSi — quCebis saxelwodebani.
ra aris niSandoblivi mikrotoponimiisaTvis?
arealis SezRuduloba, obieqtis farglebis simcire
— ai, mTavari niSan-Tvisebani mikrotoponimiisa.
ra erTiandeba sakuTriv toponimebSi?
sakuTriv toponimebSi erTiandeba ufro msxvili ge-
ografiuli erTeulebi. aq gvaqvs dasaxlebuli punqtebis
(soflebis, dabebisa da qalaqebis), mozrdili da saSualo
mdinareebis, mcire tbebis, saraionTaSoriso saZovrebis,
mTebis saxelwodebani, amisTana bunebrivisa Tu xelovnu-
rad Seqmnil obieqts xalxma odesRac Searqva Tavisi saxe-
li, romelic epoqebs wvdeba. sakuTriv toponimiis areali
farToa, obieqtis farglebi — gaSlili, sakuTriv toponi-
mia metad gamZlea, misi asaki epoqebs iTvlis.
ra erTiandeba makrotoponimiaSi?
makrotoponimia gulisxmobs did geografiul erTe-
ulTa, saxelmwifoTa, udides qalaqTa, mdinareTa, zRvaTa,
tbaTa, okeaneTa, gzaTa saxelwodebebs. mikrotoponimia
scildeba ama Tu im saxelmwifos bunebriv sazRvrebs da sa-
erTaSoriso gavrceleba aqvs, sayovelTaod cnobili da ga-
sagebia. sxvanairad, saxelmwifoTa, maTi provinciebis, di-
di qalaqebis, mdinareebis, tbebis, zRvebis, okeaneebis, mTe-
bis, mwvervalebis, trasebis saxelwodebani makrotoponim-
Ta samyaros qmnian.
rogoraa warmoSobili toponimTa umetesoba?
toponimebi warmoSobilia uSualod, adamianTa urTi-

erTobis procesSi da, rogorc mecnierebi fiqroben, saxe-
li ama Tu im geografiul adgils zogjer stiqiurad, pir-
velad miRebuli STabeWdilebis mixedviT Serqmevia.
rogoraa miRebuli toponimebi?
toponimTa didi nawili miRebulia Zireuli sazogado
saxelisagan; nawili toponimebisa warmoqmnilia sityvama-
warmoebeli afiqsebiT; zogi toponimi miRebulia sityvaSe-
erTebiT; toponimebad gamoyenebulia kompozitebi; topo-
nimad gamoyenebulia adamianis saxeli an gvari.
saqarTveloSi sad SemorCa yvelaze didxans tradiciuli saxelebi?
saqarTveloSi yvelaze didi xnis ganmavlobaSi tra-
diciuli saxelebi SemorCa mTas.
ramdeni struqturuli jgufi SeiZleba gamoiyos sakuTar sa-
xelebSi?
werilobiT ZeglebSi gabneuli saxelebis analizis Se-
degad SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi jgufebi: Zireuli da
warmoqmnili. Zireuli sakuTari saxelebis absolutur bo-
loSi xuTive xmovani gvxvdeba: zaza, vaCe, duro, duxu, maci.
TanxmovanfuZian saxelTagan gavrcelebuli Cans alxaz,
asan, arjevan. gvxvdeba warmoqmnili saxelebi: Tandua, Tun-
Tia, Citia, kacia, bera, aluda, romelTa umravlesobas Ta-
vis mxriv daerTvis moferebiT-kninobiTi mawarmoeblebi:
papua, Temia, beruka, xarika. zogi anTroponimi nawarmoebia
TavsarT-bolosarTiT, magaliTad, salome. xSiria Txzuli
anTroponimebis gamoyenebac: gulnazi, xvTisavari.
ra SemTxvevSi axdendnen nasesxeb saxelTa dezintegracias?
Tu nasesxebi saxeli mravalmarcvliani iyo, qarTuli
cdilobda Tavisi enis modelisTvis daeqvemdebarebina, sa-
dac ZiriTadad, or da sammarcvliani saxelebi iyo gavrce-
lebuli, amitom zepirmetyvelebaSi axdendnen nasesxeb sa-
296 Tamar lomTaZe
xelTa Sekvecas (dezintegracias). am tendenciam male mwer-

lobaSic iCina Tavi. ( viqtoria — vika; vladimeri — lado,
aleqsandre — sandro, elizabeti -lizi....)
ras iTvaliswinebdnen ZiriTadad metsaxelis Serqmevisas?
qarTul tomebSi ZvelTaganve gavrcelebuli yofila
adamianisaTvis metsaxelis Serqmeva. es tradicia dRemde
arsebobs. metsaxelis Serqmevisas iTvaliswineben adamianis
garegnobas, mosaqmeobas, Tvisebebs, warmomavlobas da a. S.
ras uwodebdnen metsaxels mTis kiloebSi?
metsaxels mTis kiloebSi Tikuns eZaxian.
ratom miaCniaT, rom metsaxeli udevs safuZvlad Zvel ono-
mastikonsac?
miaCniaT, rom metsaxeli udevs safuZvlad Zveli da
axali aRTqmis wignebis onomastikonis mTavar nawilsac.
amitomacaa, rom maTi didi nawili dResac iolad iTargmne-
ba. magaliTad, aleqsi niSnavs TanaSemwes; aleqsandre — vaJ-
kacuri daxmareba; viqtori — gamarjvebuli; giorgi — mi-
waTmoqmedi, irine — mSvidoba, elisabed — fici, sofio —
brZeni, elene — rCeuli...
qarTuli leqsikografia
ras ewodeba leqsikografia da sadauri warmoSobis sityvaa
igi?
leqsikonis Sedgenis sakiTxebs arkvevs leqsikogra-
fia (berZ. lexicon da grapho vwer, — leqsikonTSedgena).
vin Seadgina da gamosca qarTul-italiuri leqsikoni da
riT aris es leqsikoni mniSvnelovani?
1629 wels nikifore ColoyaSvilma (irbaxma) stefane
paulinTan erTad Seadgina da romSi gamosca pirveli qar-
Tuli nabeWdi wigni „qarTul-italiuri leqsikoni“.
vin da rodis Seadgina sityvis kona?

Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom epoqaluri mniSvnelo-
bis leqsikografiuli naSromi aris sulxan-saba orbelia-
nis “qarTuli leqsikoni” anu “sityvis kona”, Sedgenili
1685-1715 wlebSi.
vin gamosca pirvelad `sityvis kona~?
`sityvis kona~ pirvelad poetma rafiel erisTavma
gamosca 1884 wels.
vin daamuSava qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis princi-
pebi?
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis gamocemis Zi-
riTadi principebi daamuSava arn. Ciqobavam, romlis saer-
To redaqciiT 1950-1964 wlebSi gamovida rva tomi.
romel leqsikonebs daedo safuZvlad qarTuli enis ganmarte-
biTi leqsikonis rvatomeuli?
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, Tavis mxriv, safuZvlad dae-
do sxva leqsikonebs, magaliTad, “qarTuli enis ganmarte-
biTi leqsikonis” safuZvelze 1986 wels gamovida ganmar-
tebiTi leqsikonis erTtomeuli. aseve, varlam Tofuriasa
da ivane gigineiSvilis “qarTuli enis orTografiuli leq-
sikoni” (1968 w.), agreTve 1967 wels gamocemuli “qarTuli
enis inversiuli leqsikoni”.
ratom da visi redaqciiT gamodis qarTuli enis ganmartebi-
Ti leqsikonis axali redaqcia?
ena cvalebadi kategoriaa, cvalebadoba gansakuTre-
biT leqsikas Seexeba. Tanamedrove epoqam moiTxova Sevse-
buli da ganaxlebuli leqsikonis gamocema. amitomac mo-
mzadda da gamoica ganmartebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulis
pirveli da meore tomis axali redaqcia prof. a. arabulis
298 Tamar lomTaZe
redaqtorobiT, romelsac axali sityva da sailustracio

masala daerTo.
ras ewodeba TargmniTi anu paraleluri leqsikoni?
sityvis mniSvneloba leqsikonSi SeiZleba uCvenon
sxva enidan saTanado sityvis SerCeviT. esaa TargmniTi anu
paraleluri leqsikoni. TargmniTi leqsikoni Cveulebriv,
orenovania (qarTul-rusuli, rusul-qarTuli, somxur-
qarTuli, laTinur-rusuli, germanul-rusuli, frangul-
inglisuri...). TargmniTi leqsikoni SeiZleba iyos sam da
oTxenovani, vTqvaT, laTinur-rusul-qarTuli botaniku-
ri an samedicino leqsikoni... germanul-frangul-ingli-
sur-rusuli paraleluri leqsikoni.
ra saxis leqsikonebs aerTianeben specialur leqsikonebSi?
specialur leqsikonebSi Sedis dialeqtologiuri
(ama Tu im dialeqtis leqsikur TaviseburebaTa aRnusxviT),
istoriuli (sadac leqsikis Semadgenlobisa da sityvaTa
mniSvnelobis cvlaa aRnusxuli), SedarebiTi ( masSi ori an
meti monaTesave enis sityvebia Sedarebuli) leqsikonebi.
SedarebiTi leqsikoni arsebiTad gansxvavdeba para-
leluri leqsikonisagan: paraleluri leqsikoni SeiZleba
yoveli ori enisaTvis SevadginoT, iqneba es enebi monaTesa-
ve Tu ara (mag. arabul-qarTuli, Turqul-rusuli), Seda-
rebiTi leqsikoni ki mxolod monaTesave enebisa iqneba.
risi saSualeba misca leqsikografebs eleqtronuli resurse-
bis gamoyenebam?
eleqtronuli resursebis gamoyenebam leqsikogra-
febs saSualeba misca ara marto eleqtronuli leqsikone-
bisaTvis gamoiyenon umdidresi masala, aramed tradiciu-
li, beWvdiTi leqsikonebis axali gamocemebic gaamdidron
iseTi enobrivi erTeulebiT, romlebic adre mkvlevarebs
mxedvelobidan rCebodaT.
risgan Sedgeba programa `leqsikografi~?

programa „leqsikografi“ Sedgeba bazis redaqtorisa
da teqstis dizainis redaqtorisagan. bazis redaqtoris
saSualebiT iqmneba leqsikonis monacemTa baza, xolo diza-
inis redaqtoris saSualebiT SesaZlebelia sasurveli di-
zainis SerCeva da teqstis daformateba, igi agreTve uz-
runvelyofs teqstSi sxvadasxva simboloebisa da markere-
bis avtomaturad Casmas. programa „leqsikografi“ saSua-
lebas iZleva momzaddes sxvadasxva saxis leqsikonebi dro-
isa da resursebis mniSvnelovani ekonomiiT.
300 Tamar lomTaZe
gamoyenebuli da miTiTebuli literatura
1. v. abaevi, В. И. Абаев, Понятие идеосемантики „Язык и

мышление“, 11, М-Л, 1948.
2. i. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tbili-
si, 1974.
3. m. andronikaSvili, narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli
enobrivi urTierTobidan, I, Tb., 1966.
4. n. amalobeli, n. futkaraZe, araverbaluri da ver-
baluri xatulebis morfo-semantikuri analizi, „qarTuli
ena da Tanamedrove teqnologiebi“, Tbilisi, 2009.
5. a. arabuli, qarTuli metyvelebis kultura, Tbi-
lisi, 2005, gamomcemloba „universali“.
6. S. afridoniZe, Cveni ena qarTuli, Tbilisi, 198I.
7. g. axvlediani, zogadi fonetikis Sesavali, Tb.,
1949.
8. c. axvlediani, sociolingvistur kvlevaTa mniS-
vneloba enis evoluciis niSanTa gamosavlenad (franguli
enis masalaze), saenaTmecniero Ziebani, Tbilisi, 2009.
9. S. bali, Ш. Балли, Обшая лингвистика и вопросы
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sarCevi
winasityvaoba ........................................................................................ 3
leqsikologiis sagani ........................................................................ 4
leqsikologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi ................................................... 5
qarTuli enis leqsikuri fondi (zogadi daxasiaTeba)............ 12
leqsikologiis dargebi .................................................................. 17
leqsikologia momijnave dargebTan ............................................ 19
sityva — leqsikologiis ZiriTadi erTeuli ............................. 32
sityvis mniSvneloba ......................................................................... 35
srulmniSvnelobiani da damxmare sityvebi ................................ 47
aqtiuri da pasiuri maragi .............................................................. 48
sityvis funqcionirebis pirobebi ................................................ 54
qarTuli leqsika sagnobrivi mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT ....... 62
semantikuri jgufebi nawarmoeb sityvebSi................................. 65
kompozicia .......................................................................................... 76
qarTuli sityvis JReradobis, agebulebisa da mniSvnelobis
mimarTebisaTvis xmabaZviT sityvaTa magaliTze ................ 78
leqsikuri fondis Tematikuri danawevreba .............................. 81
sinonimebi ............................................................................................ 86
evfemizmi ............................................................................................. 94
tabu ....................................................................................................... 96
omonimebi ............................................................................................. 96
polisemia ............................................................................................. 99
antonimebi ......................................................................................... 101
paronimebi ......................................................................................... 107
sityvis mniSvnelobis cvla ........................................................... 113
leqsikuri Semadgenlobis cvla: arqaizmi da neologizmi .. 121
enis leqsikuri Semadgenlobis gamdidrebis saSualebani ... 126
mkvidri da nasesxebi sityvebi qarTuli enis leqsikur
fondSi........................................................................................... 132
kalki ................................................................................................... 137
saerTo qarTuli leqsika da viwro jgufTa leqsikuri
Taviseburebani ........................................................................... 151
politikuri da ekonomikuri leqsika ........................................ 152
kompiuterul teqnologiebTan dakavSirebuli leqsikuri
erTeulebi ................................................................................... 155
viwro jgufTa leqsikuri Taviseburebani................................ 158
genderuli metyveleba .................................................................. 159
dargoblivi leqsika ....................................................................... 162
diferencireba asakiT mixedviT .................................................. 167
saskolo Jargoni ............................................................................. 167
axalgazrduli Jargoni ................................................................. 173
Jargonebi ........................................................................................... 175
dialeqtizmebi.................................................................................. 177
terminologia .................................................................................. 183
leqsikis stilistikuri diferencireba ................................... 189
frazeologia.................................................................................... 193
etimologia ....................................................................................... 198
onomastika......................................................................................... 204
toponimika......................................................................................... 205
anTroponimika .................................................................................. 224
qarTuli leqsikografia ............................................................... 230
kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis .................................................... 240
gamoyenebuli da miTiTebuli literatura ............................. 299

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Tamar lomTaZe

saxelmZRvanelo „qarTuli enis leqsikologiis sakiTxe-

redaqtori giorgi gogolaSvili

qarTuli leqsikologiis saxelmZRvaneloebi b. fo-

leqsikologia enaTmecnierebis erT-erTi dargia.

leqsikologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi

leqsikologiis Seswavlis obieqtia sityva. leqsiko-

mxolod gramatikuli mniSvneloba aqvs, magaliTad, damxma-

gamodian. erTi da igive sema sxvadasxva leqsikur-semanti-

urusi leqsikis semantikuri sistemis erT-erTi SesaZlo

sityvis leqsikuri mniSvneloba cnebis filosofiur

mentarul semantikur erTeuls (mniSvnelobas) sema (seman-

ras ewodeba leqsikologia da sadauri sityvaa igi?

ra aisaxeba semantikur velebSi?

davaleba: SeadgineT semantikuri da Tematikuri ve-

qarTuli enis leqsikuri fondi

nebismieri enis sityvaTa maragi Seadgens mis leqsi-

nacvalsaxelebi da deiqturi sityvebi. 3. Sorisdebulebi).

bunebis movlenebi: wvima (Wan. mWima, megr. Wvima), Tov-

kuneebis ganmavlobaSi araerT mtrulad Tu moyvrulad

qarTuli enis mTeli leqsikuri maragi SeiZleba gai-

es gaxldaT qarTuli leqsikuri fondis yvelaze zo-

leqsikologiis Seswavlis sagani mTeli leqsikuri

masiologia — leqsikologiis dargia, romelic sityvebs

leqsikologiis erT-erT dargad SeiZleba ganvixi-

leqsikologia momijnave dargebTan

leqsikologia ikvlevs sityvas, rogorc mniSvnelo-

sityvis agebuleba da SesityvebaTa klasifikacia

inarCunebs Tavis mniSvnelobas.

bas inarCunebs, igi isev obieqtur monacemze miuTiTebs.

loba ar aqvT, calke sityvis mniSvnelobis gadmosacemad

med adamiani, romelic oTxfexa cxovelzea amxedrebuli.

deba afiqsebi (laTinurad affixum — mimagrebuls, damate-

zemoTqmuls ori ram unda davumatoT: fuZe Cven gan-

meti ki ara gvaqvs, aramed aTormeti, rom naTeli gaxdeba,

dasxvagvarad iqnes daxasiaTebuli. sagnis, movlenis sxva-

ZiebiT, leqsikologiis sagania bgeraTa kombinaciiT

TqmebSi: „daviTi mobrZanda, — movida, — moCanCalda, — mo-

nisas. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom leqsiko-

ra Seadgens qarTuli enis leqsikur fonds?

davaleba: gadaavleT Tvali leqsikologiis kavSirs

sityva — leqsikologiis ZiriTadi erTeuli

qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediaSi mocemuli ganmar-

jer kidev Cvens welTaRricxvamde dionise Trakieli

Tu didia da Tanac xmabaZviTi sityvebic garkveuli enis

sityvis mniSvnelobis ganmarteba erT-erTi rTuli

bulia sxvadasxva individualuri erTeulis Tvisebebi.

mecnierul gagebasTan saerTo araferi aqvs. „varskvlavi“

winadadeba, Tu viciT, rasac gulisxmobs is.

cacxvi-Ra warmoudges dabeWdili an dawerili...

es miTiTeba (da ara warmodgenebi). mniSvneloba — ai es miTi-

rientacio, sityvis mniSvneloba mas emyareba, mis mixedviT

freges samkuTxedi. cnebis, sityvisa da sagnis urTi-

debaze dafuZnebul samyaros asaxvis formas. cnebis mate-

sityva da konteqsti. mniSvnelobisaTvis rom obieq-

dadebaze Tu SevCerdebiT, gvegoneba, rom luarsab TaTqa-

upasuxos „Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi mivdiva-

ras ewodeba sityva?

davaleba: gamoiyeneT qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi

srulmniSvnelobiani da damxmare sityvebi