Estudio de Los Cambios Bioquímicos
Estudio de Los Cambios Bioquímicos
Estudio de Los Cambios Bioquímicos
Departamento Ingeniería
Química
TESIS DOCTORAL
Roberto Bermúdez Piedra
Ourense, 2015
El trabajo presentado en esta tesis ha sido realizado en el Centro Tecnolóxico da Carne
de Galicia, bajo la dirección de los Doctores José Manuel Lorenzo Rodríguez, Daniel
José Franco Ruíz y Francisco Javier Carballo García, como parte del Proyecto FEADER
2010/15 financiado por la Xunta de Galicia y que llevó por título “Tipificación de
productos tradicionales y novedosos derivados del cerdo Celta y sus cruces”.
Campus de Ourense Facultade de Ciencias
Y para que conste a los efectos oportunos, firmo la presente en Ourense, a día 25
de febrero de 2015.
Y para que conste a los efectos oportunos, firmo la presente en Ourense, a día 25
de febrero de 2015.
Y para que conste a los efectos oportunos, firmo la presente en Ourense, a día 25
de febrero de 2015.
A mis directores, el Dr. José Manuel Lorenzo Rodríguez, el Dr. Daniel José
Franco Ruíz y el Dr. Francisco Javier Carballo García, por darme la oportunidad de
realizar esta Tesis, confiar en mí y apoyarme en todo momento. El más profundo y
sincero agradecimiento por su dedicación y valiosa ayuda en mi formación profesional e
investigadora.
A Sandra, por compartir conmigo penas y alegrías, siempre con una sonrisa y
palabras de ánimo, por aportarme una dosis importante de tranquilidad para tomar la
mejor decisión en todo momento y, en definitiva, por el cariño recibido.
Gracias
Índice general
I. INTRODUCCIÓN 1
I.1.1. ORIGEN 3
i
Índice general
I.4.3. SALAZÓN 27
I.4.4. LAVADO-CEPILLADO 28
I.4.6. SECADO-MADURACIÓN 28
ii
Índice general
III.1. INTRODUCCIÓN 55
III.2.2. MUESTRAS 56
IV.1. INTRODUCCIÓN 73
iii
Índice general
IV.2.2. MUESTRAS 75
V.1. INTRODUCCIÓN 97
V.2.2. MUESTRAS 98
iv
Índice general
IX.1.2. "Influence of muscle type on the evolution of free amino acids and
sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins through the manufacturing process
of Celta dry-cured ham"
v
Índice de tablas
ÍNDICE DE TABLAS
vi
Índice de tablas
muestreo)
vii
Índice de figuras
ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS
Figura IV.1. Evolución del contenido de humedad en los músculos biceps femoris y 79
semimembranosus durante el curado del jamón de cerdo Celta. Pieza
fresca (A), después del salado (B), después del post-salado (C),
después del secado-maduración (D), "Bodega 1" (E) y "Bodega 2" (F).
Figura IV.2. Evolución del contenido de NaCl en los músculos biceps femoris y 79
semimembranosus durante el curado del jamón de cerdo Celta. Pieza
fresca (A), después del salado (B), después del post-salado (C),
viii
Índice de figuras
después del secado-maduración (D), "Bodega 1" (E) y "Bodega 2" (F).
Figura IV.3. Evolución de los aa libres totales (mg/100 g de MS) en los músculos 80
biceps femoris y semimembranosus durante el curado del jamón de
cerdo Celta. Pieza fresca (A), después del salado (B), después del post-
salado (C), después del secado-maduración (D), "Bodega 1" (E) y
"Bodega 2" (F).
Figura IV.4. Cromatograma de aminoácidos libres del músculo semimembranosus 85
al final del proceso de elaboración del jamón curado de cerdo Celta
Figura IV.5. Cromatograma de aminoácidos libres del músculo bíceps femoris al 86
final del proceso de elaboración del jamón curado de cerdo Celta
Figura IV.6. Perfil electroforético SDS-PAGE de las proteínas sarcoplasmáticas en 89
los músculos biceps femoris y semimembranosus a través del proceso
de curado del jamón de cerdo “Celta”. Pieza fresca (A), después del
salado (B), después del post-salado (C), después del secado-
maduración (D), "Bodega 1" (E) y "Bodega 2" (F)
Figura IV.7. Perfil electroforético SDS-PAGE de las proteínas miofibrilares en los 92
músculos biceps femoris y semimembranosus a través del proceso de
curado del jamón de cerdo “Celta”. Pieza fresca (A), después del
salado (B), después del post-salado (C), después del secado-
maduración (D), "Bodega 1" (E) y "Bodega 2" (F)
Figura V.1. Evolución de los compuestos volátiles mayoritarios en los músculos 104
biceps femoris y semimembranosus durante la elaboración del jamón
curado de cerdo Celta. Pieza fresca (A), después del salado (B),
después del post-salado (C), después del secado-maduración (D),
"Bodega 1" (E) y "Bodega 2" (F). 1) ésteres, 2) hidrocarburos
alifáticos, 3) aldehídos, 4), alcoholes. Los valores representados son las
medias de cinco muestras. Los valores de la desviación estándar se
representan mediante líneas
Figura V.2. Evolución de los compuestos volátiles minoritarios en los músculos 106
biceps femoris y semimembranosus durante la elaboración del jamón
curado de cerdo Celta. Pieza fresca (A), después del salado (B),
después del post-salado (C), después del secado-maduración (D),
"Bodega 1" (E) y "Bodega 2" (F). 1) Hidrocarburos aromáticos, 2)
Ácidos, 3) Furanos, 4) Cetonas. Los valores representados son las
medias de cinco muestras. Los valores de la desviación estándar se
representan mediante líneas.
ix
Acrónimos
ACRÓNIMOS
x
I.INTRODUCCIÓN
Introducción
o Reino: ANIMALIA
o Filo: CHORDATA
o Clase: MAMMALIA
o Orden: ARTIODACTYLA
o Familia: SUIDAE
o Género: Sus
o Especie: scrofa
o Subespecie: domestica
La historia del cerdo está íntimamente ligada a la del hombre. Al igual que ocurre
con otros muchos animales, el origen de la domesticación del cerdo es discutible. Su
antecesor es el jabalí, que fuera de la época de celo se manejaría fácilmente. Las crías,
junto con sus madres, merodeaban los asentamientos humanos con doble finalidad, la
primera para alimentarse de los desechos que estos producían y la segunda para
protegerse de los depredadores. Algunos estudios indican que la domesticación se
realizó en el año 7.000 a. de C. en el Próximo Oriente, aunque también podría haber
ocurrido en alguno de los lugares del amplio dominio asiático. Se tiene conocimiento de
su domesticación en Europa desde el año 4.000 a. de C. En esa época entraba en
competencia con el hombre a la hora de alimentarse de los mismos recursos. La raza
asiática se introdujo en Europa desde el Extremo Oriente, pero los romanos ya la
conocían, y aconsejaban que para la reproducción se eligieran cerdos de “patas cortas” y
“hocico corto”.
Bajo el género Sus se agrupan cuatro especies (Collell, 2008):
- Sus scrofa, con cuatro subespecies:
Sus scrofa subespecie domestica (cerdo doméstico).
Sus scrofa subespecie scrofa (jabalí europeo).
-3-
Capítulo I
I.1.1.1. Razas europeas, que derivan principalmente de Sus scrofa (S. scrofa.
subesp. scrofa).
-4-
Introducción
I.1.1.2. Razas asiáticas, derivadas del Sus vittatus (Sus scrofa subesp. vittatus).
Son los cerdos del tronco asiático. Se cree que su domesticación se realizó en
torno al año 5.000 a. de C. en China.
La raza de cerdo Celta era la más importante en Galicia hasta comienzos del
pasado siglo, iniciándose a partir de los años cincuenta una importante reducción censal
debido principalmente a la importación de otras razas de crecimiento más rápido y
mayor rendimiento. Así, en 1951 sólo el 14% de los cerdos eran de raza Celta, llegando
posteriormente casi a su desaparición en el territorio nacional.
-5-
Capítulo I
-6-
Introducción
-7-
Capítulo I
Grupa: Caída, con desarrollo muscular medio. El rabo es grueso y largo y está
provisto en su extremidad de una borla de cerdas, que se retuerce de modo típico cuando
el animal está nervioso siendo su postura habitual de manera estirada.
-8-
Introducción
Vientre y genitales externos: Vientre recogido, con línea inferior plana, con un
mínimo de 6/6 pezones desarrollados, de implantación amplia y regularmente
espaciados. Excepcionalmente podrán admitirse ejemplares con menos de 12 pezones,
siempre que su calificación global sea de superior a suficiente, a juicio del director
técnico. Testículos bien formados, simétricos en longitud y tamaño. Vulva bien formada
en las hembras.
Color y pelo: La variedad Santiaguesa se caracteriza por poseer una piel rosada
con ausencia total de pigmentaciones. La variedad Barcina posee pequeñas
pigmentaciones, como lunares circulares de color pizarroso y la variedad Carballina se
caracteriza por sus extensas pigmentaciones negras brillantes que en ocasiones pueden
llegar a cubrir todo su cuerpo. En las tres variedades la piel está cubierta de abundantes
cerdas, largas y fuertes, que son más abundantes en la variedad Carballina.
-9-
Capítulo I
- 10 -
Introducción
- 11 -
Capítulo I
5000
4500
4000
3500
Nº de animales
3000 Hembras
reproductoras
2500
Machos
2000 reproductores
Población total
1500
1000
500
- 12 -
Introducción
Tabla I.2. Evolución de la población total, reproductores y número de ganaderos asociados a partir del
año 2000
Población Hembras Machos Número de
Año
total reproductoras reproductores socios
2001 623 194 49 43
2002 761 235 71 69
2003 1079 317 78 94
2004 1523 428 95 130
2005 1954 462 112 155
2006 2307 504 117 181
2007 2500 580 140 216
2008 2734 620 160 240
2009 3215 721 181 284
2010 4034 795 203 317
2011 4117 784 194 319
2012 4429 793 201 359
2013 4096 737 179 329
Ago. 2014 4310 754 191 343
Tabla I.3. Número de ganaderías, animales inscritos y censos medios por provincias
Nº de ganaderías Total de animales inscritos Censos medios
A Coruña 97 1509 15,56
Lugo 121 1366 11,29
Ourense 48 675 14,06
Pontevedra 55 926 16,84
Total 321 4476 13,94
- 13 -
Capítulo I
proceso de aireado o soleado con la finalidad de acelerar el secado. Con ello se producía
una pérdida de humedad que junto con el incremento de la concentración de NaCl y el
consiguiente descenso de la actividad de agua (aw) garantizaba la salubridad del
producto, evitando a su vez la alteración. Se conseguía así incrementar su vida útil, lo
que representaba una gran ventaja en una época en la que no se disponía de otros
métodos de conservación.
Son varios los productos cárnicos que sufren un proceso de curado, con diferentes
orígenes y ampliamente difundidos, lo que indica que se trata de una técnica que si bien
en la actualidad ha sufrido alguna modificación, se desarrolló simultánea y aisladamente
en multitud de países y culturas como medida de aprovechamiento de un recurso que era
escaso, caro y de elevado valor nutritivo.
- 14 -
Introducción
En nuestro país, que es el que presenta el consumo más alto de este producto
cárnico por habitante y año, el Jamón Serrano (Figura I.5) es uno de los productos
cárnicos crudo-curados más representativos y apreciados, incluso fuera de nuestras
fronteras. De él se elaboran dos variedades, el jamón de cerdo blanco y el procedente de
la raza Ibérica. El jamón de cerdo Ibérico posee unas características organolépticas
exclusivas que lo convierten en un producto muy demandado y con un elevado valor
comercial.
- 15 -
Capítulo I
Por ello se ha creado una contramarca que permita distinguir al verdadero Jamón
Serrano, que ofrezca confianza sobre la máxima calidad de los productos, fomente el
conocimiento de la Especialidad Tradicional Garantizada y otorgue prestigio a las
piezas que la ostentan. Solo aquellas piezas que cumplen los requisitos mínimos
exigidos pueden acogerse a la denominación de Jamón Serrano, y solo las mejores de
éstas a su vez, pueden distinguirse con la contramarca de la Fundación.
- 16 -
Introducción
Tipo Origen
Ardennes Bélgica
Bayonne País Vasco español y francés
Belfast Norte de Irlanda
Bradenham o Suffolk Suffolk, Inglaterra
Cumberland Norte de Inglaterra
Ibérico España
Jambon Blanc Francia
Jambon de Paris Francia
Kasseler Alemania, Holanda y
Escandinavia
Katenspeck Alemania, Austria y Suiza
EUROPA
Scotch USA
Smithfield Virginia, USA
Ching Hua China
ASIA
- 17 -
Capítulo I
Fue el primero en España que estuvo amparado por una Denominación de Origen
Protegida, concretamente desde 1984. El 12 de junio de 1996 quedaba inscrita en el
Registro de Denominaciones de Origen e Indicaciones Geográficas Protegidas de la
Unión Europea, a través del Reglamento (CE) 1107/96 (Figura I.6). Su área de
producción se sitúa en los términos municipales de Teruel y la zona de elaboración la
constituyen los municipios de la provincia de Teruel que están situados a una altitud
media superior a 800 metros.
En cuanto a sus características se puede decir que son jamones con forma
alargada, perfilada y redondeada en los bordes hasta la aparición del músculo,
conservando la pezuña. Su peso oscila entre los 8 y 9 kg y nunca podrá ser inferior a 7
kg. Predomina el color rojo y un aspecto brillante al corte, con grasa infiltrada en la
masa muscular. La carne tiene sabor delicado, poco salado. La grasa debe tener una
- 18 -
Introducción
consistencia untuosa, brillante con una coloración blanca, amarillenta, aromática y con
un sabor agradable (Ruíz, 1996).
- 19 -
Capítulo I
según el peso del jamón en fresco, de los cuales, en ambos casos, al menos 12 meses
abarcará el proceso de secado-maduración natural. Con respecto a las características
organolépticas presentan un color rojo y aspecto brillante al corte, un sabor ligeramente
dulce, poco salado y aroma de medio a intenso y una fracción grasa parcialmente
infiltrada en la masa muscular, de consistencia untuosa, brillante, coloración blanca
amarillenta, de sabor dulce y aroma intenso.
El ganado apto para elaborar este tipo de jamones es el de la raza porcina Ibérica o
cruce del 75% de sangre Ibérica y 25% de la raza Duroc-Jersey. Si se tiene en cuenta su
alimentación se pueden distinguir diversas categorías: cerdo de bellota o terminado en
montanera, de recebo o terminado en recebo y cerdo de pienso o terminado en pienso.
En cuanto a su aspecto exterior, éste será limpio, destacando la coloración de su flora
micótica: blanca, gris-azulada oscura o violeta; con forma alargada, estilizada, perfilada
mediante un corte en “V”. El peso no debe ser inferior a 4,5 kg. En cuanto a las
características organolépticas, el color debe estar entre el rosa y el rojo púrpura y de
aspecto brillante al corte con vetas de tejido adiposo y con grasa infiltrada en la masa
muscular. Tendrá un sabor delicado, dulce o poco salado, de consistencia poco fibrosa y
- 20 -
Introducción
Los jamones proceden de cerdos de raza Ibérica puros o cruzados de las razas
Ibérica y Duroc-Jersey, al igual que en el caso de los utilizados en la Denominación de
Origen Guijuelo. Los animales son clasificados en función de su alimentación en:
cerdos de bellota o terminados en montanera, de recebo y de pienso o terminados a
pienso. La forma exterior del producto suele ser alargada, estilizada, perfilada mediante
un corte en “V” conservando la pezuña. El peso no debe ser inferior a 4,5 kg. En cuanto
a las características organolépticas, el color debe estar entre el rosa y el rojo púrpura y
de aspecto brillante al corte y con grasa infiltrada en la masa muscular. La textura será
un tanto fibrosa y la grasa será brillante, con una coloración blanco-amarillenta
aromática y con un sabor grato.
- 21 -
Capítulo I
Sólo son aptos los animales con un mínimo del 75% de sangre Ibérica,
permitiéndose el cruce con Duroc-Jersey, al igual que en otras denominaciones de
origen. La forma final característica será alargada, estilizada, perfilada mediante el
llamado corte serrano en “V”, con un peso no inferior a 4,5 kg. En cuanto a su aspecto
externo podemos decir que destaca la coloración de su flora micótica: blanca o gris-
azulada oscura. Su color característico es el rosa o rojo púrpura y de aspecto brillante al
corte, con vetas de tejido adiposo y con grasa infiltrada en la masa muscular. Su sabor
es delicado, dulce o poco salado y su aroma es agradable y característico. La textura
tiene una consistencia firme en las masas musculares y levemente untuosas y depresible
en las zonas del tejido adiposo, poco fibrosa y de alta friabilidad.
- 22 -
Introducción
- 23 -
Capítulo I
A pesar de ser uno de los jamones de los que existen referencias más antiguas (la
Reina Isabel II lo distinguió en el año 1862 en un concurso de productos alimentarios y
le concedió el privilegio de lucir la corina real en un sello con el que desde entonces se
marcan las piezas), es una de las Denominaciones más jóvenes de nuestro país. El
Reglamento de la Denominación Específica fue aprobado el 18 de febrero de 2004 por
la Consejería de Agricultura y Pesca de la Junta de Andalucía (Figura I.12) (Orden
APA/2859/2004 de 2 de agosto, BOE de 25 de agosto). Con posterioridad, el
Reglamento CEE Nº 510/06 lo declaró inscrito en el registro de Indicaciones
Geográficas Protegidas.
El período total de elaboración del jamón será mínimo de 14 meses para los
jamones de la clase primera, 17 meses para los jamones de la clase segunda y 20 meses
para los jamones de la clase tercera. Al corte, se observa un color rojo y aspecto
- 24 -
Introducción
Figura I.13. Distribución geográfica de productos cárnicos crudo-curados elaborados en España a partir
de piezas enteras con distintivo de calidad
- 25 -
Capítulo I
Figura I.14. Esquema del proceso tecnológico de elaboración del jamón crudo-curado
- 26 -
Introducción
presión manual o mecánica los restos de sangre acumulados en los vasos sanguíneos del
pernil, cuya descomposición provocaría el deterioro de la pieza durante el proceso de
elaboración.
I.4.3. SALAZÓN:
Tiene por finalidad la incorporación de la sal común y los agentes de curado,
contemplados en la Reglamento (CE) nº 1333/2008, a los perniles, favoreciendo la
deshidratación y conservación de las piezas, además de contribuir al desarrollo del color
y aroma típicos de los productos curados. Esta fase se puede realizar en cámaras de
salazón, en pilas o en contenedores en seco. Los perniles se frotan superficialmente con
las sales de curado y a continuación se colocan unos encima de otros separados y
cubiertos por sal común. El tiempo de salazón dependerá del peso, contenido graso,
conformación de la pieza y temperatura de la cámara de salazón, ya que a menor
temperatura se produce una menor difusión de la sal hacia el interior de los perniles.
Normalmente en esta fase las piezas suelen permanecer aproximadamente un día en sal
por cada kg de peso, a una temperatura entre 2-4 ºC y una humedad relativa entre 90-
95%.
- 27 -
Capítulo I
I.4.4. LAVADO-CEPILLADO:
El objetivo de esta fase es eliminar, tras el salado, la sal superficial de los perniles,
mediante un lavado con agua, acompañado en algunos casos de un cepillado. A
continuación las piezas se dejan escurrir en cámaras durante un periodo de tiempo no
superior a 24 horas.
I.4.6. SECADO-MADURACIÓN:
Esta fase tiene lugar en secaderos, los cuales suelen ser cámaras de ambiente
natural que recuerdan a las tradicionales en las que los jamones pasaban la primavera y
el verano sometidos a las correspondientes variaciones climáticas. Los jamones, para su
curación, se colocarán en secaderos con una temperatura que oscila entre los 14-16 ºC
en los primeros meses hasta los 26-32 ºC en los meses más calurosos. Por su parte, la
humedad relativa sigue un comportamiento inverso a la temperatura, oscilando entre el
55 y 75%. El tiempo de permanencia en los secaderos debe ser como mínimo de 6
meses, durante el cual tiene lugar una mayor actividad de lipolisis y proteolisis. Durante
esta etapa prosigue la deshidratación paulatina del jamón y tiene lugar el sudado o
fusión natural de parte de las grasas de su tejido adiposo, momento en el que se estima
que la desecación es suficiente.
- 28 -
Introducción
producto final. En esta última fase los jamones se mantienen a una temperatura entre los
15-20 ºC y humedades relativas entre el 65-75%, permaneciendo en esta fase de
maduración como mínimo 10 meses.
- 29 -
Capítulo I
- 30 -
Introducción
- 31 -
Capítulo I
- 32 -
Introducción
- 33 -
Capítulo I
- 34 -
Introducción
segundas hidrolizan los fosfolípidos, liberando ácidos grasos, tanto saturados como
mono y poliinsaturados (Ripollés et al., 2011; Gómez y Lorenzo, 2013). En los
triglicéridos los ácidos grasos monoinsaturados son los más importantes
cuantitativamente (49-51%), donde el ácido oleico (C18:1) representa el 45% del total,
mientras que los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados representan el 7-15%. Con respecto a los
ácidos grasos saturados su contenido es próximo al de los monoinsaturados (36-41%)
siendo el ácido palmítico (C16:0) el más importante.
O O
H 2C O R1 H 2C O R1
O O
R2 O CH R2 O CH
O
O
H 2C O R3 H 2C O P O R3
O
a) b)
a)
- 35 -
Capítulo I
- 36 -
Introducción
- 37 -
Capítulo I
podido evidenciar como hechos más destacados una reducción progresiva de las bandas
de 220 kDa hasta su total desaparición, y un aumento de las bandas de 17 kDa durante
el proceso de maduración debido a la intensa actividad proteolítica (Larrea et al., 2006;
Lorenzo et al., 2008b), llegándose a la conclusión de que esta fracción proteica sufre la
acción de las enzimas proteolíticas en mucho menor grado que las proteínas
sarcoplásmicas. Se ha evidenciado también el hecho de que la actividad de estas
enzimas va disminuyendo a lo largo de la maduración, fundamentalmente por el
aumento en la concentración salina.
- 38 -
Introducción
con otros compuestos no volátiles como los aminoácidos libres, constituyen sustancias
muy activas y con gran influencia en el “flavor” del jamón (Mora et al., 2009).
La formación de aminoácidos está muy influida por el nivel de sal, pero sobre
todo por la temperatura a la que se somete el pernil durante el proceso de maduración.
Así, se ha observado en experiencias donde la temperatura alcanza unos valores más
- 39 -
Capítulo I
El segundo grado de ruptura proviene de la acción de las peptidasas que liberan tri
y dipéptidos de la cadena polipeptídica, mientras que son las aminopeptidasas las que
van a provocar la liberación de los aminoácidos a partir de los tri y dipéptidos (Toldrá,
2006). Zhao et al. (2005) sostienen que la cantidad y tipo de aminoácidos liberados
depende de la actividad de las aminopeptidasas musculares, de las catepsinas y de las
peptidasas responsables de los procesos precedentes y de variables como el contenido
en cloruro sódico y la actividad de agua que influyen en el proceso enzimático.
- 40 -
Introducción
responsable de una textura excesivamente blanda. La evolución tanto del NNP como de
las distintas fracciones integrantes del mismo es un parámetro válido para establecer el
grado de proteolisis que tiene lugar en los jamones curados a lo largo de la maduración.
Los valores finales de NNP total son muy variables en los distintos tipos de
jamones estudiados, siendo además muy difícil llegar a establecer en qué etapas de la
maduración se producen de una manera más intensa los fenómenos proteolíticos. Se
deduce que pueden ser numerosos los factores responsables de las variaciones
observadas en el desarrollo de la proteolisis, influyendo el contenido salino, la
temperatura, la dotación enzimática de los diversos músculos, la actividad de agua, el
pH, el grado de desnaturalización previa sufrida por las distintas proteínas y otros
factores diversos. Las condiciones de elaboración ejercen una importante influencia
sobre el contenido en compuestos nitrogenados no proteicos del jamón curado (Zhao et
al., 2005). Parolari et al. (1994) han relacionado la textura excesivamente blanda del
jamón de Parma con la degradación de proteínas ya que encuentran una elevada
correlación entre la intensidad de este efecto y el nivel de NNP, por lo que se puede
considerar a este parámetro como un indicador fiable de la extensión de la proteólisis.
Nitrógeno peptídico
Los productos cárnicos frescos contienen unas tasas muy bajas de nitrógeno
peptídico, encontrándose presentes en la materia prima dipéptidos como carnosina,
anserina y balenina (Cornet y Bousset, 1999). Durante la maduración del jamón se
producen una gran cantidad de fragmentos de proteínas y péptidos de bajo peso
molecular (Careri et al., 1993). El nitrógeno peptídico experimenta en las etapas de
salado y post-salado un marcado incremento, que es del mismo orden que el que se
produce para el nitrógeno -aminoacídico. Este hecho parece indicar que en estas
primeras etapas de proteolisis se generan tanto péptidos como aminoácidos libres,
probablemente debido al equilibrio que se establece entre la formación de fragmentos de
alto peso molecular y las reacciones hidrolíticas que dan lugar a aminoácidos libres
(Martín et al., 1998).
- 41 -
Capítulo I
Nitrógeno -aminoacídico
Es la fracción más abundante del nitrógeno no proteico, alcanzando entre 55 y el
67% del total del nitrógeno no proteico en el producto final (Lorenzo et al., 2008b).
Experimenta, como parece lógico, un incremento prácticamente paralelo al nitrógeno no
proteico produciéndose el mayor crecimiento de esta fracción cuando la temperatura es
más alta (Lorenzo et al., 2008b). Durante la etapa de secado-maduración se produce un
ligero aumento global en la concentración de nitrógeno no proteico total, de donde se
deduce que debe proceder de la conversión de los compuestos incluidos en la fracción
de nitrógeno peptídico (Martín et al., 1998).
- 42 -
Introducción
(Martín et al., 1998) lo que representa un 3% del nitrógeno no proteico, lo que indica
que en el jamón Ibérico no tiene lugar una importante formación de compuestos
nitrogenados volátiles del tipo de aminas y amoniaco. Masturcelli et al. (2009) han
descrito niveles de aminas biógenas igualmente bajos en el jamón curado (entre 129 y
219 mg/kg), por lo que, a pesar del prolongado tiempo de maduración y de que existe
una elevada liberación de aminoácidos precursores de las aminas biógenas, y teniendo
en cuenta, además, la presencia de microorganismos, no se da una importante formación
de este tipo de compuestos nitrogenados volátiles. Si se compara el contenido en aminas
en los productos cárnicos crudo-curados elaborados a partir de piezas enteras con el de
otros productos cárnicos fermentados, como por ejemplo embutidos madurados, los
valores son considerablemente superiores en estos últimos, pudiéndose alcanzar niveles
de hasta 1200 mg/kg (De Mey et al., 2014), frente a los 195 mg/kg a los que puede
llegar el jamón (Virgili et al., 2007) y los 162 mg/kg en lacón (Lorenzo et al., 2007).
- 43 -
Capítulo I
numerosos compuestos volátiles. Los principales sustratos de estas reacciones van a ser
los aminoácidos liberados en los procesos de proteolisis y los compuestos carbonilos
que provienen de los ácidos grasos liberados en los procesos lipolíticos y degradados
por las reacciones de oxidación lipídica.
- 44 -
Introducción
aroma debido a que presentan un bajo umbral de olfacción (Ramírez y Cava, 2007). Los
aldehídos lineales tienen su origen en la oxidación de los ácidos grasos insaturados
(Leroy et al., 2009), los que presentan un bajo número de átomos de carbonos (C3-C4)
se caracterizan por un olor fuerte e irritante, mientras que los aldehídos lineales de
cadena larga (C10-C12) poseen un marcado olor a cítrico y se generan a partir de la
degradación de Strecker de los aminoácidos (Théron et al., 2010). Los alcoholes se
originan a partir de la oxidación de lípidos, de la reducción de los correspondientes
aldehídos y metil-cetonas a través de la actividad de bacterias ácido lácticas
deshidrogenasas y reacciones bioquímicas o, en el caso de alcoholes de cadena corta
ramificada, de la degradación de Strecker de los aminoácidos (Leroy et al., 2009; Rivas-
Cañedo et al., 2011; Théron et al., 2010). Los alcoholes, debido a su bajo umbral de
percepción de olor, contribuyen al aroma del jamón, con notas grasas, a madera y
herbáceas (García y Timón, 2001).
Con respecto a las cetonas sabemos que se originan por la oxidación de lípidos y
sus formas metiladas a partir de la β-oxidación de los ácidos grasos insaturados (Poligné
et al., 2001), mientras que las ciclopentonas son compuestos volátiles típicos del humo
de la madera (Yu et al., 2008). Los esteres pueden puede influir en el flavor global
debido a sus bajos umbrales de percepción, añadiendo notas frutales, principalmente los
formados a partir de ácidos de cadena corta (Théron et al., 2010), mientras que los
ésteres con ácidos de cadena larga tienen un ligero olor a grasa (Narváez -Rivas et al.,
- 45 -
Capítulo I
2012). Los ésteres afectan en gran medida al flavor de los productos cárnicos curados,
confiriéndoles notas a curado típicas de este tipo de productos; en particular, los ésteres
metilicos ramificados de cadena corta se han asociado con el “flavor curado” (Montel et
al., 1996).
- 46 -
Introducción
- 47 -
II. JUSTIFICACIÓN Y OBJETIVOS
Justificación y objetivos
- 51 -
Capítulo II
1. Bermúdez, R., Franco, D., Carballo, J., Lorenzo, J.M. (2014). Physicochemical
changes during the manufacture and final sensory characteristics of dry-cured
Celta ham. Effect of muscle type. Food Control, 43, 263-269.
2. Bermúdez, R., Franco, D., Carballo, J., Sentandreu, M.A., Lorenzo, J.M. (2014).
Influence of muscle type on the evolution of free amino acids and sarcoplasmic
and myofibrillar proteins through the manufacturing process of Celta dry-cured
ham. Effect of muscle type. Food Research International, 56, 226-235.
3. Bermúdez, R., Franco, D., Carballo, J., Lorenzo, J.M. (2015). Influence of type
of muscle on volatile compounds throughout the manufacture of Celta dry-cured
ham. Effect of muscle type. Food Science and Technology International, In
press.
- 52 -
III. CAMBIOS FISICOQUÍMICOS
DURANTE LA ELABORACIÓN Y
CARACTERISTICAS SENSORIALES DEL
JAMÓN DE CERDO CELTA. EFECTO
DEL TIPO DE MÚSCULO
Características fisicoquímicas y sensoriales
III.1. INTRODUCCIÓN
El jamón curado es un producto cárnico muy apreciado por los consumidores en
Europa y en otros países por su elevada calidad. Esta depende de varios factores, tales
como el sistema de crianza, la edad de los animales, la propia genética de los cerdos, la
dieta y las condiciones de procesado de los perniles (Bermúdez et al., 2012; Carrapiso y
García, 2008; Cilla et al., 2005). Los parámetros relacionados con la calidad de la
materia prima fresca y con la calidad de los jamones durante todas las etapas del
proceso de curado, son el pH, el color, la textura, la actividad de agua y la concentración
de NaCl.
En España, se crían actualmente varias razas de cerdos autóctonas tales como
“Chato Murciano”, “Gochu Asturcelta”, “Negro Canario”, “Negro Mallorquin” y
“Celta”. El cerdo Celta fue la raza típica criada en las granjas de Galicia hasta mediados
del siglo 20 y desde este momento sufrió una importante recesión debido a la
importación de otras razas mejoradas y sus cruces (Franco et al., 2014). Hoy en día, el
cerdo Celta está recuperando popularidad y se ha visto beneficiado por la creación de
una asociación de criadores desde el año 1999 (Asociación de Criadores de Ganado
Porcino Celta-ASOPORCEL) así como por su inclusión en el catálogo de razas
autóctonas (Diario Oficial de Galicia, 2000, p. 14325). Los cerdos de raza Celta están
vinculados a la agricultura extensiva, y ofrecen productos que se caracterizan por una
alta calidad.
Debido a las especiales características de su carne, las razas de cerdo autóctonas
son muy apreciadas para la elaboración de productos crudo-curados de alta calidad y
por esta razón la producción de cerdos de raza Celta se enfoca principalmente a la
elaboración de productos cárnicos crudo-curados (Lorenzo et al., 2012) tales como el
jamón curado.
En las muestras de jamón se pueden distinguir dos zonas: el músculo biceps
femoris (BF) cubierto de una capa de piel y grasa (músculo interno) y el músculo
semimembranosus (SM) que no está cubierto ni de piel ni de grasa (músculo externo).
El SM es un músculo externo con un alto contenido en NaCl y que alcanza rápidamente
un bajo contenido en agua en las primeras etapas del proceso, mientras que el BF es un
músculo interno con un bajo contenido en NaCl durante las primeras etapas del proceso
de elaboración y con un alto contenido en agua durante todo el proceso de maduración
(Morales et al., 2007).
- 55 -
Capítulo III
El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el efecto del tipo de músculo (BF vs. SM)
en las propiedades fisicoquímicas y sensoriales del jamón de cerdo Celta durante el
proceso de elaboración, con el fin de establecer las bases científicas para la mejora de la
calidad de este producto cárnico.
III.2.2. MUESTRAS
Después de la refrigeración (24 h a 4 °C), se extrajeron los perniles de las canales
y se recortaron los jamones. Se usaron 30 jamones frescos (peso medio de 10,80 ± 0,75
kg). Los jamones fueron salados por exceso con sal gruesa formándose una pila de
capas de jamón y de sal. El salado se llevó a cabo durante 11 días en una cámara con
una temperatura entre 2 – 5 °C y con una humedad relativa entre el 90 – 95 %. Después
de la etapa de salado, los perniles fueron sacados de la pila, cepillados y lavados, y
transferidos a la zona de post-salado donde se mantuvieron durante 120 días a una
temperatura entre 3 – 6 °C y con una humedad relativa entre el 85 – 90 %. Después de
la etapa de post-salado, las muestras fueron maduradas durante 115 días en una cámara
donde la temperatura fue en aumento hasta los 30 °C y la humedad relativa descendió
hasta el 40 % con el objetivo de alcanzar un adecuado secado de las muestras. Después,
los jamones se dejaron madurar durante 11 meses, con unas condiciones de temperatura
entre los 12 – 24 °C y una humedad relativa entre el 70 – 80 %.
Muestras al azar fueron tomadas en fresco, al final de la etapa de salado, después
de 120 días de post-salado, al final de la etapa de secado-maduración y después de 165
y 330 días de la etapa de “bodega”. En cada punto de muestreo, fueron analizados un
total de cinco jamones que fueron transportados al laboratorio en condiciones de
refrigeración (< 4 °C). Una vez en el laboratorio, se retiró la piel y el hueso de las
- 56 -
Características fisicoquímicas y sensoriales
- 57 -
Capítulo III
representada por la pendiente desde el comienzo del corte hasta el punto más alto de la
fuerza frente al tiempo y el trabajo de corte por el área bajo la curva.
- 58 -
Características fisicoquímicas y sensoriales
- 59 -
Capítulo III
Tabla III.1. Evolución del pH, actividad de agua y la composición durante el proceso de elaboración del
jamón curado de cerdo Celta. Efecto del tipo de músculo (BF y SM) (valores medios de 5 muestras)
“Bodega”
Post- Secado-
Fresco Salado Primera Segunda SEM P
salado maduración
fase fase
pH
BF 5,58a 5,63a1 5,75b1 5,90c 5,86c 6,00d 0,02 <0,001
a a2 b2 c c d
SM 5,55 5,50 5,79 5,91 5,90 5,98 0,03 <0,001
P 0,345 0,005 0,027 0,886 0,190 0,554
aw
BF 0,98e1 0,96d1 0,95d1 0,94c1 0,90b1 0,87a 0,007 <0,001
d2 c2 c2 c2 b2 a
SM 0,99 0,94 0,93 0,93 0,87 0,84 0,001 <0,001
P 0,014 <0,001 0,038 0,045 0,001 0,187
Humedad (%)
BF 73,68e 72,46e1 68,05d1 65,36c1 56,55b1 52,35a1 1,46 <0,001
f e2 d2 c2 b2 a2
SM 73,80 65,95 61,12 56,30 40,54 35,82 2,51 <0,001
P 0,813 <0,001 <0,001 <0,001 <0,001 <0,001
Grasa intramuscular (% de material seca)
BF 8,02ab1 7,74a1 8,28b1 8,01ab1 8,03ab1 7,83ab1 0,07 0,237
c2 ab2 a2 ab2 ab2 a2
SM 7,36 6,62 5,97 6,47 6,39 5,96 0,12 0,002
P 0,011 0,011 <0,001 <0,001 <0,001 <0,001
Proteína (% de material seca)
BF 85,03e1 83,39d1 75,85c 73,32b1 73,03b1 71,49a1 1,08 <0,001
c2 a2 a a2 b2 b2
SM 87,36 78,51 77,73 77,99 81,18 80,73 0,81 <0,001
P 0,026 0,004 0,102 0,004 <0,001 <0,001
Cenizas (% de material seca)
BF 4,58a 8,28b1 14,85c 16,60d1 19,79e1 19,68e1 1,08 <0,001
a e2 d c2 b2 b2
SM 4,75 20,57 16,32 13,21 11,22 11,38 0,98 <0,001
P 0,181 <0,001 0,095 0,002 <0,001 <0,001
Cloruros (% de material seca)
BF 0,50a 3,62b1 11,74c 13,02c1 16,15d1 15,87d1 1,15 <0,001
a e2 d c2 b2 b2
SM 0,83 15,37 11,88 10,30 8,44 8,46 0,90 <0,001
P 0,157 <0,001 0,885 0,021 <0,001 <0,001
a–e
Los valores medios en la misma fila (correspondiente al mismo músculo y parámetro) no seguidos de
la misma letra son significativamente diferentes (P<0,05; prueba de Duncan) (diferencias entre los puntos
de muestreo) .1-2 Los valores medios en la misma columna y parámetro no seguidos del mismo número
son significativamente diferentes (P<0,05; prueba de Duncan) (diferencias entre los músculos)
Los valores medios iniciales de aw en los dos músculos (0,985) fueron similares a
los observados en carne fresca por otros autores (Lorenzo et al., 2008). Los valores de
aw disminuyeron de forma progresiva y significativamente (P<0,05) durante todo el
proceso de elaboración en ambos músculos. No se encontraron diferencias significativas
- 60 -
Características fisicoquímicas y sensoriales
(P>0,05) entre los músculos al final del curado. Esta disminución puede ser atribuida al
proceso de salado y al aumento del contenido en NaCl, pero sobre todo, a la intensa
deshidratación a la que son sometidas las muestras durante la etapa de secado-
maduración, de hecho los valores de aw mostraron una correlación positiva con el
contenido de humedad y una correlación negativa con el contenido de sal (Tabla III.4).
- 61 -
Capítulo III
- 62 -
Características fisicoquímicas y sensoriales
encontraron numerosas y significativas diferencias entre los músculos en casi todas las
etapas del procesado (Tabla III.2). El músculo BF fue más brillante (alto valor de L*),
más rojo (alto valor de a*) y también tenía valores de b* superiores que el músculo SM.
Estos resultados están de acuerdo con lo señalado por Franci et al. (1996). Además,
Cilla et al. (2005) encontraron la misma tendencia, aunque las diferencias en los valores
de color no eran tan grandes como las que se presentan en este trabajo. De hecho, Cilla
et al. (2005) notificaron valores de índice de rojo y amarillo del mismo orden en los
músculos SM y BF a los 18 meses.
Tabla III.2. Evolución de los parámetros de color durante el proceso de elaboración del jamón curado de
cerdo Celta. Efecto del tipo de músculo (BF y SM) (valores medios de 5 muestras)
“Bodega”
Post- Secado-
Fresco Salado Primera Segunda SEM P
salado maduración
fase fase
Luminosidad (L*)
BF 48,90d 47,84d1 40,35b1 43,48c1 39,73b1 37,11a 0,86 <0,001
SM 46,44cd 40,54d2 37,40cd2 35,27bc2 32,60ab2 31,53a 1,12 <0,001
P 0,129 0,014 0,031 <0,001 0,013 0,056
Índice de rojo (a*)
BF 18,13c1 18,15c1 13,48b 13,04ab1 13,81b1 11,51a1 0,52 <0,001
SM 14,04cd2 13,41cd2 14,83d 11,56bc2 10,77ab2 8,64a2 0,49 <0,001
P <0,001 0,017 0,146 0,010 0,043 0,006
Índice de amarillo (b*)
BF 13,13b1 12,99b1 7,55a1 7,65a1 7,15a1 8,63a1 0,52 <0,001
SM 10,75b2 9,08b2 9,32b2 5,65a2 4,93a2 5,31a2 0,50 <0,001
P 0,008 0,021 0,046 0,004 0,038 0,002
a–e
Los valores medios en la misma fila (correspondiente al mismo músculo y parámetro) no seguidos de
la misma letra son significativamente diferentes (P<0,05; prueba de Duncan) (diferencias entre los puntos
de muestreo) .1-2 Los valores medios en la misma columna y parámetro no seguidos del mismo número
son significativamente diferentes (P<0,05; prueba de Duncan) (diferencias entre los músculos)
La Tabla III.3 muestra los cambios en los parámetros instrumentales de textura durante
todo el procesado. Los resultados del test WB con el tiempo, mostraron diferencias
significativas (P<0,001) en la fuerza de corte y en la firmeza en ambos músculos,
mientras que en el músculo BF el trabajo de corte no se vio afectado por el tiempo de
procesado (P>0,05). Se encontraron diferencias significativas (P<0,05) entre los
músculos a excepción del punto inicial (P>0,05). Al final del procesado, la fuerza de
corte fue más baja en el músculo BF que en el SM (3,81 vs. 6,62 kg/cm2; P<0,001). El
valor medio final de la fuerza de corte para ambos músculos (5,22 kg/cm2) fue menor
que el registrado por Soriano Pérez et al. (2001) (6,84 kg/cm2) y por Franci et al. (2007)
quienes registraron valores de 20,9 kg y 15,36 kg en los músculos BF y SM,
respectivamente.
- 63 -
Capítulo III
Tabla III.3.- Evolución de los parámetros de textura durante el proceso de elaboración del jamón curado
de cerdo Celta. Efecto del tipo de músculo (BF y SM) (valores medios de 5 muestras)
“Bodega”
Post- Secado-
Fresco Salado Primera Segunda SEM P
salado maduración
fase fase
Fuerza de corte (kg/cm2)
BF 1,73a 1,96ab1 2,85bc1 3,01c1 3,63c1 3,81c1 0,20 0,001
SM 1,78a 2,79b2 4,46c2 5,04d2 5,93e2 6,62f2 0,36 <0,001
P 0,640 0,008 0,009 0,001 0,003 <0,001
Firmeza (kg/cm2)
BF 0,39a 0,36a1 0,55a 0,54a1 1,03b 1,15b 0,07 0,001
a
SM 0,47 0,53a2 0,81b 0,81b2 0,99b 0,92b 0,04 <0,001
P 0,192 0,006 0,064 0,004 0,851 0,378
Trabajo (kg*s)
BF 21,97 17,401 25,521 28,50 32,71 36,51 2,87 0,476
SM 24,68a 32,58a2 36,27ab2 48,18bc 53,28c 49,52bc 2,77 0,001
P 0,393 <0,001 0,029 0,063 0,102 0,409
a–e
Los valores medios en la misma fila (correspondiente al mismo músculo y parámetro) no seguidos de
la misma letra son significativamente diferentes (P<0,05; prueba de Duncan) (diferencias entre los puntos
de muestreo) .1-2 Los valores medios en la misma columna y parámetro no seguidos del mismo número
son significativamente diferentes (P<0,05; prueba de Duncan) (diferencias entre los músculos)
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Características fisicoquímicas y sensoriales
Tabla III.4.- Correlaciones de Pearson entre los parámetros fisicoquímicos y las propiedades sensoriales
aw Humedad NaCl Grasa Proteina Luminosidad (L*) TBARS Trabajo de corte Fuerza de corte Dureza Veteado Jugosidad
aw 1.000
Trabajo de corte 0,031 0,130 -0,203 0,479** 0,079 0,424** -0,277 1,000
Fuerza de corte -0,409** -0,317* 0,119 0,271 -0,184 0,014 -0,133 0,816** 1,000
Dureza 0,308 0,919** 0,893** -0,790** -0,541* 0,608** 0,320 0,642** 0,637** 1,000
Veteado 0,174 -0,472* -0,658** 0,495** 0,787** -0,625** -0,421 -0,086 -0,293 -0,555* 1,000
Jugosidad -0,319 -0,816** -0,778** 0,661** 0,348 -0,566** -0,255 -0,383 -0,461* -0,764** 0,502* 1,000
- 65 -
Capítulo III
3
10
2
5
1
0 0
0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600
Tiempo (días de procesado) Tiempo (días de procesado)
SM BF SM BF
A B
Figura III.1. Evolución de la oxidación lipídica durante el proceso de elaboración del jamón curado de
cerdo Celta. Efecto del tipo de músculo (BF y SM): A) índice de peróxidos e B) índice de TBARS. Los
valores representados son la media y la desviación estándar de 5 muestras
- 66 -
Características fisicoquímicas y sensoriales
- 67 -
Capítulo III
Olor a curado
Figura III.2.- Características sensoriales del jamón de cerdo Celta curado al final del proceso de
elaboración. Efecto del tipo de músculo (BF y SM). El valor representado para cada atributo proviene de
la media de 40 calificaciones
Con respecto a las características visuales, las puntuaciones del color amarillo de
la grasa y del rojo del magro fueron significativamente (P<0,001) mayores en el
músculo SM que en el músculo BF (5,6 frente a 2,3 y 7,3 frente a 2,5 para el color
amarillo de la grasa y el rojo del magro, respectivamente). Por otra parte, también se
observaron diferencias significativas (P<0,01) en el veteado (1,61 vs. 3,61 para los
músculos SM y BF, respectivamente) y en el brillo (3,06 frente a 5,02, P<0,001 para los
músculos SM y BF, respectivamente). Estos resultados son coherentes con los obtenidos
con la medida instrumental del color y con el contenido en humedad, grasa
intramuscular y proteína analizados. El valor instrumental de la luminosidad se
correlacionó positivamente con el contenido de humedad y negativamente con el grado
de veteado y el contenido en proteína (Tabla III.4). Estos resultados están de acuerdo
con los encontrados previamente por Carrapiso y García (2008) y Ramírez y Cava
(2008), que también obtuvieron una correlación significativa entre el valor instrumental
de la luminosidad y el grado de veteado, y sugirieron que el color del jamón ibérico está
más influenciado por la distribución de la grasa que por la cantidad de grasa
intramuscular presente en el músculo. Las características del olor (intensidad, rancidez y
- 68 -
Características fisicoquímicas y sensoriales
Las diferencias en los atributos sensoriales de textura pueden estar causados por
varios factores: (i) pH final en la carne fresca, (ii) contenido en grasa intramuscular y
(iii) contenido en humedad (Ramírez y Cava, 2008). El aumento de los niveles de grasa
intramuscular reduce la fuerza de la masticación necesaria, facilita la separación de las
fibras musculares y provoca una mayor percepción de la terneza de la carne (Essen-
Gustavson et al., 1994). En este sentido, sensorialmente, los mejores parámetros de
textura fueron encontrados en jamones ibéricos con mayor contenido en grasa
intramuscular encontrándose correlaciones positivas significativas entre el veteado y la
jugosidad (Ramírez y Cava, 2008). En el presente estudio, se encontró una correlación
positiva significativa entre el contenido de grasa intramuscular y la jugosidad y una
correlación negativa entre el contenido de humedad y la jugosidad (Tabla III.4) fue
constatada.
- 69 -
IV. INFLUENCIA DEL TIPO DE
MÚSCULO SOBRE LA EVOLUCIÓN DE
LOS AMINOÁCIDOS LIBRES Y DE LAS
PROTEÍNAS SARCOPLASMÁTICAS Y
MIOFIBRILARES DURANTE LA
ELABORACIÓN DEL JAMÓN DE
CERDO CELTA
Evolución de aminoácidos y proteínas
IV.1. INTRODUCCIÓN
El jamón de cerdo Celta, es un producto cárnico curado tradicional del noroeste de
España, considerado un producto de alta calidad, con un sabor de excepcional calidad,
lo que contribuye a la gran aceptación por parte del consumidor final. La textura
también es característica y muy apreciada por el consumidor. La elaboración de este
producto requiere un largo proceso de elaboración que implican etapas de salado, post-
salado y maduración, que pueden durar hasta 24 meses o incluso más.
La formación final del aroma característico del jamón curado se alcanza después
de varios meses de procesado como resultado de reacciones enzimáticas (proteólisis y
lipólisis) y de procesos químicos (oxidación lipídica y reacciones de Strecker y
Maillard), que tienen lugar a lo largo del proceso de elaboración (Jurado et al., 2007).
Debido a la relación existente entre el sabor y la aceptabilidad final del consumidor, es
muy importante conocer los factores que influyen en el sabor con el fin de producir
productos cárnicos de calidad.
La proteólisis es uno de los procesos bioquímicos más importantes que se
producen durante el proceso de fabricación del jamón curado. Además de la pérdida de
agua y la difusión de la sal, la calidad de los jamones curados está muy influenciada por
la presencia y la evolución de la actividad enzimática durante el procesado (Toldrá,
2005). Se sabe que, durante la maduración, las endopeptidasas (principalmente
catepsinas) están implicadas en la degradación inicial de las proteínas sarcoplásmicas y
miofibrilares, mientras que las exopeptidasas (di y tri peptil petidasa, junto con las
aminopeptidasas) continúan con la degradación proteica produciendo principalmente
pequeños péptidos y aminoácidos libres (Toldrá, 2006). Por otra parte, aunque con
menor importancia las proteasas exógenas de las bacterias ácido lácticas y levaduras
también contribuyen a la proteolisis durante la etapa de secado (Dura et al., 2004;
Scannell et al., 2004). El desarrollo del sabor a curado deseado requiere un tiempo de
curado largo, ya que los aminoácidos libres contribuyen directamente al gusto (Jurado et
al., 2007), y también participan indirectamente en el desarrollo del flavor debido a que
son precursores de muchas sustancias volátiles (Hidalgo y Zamora, 2004; Pripis-
Nicolau et al., 2000) importantes en los productos cárnicos curados. En este sentido, las
técnicas como electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida con dodecilsulfato sódico (SDS-
PAGE), electroforesis en gel bidimensional (2-DGE), o la cromatografía líquida de alta
resolución (HPLC) (Soares et al., 2012), han sido las más las empleadas para estudiar
- 73 -
Capítulo IV
los cambios en las proteínas durante la elaboración del jamón curado, así como para
separar los fragmentos proteicos generados para su posterior identificación, y también
para la evaluación de los aminoácidos libres.
Durante el proceso de elaboración, las partes internas y externas del jamón son
sometidas a diferentes condiciones relacionadas con la penetración de la sal y la
migración del agua. Los músculos bíceps femoris (BF) y semimembranosus (SM) son
metabólicamente similares (Flores et al., 1996) y representan, respectivamente, la parte
interna y externa del jamón. El bíceps femoris es un músculo interno cubierto de un lado
con una capa gruesa de grasa subcutánea, que implica que el contenido de sal se eleve
lentamente a través del procesado. Esto favorece una mayor actividad proteolítica en
este músculo, lo que afectará principalmente a las propiedades de textura (Virgili et al.,
1998). Por otro lado, el músculo semimembranosus está cerca de la superficie y sin
revestimiento de grasa subcutánea, lo que permite una absorción rápida y fácil de la sal
después de la etapa de salado y la inhibición de los procesos proteolíticos con
consecuencias sobre la textura y el sabor.
El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del tipo de músculo (bíceps
femoris vs. semimembranosus) en la formación de aminoácidos libres y la degradación
de las proteínas sarcoplasmáticas y miofibrilares a través del proceso de elaboración del
jamón curado de cerdo Celta, para tratar de explicar las diferencias en las características
sensoriales entre los dos músculos. Los resultados podrían ayudar a establecer bases
científicas para mejorar la calidad y el valor añadido de este producto cárnico curado.
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Evolución de aminoácidos y proteínas
IV.2.2. MUESTRAS
Después de la refrigeración (24 h a 4 °C), se extrajeron los perniles de las canales
y se recortaron los jamones. Se usaron 30 jamones frescos (peso medio de 10,80 ± 0,75
kg). Los jamones fueron salados por exceso con sal gruesa formándose una pila de
capas de jamón y de sal. El salado se llevó a cabo durante 11 días en una cámara con
una temperatura entre 2 – 5 °C y con una humedad relativa entre el 90 – 95 %. Después
de la etapa de salado, los perniles fueron sacados de la pila, cepillados y lavados, y
transferidos a la zona de post-salado donde se mantuvieron durante 120 días a una
temperatura entre 3 – 6 °C y con una humedad relativa entre el 85 – 90 %. Después de
la etapa de post-salado, las muestras fueron maduradas durante 115 días en una cámara
donde la temperatura fue en aumento hasta los 30 °C y la humedad relativa descendió
hasta el 40 % con el objetivo de alcanzar un adecuado secado de las muestras. Después,
los jamones se dejaron madurar durante 11 meses, con unas condiciones de temperatura
entre los 12 – 24 °C y una humedad relativa entre el 70 – 80 %.
Muestras al azar fueron tomadas en fresco, al final de la etapa de salado, después
de 120 días de post-salado, al final de la etapa de secado-maduración y después de 165
y 330 días de la etapa de “bodega”. En cada punto de muestreo, fueron analizados un
total de cinco jamones que fueron transportados al laboratorio en condiciones de
refrigeración (< 4 °C). Una vez en el laboratorio, se retiró la piel y el hueso de las
muestras, y se extrajeron los músculos SM y BF. Los músculos fueron picados,
homogeneizados, envasados al vacío y almacenados a -80 ° C durante un máximo de
cuatro semanas, hasta el momento del análisis.
- 75 -
Capítulo IV
- 76 -
Evolución de aminoácidos y proteínas
- 77 -
Capítulo IV
medias se llevó a cabo mediante el test Duncan para un nivel de significancia de α <
0,05.
- 78 -
Evolución de aminoácidos y proteínas
80
BF
SM
Humedad (%) 70
60
50
40
30
A B C D E F
Etapa de procesado
Figura IV.1.- Evolución del contenido de humedad en los músculos biceps femoris y semimembranosus
durante el curado del jamón de cerdo Celta. Pieza fresca (A), después del salado (B), después del post-
salado (C), después del secado-maduración (D), "Bodega 1" (E) y "Bodega 2" (F).
20
BF
SM
15
NaCl (% materia seca)
10
0
A B C D E F
Etapa de procesado
Figura IV.2.- Evolución del contenido de NaCl en los músculos biceps femoris y semimembranosus
durante el curado del jamón de cerdo Celta. Pieza fresca (A), después del salado (B), después del post-
salado (C), después del secado-maduración (D), "Bodega 1" (E) y "Bodega 2" (F).
- 79 -
Capítulo IV
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
A B C D E F
Etapa de procesado
Figura IV.3.- Evolución de los aminoácidos libres totales (mg/100 g de MS) en los músculos biceps
femoris y semimembranosus durante el curado del jamón de cerdo Celta. Pieza fresca (A), después del
salado (B), después del post-salado (C), después del secado-maduración (D), "Bodega 1" (E) y "Bodega
2" (F).
- 80 -
Evolución de aminoácidos y proteínas
Tabla IV.1.- Variación en las concentraciones de aminoácidos libres (mg/100 g de MS) durante el curado del jamón de cerdo Celta. Efecto del tipo de músculo (valores medios de 5 piezas en cada punto
de muestreo)
Tiempo de
Pieza fresca Tras salado Tras post-salado Tras secado-maduración Etapa de “Bodega”
procesado
Primera etapa Segunda etapa P
BF SM P BF SM P BF SM P BF SM P
BF SM P BF SM P BF SM
Ácido Aspártico 3,7±0,31a 4,5±0,32a 0,003 4,8±0,6a 4,1±0,8a 0,193 38,5±4,11b 12,8±4,12ab 0,000 66,1±12,11c 13,7±1,62b 0,000 116,4±6,91c 46,2±12,72c 0,000 117,6±7,91d 90,8±7,32d 0,003 0,000 0,000
Ácido Glutámico 41,5±3,7a 40,4±2,2a 0,583 35,8±8,6a 30,3±6,7a 0,297 156,8±10,31b 108,1±23,52b 0,003 267,9±44,51c 185,1±33,52c 0,011 362,9±17,71d 247,2±37,82d 0,000 389,7±9,91d 303,4±7,42e 0,000 0,000 0,000
Hidroxiprolina 4,2±0,3a 3,5±0,62a 0,048 4,4±0,3a 3,5±1,1b 0,109 8,4±0,61b 6,5±1,42a 0,019 8,9±0,31c 3,4±0,42a 0,000 9,5±0,91cd 3,0±0,32a 0,000 5,4±0,81d 3,6±0,52a 0,013 0,000 0,000
Aspargina 11,5±1,3a 12,0±0,7a 0,480 13,2±1,4a 11,6±1,05a 0,073 76,1±4,61b 41,1±4,42c 0,000 105,4±13,61c 69,8±7,82b 0,001 93,5±1,71c 45,3±5,12b 0,000 93,4±7,01d 48,4±8,42b 0,000 0,000 0,000
Seina 19,9±2,6a 20,0±2,9a 0,948 23,9±2,5a 23,9±2,3a 0,996 163,2±5,61b 100,1±7,72b 0,000 251,4±29,01c 189,9±24,72c 0,007 339,6±10,41d 194,7±21,52c 0,000 403,5±4,2e 320,7±25,2d 0,003 0,000 0,000
Glutamina 60,6±3,41a 47,7±6,72a 0,005 55,1±7,5a 58,1±11,4b 0,540 134,1±14,61b 93,1±19,32c 0,005 111,1±14,81b 84,4±3,62c 0,005 37,2±4,21c 17,5±4,22a 0,000 26,5±3,01d 16,1±2,52a 0,002 0,000 0,000
Glycina 25,0±1,21a 29,6±1,62a 0,001 27,2±0,7a 28,7±4,1a 0,426 137,7±8,81b 87,3±4,82b 0,000 225,8±20,71c 158,6±15,02c 0,000 299,9±17,51d 162,5±26,12c 0,000 368,8±20,31e 194,7±6,42d 0,000 0,000 0,000
Histidina 14,3±1,2a 16,0±1,6a 0,123 16,4±1,7a 17,3±1,2a 0,339 108,1±3,81b 69,5±1,52b 0,000 180,6±12,31c 118,3±11,82c 0,000 250,4±16,71d 137,6±22,82d 0,000 289,2±14,51e 165,2±6,22e 0,000 0,000 0,000
Taurina 101,2±1,2a 94,3±9,3a 0,311 98,5±17,2a 117,9±23,1ab 0,170 209,5±26,1b 190,4±12,5c 0,180 225,8±10,61bc 180,7±31,12c 0,015 252,3±16,61cd 133,7±12,92b 0,000 243,7±20,81d 120,8±19,82ab 0,000 0,000 0,000
Arginina 21,7±2,7a 21,6±3,8a 0,955 28,4±5,7a 27,2±3,5a 0,690 233,7±4,31b 130,2±7,42b 0,000 394,9±16,51c 269,4±27,02c 0,000 512,3±21,41d 304,1±32,42d 0,000 617,8±34,21e 378,2±15,92e 0,000 0,000 0,000
Treonina 17,4±0,9a 18,6±1,6a 0,168 22,8±1,51a 20,5±1,52a 0,041 150,8±2,21b 81,4±3,42b 0,000 253,5±11,41c 158,9±23,62c 0,000 335,5±16,61d 183,6±30,92d 0,000 425,3±19,41e 224,8±6,82e 0,000 0,000 0,000
Alanina 66,0±2,61a 71,0±3,12a 0,025 71,4±4,0a 66,8±5,2a 0,152 254,2±6,51b 186,9±6,92b 0,000 403,0±16,91c 356,1±39,82c 0,041 544,1±33,31d 373,8±35,62d 0,000 751,7±6,91e 396,2±12,62d 0,000 0,000 0,000
Prolina 15,8±1,51a 19,0±1,62a 0,012 22,1±1,6a 22,8±1,4a 0,455 151,9±5,41b 86,8±4,32b 0,000 267,6±34,71c 175,9±12,92c 0,001 435,2±29,51d 219,8±30,02cd 0,000 551,2±11,21e 262,6±11,22e 0,000 0,000 0,000
Cisteina 2,1±0,3a 2,7±0,6a 0,109 4,2±1,11b 9,1±1,02b 0,000 27,4±2,6c 24,8±3,9d 0,244 32,7±1,71c 27,1±3,72d 0,015 30,4±0,8d 25,2±6,2d 0,101 26,1±1,61e 17,2±0,32e 0,000 0,000 0,000
Tirosina 8,1±1,51a 5,1±1,02a 0,005 19,7±2,9a 23,1±1,9b 0,065 135,6±2,11b 80,5±4,82c 0,000 217,8±10,81c 155,4±9,72d 0,000 273,9±11,51d 167,1±10,92d 0,000 306,1±29,81e 189,8±15,72c 0,000 0,000 0,000
Valina 24,0±1,0a 24,8±0,7a 0,167 28,6±3,21a 23,3±1,62a 0,011 164,5±4,41b 88,1±1,92b 0,000 295,0±15,61c 194,1±20,02c 0,000 393,1±20,41d 210,3±23,62e 0,000 462,1±34,71e 257,1±6,12f 0,000 0,000 0,000
Metionina 12,9±1,11a 15,3±1,32a 0,014 16,9±1,7a 17,4±1,7a 0,645 86,7±2,11b 54,4±2,32b 0,000 144,7±6,51c 97,5±15,62c 0,000 197,8±8,11d 112,9±19,32c 0,000 255,7±13,21e 139,4±4,22d 0,000 0,000 0,000
Isoleucina 20,6±1,0a 20,1±0,9a 0,496 24,9±2,9a 23,1±1,9a 0,279 153,3±4,71b 75,9±4,32bb 0,000 258,0±21,71c 164,9±18,62c 0,000 343,5±15,51d 178,7±20,62d 0,000 412,6±15,61e 226,4±8,92e 0,000 0,000 0,000
Leucina 39,2±2,1a 40,9±2,6a 0,283 47,1±0,91a 40,6±3,72a 0,006 262,6±9,41b 149,7±6,82b 0,000 431,3±18,41c 297,4±32,52c 0,000 559,6±27,81d 340,2±61,62d 0,000 741,9±32,91e 414,2±5,02d 0,000 0,000 0,000
Fenilalanina 24,5±1,7a 25,1±1,9a 0,580 29,4±2,5a 28,5±3,2a 0,661 155,8±6,21b 88,1±4,82b 0,000 265,2±10,31c 172,1±18,22c 0,000 347,2±13,61d 183,2±15,72c 0,000 403,6±16,71e 238,9±4,82e 0,000 0,000 0,000
Triptofano 5,8±0,81a 8,9±2,82a 0,047 7,4±1,21a 4,3±0,42a 0,001 39,6±1,71b 19,1±0,62b 0,000 71,5±9,71c 35,1±3,42c 0,000 99,9±8,31d 41,8±9,32d 0,000 86,2±5,01e 48,5±0,62d 0,000 0,000 0,000
Lisina 26,3±2,8a 28,1±2,8a 0,358 35,8±6,5a 37,1±3,5a 0,719 255,1±9,71b 162,9±10,52b 0,000 492,1±37,91c 418,0±43,72c 0,021 621,0±36,91d 442,7±13,92c 0,000 905,7±16,51e 538,7±12,62e 0,000 0,000 0,000
1-2
Los valores medios en la misma fila y en el mismo punto de muestro que no van seguidos del mismo número son significativamente diferentes (P<0,05) (diferencias entre los músculos). a-f Los valores
medios en la misma fila y en el mismo músculo que no van seguidos de la misma letra son significativamente diferentes (P<0,05; Test Duncan) (diferencias entre los puntos de muestreo).
- 81 -
Capítulo IV
- 82 -
Evolución de aminoácidos y proteínas
- 83 -
Capítulo IV
del proceso, siendo este de un 25,8 % en el músculo BF, frente a 28,4 % en el músculo
SM (datos no mostrados). La diferencia en las proporciones relativas de los diferentes
aminoácidos podría atribuirse a los diferentes fenómenos proteolíticos que tienen lugar,
los cuales se relacionan con los diferentes niveles de sal y contenidos de humedad
observados en ambos músculos, y esto podría explicar en parte la mayor aceptación del
músculo SM por parte del consumidor.
- 84 -
Evolución de aminoácidos y proteínas
Lys
Ala
Glu
Leu
Val
Gly
Ser
Arg
Pro
Ileu
Phe
Thr
Tyr
Asp
Met
Tau
His
Cis
OH-Pro
Asn
Trp
Gln
Figura IV.4.- Cromatograma de aminoácidos libres del músculo semimembranosus al final del proceso de elaboración del jamón curado de cerdo Celta
- 85 -
Capítulo IV
Lys
Glu
Ala
Leu
Val
Gly Arg
Ser
Ileu
Pro
Thr Phe
Asp
Tyr
Met
OH- His
Pro Tau
Asn
Cis
Gln Trp
Figura IV.5.- Cromatograma de aminoácidos libres del músculo bíceps femoris al final del proceso de elaboración del jamón curado de cerdo Celta
- 86 -
Evolución de aminoácidos y proteínas
- 87 -
Capítulo IV
Tabla IV.2.- Valores medios de la densidad relativa (%) de las bandas electroforéticas correspondientes a las proteínas sarcoplasmáticas extraídas del jamón curado de cerdo Celta durante el proceso de
elaboración. Efecto del tipo de músculo (valores medios de 5 piezas en cada punto de muestreo)
120,7 7,60±1,15c 7,73±0,43e 0,846 4,27±1,14a,b 3,13±0,22c 0,095 4,95±0,51a,b,c 4,37±0,57d 0,211 5,13±0,321,a,b,c 3,06±0,812,c 0,006 6,46±3,261,b,c 2,05±0,812,b 0,035 2,30±0,301,a 0,73±0,782,a 0,023 0,026 0,000
98,9 1,23±0,321,a,b 5,1±1,912,b 0,026 1,15±0,44a 2,10±0,82a 0,102 2,70±1,23b 1,00±0,67a 0,063 1,23±0,50a,b 1,03±0,30a 0,517 1,43±0,57a,b 1,05±0,91a 0,514 2,43±1,53a,b 1,73±0,65a 0,506 0,105 0,000
a a a a a,b b a b a,b b b b
89,9 3,90±0,17 2,57±0,95 0,074 3,97±1,20 1,70±1,81 0,121 4,930,35 5,10±0,66 0,718 4,27±1,17 6,10±1,04 0,113 5,40±0,96 6,30±0,50 0,225 6,20±0,44 7,00±0,80 0,203 0,031 0,000
a b 1,a 2,a 1,a 2,c 1,b,c 2,d 1,c 2,d 1,b 2,c
83,9 1,65±1,10 3,17±0,95 0,115 2,87±0,06 1,23±0,29 0,001 1,53±0,21 9,73±0,49 0,000 7,60±2,35 11,67±0,32 0,041 8,23±1,27 11,63±1,08 0,024 5,83±0,86 10,13±0,32 0,001 0,000 0,000
75,9 8,57±1,34a 8,43±0,52b 0,854 9,68±2,60a 12,35±0,82c 0,097 8,33±2,91a 8,73±2,77b 0,872 7,60±4,03a 10,90±1,67b,c 0,260 7,33±3,12a 3,77±1,60a 0,153 7,83±0,401,a 1,90±0,002,a 0,000 0,871 0,000
1,d 2,a 1,d 2,a c,d a 1,b,c 2,a 1,a,b 2,b a a
67,5 10,50±1,04 0,20±1,16 0,000 10,17±0,46 0,98±0,76 0,000 8,30±4,84 2,02±2,15 0,065 5,60±2,41 1,68±1,35 0,039 1,75±1,63 4,50±0,85 0,047 0,800,78 1,93±1,27 0,258 0,000 0,011
60,5 9,40±1,31c 9,58±0,89c 0,840 8,77±1,25c 9,18±1,232,c 0,683 4,83±2,91b 6,40±1,54b 0,393 2,23±1,12a,b 3,93±0,86a 0,071 1,63±1,271,a 6,48±0,612,b 0,001 0,63±0,061,a 5,20ç0,902,a,b 0,001 0,000 0,000
b c b b a,b b a b 1,a,b 2,a 1,a 2,a
53,8 12,20±2,50 12,64±2,18 0,774 11,95±3,00 9,03±0,45 0,164 10,37±3,00 8,15±0,68 0,200 7,80±1,08 7,90±0,44 0,889 9,07±1,06 2,50±1,57 0,002 7,53±0,51 2,33±0,58 0,000 0,046 0,000
48,7 14,50±1,42b 12,07±1,50b 0,111 14,53±0,941,b 12,30±0,422,b 0,037 21,90±1,611,c 9,20±3,182,b 0,003 5,18±3,98a 5,08±1,34a 0,962 13,40±5,66b 3,83±1,63a 0,059 13,50±8,91b 5,47±0,35a 0,186 0,001 0,000
a b a,b c a c 1,b 2,a 1,c 2,a 1,b 2,a
45,9 10,37±1,37 10,20±0,26 0,846 13,03±0,89 14,33±2,00 0,288 11,031,27 13,33±1,36 0,098 15,80±0,40 2,73±0,70 0,000 20,87±3,59 2,83±0,85 0,001 15,70±0,42 1,13±0,45 0,000 0,000 0,000
43,7 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a - 2,20±0,871,a 9,43±0,762,b 0,000 14,17±3,11b,c 14,13±2,44c 0,989 17,70±1,64c 18,27±1,88d 0,714 10,70±0,851,b 19,75±0,422,d 0,000 11,753,18b 18,13±2,86d 0,067 0,000 0,000
b a,b a a c c b,c b,c c b,c b,c a,b,c
41,8 7,53±1,94 6,20±4,23 0,590 3,67±0,93 4,43±1,55 0,503 11,93±1,71 12,27±2,74 0,867 11,07±2,89 10,47±0,45 0,740 12,20±3,60 10,07±0,64 0,370 8,97±0,64 8,57±0,06 0,344 0,003 0,012
b,c a a,b c 1,a 2,a,b b,c a,b c a b,c a
39,8 8,45±1,00 9,27±1,54 0,429 7,47±3,39 12,90±3,00 0,106 5,07±0,32 11,40±1,22 0,001 10,63±1,45 10,53±0,81 0,903 11,67±2,29 9,03±0,38 0,121 8,47±0,29 8,90±0,92 0,478 0,008 0,037
36,2 6,90±0,36a 6,77±1,70b 0,901 6,60±0,561,a 17,20±0,102,c 0,000 9,00±2,861,a,b 2,37±2,302,a 0,035 10,63±0,471,b 0,13±0,062,a 0,000 10,23±1,861,b 0,20±0,142,a 0,005 16,77±0,671,c 0,40±0,002,a 0,000 0,000 0,000
a,b a a,b a a,b a,b b b,c 1,a,b 2,c,d 1,a 2,d
32,8 10,90±1,05 11,20±0,72 0,701 11,57±1,33 10,93±0,47 0,481 11,97±2,20 13,47±2,90 0,514 12,30±2,13 15,63±0,68 0,061 9,77±3,65 17,77±2,26 0,032 7,83±1,45 20,40±0,42 0,001 0,182 0,000
31,4 2,65±2,19a 4,77±0,61a 0,173 5,600,70b 6,10±0,75a,b 0,448 5,87±1,70b 6,63±1,50b,c 0,590 5,40±0,99b 7,47±0,58b,c 0,055 5,27±0,611,a,b 8,00±0,352,c 0,003 4,77±0,601,a,b 8,15±0,212,c 0,005 0,085 0,004
a,b a a,b a 1,a 2,a,b a,b b,c b c 1,a 2,a,b
27,3 12,50±1,21 11,97±1,03 0,592 11,65±0,78 11,37±0,91 0,744 10,10±0,14 12,27±0,31 0,003 13,33±1,89 15,53±1,21 0,164 14,90±3,35 17,97±3,97 0,364 10,07±0,80 14,60±0,40 0,001 0,074 0,005
25,8 7,20±2,551,a 3,63±1,212,a 0,054 7,632,63a 6,50±2,12b 0,553 8,93±4,01a 6,20±1,44b 0,328 8,20±3,80a 6,80±0,72b 0,565 6,40±2,01a 8,30±1,04b 0,219 9,27±0,421,a 7,87±0,402,b 0,014 0,815 0,006
1,a 2,b 1,a,b 2,a a,b b 1,b 2,c 1,b 2,d 1,a,b 2,c
24,1 3,43±0,40 4,73±0,61 0,037 5,23±1,40 2,33±0,31 0,025 4,47±1,47 3,93±0,97 0,628 5,83±0,84 7,33±0,12 0,037 5,90±1,56 10,50±0,98 0,013 4,80±0,14 6,85±0,07 0,003 0,173 0,000
18,8 1,18±0,98a 2,35±0,58b 0,085 0,57±0,061,a 1,77±0,742,a,b 0,048 1,10±0,96a 1,64±0,60a,b 0,357 0,88±0,60a 1,05±1,11a 0,791 0,57±0,06a 0,85±0,70a 0,528 0,67±0,061,a 1,00±0,102,a 0,007 0,722 0,072
a,b a b,c a,b c a,b a,b a,b 1,a,b 2,a,b a b
15,3 0,23±0,06 0,30±0,00 0,116 0,50±0,10 1,23±1,21 0,354 0,70±0,30 1,18±0,46 0,104 0,28±0,22 1,43±1,01 0,068 0,28±0,19 1,13±0,12 0,001 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 - 0,009 0,141
10,7 8,50±1,54b 9,63±0,75c 0,316 6,83±1,59b 5,07±1,50b 0,235 3,23±0,39a 2,83±0,76a 0,405 3,23±0,66a 4,33±0,49a,b 0,059 3,33±0,85a 4,37±1,10a,b 0,213 2,43±1,01a 3,37±0,90a,b 0,298 0,000 0,000
1-2 a-f
Los valores medios en la misma fila y en el mismo punto de muestro que no van seguidos del mismo número son significativamente diferentes (P<0,05) (diferencias entre los músculos). Los valores
medios en la misma fila y en el mismo músculo que no van seguidos de la misma letra son significativamente diferentes (P<0,05; Test Duncan) (diferencias entre los puntos de muestreo).
- 88 -
Evolución de aminoácidos y proteínas
biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Figura IV.6.- Perfil electroforético SDS-PAGE de las proteínas sarcoplasmáticas en los músculos biceps
femoris y semimembranosus a través del proceso de curado del jamón de cerdo “Celta”. Pieza fresca (A),
después del salado (B), después del post-salado (C), después del secado-maduración (D), "Bodega 1" (E)
y "Bodega 2" (F)
- 89 -
Capítulo IV
- 90 -
Evolución de aminoácidos y proteínas
Tabla IV.3.- Valores medios de la densidad relativa (%) de las bandas electroforéticas correspondientes a las proteínas miofibrilares extraídas del jamón curado de cerdo Celta durante
el proceso de elaboración. Efecto del tipo de músculo (valores medios de 5 piezas en cada punto de muestreo)
130,3 1,00±0,46a 0,50±0,00a,b 0,132 0,270,06a 0,47±0,12a 0,055 0,53±0,29a 0,47±0,06a 0,715 1,23±0,21a 1,20±0,53b 0,924 6,47±1,441,b 1,03±0,322,a,b 0,003 14,37±0,981,c 1,17±0,642,a,b 0,000 0,000 0,059
1,b 2,a,b a a,b a a a a,b a a,b 1,c 2,a,b
115,3 3,43±0,72 1,80±0,40 0,027 0,73±0,60 0,73±0,50 1,000 0,17±0,06 0,60±0,46 0,179 1,23±0,74 1,03±0,62 0,700 0,97±0,35 2,98±1,95 0,146 9,87±1,45 2,33±2,06 0,007 0,000 0,142
100,8 0,30±0,20a 0,53±0,25a 0,277 0,67±0,32a 0,54±0,38a 0,647 1,23±0,72a 1,07±1,00a 0,827 0,60±0,20a 0,37±0,21a 0,234 1,40±0,411,a 4,63±2,212,b 0,028 11,53±4,75b 6,93±1,63c 0,123 0,000 0,000
75,8 6,12±2,13a,b 4,55±1,22a 0,234 6,30±1,32b 4,70±0,83a,b 0,086 4,98±1,04a,b 5,75±1,95a,b,c 0,509 4,73±1,89a,b 7,13±1,66b,c,d 0,105 4,70±0,431,a,b 9,25±2,162,d 0,006 3,80±0,441,a 8,23±0,652,c,d 0,001 0,208 0,002
a a a a a a a a a a a a
48,9 14,68±2,39 14,66±2,25 0,989 14,54±3,69 11,87±4,96 0,384 16,13±7,95 14,50±5,49 0,727 12,24±3,23 13,20±1,28 0,554 12,23±4,79 16,77±3,50 0,227 12,43±2,94 12,10±1,22 0,865 0,725 0,511
b,c a c a a,b,c a a,b,c a 1,a 2,a 1,a,b 2,a
41,6 26,60±2,76 29,18±5,54 0,427 28,28±5,63 27,85±6,21 0,922 25,85±11,26 24,43±3,07 0,815 20,46±6,29 24,40±4,79 0,336 15,76±4,08 30,20±5,78 0,006 16,43±5,65 26,65±4,49 0,044 0,041 0,522
33,1 2,22±0,80c 2,52±0,39a,b 0,473 1,48±0,46b,c 2,82±1,50b 0,132 1,20±0,75b,c 2,10±1,76a,b 0,444 0,67±0,32a,b 0,96±1,27a,b 0,715 0,10±0,00a 1,10±1,60a,b 0,340 0,10±0,00a 0,70±0,97a 0,618 0,001 0,106
27,8 1,80±0,70a 1,26±0,26a 0,154 1,80±0,761,a 3,44±1,052,a 0,035 2,70±1,00a 3,22±2,79a 0,772 5,33±2,74b 2,58±0,76a 0,068 4,20±1,35a,b 2,24±1,62a 0,072 2,33±1,31a 2,57±0,57a 0,791 0,019 0,284
a a a a b a c a a a a,b a
23,2 0,90±0,42 2,15±1,97 0,261 1,27±0,45 2,10±1,45 0,396 2,93±0,46 3,03±1,81 0,931 4,67±1,76 2,83±0,58 0,162 1,33±0,50 1,77±0,99 0,535 1,60±0,87 1,23±0,45 0,553 0,001 0,645
22,4 2,00±0,72a,b 1,67±0,25a 0,484 3,64±1,111,b,c 1,93±0,312,a 0,045 4,78±1,83c 2,98±1,20a 0,151 3,48±1,66b,c 2,00±1,57a 0,289 1,30±0,53a 1,85±0,75a 0,334 1,83±0,93a,b 1,47±0,96a 0,659 0,013 0,411
b b,c b c b b b b 1,a 2,b a a
20,0 7,73±1,83 9,15±1,64 0,330 7,20±1,23 11,90±3,47 0,079 10,63±3,52 8,30±0,79 0,325 9,30±2,57 8,05±1,86 0,460 1,07±0,15 5,47±2,21 0,026 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 - 0,000 0,000
17,4 4,14±1,91c 6,75±2,08b 0,091 2,90±0,96a,b,c 3,65±1,21a,b 0,332 1,56±0,85a,b 4,17±3,31a,b 0,258 2,43±0,61a,b,c 4,63±1,99a,b 0,141 3,25±0,55b,c 5,70±2,07b 0,067 1,07±0,61a 1,27±0,35a 0,649 0,020 0,050
b b b b b b,c 1,b 2,c,d a a a a
15,6 1,95±1,12 1,57±0,50 0,611 2,08±0,70 1,87±0,83 0,725 1,47±0,72 2,58±0,66 0,087 2,27±0,31 3,90±0,98 0,042 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 - 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 - 0,012 0,000
a a a,b a,b c b c b b,c c a,b,c a,b
<13,5 23,90±3,19 19,96±5,08 0,180 26,40±4,76 26,12±3,44 0,918 41,08±7,39 30,48±9,86 0,136 41,10±9,14 34,13±5,15 0,232 36,58±9,82 44,57±10,40 0,334 31,67±6,71 28,30±3,28 0,414 0,005 0,001
1-2
Los valores medios en la misma fila y en el mismo punto de muestro que no van seguidos del mimo número son significativamente diferentes (P<0,05) (diferencias entre los
músculos). a-f Los valores medios en la misma fila y en el mismo músculo que no van seguidos de la misma letra son significativamente diferentes (P<0,05; Test Duncan) (diferencias
entre los puntos de muestreo).
- 91 -
Capítulo IV
biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Figura IV.7.- Perfil electroforético SDS-PAGE de las proteínas miofibrilares en los músculos biceps
femoris y semimembranosus a través del proceso de curado del jamón de cerdo “Celta”. Pieza fresca (A),
después del salado (B), después del post-salado (C), después del secado-maduración (D), "Bodega 1" (E)
y "Bodega 2" (F)
- 92 -
Evolución de aminoácidos y proteínas
- 93 -
Capítulo IV
- 94 -
V. INFLUENCIA DEL TIPO DE
MÚSCULO SOBRE LOS COMPUESTOS
VOLÁTILES A LO LARGO DE LA
ELABORACIÓN DEL JAMÓN DE
CERDO CELTA
Evolución de compuestos volátiles
V.1. INTRODUCCIÓN
El cerdo Celta fue la raza típica criada en las granjas de Galicia hasta mediados
del siglo XX y desde este momento sufrió una importante recesión debido a la
importación de otras razas mejoradas y sus cruces (Lorenzo et al., 2012a). Esta raza es
muy apreciada por los consumidores debido a la suculenta carne (Franco et al., 2014)
que resulta de la abundante infiltración de la grasa y debido a que la producción de estos
cerdos se centra principalmente en la fabricación de productos cárnicos curados como el
jamón (Bermúdez et al., 2012; 2014a, 2014b; Lorenzo et al., 2013a), ''lacón'' (Lorenzo
et al., 2014), lomo curado (Pateiro et al., 2015) y embutidos (Gómez y Lorenzo, 2013).
El jamón de cerdo Celta es un producto cárnico tradicional en el noroeste de
España, muy apreciado por los consumidores. Esta alta aceptabilidad por el consumidor
se sustenta principalmente en sus características sensoriales únicas, que son
consecuencia tanto de las características de la materia prima como del método de
elaboración tradicional que requiere entre uno y dos años de maduración. El secado-
curado es un proceso muy complejo que implica muchas reacciones y cambios
bioquímicos. Algunos de estos cambios son debidos a la pérdida de agua y a la sal que
afectan principalmente a las proteínas y los lípidos. Durante la maduración, las proteínas
y los lípidos se someten a intensos procesos de degradación, lo que da lugar a una
considerable cantidad de pequeños péptidos, aminoácidos libres, ácidos grasos libres y
un gran número de compuestos volátiles que contribuyen al flavor característico de los
productos curados (Ruiz et al., 2002 ).
Los dos músculos más representativos del jamón, el biceps femoris (BF) y el
semimembranosus (SM), son sometidos a diferentes condiciones durante el procesado
del jamón curado. El SM es un músculo externo, que tiene un alto contenido en sal en
las primeras etapas del procesado y alcanza rápidamente un bajo contenido en agua,
mientras que el BF es un músculo interno, con un menor contenido de sal durante las
primeras etapas del procesado y con un mayor contenido de agua durante todo el
proceso de elaboración. Esto da lugar a fenómenos de lipolisis y una proteolisis más
intensa en el músculo BF en comparación con el músculo SM, lo que da lugar a un
número o cantidad de compuestos volátiles diferentes entre los dos músculos.
La microextracción en fase sólida (SPME) es una técnica de muestreo basado en
la adsorción de analitos sobre o dentro de un material polimérico que recubre una fibra
de sílice. La técnica SPME está en consonancia con desarrollar técnicas analíticas para
- 97 -
Capítulo V
V.2.2. MUESTRAS
Después de la refrigeración (24 h a 4 °C), se extrajeron los perniles de las canales
y se recortaron los jamones. Se usaron 30 jamones frescos (peso medio de 10,80 ± 0,75
kg). Los jamones fueron salados por exceso con sal gruesa formándose una pila de
capas de jamón y de sal. El salado se llevó a cabo durante 11 días en una cámara con
una temperatura entre 2 – 5 °C y con una humedad relativa entre el 90 – 95 %. Después
de la etapa de salado, los perniles fueron sacados de la pila, cepillados y lavados, y
transferidos a la zona de post-salado donde se mantuvieron durante 120 días a una
temperatura entre 3 – 6 °C y con una humedad relativa entre el 85 – 90 %. Después de
la etapa de post-salado, las muestras fueron maduradas durante 115 días en una cámara
donde la temperatura fue en aumento hasta los 30 °C y la humedad relativa descendió
hasta el 40 % con el objetivo de alcanzar un adecuado secado de las muestras. Después,
los jamones se dejaron madurar durante 11 meses, con unas condiciones de temperatura
entre los 12 – 24 °C y una humedad relativa entre el 70 – 80 %.
- 98 -
Evolución de compuestos volátiles
- 99 -
Capítulo V
de espesor de capa, J & W Scientific Inc., Folsom, CA, USA). La fibra de SPME se
extrajo y se mantuvo en el puerto de inyección a 260 °C durante el tiempo (5 min)
sugerido por los fabricantes. Las muestras se inyectaron en modo no fraccionado. Se
utilizó helio como gas portador a una velocidad lineal de 40 cm/s. El programa de
temperatura fue el que sigue: isotérmico durante 10 min a 40 °C, se elevó a 200 °C a una
velocidad de 5 °C/min y luego a 250 °C a una velocidad de 20 °C/min, y se mantuvo
durante 5 min más: el tiempo total de ejecución fue de 49,5 min. Tanto el inyector como
el detector se mantuvieron a una temperatura de 260 °C. Los espectros de masas se
obtuvieron utilizando un detector selectivo de masas trabajando con un impacto
electrónico de 70 eV, voltaje de 1953 V, y la recolección de datos se realizó a una
velocidad de 6,34 lecturas/s en el rango de m/z 40-300. Los compuestos fueron
identificados mediante la comparación de sus espectros de masas con los que figuran en
la biblioteca NIST05 (Instituto Nacional de Estándares y Tecnología, Gaithersburg) y/o
por el cálculo del índice de retención en relación con una serie de alcanos estándar (C5-
C19) (para el cálculo de los índices de Kovats, Supelco 44585-T, Bellefonte, PA, USA).
Las muestras se analizaron al menos por duplicado. Los resultados de los análisis de los
compuestos volátiles se dan en unidades de área totales.
- 100 -
Evolución de compuestos volátiles
Tabla V.1. Evolución de la composición durante el proceso de elaboración del jamón curado de cerdo
Celta. Efecto del tipo de músculo (BF=biceps femoris y SM=semimembranosus) (valores promedio de 5
muestras).
“Bodega”
Post- Secado-
Fresco Salado Primera Segunda SEM P
salado maduración
fase fase
Humedad (%)
BF 73,68e 72,46e1 68,05d1 65,36c1 56,55b1 52,35a1 1,46 <0,001
f e2
SM 73,80 65,95 61,12d2 56,30c2 40,54b2 35,82a2 2,51 <0,001
P 0,813 <0,001 <0,001 <0,001 <0,001 <0,001
Grasa intramuscular (% material seca)
BF 8,02ab1 7,74a1 8,28b1 8,01ab1 8,03ab1 7,83ab1 0,07 0,237
SM 7,36c2 6,62ab2 5,97a2 6,47ab2 6,39ab2 5,96a2 0,12 0,002
P 0,011 0,011 <0,001 <0,001 <0,001 <0,001
Proteína (% material seca)
BF 85,03e1 83,39d1 75,85c 73,32b1 73,03b1 71,49a1 1,08 <0,001
c2 a2
SM 87,36 78,51 77,73a 77,99a2 81,18b2 80,73b2 0,81 <0,001
P 0,026 0,004 0,102 0,004 <0,001 <0,001
NaCl (% material seca)
BF 0,50a 3,62b1 11,74c 13,02c1 16,15d1 15,87d1 1,15 <0,001
a e2
SM 0,83 15,37 11,88d 10,30c2 8,44b2 8,46b2 0,90 <0,001
P 0,157 <0,001 0,885 0,021 <0,001 <0,001
a–e
Los valores medios en la misma fila (correspondiente al mismo músculo y parámetro) no seguidos de
la misma letra son significativamente diferentes (P<0,05; prueba de Duncan) (diferencias entre los puntos
de muestreo) .1-2 Los valores medios en la misma columna y parámetro no seguidos del mismo número
son significativamente diferentes (P<0,05; prueba de Duncan) (diferencias entre los músculos)
- 101 -
Capítulo V
etapa, el músculo está en contacto directo con sal. En las siguientes etapas del
procesado, la concentración de sal en el músculo BF continuó aumentando hasta el final
del curado, mientras que en las muestras del músculo SM, el nivel de sal sólo aumentó
durante la etapa de salado donde se alcanzaron valores máximos (15,37%) y luego
descendió hasta el final del proceso.
- 102 -
Evolución de compuestos volátiles
- 103 -
Capítulo V
900 300
400 120
Unidades de área (AUx106)
BF
Figura V.1.- Evolución de los compuestos volátiles mayoritarios en los músculos biceps femoris y semimembranosus durante la elaboración del jamón curado de cerdo Celta. Pieza
fresca (A), después del salado (B), después del post-salado (C), después del secado-maduración (D), "Bodega 1" (E) y "Bodega 2" (F). 1) ésteres, 2) hidrocarburos alifáticos, 3)
aldehídos, 4), alcoholes. Los valores representados son las medias de cinco muestras. Los valores de la desviación estándar se representan mediante líneas
- 104 -
Evolución de compuestos volátiles
- 105 -
Capítulo V
35 20
20
10
15
10
5
5
0 0
A B C D E F A B C D E F
Etapa de procesado Etapa de procesado
12 18
Unidades de área (AUx10 6)
Figura V.2. Evolución de los compuestos volátiles minoritarios en los músculos biceps femoris y semimembranosus durante la elaboración del jamón curado de cerdo Celta.
Pieza fresca (A), después del salado (B), después del post-salado (C), después del secado-maduración (D), "Bodega 1" (E) y "Bodega 2" (F). 1) Hidrocarburos aromáticos, 2)
Ácidos, 3) Furanos, 4) Cetonas. Los valores representados son las medias de cinco muestras. Los valores de la desviación estándar se representan mediante líneas.
- 106 -
Evolución de compuestos volátiles
La cantidad de ésteres fue mayor en las muestras del músculo BF que en las del
músculo SM (Figura V.1) durante todo el proceso, aunque se observaron las mayores
diferencias entre los músculos en la etapa de “bodega” (469 vs. 757 x 106 UA para los
- 107 -
Capítulo V
- 108 -
Evolución de compuestos volátiles
- 109 -
Capítulo V
- 110 -
Evolución de compuestos volátiles
Tabla V.2. Efecto del tipo de músculo en la evolución de los compuestos volátiles (unidades de área (AU) × 10 6/g de MS) a través de la elaboración de jamón curado de cerdo
Celta, los resultados se expresaron como medias ± error estándar (n = 5)
“Bodega”
Familia química (AU x Fresca Salado Post-salado Secado-maduración P
LIR R Primera fase Segunda fase
106)
SM BF SM BF SM BF SM BF SM BF SM BF Músculo Tiempo
Esteres
Propanoic acid, 2-methyl-,
713 m, k 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 4,67±1,41b,1 0,69±0,22a,b,2 3,97±2,13b 1,82±0,40b 1,87±0,64a,1 5,05±1,28c,2 7,18±2,26c,1 13,57±2,40d,2 0,589 0,001
methyl ester
120,63±14,86d, 138,51±7,90e, 35,12±13,86a,b, 105,47±12,73d,
Butanoic acid, methyl ester 759 m, k 1 2 1 81,63±11,19c,2 34,44±9,83a,b,1 2 41,58±7,23b,1 26,97±3,31a,2 21,73±4,33a,1 51,51±8,48b,2 58,18±8,07c,1 84,94±10,84c,2 0,002 0,001
Heptanoic acid, methyl ester 933 m, k 8,56±1,17a,1 11,15±0,89a,2 13,79±2,51b 10,78±2,20a 7,65±1,89a,1 10,25±1,89a,2 17,71±1,90c,1 13,12±1,46a,2 23,59±3,74d 27,59±2,26b 22,08±3,71d 26,99±6,64b 0,579 0,001
3-(Methylthio)propanoic acid
1053 m, k 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,77±0,10b,1 1,74±0,29b,2 0,230 0,001
methyl ester
d c b,1 b,2 a,1 b,2 a,b a a,b,1 b,2 c,1 c,2
Octanoic acid, methyl ester 1076 m, k 56,73±13,00 69,85±15,32 19,22±6,45 35,08±8,34 8,79±1,59 38,68±4,33 13,53±1,18 13,16±2,54 17,42±3,07 32,10±4,30 38,06±8,85 77,53±13,43 0,001 0,001
c b,c b,c,1 c,2 b,c,1 a,2 a,b a,b a,1 a,b,c,2 a,b,1 d,2
Nonanoic acid, methyl ester 1153 m, k 4,89±1,41 4,24±1,04 3,83±0,26 4,64±0,38 3,86±0,42 2,70±0,46 3,19±0,23 3,04±0,73 2,64±0,51 3,62±0,60 3,26±1,02 6,21±1,63 0,157 0,001
Butanoic acid, butyl ester 1354 m, k 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 3,64±0,56b,1 8,98±2,41b,2 0,203 0,001
b b a a a a a a a a a a
Dodecanoic acid, methyl ester 1457 m, k 0,62±0,12 0,68±0,15 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,879 0,001
Hidrocarburos alifáticos
Heptane 700 m, t 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 3,67±0,70c,1 1,17±0,58b,2 1,29±0,45b 1,43±0,56b 3,69±0,46c,1 2,26±0,54c,2 0,63±0,16a,b,1 0,00±0,00a,2 3,93±1,58c,1 0,00±0,00a,2 0,001 0,001
Octane 800 m, t 3,83±0,18a,1 2,99±0,55a,2 19,64±2,37d,1 6,04±0,78c,2 6,43±1,84a 6,24±0,83c 12,60±1,18c,1 10,08±1,93d,2 9,75±2,41b 9,04±1,03d 10,84±2,95b,c,1 4,59±0,78b,2 0,001 0,001
Heptane, 3-ethyl- 872 m 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,28±0,04c,1 0,00±0,00a,2 1,14±0,15e,1 0,00±0,00a,2 0,55±0,09d 0,65±0,15c 0,17±0,05b,1 0,27±0,02b,2 0,025 0,001
5-Hepten-2-one, 6-methyl- 1033 m 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 1,39±0,26b,1 0,00±0,00a,2 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a,1 2,22±0,45b,2 0,00±0,00a,1 3,21±0,45c,2 0,00±0,00a,1 4,68±1,30d,2 0,001 0,001
Dodecane, 2,6,10-trimethyl- 1043 m 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 8,91±1,36b,1 14,04±2,47b,2 0,467 0,001
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Capítulo V
Undecane 1100 m 13,74±2,90b,1 18,26±2,05b,2 25,86±4,02d 29,41±7,54d 17,51±1,65c,1 21,93±3,22b,c,2 25,51±2,87d 30,71±5,70d 24,53±3,44d 24,95±5,22c,d 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,270 0,001
Dodecane 1200 m, t 1,26±0,31a,1 2,54±0,32a,2 3,12±1,02a 2,08±0,49a 5,90±0,44b,1 1,88±0,21a,2 12,12±3,03c,1 3,41±0,68a,2 13,15±2,17c 17,01±3,98b 0,97±0,17a,1 1,64±0,40a,2 0,356 0,001
Aldehídos
23,48±10,58a, 239,14±57,00d, 112,89±25,75b, 67,22±20,10b, 177,56±38,36c,
Hexanal 843 m, k 5,33±2,29a,1 2 1 2 165,60±31,55c 174,82±50,94c 1 2 9,32±3,98a,1 45,48±7,49a,2 9,22±1,44a,1 22,25±7,04a,2 0,644 0,001
Heptanal 925 m, k 0,66±0,44a 1,83±1,17a 17,99±7,08b,1 4,97±2,39a,2 3,00±1,22a,1 10,16±2,18b,2 5,45±2,54a,1 19,88±4,71c,2 5,06±4,55a 8,90±1,26b 2,40±0,89a,1 5,00±2,38a,2 0,115 0,001
a a a a a a a a a a b b
Propanal, 3-(methylthio)- 945 m, k 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,63±0,15 0,71±0,16 0,842 0,001
a a a a a a a a b b b,1 b,2
Benzaldehyde 1020 m, k 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 3,74±2,00 4,85±0,18 3,01±0,34 4,28±1,11 0,451 0,001
a a b,1 b,2 a a a a a a a a
Octanal 1047 m, k 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 20,04±3,83 4,17±1,62 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,072 0,001
Benzeneacetaldehyde 1113 m 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a,1 1,15±0,24b,2 0,00±0,00a,1 2,65±0,51c,2 2,26±0,36b 3,33±1,16c 0,011 0,001
Nonanal 1149 m, k 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 26,03±4,35b,1 0,00±0,00a,2 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a,1 22,43±1,60b,2 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,803 0,001
Alcoholes
1-Pentanol 831 m, k 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 16,48±5,98b,1 0,00±0,00a,2 0,00±0,00a,1 8,25±2,11b,2 0,00±0,00a,1 23,39±12,08c,2 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,250 0,002
1-Octen-3-ol 1026 m, k 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 70,97±15,99c,1 25,70±7,33c,2 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 18,95±4,71b,1 45,78±13,22d,2 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 8,13±1,07a 8,98±3,20b 0,620 0,001
a a a a a a b,1 a,2 c b c c
Phenol 1108 m, k 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 1,17±0,33 0,00±0,00 1,73±0,73 1,99±0,48 1,95±0,22 2,84±1,14 0,992 0,001
Ácidos
Acetic acid 706 m, k 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,40±0,04b,1 0,00±0,00a,2 0,20±0,32a,b,1 0,77±0,12b,2 1,13±0,23c,1 1,92±0,41c,2 0,319 0,001
a a a a a a a b b c a a
Butanoic acid, 3-methyl- 918 m, k 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 2,24±0,15 1,85±0,98 5,39±4,26 5,55±2,01 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,949 0,001
Hexanoic acid 1066 m, k 2,93±1,03b 2,71±1,67b 6,65±1,37c 5,01±1,14c 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a,1 4,38±0,81b,c,2 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 6,98±1,85c 9,61±2,51d 0,335 0,001
Hidrocarburos aromáticos
Toluene 797 m, k 6,94±1,79b,c 6,86±0,84c 8,31±2,06c 8,96±1,62d 4,09±0,98b 4,52±1,31b 5,44±0,89b,c 6,26±1,71c 17,31±4,61d,1 4,23±1,48b,2 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,120 0,001
o-Xylene 910 m, k 2,41±0,39c,1 4,13±1,08c,2 1,81±0,08b 2,41±0,79b 3,21±0,60d,1 0,00±0,00a,2 1,48±0,44b,1 0,00±0,00a,2 0,00±0,00a,1 1,86±0,27b,2 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,816 0,001
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Evolución de compuestos volátiles
Oxime-, methoxy-phenyl- 1014 m 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 1,65±0,63b 2,30±0,63b 0,600 0,001
Benzene, nitro- 1168 m 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 1,02±0,24b 1,15±0,34b 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 0,844 0,001
a a a a a a a a b b c c
2,3-Dimethoxytoluene 1279 m 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,42±0,25 0,52±0,13 0,63±0,03 0,72±0,20 0,688 0,001
Cetonas
2-Pentanone 733 m, k 0,00±0,00a,1 3,10±0,22c,2 1,58±0,38c,1 2,80±0,27c,2 2,93±0,22d,1 1,78±0,18b,2 2,00±0,49c 1,80±0,32b 1,63±0,25c,1 3,84±0,91d,2 0,62±0,28b,1 1,01±0,15a,2 0,001 0,001
a a a a a a b b c c a a
2-Nonanone 1140 m, k 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,84±0,26 0,75±0,05 1,73±0,43 1,47±0,26 0,00±0,00 0,00±0,00 0,725 0,001
Furanos
Furan, 2-pentyl- 1008 m, k 0,00±0,00a 0,00±0,00a 8,51±1,59c,1 2,16±0,24a,b,2 2,36±0,60b 2,68±0,55b 2,53±0,18b,1 1,92±0,41a,b,2 2,12±0,28b,1 0,73±0,14a,b,2 2,95±0,26b 4,83±3,72c 0,109 0,001
LIR: índices de retención lineal, calculados en relación con el tiempo de retención de la serie n-alcano (C5-C19).
R: Fiabilidad de la identificación: k: índice Kovats de acuerdo con la bibliografía; (Kaban, 2009; Lorenzo, 2014b; Lorenzo et al, 2012b, 2013b; Purriños et al, 2012) m: espectro
de masas de acuerdo con la base de datos (NIST05); t: posible identificación por espectro de masas.
a-e
Los valores medios que no van seguidos de la misma letra, en la misma fila (correspondiente al mismo músculo), son significativamente diferentes (P<0,05; prueba de Duncan)
(diferencias entre los puntos de muestreo).
1-2
Los valores medios que no van seguidos del mismo número, en la misma fila, son significativamente diferentes (P<0,05; prueba de Duncan) (diferencias entre los músculos).
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Capítulo V
- 114 -
Evolución de compuestos volátiles
- 115 -
VI. DICUSIÓN GENERAL
Discusión general
A lo largo de las páginas que componen la memoria de esta Tesis Doctoral se han
descrito los cambios bioquímicos que tienen lugar durante la maduración del jamón
elaborado al estilo tradicional gallego utilizando perniles procedentes de cerdo Celta, la
raza autóctona de Galicia.
- 119 -
Capítulo VI
- 120 -
Discusión general
superiores de índice de amarillo (b*) que el músculo SM. Estas diferencias están de
acuerdo con lo señalado previamente por otros autores en diferentes tipos de jamón
(Cilla et al., 2005; Franci et al., 2006) y parecen estar relacionadas con diferencias en
los valores de pH y en los contenidos de humedad y sal entre ambos músculos.
- 121 -
Capítulo VI
y MS, respectivamente. Tal disminución parece estar relacionada con la reacción de los
productos secundarios de la oxidación lipídica con residuos de proteínas, especialmente
en condiciones de bajos valores de actividad de agua, dando lugar a proteínas
modificadas por oxidación (Kikugawa et al., 1991). La evolución de los valores de
índice de TBARs observada por nosotros en ambos músculos coincide con la
previamente observada por otros autores en otros tipos de jamón (Cava et al., 1999;
Andrés et al., 2004; Koutina et al., 2012); sin embargo, el valor final observado en el
presente estudio fue notablemente superior al descrito por otros autores (Andrés et al.,
2004; Cilla et al., 2006; Marusic et al., 2011).
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Discusión general
Por otra parte, durante la maduración del jamón de cerdo Celta, en el extracto
correspondiente a las proteínas sarcoplasmáticas se detectó un aumento significativo de
las bandas generadas por algunas fracciones proteicas (89,9, 83,9, 45,9, 43,7, 36,2 y
31,4 kDa en el músculo BF, y 89,9, 83,9, 43,7, 41,8, 32,8, 31,4, 27,3 y 25,8 kDa en el
músculo SM), alcanzando estas bandas densidades óptimas máximas al final de la etapa
de “bodega”. Como han señalado previamente algunos autores (Córdoba et al., 1994;
Lorenzo et al., 2013), estas bandas podrían corresponder a productos de degradación de
las proteínas miofibrilares que fueron extraídos, y analizados por tanto, con la fracción
de proteínas sarcoplasmáticas.
- 123 -
Capítulo VI
(posiblemente troponina C), 22,4 kDa (posiblemente miosina de cadena ligera), 15,6
kDa y 17,4 kDa. Por otra parte, la fracción de 48,9 kDa (probablemente correspondiente
a la actina) disminuyó durante todo el proceso de elaboración, aunque esta disminución
no resultó estadísticamente significativa. Un comportamiento tal de la banda de actina
concuerda con los resultados descritos por Larrea et al. (2006) a lo largo de la
maduración dl jamón de la D.O. Teruel y por Lorenzo et al. (2008) en el curso de la
maduración del lacón crudo-curado. Igualmente, Tabilo et al. (1999) no encontraron
modificaciones significativas en la banda correspondiente a esta proteína durante el
proceso de elaboración del jamón curado.
- 124 -
Discusión general
- 125 -
Capítulo VI
estas relacionadas con el diferente contenido en sal, muy evidentes en las primeras
etapas del procesado, y por los diferentes valores de la relación sal/humedad que en las
etapas finales son más favorables a la actividad enzimática en el músculo BF, dada la
intensa deshidratación que sufre el músculo SM en las últimas fases del proceso
madurativo.
- 126 -
Discusión general
El sumatorio del total de los aminoácidos libres deseables (con sabor dulce –
alanina, glicina y serina- y con sabor umami – ácidos aspártico y glutámico-) (Mau y
Tseng, 1998), supuso al final del proceso madurativo el 25, 8% del total de aminoácidos
libres en el músculo BF y el 28,4% en el SM. Tal diferencia, aunque escasa, podría
reflejar también la diferencia en los procesos degradativos de las proteínas en ambos
músculos y explicaría la tradicional mayor aceptación del músculo SM por parte de los
consumidores.
- 127 -
Capítulo VI
Los ésteres resultaron ser la familia química más importante en ambos músculos
a lo largo de todo el proceso de elaboración. Su abundancia se redujo de un modo
significativo desde la pieza cruda hasta el final de la etapa de secado-maduración, para
después aumentar también de modo significativo durante la etapa de bodega,
presentando una cantidad más alta en el músculo BF que en el MS. Estos resultados
parecen indicar que los ésteres constituyen la familia química que realiza una mayor
contribución al flavor en el jamón de cerdo Celta al final de la maduración. Esta
observación está de acuerdo con los resultados ofrecidos por Bolzoni et al. (1991) en
jamón de Parma. Sin embargo en otros trabajos, los compuestos más abundantes
resultaron ser los aldehídos (Lorenzo et al., 2013a; Pastorelli et al., 2003) o los
alcoholes (Gaspardo et al., 2008). Los ésteres parecen tener su origen en la
esterificación de ácidos grasos y alcoholes durante el curado, sobre todo por la
intervención de microorganismos, principalmente bacterias lácticas y Micrococcaceae
- 128 -
Discusión general
- 129 -
Capítulo VI
rápida formación y a sus bajos umbrales de percepción (Ramírez y Cava, 2007). Es bien
conocido que los aldehídos lineales tienen su origen en la oxidación de los ácidos grasos
insaturados (Leroy et al., 2009), mientras que los de cadena ramificada proceden de la
degradación de Strecker de los aminoácidos (Théron et al., 2010). En el presente
estudio, el contenido de aldehídos descendió durante las últimas etapas del proceso de
elaboración, lo que concuerda con observaciones previas realizadas en lacón crudo-
curado elaborado también a partir de cerdo de raza Celta (Lorenzo et al., 2004). Entre
los aldehídos saturados lineales, el hexanal fue el más abundante. Este compuesto es
considerado generalmente como un buen indicador del nivel de oxidación y niveles
altos de este compuesto suelen estar asociados con una elevada oxidación de la grasa
que puede provocar olores y sabores a rancio, indeseables en cualquier caso (Pham et
al., 2008; Ramírez y Cava, 2007). El contenido de hexanal mostró una evolución
diferente en los dos músculos estudiados; tras el salado los mayores contenidos de este
aldehído se observaron en el músculo SM, mientras que a partir del post-salado fue el
músculo BF el que presentó niveles más elevados. Tal circunstancia podría estar
relacionada con los diferentes contenidos salinos en ambos músculos, inicialmente
superiores en el SM y más elevados después en el BF. Nuestros resultados en este
sentido son coherentes con los descritos por Pérez-Juan et al. (2006) que observaron una
mayor oxidación de ácidos grasos a carbonilos volátiles en el centro del jamón,
propiciada por un mayor contenido de sal a este nivel, que actuaría como prooxidante.
El origen de otros aldehídos saturados tales como el heptanal, octanal y nonanal podría
estar también relacionado con la oxidación de ácidos grasos insaturados tales como
oleico, linoleico, linolénico y araquidónico (Pastorelli et al., 2003). El descenso del
contenido total de aldehídos, y particularmente del hexanal, a partir de la fase de post-
salado podría estar asociado a la transformación de los aldehídos en ácidos carboxílicos
y otros compuestos volátiles propiciada por las mayores temperaturas en las últimas
etapas del proceso de elaboración.
- 130 -
Discusión general
- 131 -
Capítulo VI
- 132 -
Discusión general
furano estuvo presente desde el salado hasta el final del proceso de elaboración,
observándose los mayores contenidos en el producto final. Los furanos se describen
habitualmente como compuestos generados durante el calentamiento (cocinado y
tratamientos térmicos de conservación). No obstante, también han sido descritos
previamente en otros productos cárnicos crudo-curados (no tratados térmicamente)
como el jamón (García-González et al., 2008), lomo (Muriel et al., 2004) y lacón
(Purriños et al., 2013; Lorenzo et al., 2014 ).
- 133 -
Capítulo VI
composición proximal. Pudo establecerse una correlación positiva entre los valores
medios de las puntuaciones de dureza y el trabajo de corte y la fuerza de corte
determinados instrumentalmente; estos resultados concuerdan con los descritos por
Ramírez y Cava (2008) en jamón.
- 134 -
VII. CONCLUSIONES
Conclusiones
- 137 -
Capítulo VII
OCTAVA.- El análisis sensorial reveló diferencias significativas entre los dos músculos
estudiados. Las puntuaciones medias otorgadas al color amarillo de la grasa y al rojo del
magro fueron significativamente superiores en el músculo SM, mientras que las
asignadas al veteado y brillo fueron superiores en el músculo BF. Los atributos
evaluados en relación con el olor recibieron puntuaciones más elevadas en el músculo
SM. En consonancia con los resultados obtenidos de los análisis instrumentales de
textura, los catadores describieron las muestras del músculo SM como más duras y
menos jugosas que las del músculo BF.
- 138 -
VIII. BIBLIOGRAFÍA
Bibliografía
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IX. ANEXO:
Artículos que recogen los resultados
de la presente Tesis Doctoral y
criterios de calidad de las revistas
donde se han publicado
Food Control 43 (2014) 263e269
Food Control
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodcont
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: The effect of the type of muscle [semimembranosus (SM) and biceps femoris (BF)] on physicochemical and
Received 12 December 2013 sensory properties throughout the manufacture of dry-cured Celta ham was studied. A total of 30 Celta
Received in revised form hams were taken in the green stage, at the end of the salting stage, after 120 days of post-salting, at the
12 March 2014
end of drying-ripening stage and after 165 and 330 days of “bodega” step.
Accepted 18 March 2014
Available online 26 March 2014
Almost all physicochemical properties were affected by muscle type, since BF muscle presented higher
values of moisture (52.3 vs. 35.8%), intramuscular fat (7.8 vs. 5.9% of DM) and NaCl content (15.9 vs. 8.5%
of DM) than SM muscle of final dry-cured-ham. Instrumental colour parameters were also affected by
Keywords:
Muscle type
muscle type, since BF muscle had a higher redness (11.5 vs. 8.6) yellowness (8.6 vs. 5.3), and lightness
Celta ham (37.1 vs. 31.5) compared to those from SM muscle. Muscle type showed an effect of lipid oxidation and
Sensory characteristics both parameters (peroxide value and TBARS index) increased more rapidly during the manufacture in the
Physicochemical properties external muscle (SM) compared to the internal muscle (BF). The results from WarnereBratzler test
suggested an effect of muscle type; SM muscle presented higher shear force values compared to BF
muscle. Regarding sensorial analysis, panellists considered SM muscle harder (P < 0.001) and lesser juicy
(P < 0.001) than BF muscle.
Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction recovering its population and this breed has benefitted from a
breeders’ association since 1999 (Asociación de Criadores de
Dry-cured ham is a traditional meat product highly appreciated Ganado Porcino Celta-ASOPORCEL) as well as a Pedigree Book
by consumers in Europe and in other countries. Its quality is (Diario Oficial de Galicia, 2000, p. 14325). Celta pigs are generally
influenced by several factors, such as rearing system, age of the linked to extensive farming where they can offer products char-
animals, pig genotype, diet of the animals and processing condi- acterized by high specificity.
tions (Bermúdez, Franco, Franco, Carballo, & Lorenzo, 2012; Due to the special characteristics and performances of their
Carrapiso & García, 2008; Cilla, Martínez, Beltrán, & Roncalés, carcass and meat, the native pig breeds are highly appreciated for
2005). On the other hand, a number of important parameters the manufacture of high quality dry-cured meat products and for
pertaining to the quality of the raw material or dried hams at the this reason the production of Celta pigs is mainly focused to the
stages of processing have been identified, including the pH, manufacture dry-cured meat products (Lorenzo, Montes, Purriños,
instrumental colour, texture, water activity and NaCl concentration. Cobas, & Franco, 2012) such as dry-cured ham.
In Spain, several native pig breeds such as “Chato Murciano”, In the ham samples two zones can be distinguished: biceps
“Gochu Asturcelta”, “Negra Canaria”, “Negra Mallorquina” and femoris (BF) is covered with the skin and thick layer of fat (and so it
“Celta” are reared at the present. The Celta was the typical pig breed is internal) and semimembranosus (SM) muscle is superficial with
raised on farms in Galicia (northwest Spain) until the middle of the neither skin nor fat cover (and so, external). The SM is an external
20th century and from this time it suffered an important recession muscle which has high NaCl content in the first stages of the pro-
in numbers due to the introduction of improved breeds and their cess and achieves low water content rapidly, whereas the BF is an
crosses (Franco, Vázquez, & Lorenzo, 2014). Nowadays, Celta pig is internal muscle with lower NaCl content during the first stages of
the manufacturing process and with higher water content
throughout ripening (Morales, Guerrero, Serra, & Gou, 2007).
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ34 988 548 277; fax: þ34 988 548 276. The aim of this work was to study the effect of muscle type (BF
E-mail address: jmlorenzo@ceteca.net (J.M. Lorenzo). vs. SM) on physicochemical and sensorial properties through the
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.03.028
0956-7135/Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
264 R. Bermúdez et al. / Food Control 43 (2014) 263e269
manufacturing process of dry-cured Celta ham in order to establish sur Isére Cédex, France) water activity metre, previously adjusted
scientific basis for improving the quality of this high added value with sodium chloride solution (2.33 M).
meat product.
2.3.2. Chemical composition
2. Materials and methods Moisture, fat, ash and protein (Kjeldahl N 6.25) were quanti-
fied according to the ISO recommended standards 1442:1997 (ISO,
2.1. Experimental design and animal management 1997), 1443:1973 (ISO, 1973), 936:1998 (ISO, 1998) and 937:1978
(ISO, 1978), respectively. Total chlorides were quantified according
Fifteen pigs (castrated males and females) from the Celta breed to the Carpentier-Vohlard official method (ISO 1841-1:1996).
(Barcina line), all registered in the Record of Births of Stud-Book,
obtained from ASOPORCEL (the association of breeders of this 2.3.3. WarnereBraztler (WB) test
pig) were used. The animals were reared in a single group in an The Texture Analyzer (TA-XT2 of Stable Micro Sistems, UK) was
extensive system. They were fed ad libitum with commercial used to perform WarnereBraztler (WB) test. The samples for WB
concentrate suited to their nutritive needs. Pigs were slaughtered at shear test were obtained by cutting samples of approximately
12 months with an average live weight of 167.30 11.65 kg in an 1 1 2.5 cm (height width length) which were completely
accredited abattoir (Novafrigsa S.A., Lugo, Spain) using carbon di- cut perpendicular to the muscle fibre direction through using a WB
oxide as stunning procedure. Before slaughtering, they were shear blade with a triangular slot cutting edge (1 mm thickness) at a
weighed and transported to the abattoir trying to minimize the crosshead speed of 3.33 mm/s. Maximum shear force (Møller,
stress situations. 1980), firmness (Brady & Hunecke, 1985) and work cut performed
to cut the sample were obtained. The first one, shown by the peak
higher of the forceetime curve, represents the maximum resis-
2.2. Samples tance of the sample to the cut. Firmness is represented by the slope
from the beginning of the cut up to the highest point of the forcee
After the refrigeration (24 h at 4 C), leg were cut from the time curve and work cut by the area under the curve.
carcass and hams were trimmed. Thirty raw ham samples
(10.80 0.75 kg average weight) were used. Hams were dry-salted 2.3.4. Lipid oxidation
with an excess of coarse salt. A heap was formed alternating layers Peroxide value and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive sub-
of ham samples and layers of salt. In this way, the samples were stances) index were measured to assess primary and secondary
totally covered with salt. Salting was carried out during 11 days in a lipid oxidation products, respectively. Peroxide value (mEq O2/kg
salting room at 2e5 C and 90e95% relative humidity. After the fat) was determined following the AOAC Official Method 965.33
salting stage, the samples were taken from the heap, brushed, (AOAC, 2007) after extraction of the fat according to Folch, Lees, and
washed, and transferred to a post-salting room where they stayed Stanley (1957). TBARS index was measured according to the
for 120 days at 3e6 C and around 85e90% relative humidity. After method of Vyncke (1975).
the post-salting stage, the samples were ripened for 115 days in a
room where the temperature was moderately raised up to 30 C 2.3.5. Sensorial analysis
and the relative humidity progressively lowered down to 40% in Samples from the two muscles (2 mm of thickness) of the five
order to achieve adequate drying of the thighs. Then, the hams samples at the end of the manufacture were sensory analysed. Both
were left to mature for 11 additional months (“bodega” step) in a samples (BF and SM) were tested together. A panel was conducted
chamber under a temperature range of 12e24 C and a relative with eight panellists selected from the Meat Technology Centre of
humidity of 70e80%. Galicia. The panellists were trained according to the methodology
Samples were randomly taken from the fresh samples, at the proposed by ISO regulations (ISO 8586:2012) during four months
end of the salting stage, after 120 days of post-salting, at the end of with the attributes and the scale to be used. The samples were
drying-ripening stage and after 165 and 330 days of “bodega” step. individually labelled with three-digit random numbers. Ten sen-
In each sampling time, a total of five ham samples were analysed. sory traits of dry-cured Celta ham, grouped in appearance (light-
Hams were transported to the laboratory under refrigerated con- ness, lean colour, fat yellowness and marbling), odour (intensity,
ditions (<4 C) and analysed at this point. Once in the laboratory, rancidity and cured), taste (saltiness) and lean texture (hardness
the entire samples were skinned, deboned, and SM and BF muscles and juiciness) were assessed according to the methodology pro-
were obtained. Samples were divided in two. The first half was used posed by ISO regulations (ISO 3972:1991; ISO 11036:1994; ISO
for colour measurement on cut surface, for obtaining pieces of 5496:2006). The attributes definition was explained by Ruiz,
1 1 2.5 cm for WB test and for pH measurement. The second Ventanas, Cava, Timón, and García (1998). The intensity of each
half was ground for chemical composition. At the end of process, attribute was expressed on a structured scale from 0 (very low) to 9
slices of 2 mm were obtained for sensorial analysis. (very high). During sensory evaluation, the panellists were situated
in private cubicles illuminated with red light, according to ISO
2.3. Analytical methods regulations (ISO 8589:2007). Water was given to the panellists to
clean the palate and remove residual flavours at the beginning of
2.3.1. pH, water activity and colour parameters the session and between samples.
The pH of samples was measured using a digital pH-metre
(Thermo Orion 710 Aþ, Cambridgeshire, UK) equipped with a 2.4. Statistical analysis
penetration probe. Colour measurements were carried out using a
CM-600d colorimeter (Minolta Chroma Meter Measuring Head, For the statistical analysis of the results, an analysis of variance
Osaka, Japan). Each muscle was cut (20 mm) and the colour of the (ANOVA) of one way using IBM SPSS Statistics 19.0 program (IBM
slices was measured three times. CIELAB space: lightness, (L*); Corporation, Somers, NY, USA) was performed for all variables
redness, (a*); yellowness, (b*) were obtained. Before each series of considered in the study. For each parameter (individual trait)
measurements, the instrument was adjusted using a white ceramic means were compared in the different sampling times in each
tile. Water activity was determinated using a Fast-lab (Gbx, Romans muscle, and between muscles in each sampling time. The least
R. Bermúdez et al. / Food Control 43 (2014) 263e269 265
Table 1
Evolution of pH, water activity and proximate composition during the manufacturing process of dry-cured Celta ham. Effect of muscle type (BF and SM) (mean values of 5
samples).
Fresh piece After salting After post-salting After drying-ripening “Bodega” stage SEM p-Value
pH
BF 5.58a 5.63a1 5.75b1 5.90c 5.86c 6.00d 0.02 <0.001
SM 5.55a 5.50a2 5.79b2 5.91c 5.90c 5.98d 0.03 <0.001
P-value 0.345 0.005 0.027 0.886 0.190 0.554
aw
BF 0.98e1 0.96d1 0.95d1 0.94c1 0.90b1 0.87a 0.007 <0.001
SM 0.99d2 0.94c2 0.93c2 0.93c2 0.87b2 0.84a 0.001 <0.001
P-value 0.014 <0.001 0.038 0.045 0.001 0.187
Moisture (%)
e
BF 73.68 72.46e1 68.05d1 65.36c1 56.55b1 52.35a1 1.46 <0.001
SM 73.80f 65.95e2 61.12d2 56.30c2 40.54b2 35.82a2 2.51 <0.001
P-value 0.813 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Intramuscular fat (% of dry matter)
BF 8.02ab1 7.74a1 8.28b1 8.01ab1 8.03ab1 7.83ab1 0.07 0.237
SM 7.36c2 6.62ab2 5.97a2 6.47ab2 6.39ab2 5.96a2 0.12 0.002
P-value 0.011 0.011 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Protein (% of dry matter)
BF 85.03e1 83.39d1 75.85c 73.32b1 73.03b1 71.49a1 1.08 <0.001
SM 87.36c2 78.51a2 77.73a 77.99a2 81.18b2 80.73b2 0.81 <0.001
P-value 0.026 0.004 0.102 0.004 <0.001 <0.001
Ash (% of dry matter)
BF 4.58a 8.28b1 14.85c 16.60d1 19.79e1 19.68e1 1.08 <0.001
SM 4.75a 20.57e2 16.32d 13.21c2 11.22b2 11.38b2 0.98 <0.001
P-value 0.181 <0.001 0.095 0.002 <0.001 <0.001
NaCl (% of dry matter)
BF 0.50a 3.62b1 11.74c 13.02c1 16.15d1 15.87d1 1.15 <0.001
SM 0.83a 15.37e2 11.88d 10.30c2 8.44b2 8.46b2 0.90 <0.001
P-value 0.157 <0.001 0.885 0.021 <0.001 <0.001
aee
Means in the same row (corresponding to the same muscle and parameter) not followed by a common letter are significantly different (P < 0.05; Duncan test) (differences
among sampling points).
1e2
Means in the same column and parameter not followed by a common number are significantly different (P < 0.05; Duncan test) (differences between muscles).
squares mean (LSM) were separated using Duncan’s t-test. All mean pH values (5.56) were in the “normal” range of pH values in
statistical test of LSM were performed for a significance level fresh meat samples destined for ham manufacture (Cilla et al.,
P < 0.05. Correlations between variables were determined by cor- 2006; Oliver et al., 1994). In both muscles, the pH values suffered
relation analyses using the Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient small but significant (P < 0.05) increase during the whole
with the statistical software package mentioned above. manufacturing process. There was no significant differences
(P > 0.05) at the end of the process between the two muscles,
3. Result and discussion reaching a final mean value of 5.99. The final pH values were similar
to those previously reported by other authors for different hams,
3.1. Effects of processing time and muscle type on physicochemical such as Iberian (Martin, Córdoba, Antequera, Timón, & Ventanas,
properties 1998) and Serrano (Gou, Guerrero, & Arnau, 1995) but lesser than
those in dry-cured hams matured for 20 months from Teruel P.D.O.
Table 1 shows the effects of processing time on the pH, water (Cilla et al., 2005).
activity and chemical composition (moisture, intramuscular fat, The average initial values of aw for the two muscles (0.985) were
protein, ashes and chlorides) of the BF and SM muscles. The initial consistent with those observed in fresh meat (Lorenzo, García
Table 2
Evolution of colour parameters during the manufacturing process of dry-cured Celta ham. Effect of muscle type (BF and SM) (mean values of 5 samples).
Fresh piece After salting After post-salting After drying-ripening “Bodega” stage SEM p-Value
Lightness (L*)
BF 48.90d 47.84d1 40.35b1 43.48c1 39.73b1 37.11a 0.86 <0.001
SM 46.44cd 40.54d2 37.40cd2 35.27bc2 32.60ab2 31.53a 1.12 <0.001
P-value 0.129 0.014 0.031 <0.001 0.013 0.056
Redness (a*)
BF 18.13c1 18.15c1 13.48b 13.04ab1 13.81b1 11.51a1 0.52 <0.001
SM 14.04cd2 13.41cd2 14.83d 11.56bc2 10.77ab2 8.64a2 0.49 <0.001
P-value <0.001 0.017 0.146 0.010 0.043 0.006
Yellowness (b*)
BF 13.13b1 12.99b1 7.55a1 7.65a1 7.15a1 8.63a1 0.52 <0.001
SM 10.75b2 9.08b2 9.32b2 5.65a2 4.93a2 5.31a2 0.50 <0.001
P-value 0.008 0.021 0.046 0.004 0.038 0.002
aed
Means in the same row (corresponding to the same muscle and parameter) not followed by a common letter are significantly different (P < 0.05; Duncan test) (differences
among sampling points).
1e2
Means in the same column and parameter not followed by a common number are significantly different (P < 0.05; Duncan test) (differences between muscles).
266 R. Bermúdez et al. / Food Control 43 (2014) 263e269
Table 3
Evolution of textural parameters during the manufacturing process of dry-cured Celta ham. Effect of muscle type (BF and SM) (mean values of 5 samples).
Fresh piece After salting After post-salting After drying-ripening “Bodega” stage SEM p-Value
Fontán, Franco, & Carballo, 2008). The aw values decreased pro- value of 87.4 and 85.0 to 80.7 and 71.5% DM at the end of the
gressively and significantly (P < 0.05) throughout the whole “bodega” stage for SM and BF muscles, respectively. This decrease
manufacturing process in both muscles. No significant differences appears to be due to the addition and distribution of NaCl in the
(P > 0.05) between muscles were found at the end of the process. samples during the salting and post-salting stages, which would
This decrease can be attributed to the salting process and to the cause the protein contribution to the total solid content of the
increase in the NaCl content, and above all, to the intense dehy- samples to decrease substantially (Table 4). The decrease in the
dration that the samples undergo during the drying-ripening stage, protein content was less pronounced during the “bodega” stage.
in fact aw values showed a positive correlation with moisture The intramuscular fat (IMF) also decreased slightly from an initial
content and a negative correlation with salt content (Table 4). average value of 7.4 and 8.0 to 5.9 and 7.8% DM at the end of process
During processing the moisture content decreased in both for SM and BF muscles, respectively. As with the protein, this
muscles. This decrease was faster in SM than in BF due to the fact decrease appears to be due to the addition and distribution of NaCl
that SM muscle is not covered with skin and subcutaneous fat. in the samples during the salting and post-salting stages, which
There were significant differences (P < 0.001) between muscles in would cause the fat contribution to the total solid content of the
all stages of the manufacturing process, reaching final average samples to decrease substantially. In general, protein contents are
values of 52.35 and 35.82% for BF and SM, respectively. The final lower and fat contests higher in BF than in SM muscle.
moisture content determined in the present study obtained as Regarding NaCl and ash content, a different trend was observed
mean value of both muscles (44.08%) was lower than those in the two muscles, since in BF muscle the highest increase occurred
observed in Iberian (Martin et al., 1988) Serrano (Armenteros, during the post-salting stage (from 0.5 to 11.74% of DM) due to the
Aristoy, Barat, & Toldrá, 2012), French (Buscailhon, Berdagué, fact that salt is distributed homogeneously throughout the whole
Gandemer, Touraille, & Monin, 1994) or Italian (Toscani, Virgili, piece in this stage, while in SM muscle salt level increased rapidly
Corbari, & Calzolari, 2000) hams. However, similar values were during the salting stage (from 0.83 to 15.37% of DM) as this muscle is
found in Iberian ham (Carrapiso & García, 2008). In terms of water in direct contact with salt during salting step. During the next steps
loss, the dehydration was more intense (two fold in quantitative of process, the concentration of salt in BF muscle continued to in-
terms) during the drying-ripening stage due to both the duration of crease till the end of the process, whereas in SM muscle the level of
this stage and the environmental conditions (higher temperature salt only increased during the salting stage where maximum values
and lower relative humidity) in the chamber where it takes place. were reached and then dropped to the end of process. At the final
A significant (P < 0.001) decrease in the protein content, stage, the average NaCl content in SM (8.46% of DM) was lesser than
expressed in % of dry matter, was observed during the the values (9.29e11.4% of DM) reported by some authors for Iberian
manufacturing process for the two muscles, from an initial average (Mariscal, García-Ruíz, Soriano, & Cabezudo, 2004) and Serrano
Table 4
Pearson correlations between physicochemical parameters and sensorial properties.
aw Moisture NaCl IMF Protein CIE L*-value TBARS Work cut Shear force Hardness Marbling Juiciness
aw 1.000
Moisture 0.938** 1.000
NaCl 0.825** 0.373** 1.000
IMF 0.490** 0.589** 0.053 1.000
Protein 0.433** 0.300* 0.929** 0.241 1.000
CIE L*-value 0.826** 0.824** 0.496** 0.591** 0.512** 1.000
TBARS 0.058 0.009 0.549** 0.004 0.527** 0.170 1.000
Work cut 0.031 0.130 0.203 0.479** 0.079 0.424** 0.277 1.000
Shear force 0.409** 0.317* 0.119 0.271 0.184 0.014 0.133 0.816** 1.000
Hardness 0.308 0.919** 0.893** 0.790** 0.541* 0.608** 0.320 0.642** 0.637** 1.000
Marbling 0.174 0.472* 0.658** 0.495** 0.787** 0.625** 0.421 0.086 0.293 0.555* 1.000
Juiciness 0.319 0.816** 0.778** 0.661** 0.348 0.566** 0.255 0.383 0.461* 0.764** 0.502* 1.000
(Mariscal et al., 2004) hams. However, other authors (Buscailhon 3.2. Effects of processing time and muscle type on lipid oxidation
et al., 1994; Gou et al., 1995) reported values even two and three
times higher (13e20% of DM). The progression of lipid oxidation during the manufacturing
The changes in the colour parameters in both muscles (BF and process of dry-cured Celta ham was evaluated by two markers of
SM) throughout the manufacturing process are shown in Table 2. In lipid oxidation, peroxide value and TBARS, as shown in Fig. 1.
dry-cured ham, colour is one of the greatest characteristic of Peroxide values were quantified in the lipid fraction extracted from
appearance (Ruiz, García, Muriel, Andrés, & Ventanas, 2002) and it is the muscles and correspond to the concentration of lipid peroxides,
assumed that it could influence the consumer’s choice of sliced ham normally considered as primary lipid oxidation products. As shown
in the supermarket. Ripening time affected the lightness (CIE L*- in Fig. 1A, peroxide values of BF muscle increased from raw samples
value) (P < 0.001), redness (CIE a*-value) (P < 0.001), and yellow- to the end of the drying-ripening stage being this muscle followed
ness (CIE b*-value) (P < 0.001). In all colour traits the trend was by a rapid decrease. In contrast, peroxide values in SM muscle
similar because significant decreases were observed during the reached a maximum after the post-salting step, indicating that lipid
manufacturing process. The decrease was more marked in SM yel- oxidation progresses more rapidly in the external (SM) compared to
lowness index. This difference between muscles could be related to the internal (BF) muscle. This may be explained by the higher
differences in pH, moisture and salt content. It was found from availability of oxygen and salt in the external muscle. Similar be-
Pearson correlation test, that CIE L*-values was linked to moisture haviours were found in Iberian dry-cured ham by Cava, Ruiz,
content (Table 4). In the same line, some authors (Sanabria, Martín- Ventanas, and Antequera (1999) who noticed a maximum
Alvarez, & Carrascosa, 2004) showed that moisture loss raised peroxide value after 7 months and a subsequent minimum level at
pigment concentrations such as myoglobin and caused a reduction in the end of the ripening stage (24 months), and in Parma ham by
L*-values. On the other hand, CIE L*-values also fall as salt concen- Koutina, Jongberg, and Skibsted (2012), who observed an increase
tration increased (Table 4). A similar trend in CIE L*-values was re- in peroxide values during the first months of the production, fol-
ported by Sanabria et al. (2004) for dry-cured ham. However, in dry- lowed by a fast decrease during the final stages. The decline of
cured hams from Teruel P.D.O matured during different times (from peroxide content in both muscles may be explained by the subse-
12 to 26 months), Cilla et al. (2005) did not report significant changes quent formation of secondary lipid oxidation products, such as al-
in the colour parameters with the exception of BF redness index. In dehydes or ketones, often referred to as reactive carbonyl species
addition, numerous and significant differences between muscles (Antequera et al., 1992).
were found in almost all processing stages (Table 2). BF muscle was TBARS values increased significantly (P < 0.001) during the
brighter (higher CIE L*-value) and redder (higher CIE a*-value) and salting and post-salting period, reaching the highest values after
also had higher CIE b*-values than SM muscle. These findings are in drying and post-salting stages for BF and SM muscles, respectively.
agreement with those reported by Franci et al. (1996) for dry-cured TBARS values increased more rapidly in the external muscle (SM)
ham. Also, Cilla et al. (2005) found the same trend, although differ- compared to the internal muscle (BF) in accordance with the for-
ences in colour values were not as large as those presented in this mation of the primary lipid oxidation. The increase in malonalde-
work. In fact, values of redness and yellowness in the same range hyde contents during the post-salting stage and during the dry-
were noticed by Cilla et al. (2005) in SM and BF muscles at 18 months. ripening period could be related to the prooxidant action of
Table 3 shows the changes in the instrumental texture param- metallic ions present as impurities in the salt used in the curing
eters during the whole process. The results from WB test showed process. Pearson correlation test indicated that TBARS values were
significant differences (P < 0.001) in shear force and firmness in positively correlated to NaCl content (Table 4). From these
both muscles over time, while work cut for BF was not affected by maximum values, a significant (P < 0.001) drop was observed at the
processing time (P > 0.05). Between muscles significant differences end of process reaching final average values of 1.57 and 1.38 mg
(P < 0.05) were obtained with the exception of the initial point MDA/kg of muscle for BF and SM muscles, respectively. The
(P > 0.05). At the end of the process, shear force was lower in BF decrease in TBARS values for BF and SM muscle was assigned to the
than in SM muscle (3.81 vs. 6.62 kg/cm2; P < 0.001). The final mean advanced reactions of secondary lipid oxidation products with
value of shear force (5.22 kg/cm2) was lesser than those recorded by protein residues, especially for conditions of low water activity to
Soriano Pérez, Quiles Zafra, and García Ruiz (2001) (6.84 kg/cm2) yield oxidatively modified proteins (Kikugawa, Kato, & Hayasaka,
and by Franci et al. (2007) who reported values of 20.9 kg and 1991). Increased TBARS values in dry-cured ham during the first
15.36 kg for BF and SM muscles, respectively. stages of production followed by a decrease toward the final stages
Fig. 1. Evolution of lipid oxidation during the manufacturing process of dry-cured Celta ham. Effect of muscle type (BF and SM): A) lipid peroxide values and B) TBARS index. Plotted
values are the mean and standard deviations of 5 samples.
268 R. Bermúdez et al. / Food Control 43 (2014) 263e269
have previously been reported for Iberian ham (Andrés, Cava, (P < 0.001) than those from BF muscle (Fig. 2). These results are
Ventanas, Thovar, & Ruiz, 2004; Cava et al., 1999) and Parma ham consistent with those reported by Ramirez and Cava (2008) who
(Koutina et al., 2012). At the end of the process there were no sig- also found a positive correlation between hardness scores and
nificant differences (P > 0.05) between muscles. The final mean WBSF.
value (1.48 mg MDA/kg muscle) was three fold higher than values Differences in sensory textural attributes could be caused by
obtained in Istrian (Marusi c, Petrovi
c, Vida
cek, Petrak, & Medi
c, several factors: (i) final pH in fresh meat, (ii) IMF content and (iii)
2011), Iberian (Andres et al., 2004) and Teruel P.D.O. (Cilla et al., moisture content (Ramirez & Cava, 2008). Increasing IMF levels
2006) hams. reduce the force for chewing, ease the separation of muscle fibres
and cause an enhanced perception of meat tenderness (Essén-
Gustavson, Karlsson, Lundström, & Enfalt, 1994). In this sense,
3.3. Effect of muscle type on sensory characteristics
better sensory texture parameters have been reported in Iberian
hams with higher IMF content and significant positive correlations
Mean scores for sensory characteristics are shown in Fig. 2.
between marbling and juiciness (Ramirez & Cava, 2008). In agree-
Almost all sensory properties were significantly (P < 0.05) affected
ment in the present study, a significant positive correlation be-
by muscle type, with the exception of saltiness, which showed
tween IMF content and juiciness and a negative correlation
similar scores in both muscles. Within appearance, fat yellowness
between moisture content and juiciness were found (Table 4).
and lean redness scores were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in SM
muscle compared to BF muscle (5.6 vs. 2.3 and 7.3 vs. 2.5 for fat
yellowness and lean redness, respectively). On the other hand, 4. Conclusions
significant differences (P < 0.01) were also observed for marbling
(1.61 vs. 3.61 for SM and BF muscles, respectively) and lightness The results of this study indicated that the physicochemical and
(3.06 vs. 5.02, P < 0.001 for SM and BF muscles, respectively). These sensory properties of dry-cured Celta ham were affected by muscle
results are consistent with data reported for instrumental colour type. Samples from BF muscle had more salt content and intra-
determination and IMF, protein and moisture contents. In agree- muscular fat level compared to SM muscle. On the other hand,
ment with this, Pearson correlations indicated that CIE L*-value was instrumental colour parameters of lean indicated that BF muscle
positively correlated to moisture content and negatively correlated had a higher redness (higher CIE a*-value), higher yellowness (CIE
to marbling and protein content (Table 4). These results agree with b*-value) and higher lightness (higher CIE L*-value) compared to
previous reports from Carrapiso and García (2008) and Ramirez and SM muscle. The results from WB test suggested an effect of muscle
Cava (2008) who also obtained a significant correlation between type, since SM muscle presented more hardness compared to
CIE L*-value and marbling and suggested that colour of Iberian ham samples from BF muscle. Finally, sensory analysis showed that
is more influenced by fat distribution than by chemical IMF content samples from SM muscle were harder and less juicy than those
of the muscle. from BF muscle.
The odour (intensity, rancidity and cured) traits were also Owing to the extended manufacture period (long “ripening”
significantly (P < 0.05) affected by muscle type, since the highest and, above all, “bodega” steps) and to the special features of the
scores were obtained in samples from SM muscle (see Fig. 2). In this ham pieces in the Celta pig (less thickness than in the hams from
line, Ramirez and Cava (2008) suggested a close relationship among industrial breeds and crosses) further investigations are needed on
IMF/marbling, aroma and odour intensity but we did not find any reduction of the salting time and covering the ham surface (using
correlation among these parameters in our study. pork fat) before the “ripening” and “bodega” steps in order to
Finally, panellists observed significant differences between improve the texture and juiciness of the SM muscle.
muscles in texture traits that are in agreement with those detected
by instrumental techniques (see Table 3). It was found from Pearson Acknowledgements
correlation test that hardness scores were correlated to work cut
and shear force (Table 4). Panellists scored dry-cured Celta ham Authors are grateful to Xunta de Galicia (The Regional Govern-
samples from SM muscle harder (P < 0.001) and less juicy ment) (Project FEADER 2010/15) for the financial support. Special
thanks to “ASOPORCEL” (Asociación de Criadores de Ganado
Porcino Celta) for the ham samples supplied for this research.
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Food Research International 56 (2014) 226–235
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: The effect of the muscle type [semimembranosus (SM) and biceps femoris (BF)] on the evolution of free amino
Received 7 October 2013 acids and sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins throughout the manufacture of Celta dry-cured ham was stud-
Accepted 17 December 2013 ied. A total of thirty Celta hams were analyzed, 5 in the green stage, 5 after the end of the salting stage, 5 after
Available online 26 December 2013
120 days of post-salting, 5 after the end of the drying–ripening stage, 5 after 165 days and 5 after 330 days of
“bodega” step. Possibly due to its higher moisture values, the BF muscle underwent higher protein degradation
Keywords:
Celta ham
than the SM muscle. The average of total FAA content increased significantly (P b 0.001) from 567.3 and
Biceps femoris 570.3 mg/100 g of dry matter in the raw pieces to 7884.1 and 4595.9 mg/100 g of dry matter at the end of the
Semimembranosus “bodega” stage for BF and SM muscles, respectively. SDS-PAGE analysis also revealed that myofibrillar proteins
Sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins were more intensely degraded in BF muscle, differences being more evident for the 48.9 kDa and 33.1 kDa
Free amino acids proteins.
© 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0963-9969/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2013.12.023
R. Bermúdez et al. / Food Research International 56 (2014) 226–235 227
processing. This promotes greater proteolytic activity in this muscle, 2.3.2. Free amino acids
which will affect mainly texture properties (Virgili, Schivazappa, The extraction and the derivatization of free amino acids were per-
Parolari, Bordini, & Degni, 1998). On the other hand, semimembranosus formed as described by Alonso, Álvarez, and Zapico (1994). Their iden-
is close to the surface and without subcutaneous fat covering enabling tification and quantification were carried out using a HPLC instrument
a fast and easy salt uptake after the salting step and inhibiting the pro- Alliance 2695 model (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) and a UV/visible Wa-
teolytic processes and their consequences on texture and flavor. ters 996 photodiode array detector (Waters), following the conditions
The objective of this study was to assess the effect of muscle type described by Alonso et al. (1994) with some minor modifications. The
(biceps femoris vs. semimembranosus) on the free amino acid formation Empower 2™ advanced software (Waters) was used to control system
and sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein degradation through the operation and result management. The column used was a reversed
manufacturing process of Celta dry-cured ham, which would explain phase Kinetex 5 μm C18 4.6 mm ID × 250 mm (Phenomenex, Tor-
differences in sensory characteristics between the two muscles. The rance, CA, USA). The temperature of the column was controlled to
findings could help to establish scientific basis for improving the quality 50 °C with a column heater Spectra Physics 8792 (Spectra Physics, San
of this high added value dry-cured meat product. Jose, CA, USA). The wavelength of the detector was at 254 nm. Stan-
dards of the 21 individual amino acids were supplied by Sigma Chemical
2. Materials and methods Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA).
2.1. Experimental design and animal management 2.3.3. Sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein extraction and separation
Extraction of muscle proteins was carried out as described by
Fifteen pigs (castrated males and females) from the Celta breed Sentandreu, Fraser, Halket, Patel, and Bramley (2010) with some mod-
(Barcina line), all registered in the Record of Births of Stud-Book, obtain- ifications: one gram of each muscle sample was homogenized with
ed from ASOPORCEL (the association of breeders of this pig) were used. 10 mL of 50 mM Tris–HCl buffer (pH 8.0) in a homogenizer (IUL masti-
The animals were reared in a single group in an extensive system. They cator, Silver, Barcelona, Spain) for 2 min, followed by a further homog-
were fed ad libitum with commercial concentrate suited to their nutri- enization in a Polytron® homogenizer (KINEMATICA AG, Luzern,
tive needs. Pigs were slaughtered at 12 months with an average live Switzerland) for 1 min. The homogenate was then centrifuged at
weight of 167.30 ± 11.65 kg in an accredited abattoir (Novafrigsa 10,000 g for 20 min at 4 °C in an Allegra X-22R centrifuge (Beckman,
S.A., Lugo, Spain) using carbon dioxide as the stunning procedure. Be- Fullerton, CA, USA). The supernatant was collected, constituting the sar-
fore slaughtering, they were weighed and transported to the abattoir coplasmic extract in which all the soluble proteins were contained. The
trying to minimize the stress situations. pellet was washed in 10 mL of the same buffer and then homogenized
with a vortex for 1 min. After centrifugation at 10,000 g for 20 min at
2.2. Samples 4 °C in the Allegra X-22R centrifuge, the supernatant was discarded,
collecting the precipitate, which was redissolved in 10 mL of 50 mM
After refrigeration (24 h at 4 °C), legs were cut from the carcass and Tris–HCl (pH 8.0), containing 6 M urea and 1 M thiourea, and homoge-
hams were trimmed. Thirty raw ham pieces (10.80 ± 0.75 kg average nized in a vortex for 5 min in order to solubilize the myofibrillar pro-
weight) and pH values ranged from 5.51 to 5.59 and from 5.53 to 5.68 teins. The homogenate was finally centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min
for SM and BF muscles, respectively were used. Hams were dry-salted in the Allegra X-22R centrifuge, collecting the supernatant that consti-
with an excess of coarse salt. A heap was formed alternating layers of tuted the myofibrillar protein extract. Both sarcoplasmic and myofibril-
ham pieces and layers of salt. In this way, the pieces were totally cov- lar extracts were filtered through 0.45 μm membrane filters (Filter Lab,
ered with salt. Salting was carried out for 11 days in a salting room at Barcelona, Spain) prior to use. Quantification of sarcoplasmic proteins
2–5 °C and around 90–95% relative humidity. After the salting stage, was carried out using the commercial kit Quick Start bovine serum albu-
the pieces were taken from the heap, brushed, washed, and transferred min standard set (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA), while myofibrillar pro-
to a post-salting room where they stayed for 120 days at 3–6 °C and teins were quantified using the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method
around 85–90% relative humidity. After the post-salting stage, the (Smith, Krohn, & Hermanson, 1985).
pieces were ripened for 115 days in a room where the temperature Separation and identification of the proteins were carried out by
was moderately raised up to 30 °C and the relative humidity progres- SDS-PAGE on a discontinuous buffered system according to Laemmli
sively lowered down to 40% in order to achieve adequate drying of the (1970) using a separation gel (12% polyacrylamide) and a stacking gel
thighs. Then, the hams were left to mature for 11 additional months (4% polyacrylamide). A volume of 10 μL (1 mg/mL of protein) of sarco-
(“bodega” step) in a chamber under a temperature range of 12–24 °C plasmic or myofibrillar proteins was mixed with 19 μL of Laemmli buff-
and a relative humidity of 70–80%. er (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) and 1 μL of 2-mercaptoethanol (Merck,
Samples were randomly taken from the fresh pieces, after the end Darmstadt, Germany). A protein molecular weight standard (Bio-Rad,
of the salting stage, after 120 days of post-salting, after the end of the Hercules, CA, USA) composed by myosin (211 kDa), β-galactosidase
drying–ripening stage and after 165 and 330 days of “bodega” step. (119 kDa), bovine serum albumin (79 kDa), ovoalbumin (53 kDa),
In each sample point, a total of five ham pieces were analyzed. carbonic anhydrase (37 kDa), tyrosine inhibitor (29 kDa), lysozyme
Hams were transported to the laboratory under refrigerated condi- (18 kDa) and aprotinin (6 kDa) was run in parallel for protein iden-
tions (b 4 °C) and analyzed at this point. Once in the laboratory, the tification. Electrophoresis was performed in a Mini-Protean Tetra
entire pieces were skinned, deboned, and semimembranosus (SM) system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) and was conducted at 220 V
and biceps femoris (BF) muscles were obtained. The muscles were until the front reached the gel baseline. Gels were fixed for 15 min
minced, homogenized, vacuum packed and stored at − 80 °C for no in a methanol/water/acetic acid (50:43:7) solution, stained with 0.05%
longer than four weeks until analysis. (w/v) Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 (Panreac, Barcelona, Spain)
dissolved in a methanol/acetic acid/water (45:10:45) solution for
2.3. Analytical methods 2 h, and destained overnight in a methanol/ethanol/acetic acid/water
(20:10:5:65) solution.
2.3.1. Chemical composition After the destaining process, the proteins and their degradation
Moisture was quantified according to the ISO 1442:1997 recom- products were identified according to their molecular weights estimat-
mended standard (ISO, 1997), whereas total chlorides were quantified ed from their relative electrophoretic motilities compared to the molec-
according to the Charpentier–Volhard official method following the ular weight standards. The amount of each protein band was related to
ISO 1841-1:1996 standard (ISO, 1996). the optical density using a densitometry scanner Gel Doc™ XR +
228 R. Bermúdez et al. / Food Research International 56 (2014) 226–235
BF
imaging system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) and an Image Lab software
20 SM
(Bio-Rad). The most significant bands of each lane were selected to cal-
2d 1d 1d
culate their relative quantity with respect to the total optical density of
each sample. 1c
3. Results and discussion Fig. 2. Evolution of NaCl (% dry matter) of biceps femoris and semimembranosus muscles
throughout the manufacture of Celta dry-cured ham. Fresh piece (A), after salting (B),
after post-salting (C), after dry-ripening (D), “Bodega 1” (E) and “Bodega 2” (F). Plotted
3.1. Effect of muscle type on free amino acid contents values are the means of five samples, standard deviation values are presented with
lines. a–dMeans for the same muscle not followed by a common letter are significantly dif-
The evolution of moisture, salt, total free amino acid (FAA) and FAA ferent (P b 0.05) (differences among processing steps). 1–2Means in the same processing
contents along the processing of Celta ham and the effect of muscle type step not followed by a common number are significantly different (P b 0.05) (differences
between muscles).
(BF vs. SM) are shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 3 and Table 1, respectively. In
general, the effect of ripening time was significant, whereas muscle
Zhao et al., 2005). These marked differences could be related to differ-
type showed significant differences (P b 0.05) after the post-salting
ences in NaCl content (15.8 and 8.5% for BF and SM muscles, respective-
stage. Twenty-two amino acids were identified by the chromatographic
ly against 5.7% in those studies) (Fig. 2), because salt is an effective
procedure (Table 1). These FAAs have been usually identified when
inhibitor of most muscle proteases (Flores, Aristoy, & Toldrá, 1997)
studying dry-cured ham (Jurado et al., 2007; Martín, Antequera,
and therefore could cause differences in the release of FAA during the
Ventanas, Benítez-Donoso, & Córdoba, 2001; Virgili, Saccani, Gabba,
process.
Tanzi, & Soresi-Bordini, 2007; Zhao et al., 2008; Zhao et al., 2005). The
In line with this, the different total FAA contents observed in the two
main FFA, in both muscles, in the raw pieces was taurine, followed by al-
muscles from the end of the post-salting stage to the end of the
anine and glutamine, which is in agreement with those observed in
manufacturing process could be related with the differences found be-
fresh pork pieces by other authors (Lorenzo, García-Fontán, Franco, &
tween muscles in NaCl level after the salting step (3.62 vs. 15.37% dry
Carballo, 2008).
matter, for BF and SM muscles, respectively) (Fig. 2). The aminopepti-
The average of total FAA content increased significantly (P b 0.001)
dase activity is considered the main agent implied in the FAA release
from 567.3 and 570.3 mg/100 g of dry matter in the raw pieces to
in meat. However, the enzymatic activity is negatively affected by the
7884.1 and 4595.9 mg/100 g of dry matter at the end of the “bodega”
relative increase of the salt concentration occurring during drying and
stage for BF and SM muscles, respectively (Fig. 3). These final contents
ripening due to water evaporation and, as a consequence, by the corre-
were similar to those reported in previous studies on dry-cured ham
spondent changes in the physico-chemical properties of the matrix (pH
(about 4000 mg/100 g dry matter; Córdoba et al., 1994; Martín et al.,
value, temperature and activity water) (Zhao et al., 2005). Thus, total
2001; Ruiz et al., 1999). However, other studies displayed higher total
concentrations (about 12,500 g/100 g dry matter, Jurado et al., 2007;
80 10000 BF
BF SM
Total FAA (mg/100 g dry matter)
e f 1e SM
1e
70 2e 1d 8000
1c
2d 1d
Moisture (%)
60 2c 1b 6000
1a 1c
2d
2c 2c
50 4000
2b 1b
2b
40 2a 2000
a a a a
30 0
A B C D E F A B C D E F
Processing step Processing step
Fig. 1. Evolution of moisture content of biceps femoris and semimembranosus muscles Fig. 3. Evolution of total FAA (mg/100 dry matter) of biceps femoris and semimembranosus
throughout the manufacture of Celta dry-cured ham. Fresh piece (A), after salting (B), muscles throughout the manufacture of Celta dry-cured ham. Fresh piece (A), after salting
after post-salting (C), after dry-ripening (D), “Bodega 1” (E) and “Bodega 2” (F). Plotted (B), after post-salting (C), after dry-ripening (D), “Bodega 1” (E) and “Bodega 2” (F). Plot-
values are the means of five samples, standard deviation values are presented with ted values are the means of five samples, standard deviation values are presented with
lines. a–fMeans for the same muscle not followed by a common letter are significantly dif- lines. a–eMeans for the same muscle not followed by a common letter are significantly dif-
ferent (P b 0.05) (differences among processing steps). 1–2Means in the same processing ferent (P b 0.05) (differences among processing steps). 1–2Means in the same processing
step not followed by a common number are significantly different (P b 0.05) (differences step not followed by a common number are significantly different (P b 0.05) (differences
between muscles). between muscles).
R. Bermúdez et al. / Food Research International 56 (2014) 226–235 229
Table 1
Variation in free amino acid concentrations (mg/100 g of dry matter) during the manufacture of Celta dry-cured ham. Effect of muscle type (mean values from 5 pieces in each sampling
point).
BF SM P BF SM P BF SM P BF SM P
value value value value
Aspartic acid 3.7 ± 0.31a 4.5 ± 0.32a 0.003 4.8 ± 0.6a 4.1 ± 0.8a 0.193 38.5 ± 4.11b 12.8 ± 4.12ab 0.000 66.1 ± 12.11c 13.7 ± 1.62b 0.000
Glutamic acid 41.5 ± 3.7a 40.4 ± 2.2a 0.583 35.8 ± 8.6a 30.3 ± 6.7a 0.297 156.8 ± 10.31b 108.1 ± 23.52b 0.003 267.9 ± 44.51c 185.1 ± 33.52c 0.011
Hydroxiproline 4.2 ± 0.3a 3.5 ± 0.62a 0.048 4.4 ± 0.3a 3.5 ± 1.1b 0.109 8.4 ± 0.61b 6.5 ± 1.42a 0.019 8.9 ± 0.31c 3.4 ± 0.42a 0.000
Asparagine 11.5 ± 1.3a 12.0 ± 0.7a 0.480 13.2 ± 1.4a 11.6 ± 1.05a 0.073 76.1 ± 4.61b 41.1 ± 4.42c 0.000 105.4 ± 13.61c 69.8 ± 7.82b 0.001
Serine 19.9 ± 2.6a 20.0 ± 2.9a 0.948 23.9 ± 2.5a 23.9 ± 2.3a 0.996 163.2 ± 5.61b 100.1 ± 7.72b 0.000 251.4 ± 29.01c 189.9 ± 24.72c 0.007
Glutamine 60.6 ± 3.41a 47.7 ± 6.72a 0.005 55.1 ± 7.5a 58.1 ± 11.4b 0.540 134.1 ± 14.61b 93.1 ± 19.32c 0.005 111.1 ± 14.81b 84.4 ± 3.62c 0.005
Glycine 25.0 ± 1.21a 29.6 ± 1.62a 0.001 27.2 ± 0.7a 28.7 ± 4.1a 0.426 137.7 ± 8.81b 87.3 ± 4.82b 0.000 225.8 ± 20.71c 158.6 ± 15.02c 0.000
Histidine 14.3 ± 1.2a 16.0 ± 1.6a 0.123 16.4 ± 1.7a 17.3 ± 1.2a 0.339 108.1 ± 3.81b 69.5 ± 1.52b 0.000 180.6 ± 12.31c 118.3 ± 11.82c 0.000
Taurine 101.2 ± 1.2a 94.3 ± 9.3a 0.311 98.5 ± 17.2a 117.9 ± 23.1ab 0.170 209.5 ± 26.1b 190.4 ± 12.5c 0.180 225.8 ± 10.61bc 180.7 ± 31.12c 0.015
Arginine 21.7 ± 2.7a 21.6 ± 3.8a 0.955 28.4 ± 5.7a 27.2 ± 3.5a 0.690 233.7 ± 4.31b 130.2 ± 7.42b 0.000 394.9 ± 16.51c 269.4 ± 27.02c 0.000
Threonine 17.4 ± 0.9a 18.6 ± 1.6a 0.168 22.8 ± 1.51a 20.5 ± 1.52a 0.041 150.8 ± 2.21b 81.4 ± 3.42b 0.000 253.5 ± 11.41c 158.9 ± 23.62c 0.000
Alanine 66.0 ± 2.61a 71.0 ± 3.12a 0.025 71.4 ± 4.0a 66.8 ± 5.2a 0.152 254.2 ± 6.51b 186.9 ± 6.92b 0.000 403.0 ± 16.91c 356.1 ± 39.82c 0.041
Proline 15.8 ± 1.51a 19.0 ± 1.62a 0.012 22.1 ± 1.6a 22.8 ± 1.4a 0.455 151.9 ± 5.41b 86.8 ± 4.32b 0.000 267.6 ± 34.71c 175.9 ± 12.92c 0.001
Cysteine 2.1 ± 0.3a 2.7 ± 0.6a 0.109 4.2 ± 1.11b 9.1 ± 1.02b 0.000 27.4 ± 2.6c 24.8 ± 3.9d 0.244 32.7 ± 1.71c 27.1 ± 3.72d 0.015
Tyrosine 8.1 ± 1.51a 5.1 ± 1.02a 0.005 19.7 ± 2.9a 23.1 ± 1.9b 0.065 135.6 ± 2.11b 80.5 ± 4.82c 0.000 217.8 ± 10.81c 155.4 ± 9.72d 0.000
Valine 24.0 ± 1.0a 24.8 ± 0.7a 0.167 28.6 ± 3.21a 23.3 ± 1.62a 0.011 164.5 ± 4.41b 88.1 ± 1.92b 0.000 295.0 ± 15.61c 194.1 ± 20.02c 0.000
Methionine 12.9 ± 1.11a 15.3 ± 1.32a 0.014 16.9 ± 1.7a 17.4 ± 1.7a 0.645 86.7 ± 2.11b 54.4 ± 2.32b 0.000 144.7 ± 6.51c 97.5 ± 15.62c 0.000
Isoleucine 20.6 ± 1.0a 20.1 ± 0.9a 0.496 24.9 ± 2.9a 23.1 ± 1.9a 0.279 153.3 ± 4.71b 75.9 ± 4.32bb 0.000 258.0 ± 21.71c 164.9 ± 18.62c 0.000
Leucine 39.2 ± 2.1a 40.9 ± 2.6a 0.283 47.1 ± 0.91a 40.6 ± 3.72a 0.006 262.6 ± 9.41b 149.7 ± 6.82b 0.000 431.3 ± 18.41c 297.4 ± 32.52c 0.000
Phenylalanine 24.5 ± 1.7a 25.1 ± 1.9a 0.580 29.4 ± 2.5a 28.5 ± 3.2a 0.661 155.8 ± 6.21b 88.1 ± 4.82b 0.000 265.2 ± 10.31c 172.1 ± 18.22c 0.000
Tryptophan 5.8 ± 0.81a 8.9 ± 2.82a 0.047 7.4 ± 1.21a 4.3 ± 0.42a 0.001 39.6 ± 1.71b 19.1 ± 0.62b 0.000 71.5 ± 9.71c 35.1 ± 3.42c 0.000
Lysine 26.3 ± 2.8a 28.1 ± 2.8a 0.358 35.8 ± 6.5a 37.1 ± 3.5a 0.719 255.1 ± 9.71b 162.9 ± 10.52b 0.000 492.1 ± 37.91c 418.0 ± 43.72c 0.021
1–2
Means in the same row and sampling point not followed by a common number are significantly different (P b 0.05) (differences between muscles). a–fMeans in the same row and mus-
cle not followed by a common letter are significantly different (P b 0.05; Duncan test) (differences among sampling points). Significance: *** (P b 0.001); ** (P b 0.01); * (P b 0.05); n.s.
(not significant). SEM: standard error of the mean.
FAA content increased more rapidly in the internal muscle (BF) com- matter in the post-salting step; 1866.7 and 1588.1 mg/100 g of dry mat-
pared to the external muscle (SM) (Fig. 3). ter during the drying–ripening phase; 1484.9 and 245.3 mg/100 g of
FAA content variations depend on the ratio between FAA formation dry matter in the first “bodega” point; and 1428.6 and 824.6 mg/100 g
and degradation. In our study, the increase in FAA content was observed of dry matter during the second “bodega” point, for BF and SM muscles,
over the whole manufacturing process: 71.7 and 70 mg/100 g of dry respectively. The enzymatic activities responsible for the FAA release
matter after the salting stage; 2465.6 and 1298.5 mg/100 g of dry are temperature dependent (Zhao et al., 2005). The temperature
Table 2
Mean values for relative density (%) of electrophoretic bands corresponding to sarcoplasmic proteins extracted from Celta dry-cured ham during the manufacturing process. Effect of mus-
cle type (mean values from 5 pieces in each sampling point).
Table 1
Variation in free amino acid concentrations (mg/100 g of dry matter) during the manufacture of Celta dry-cured ham. Effect of muscle type (mean values from 5 pieces in each sampling
point).
BF SM P value BF SM P value BF SM
116.4 ± 6.91c 46.2 ± 12.72c 0.000 117.6 ± 7.91d 90.8 ± 7.32d 0.003 0.000 0.000
362.9 ± 17.71d 247.2 ± 37.82d 0.000 389.7 ± 9.91d 303.4 ± 7.42e 0.000 0.000 0.000
9.5 ± 0.91cd 3.0 ± 0.32a 0.000 5.4 ± 0.81d 3.6 ± 0.52a 0.013 0.000 0.000
93.5 ± 1.71c 45.3 ± 5.12b 0.000 93.4 ± 7.01d 48.4 ± 8.42b 0.000 0.000 0.000
339.6 ± 10.41d 194.7 ± 21.52c 0.000 403.5 ± 4.2e 320.7 ± 25.2d 0.003 0.000 0.000
37.2 ± 4.21c 17.5 ± 4.22a 0.000 26.5 ± 3.01d 16.1 ± 2.52a 0.002 0.000 0.000
299.9 ± 17.51d 162.5 ± 26.12c 0.000 368.8 ± 20.31e 194.7 ± 6.42d 0.000 0.000 0.000
250.4 ± 16.71d 137.6 ± 22.82d 0.000 289.2 ± 14.51e 165.2 ± 6.22e 0.000 0.000 0.000
252.3 ± 16.61cd 133.7 ± 12.92b 0.000 243.7 ± 20.81d 120.8 ± 19.82ab 0.000 0.000 0.000
512.3 ± 21.41d 304.1 ± 32.42d 0.000 617.8 ± 34.21e 378.2 ± 15.92e 0.000 0.000 0.000
335.5 ± 16.61d 183.6 ± 30.92d 0.000 425.3 ± 19.41e 224.8 ± 6.82e 0.000 0.000 0.000
544.1 ± 33.31d 373.8 ± 35.62d 0.000 751.7 ± 6.91e 396.2 ± 12.62d 0.000 0.000 0.000
435.2 ± 29.51d 219.8 ± 30.02cd 0.000 551.2 ± 11.21e 262.6 ± 11.22e 0.000 0.000 0.000
30.4 ± 0.8d 25.2 ± 6.2d 0.101 26.1 ± 1.61e 17.2 ± 0.32e 0.000 0.000 0.000
273.9 ± 11.51d 167.1 ± 10.92d 0.000 306.1 ± 29.81e 189.8 ± 15.72c 0.000 0.000 0.000
393.1 ± 20.41d 210.3 ± 23.62e 0.000 462.1 ± 34.71e 257.1 ± 6.12f 0.000 0.000 0.000
197.8 ± 8.11d 112.9 ± 19.32c 0.000 255.7 ± 13.21e 139.4 ± 4.22d 0.000 0.000 0.000
343.5 ± 15.51d 178.7 ± 20.62d 0.000 412.6 ± 15.61e 226.4 ± 8.92e 0.000 0.000 0.000
559.6 ± 27.81d 340.2 ± 61.62d 0.000 741.9 ± 32.91e 414.2 ± 5.02d 0.000 0.000 0.000
347.2 ± 13.61d 183.2 ± 15.72c 0.000 403.6 ± 16.71e 238.9 ± 4.82e 0.000 0.000 0.000
99.9 ± 8.31d 41.8 ± 9.32d 0.000 86.2 ± 5.01e 48.5 ± 0.62d 0.000 0.000 0.000
621.0 ± 36.91d 442.7 ± 13.92c 0.000 905.7 ± 16.51e 538.7 ± 12.62e 0.000 0.000 0.000
reached during the drying–ripening stage seems to stimulate proteolyt- Flores, 2000)). Zhao et al. (2005) suggested that aminopeptidases
ic activity of cathepsin D and exopeptidases of both muscles (mainly BF could be active during the whole process, but several circumstances
muscle) leading to the release of amino acids. In addition, protease could reduce their activity along the drying–curing process. Salt con-
activity is higher at the beginning than at the end of processing (for tent increases and water activity decreases significantly during rip-
example alanine-aminopeptidase remains active during the first ening as a result of water loss, which would affect aminopeptidase
240 days of processing but not after this period (Toldrá, Aristoy, & activity and therefore amino acid release (Zhao et al., 2005). The
Table 2
Mean values for relative density (%) of electrophoretic bands corresponding to sarcoplasmic proteins extracted from Celta dry-cured ham during the manufacturing process. Effect of mus-
cle type (mean values from 5 pieces in each sampling point).
Lys
2.50
Ala
2.00
Glu
Leu
1.50
Val
Gly
AU
Ser
Arg
Pro
Ileu
1.00
Phe
Thr
Tyr
Asp
Met
Tau
His
0.50
OH-Pro
Cis
Asn
Trp
Gln
0.00
Fig. 4. Chromatogram of FAA from semimembranosus muscle at the end of the manufacturing process of Celta dry-cured ham.
high quantity of FAA accumulated during the drying–ripening step in relative quantity of desirable amino acids possessing a sweet (alanine,
SM muscle could explain the small increases during the first “bode- glycine and serine) or umami (aspartic and glutamic acids) taste was
ga” point, due to the inhibition of some aminopeptidases by the pres- calculated (Mau & Tseng, 1998) and the percentage representing the
ence of released hydrophobic FAA (Flores, Aristoy, & Toldrá, 1998). sum of these desirable amino acids with respect to the total FAA at the
However, in BF muscle, the generation of FAA was progressive. This end of the process was 25.8% in BF muscle, compared with 28.4% in
fact could be due to the different moisture and NaCl contents ob- SM muscle (data not shown). The difference in relative proportions of
served in both muscles (see Figs. 1 and 2). the different amino acids could be attributed to the different proteolytic
Lysine, alanine, leucine and arginine were found to be the FAAs phenomena that take place, which is related with different salt levels
present in the highest concentration at the end of the process, and moisture contents observed in both muscles, and could partially ex-
while hydroxiproline and cysteine were in the lowest. This FAA pro- plain the larger consumer acceptance of SM muscle.
file basically coincides with those observed by different types of dry-
cured ham (Jurado et al., 2007; Martín et al., 2001; Virgili et al., 2007; 3.2. Effect of muscle type on sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein
Zhao et al., 2005). The FAAs that showed the greatest increase were breakdown
lysine, leucine, alanine, arginine and proline; valine, threonine, iso-
leucine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, glycine and serine underwent Table 2 and Fig. 6 show the evolution of the sarcoplasmic proteins
moderate increase, while cysteine, tryptophan and asparagine suffered and their degradation products in BF and SM muscles during the
the lowest increase. manufacture of dry cured ham from the Celta pig breed. Statistical
Although at the end of processing BF muscle had higher contents of analysis displayed that some sarcoplasmic proteins of BF and SM
free amino acids than SM muscle, there was only a slight difference in muscles were significantly affected by the salting stage: 120.7 kDa
the profiles of free amino acids in the two muscles (Figs. 4 and 5). The protein, 41.8 kDa protein (presumable aldolase), 39.8 kDa protein,
Lys
2.50
Glu
Ala
2.00 Le
u
Val
Gly Arg
Ser
1.50 Pro
Ile
AU
u
Thr Ph
As
e
p
Tyr Me
1.00 t
OH His
- Ta
Pro u
As
0.50 n Gln
Cis
Trp
0.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00
Minutes
Fig. 5. Chromatogram of FAA from biceps femoris muscle at the end of the manufacturing process of Celta dry-cured ham.
232 R. Bermúdez et al. / Food Research International 56 (2014) 226–235
biceps femoris respectively (see Fig. 2). These outcomes are in agreement with those
reported by Larrea, Hernando, Quiles, Lluch, and Pérez-Munuera
(2006) who noticed a similar decrease of the sarcoplasmic proteins in
both muscles after the salting stage.
The most significant change in the profile of sarcoplasmic proteins in
the biceps femoris muscles occurred during the drying–ripening stage,
from post-salted ham to dry-cured ham, when there was a sharp fall
in the amount of the majority of the proteins studied, particularly at
the end of this stage. There was a significant (P b 0.05) decrease in
153.9 kDa protein, 120.7 kDa protein, 67.5 kDa protein, 60.5 kDa pro-
tein, 53.8 kDa protein and 10.7 kDa protein (P b 0.001) during the
whole process of Celta dry-cured ham. On the other hand, statistical
analysis showed that the 120.7 kDa protein, 98.9 kDa protein,
60.5 kDa protein, 53.8 kDa protein, 48.7 kDa protein, 45.9 kDa protein,
36.2 kDa protein and 10.7 kDa protein presented a significant
(P b 0.001) decrease during the manufacturing process of Celta dry-
cured ham in the samples from SM muscle. In the literature, information
on the degradation of the proteins of meat products assessed by SDS-
PAGE techniques is certainly scarce. However, findings in this study (de-
crease of 67.5 and 53.8 kDa proteins) are in accordance with those
found by Larrea et al. (2006) who observed a similar behavior in sarco-
plasmic proteins of BF muscle from Teruel dry-cured ham. Also in line
with our results, Lorenzo, Bermúdez, and Franco (2013) observed that
60.5 and 53.8 kDa proteins suffered a similar decrease during the man-
semimembranosus ufacture of dry-cured duck breast.
On the other hand, a significant (P b 0.05) increase in some protein
fractions in the biceps femoris (89.9, 83.9, 45.9, 43.7, 36.2, and 31.4 kDa
proteins) and in the semimembranosus (89.9, 83.9, 43.7, 41.8, 32.8, 31.4,
27.3, and 25.8 kDa proteins) muscles was detected during the
manufacturing process of Celta dry-cured ham, reaching maximum op-
tical densities at the “bodega” stage. This fact could be related to the hy-
drolysis of myofibrillar proteins that produce soluble proteolysis
products that were extracted and analyzed together with the sarcoplas-
mic fraction (Córdoba et al., 1994; Lorenzo et al., 2013).
Table 3 and Fig. 7 display the evolution of the myofibrillar proteins
and their degradation products in biceps femoris and semimembranosus
muscles during the manufacture of Celta dry-cured ham. Degradation
of the myofibrillar proteins, due to their condition of major components,
is largely responsible for the muscle tissue texture and final sensorial
characteristics of dry-cured meat products (Toldrá & Flores, 1998).
The myofibrillar protein electrophoregram for BF muscle of Celta
dry-cured ham at different stages of the manufacture displayed that
these proteins were significantly (P b 0.05) affected by processing,
particularly at the end of the manufacturing process (Fig. 7). The
most striking changes at the end of the drying–ripening stage were
in the 33.1 kDa (presumably tropomyosin) and 20.0 kDa (presum-
ably troponin C) proteins (P b 0.001), in the 22.4 kDa (presumably
Fig. 6. SDS-PAGE profile of sarcoplasmic proteins of biceps femoris and semimembranosus myosin light chain) and 15.6 kDa proteins (P b 0.01), and in the
muscles throughout the manufacture of Celta dry-cured ham. Fresh piece (A), after salting 17.4 kDa protein (P b 0.05). On the other hand, the 48.9 kDa protein
(B), after post-salting (C), after dry-ripening (D), “Bodega 1” (E) and “Bodega 2” (F).
(presumably actin) decreased during the whole process (around
23%), from 16.13% of the total optical density after the post-salting
18.8 kDa protein and 10.7 kDa protein in the biceps femoris muscle and stage to 12.43% of the total optical density at the end of the process,
120.7 kDa protein, 98.9 kDa protein, 89.9 kDa protein, 83.9 kDa pro- although this decrease was not significant statistically. This decrease
tein, 53.8 kDa protein (presumable glucose-phosphate isomerase), is in agreement with those reported by Larrea et al. (2006) in Teruel
41.8 kDa protein, 24.1 kDa protein, 18.8 kDa protein and 10.7 kDa pro- dry-cured ham and by Lorenzo et al. (2008) in dry-cured “lacón”.
tein in the semimembranosus muscle. The effect of the salting stage was Tabilo, Flores, Fiszman, and Toldrá (1999) did not find significant
stronger in SM muscle; a more marked denaturing and insolubilizing ef- (P N 0.05) differences for this band during the manufacturing pro-
fect on the sarcoplasmic proteins compared to BF muscle was observed cess of dry-cured ham.
after the salting phase. In particular, for the 120.7 kDa protein, the On the other hand, the 75.8 kDa, and 57.4 kDa (presumably desmin)
optical density decreased by 60% in semimembranosus muscle during bands of biceps femoris muscle remained relatively unchanged during
the salting stage compared to 44% in biceps femoris muscle, whereas the drying–ripening process, while other bands (155.3, 130.3, 115.3
10.7 kDa protein decreased by 47% in SM muscles and by 20% in BF and 100.8 kDa proteins) increased the optical intensity through the
muscles. This effect is due to the fact that SM muscle is in direct contact manufacturing process (Table 3). To this regard, Thorarinsdottir,
with the salt, whereas BF is an internal muscle protected by a thick layer Arason, Geirsdottir, Bogason, and Kristbergsson (2002) also observed
of skin and fat. To this regard, after the salting stage the NaCl content numerous bands in the 60–150 kDa range during the manufacturing
was 3.62 and 15.37 g NaCl/100 g of dry matter, for BF and SM muscles, process of dry-cured products, stained more intensely during drying–
Table 3
Mean values for relative density (%) of electrophoretic bands corresponding to myofibrillar proteins extracted from Celta dry-cured ham during the manufacturing process. Effect of muscle type (mean values from 5 pieces in each sampling point).
155.3 1.65 ± 0.45a 1.30 ± 0.42a 0.301 1.52 ± 0.68a 1.10 ± 0.73a 0.402 1.78 ± 0.56a 0.75 ± 0.19a 0.014
130.3 1.00 ± 0.46a 0.50 ± 0.00a,b 0.132 0.270.06a 0.47 ± 0.12a 0.055 0.53 ± 0.29a 0.47 ± 0.06a 0.715
115.3 3.43 ± 0.721,b 1.80 ± 0.402,a,b 0.027 0.73 ± 0.60a 0.73 ± 0.50a,b 1.000 0.17 ± 0.06a 0.60 ± 0.46a 0.179
100.8 0.30 ± 0.20a 0.53 ± 0.25a 0.277 0.67 ± 0.32a 0.54 ± 0.38a 0.647 1.23 ± 0.72a 1.07 ± 1.00a 0.827
75.8 6.12 ± 2.13a,b 4.55 ± 1.22a 0.234 6.30 ± 1.32b 4.70 ± 0.83a,b 0.086 4.98 ± 1.04a,b 5.75 ± 1.95a,b,c 0.509
66.2 3.33 ± 2.26b 2.53 ± 1.25a,b 0.559 2.33 ± 1.08a,b 4.32 ± 1.56b 0.067 2.27 ± 0.60a,b 4.78 ± 2.70b 0.174
57.4 10.84 ± 3.62a 12.80 ± 0.61a 0.403 11.18 ± 2.351,a 15.33 ± 0.552,a 0.027 11.90 ± 3.79a 14.05 ± 3.18a 0.418
48.9 14.68 ± 2.39a 14.66 ± 2.25a 0.989 14.54 ± 3.69a 11.87 ± 4.96a 0.384 16.13 ± 7.95a 14.50 ± 5.49a 0.727
41.6 26.60 ± 2.76b,c 29.18 ± 5.54a 0.427 28.28 ± 5.63c 27.85 ± 6.21a 0.922 25.85 ± 11.26a,b,c 24.43 ± 3.07a 0.815
33.1 2.22 ± 0.80c 2.52 ± 0.39a,b 0.473 1.48 ± 0.46b,c 2.82 ± 1.50b 0.132 1.20 ± 0.75b,c 2.10 ± 1.76a,b 0.444
27.8 1.80 ± 0.70a 1.26 ± 0.26a 0.154 1.80 ± 0.761,a 3.44 ± 1.052,a 0.035 2.70 ± 1.00a 3.22 ± 2.79a 0.772
23.2 0.90 ± 0.42a 2.15 ± 1.97a 0.261 1.27 ± 0.45a 2.10 ± 1.45a 0.396 2.93 ± 0.46b 3.03 ± 1.81a 0.931
Table 3 (continued)
155.3 2.75 ± 0.791,a 1.17 ± 0.452,a 0.028 11.40 ± 1.521,b 5.07 ± 1.552,b 0.003 10.83 ± 6.16b 4.80 ± 0.14b 0.280 0.000 0.000
130.3 1.23 ± 0.21a 1.20 ± 0.53b 0.924 6.47 ± 1.441,b 1.03 ± 0.322,a,b 0.003 14.37 ± 0.981,c 1.17 ± 0.642,a,b 0.000 0.000 0.059
115.3 1.23 ± 0.74a 1.03 ± 0.62a,b 0.700 0.97 ± 0.35a 2.98 ± 1.95a,b 0.146 9.87 ± 1.451,c 2.33 ± 2.062,a,b 0.007 0.000 0.142
100.8 0.60 ± 0.20a 0.37 ± 0.21a 0.234 1.40 ± 0.411,a 4.63 ± 2.212,b 0.028 11.53 ± 4.75b 6.93 ± 1.63c 0.123 0.000 0.000
75.8 4.73 ± 1.89a,b 7.13 ± 1.66b,c,d 0.105 4.70 ± 0.431,a,b 9.25 ± 2.162,d 0.006 3.80 ± 0.441,a 8.23 ± 0.652,c,d 0.001 0.208 0.002
66.2 1.40 ± 0.561,a,b 2.94 ± 0.802,a,b 0.014 2.14 ± 1.50a,b 4.28 ± 2.24b 0.114 0.53 ± 0.06a 0.98 ± 0.38a 0.107 0.169 0.033
57.4 10.13 ± 2.51a 12.60 ± 3.14a 0.317 13.67 ± 1.86a 14.17 ± 4.08a 0.856 15.03 ± 5.95a 13.83 ± 1.12a 0.749 0.491 0.790
48.9 12.24 ± 3.23a 13.20 ± 1.28a 0.554 12.23 ± 4.79a 16.77 ± 3.50a 0.227 12.43 ± 2.94a 12.10 ± 1.22a 0.865 0.725 0.511
41.6 20.46 ± 6.29a,b,c 24.40 ± 4.79a 0.336 15.76 ± 4.081,a 30.20 ± 5.782,a 0.006 16.43 ± 5.651,a,b 26.65 ± 4.492,a 0.044 0.041 0.522
33.1 0.67 ± 0.32a,b 0.96 ± 1.27a,b 0.715 0.10 ± 0.00a 1.10 ± 1.60a,b 0.340 0.10 ± 0.00a 0.70 ± 0.97a 0.618 0.001 0.106
27.8 5.33 ± 2.74b 2.58 ± 0.76a 0.068 4.20 ± 1.35a,b 2.24 ± 1.62a 0.072 2.33 ± 1.31a 2.57 ± 0.57a 0.791 0.019 0.284
23.2 4.67 ± 1.76c 2.83 ± 0.58a 0.162 1.33 ± 0.50a 1.77 ± 0.99a 0.535 1.60 ± 0.87a,b 1.23 ± 0.45a 0.553 0.001 0.645
22.4 3.48 ± 1.66b,c 2.00 ± 1.57a 0.289 1.30 ± 0.53a 1.85 ± 0.75a 0.334 1.83 ± 0.93a,b 1.47 ± 0.96a 0.659 0.013 0.411
20.0 9.30 ± 2.57b 8.05 ± 1.86b 0.460 1.07 ± 0.151,a 5.47 ± 2.212,b 0.026 0.00 ± 0.00a 0.00 ± 0.00a – 0.000 0.000
17.4 2.43 ± 0.61a,b,c 4.63 ± 1.99a,b 0.141 3.25 ± 0.55b,c 5.70 ± 2.07b 0.067 1.07 ± 0.61a 1.27 ± 0.35a 0.649 0.020 0.050
15.6 2.27 ± 0.311,b 3.90 ± 0.982,c,d 0.042 0.00 ± 0.00a 0.00 ± 0.00a – 0.00 ± 0.00a 0.00 ± 0.00a – 0.012 0.000
b13.5 41.10 ± 9.14c 34.13 ± 5.15b 0.232 36.58 ± 9.82b,c 44.57 ± 10.40c 0.334 31.67 ± 6.71a,b,c 28.30 ± 3.28a,b 0.414 0.005 0.001
233
234 R. Bermúdez et al. / Food Research International 56 (2014) 226–235
biceps femoris slight decrease of these bands from half cured ham to the end of
the process.
Regarding SM muscle, a similar behavior compared to biceps femoris
muscle was observed (Table 3), although some proteins such as
48.9 kDa (presumably actin) and 33.1 kDa (presumably tropomyosin)
appeared less degraded in SM than in BF muscles during the whole pro-
cess of Celta dry-cured ham. The 48.9 kDa protein decreased by 17% in
SM muscle (from 14.50% of the total optical density after the post-
salting stage to 12.10% of the total optical density at the end of the pro-
cess), whereas in BF muscle this protein band decreased by 23%. This
fact could be related to the minor enzymatic activity detected in
semimembranosus muscle at the end of the process of dry-cured ham
(Larrea et al., 2006). It could be linked to the different moisture contents
in both muscles (52.35 vs. 35.82%, for BF and SM muscles, respectively)
at the end of the process.
In SM muscle, there was a significant disappearance in the myofibril-
lar fraction of the 66.2 kDa and 17.4 kDa proteins (P b 0.05), and in the
20.0 kDa and 15.6 kDa proteins (P b 0.001) throughout the manufac-
ture of Celta dry-cured ham. At this regard, it is possible that these pro-
tein bands were degraded to peptides of smaller molecular weight
during the ripening stage. The progressive disappearance of these pro-
teins has also been observed in other dry-cured meat products, such
as “lacón” (Lorenzo et al., 2008). Finally, as it occurred in the BF muscle,
semimembranosus in the SM muscle statistical analysis displayed that the bands corre-
sponding to a 155.3, 100.8, 75.8 and b13.5 kDa increased significantly
(P b 0.05) along the whole process of Celta dry-cured ham, being
these changes were more marked from after dry-ripening stage to the
end of the process.
4. Conclusions
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Article
Abstract
The effect of muscle type on volatile compounds throughout the manufacture of Celta dry-cured ham was
studied. Thirty Celta ham were taken from the fresh pieces, after the end of the salting stage, after 120 days of
post-salting, after the end of drying-ripening stage, and after 165 and 330 days of ‘‘bodega’’ step. The volatile
compounds from semimembranosus (SM) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles were extracted by using head-
space-solid phase microextraction (SPME) and analysed by gas chromatographic/mass spectrometry (GC/
MS). Fifty-five volatile compounds were identified and quantified. The number of volatile compounds
increased during the different steps of the process, reaching at 550 days of process 39 and 40 volatile
compounds in SM and BF muscles, respectively. Results indicated that the most abundant chemical family
in flavour at the end of the manufacturing process were esters in the two muscles studied, followed by
aliphatic hydrocarbons and aldehydes. During the manufacturing process, an increase in the total amount
of volatile compounds was observed, being this increase more marked in samples from BF muscle (from
550.7 to 1118.9 106 area units) than in samples from SM muscle (from 459.3 to 760.4 106 area units).
Finally, muscle type displayed significant (P < 0.05) differences for four esters, two alcohols, one aldehyde,
one ketone and four aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Keywords
Dry-cured ham, volatile compounds, type of muscle, SPME, GC/MS
Date received: 24 June 2014; revised: 15 September 2014; accepted: 17 September 2014
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Bermúdez et al.
Then, a SPME fibre was exposed to the headspace identified by comparing their mass spectra with those
while maintaining the sample at 35 C during 30 min. contained in the NIST05 (National Institute of
The compounds absorbed by the fibres were next iden- Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg) library
tified and quantified by gas chromatographic analysis and/or by calculation of retention index relative to a
using MS detectors. series of standard alkanes (C5–C19) (for calculating
Analyses were performed using a Hewlett-Packard Kovats indexes, Supelco 44585-U, Bellefonte, PA,
6890N (Agilent Technologies Spain, S.L., Madrid, USA). Samples were analysed at least in duplicate.
Spain) gas chromatograph equipped with a mass select- Results from volatile analyses are provided in total
ive detector 5973N (Agilent Technologies Spain, S.L., area counts.
Madrid, Spain). The compounds were separated using
a DB-624 capillary column (30 m length 0.25 mm
Statistical analysis
I.D., 1.4 mm film thickness, J&W Scientific Inc.,
Folsom, CA, USA). The SPME fibre was desorbed To detect differences associated to the type of muscle
and maintained in the injection port at 260 C and for and also to the processing time, an analysis of variance
the time (5.0 min) suggested by manufacturers. The (ANOVA) of one way using the IBM SPSS Statistics
samples were injected in splitless mode. Helium was 19.0 program (IBM Corporation, Somers, NY, USA)
used as a carrier gas with a linear velocity of 40 cm/s. was performed for all variables considered in the study.
The temperature program was isothermal for 10 min at The least squares mean (LSM) were separated using
40 C, raised to 200 C at a rate of 5 C min1 and then Duncan’s t-test. All statistical tests of LSM were per-
raised to 250 C at a rate of 20 C min1, and held for formed for a significance level P < 0.05.
5 min: total run time was 49.5 min. Injector and detec-
tor temperatures were both set at 260 C. The mass
spectra were obtained using a mass selective detector
RESULTS
working in electronic impact at 70 eV, with a multiplier Table 1 displays the effect of muscle type on chemical
voltage of 1953 V, and collecting data at a rate of 6.34 composition through the manufacturing process of
scans/s over the range of m/z 40–300. Compounds were Celta dry-cured ham. During processing, the moisture
Table 1. Evolution of proximate composition during the manufacturing process of Celta dry-cured ham
‘‘Bodega’’ Stage
After After
Fresh piece After salting post-salting drying-ripening First point Second point SEM P-value
Moisture (%)
BF 73.68 e 72.46 e,1 68.05 d,1 65.36 c,1 56.55 b,1 52.35 a,1 1.46 <0.001
SM 73.80f 65.95 e,2 61.12 d,2 56.30 c,2 40.54 b,2 35.82 a,2 2.51 <0.001
P-value 0.813 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Intramuscular fat (% of dry matter)
BF 8.02 a,b,1 7.74 a,1 8.28 b,1 8.01 a,b,1 8.03 a,b,1 7.83 a,b,1 0.07 0.237
c,2
SM 7.36 6.62 a,b,2 5.97 a,2 6.47 a,b,2 6.39 a,b,2 5.96 a,2 0.12 0.002
P-value 0.011 0.011 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Protein (% of dry matter)
BF 85.03 e,1 83.39 d,1 75.85 c 73.32 b,1 73.03 b,1 71.49 a,1 1.08 <0.001
c,2
SM 87.36 78.51 a,2 77.73 a 77.99 a,2 81.18 b,2 80.73 b,2 0.81 <0.001
P-value 0.026 0.004 0.102 0.004 <0.001 <0.001
Chlorides (% of dry matter)
BF 0.50 a 3.62 b,1 11.74 c 13.02 c,1 16.15 d,1 15.87 d,1 1.15 <0.001
a
SM 0.83 15.37 e,2 11.88 d 10.30 c,2 8.44 b,2 8.46 b,2 0.90 <0.001
P-value 0.157 <0.001 0.885 0.021 <0.001 <0.001
Note: Effect of muscle type (BF: bicep femoris; SM: semimembranosus) (mean values of five samples).
a–e
Means in the same row (corresponding to the same muscle and parameter) not followed by a common letter are significantly different
(P < 0.05; Duncan test) (differences among sampling points).
1.2
Means in the same column and parameter not followed by a common number are significantly different (P < 0.05; Duncan test)
(differences between muscles).
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content decreased in both muscles. This decrease was manufactured hams were not found in the fresh
faster in SM than in BF due to the fact that SM muscle pieces. Statistical analysis displayed that the total
is not covered with skin and subcutaneous fat. There amount of volatile compounds significantly
were significant differences (P < 0.001) between muscles (P < 0.001) increased during the manufacturing pro-
in all stages of the manufacturing process, reaching cess, from an initial average value of 459.3 and
final average values of 52.35 and 35.82% for BF and 550.7 106 area units to 760.4 and 1118.9 106 area
SM, respectively. A significant (P < 0.001) decrease in units for SM and BF muscles, respectively, being this
the protein content, expressed as % of dry matter, was increase more marked in samples from BF muscle. This
observed during the manufacturing process for the two difference observed between muscles could be related
muscles, from an initial average value of 87.4 and 85.0 with differences in physico-chemical properties
to 80.7 and 71.5% DM at the end of the ‘‘bodega’’ (mainly moisture, IMF and salt content) between
stage for SM and BF muscles, respectively. On the them (see Table 1). At the end of the process,
other hand, the intramuscular fat (IMF) also decreased both muscles maintained the relationship esters > ali-
slightly from an initial average value of 7.4 and 8.0 to phatic hydrocarbons > aldehydes > alcohols > acids >
5.9% and 7.8% DM at the end of process for SM and aromatic hydrocarbons > ketones > furans. Differences
BF muscles, respectively. Regarding NaCl contents, a between muscles were detected in the amount of esters
different trend was observed in the two muscles, since in (butanoic acid, methyl ester; pentanoic acid, methyl
BF muscle the highest increase occurred during the ester; hexanoic acid, methyl ester and octanoic acid,
post-salting stage (from 0.5 to 11.74% of DM) due to methyl ester), alcohols (1-hexanol and phenol,
the fact that salt is distributed homogeneously through- 2-methoxy), aldehydes (benzeneacealdehyde), ketones
out the whole piece in this stage, whereas in the SM (2-pentanone) and aliphatic hydrocarbons (heptane;
muscle the salt level increased rapidly during the salting octane; heptane, 3-ethyl and 5-hepten-2-one, 6-methyl).
stage (from 0.83 to 15.37% of DM; Table 1) due to the Esters were the main chemical family observed in
fact that this muscle is in direct contact with salt during both muscles through the manufacturing process.
salting step. During the next steps of process, the con- Esters decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from raw
centration of salt in BF muscle continued to increase till piece to drying-ripening stage, and then increased sig-
to the end of the process, whereas in samples from SM nificantly (P < 0.01) during ‘‘bodega’’ step reaching the
muscle, the level of salt only increased during the salt- highest amount in samples from BF muscle (757 vs.
ing stage where maximum values were reached 469 106 area units; P < 0.001) (Figure 1.1). Aliphatic
(15.37%) and then dropped to the end of process. hydrocarbons increased significantly (P<0.001) during
The average contents of extracted volatile com- drying–ripening step and ‘‘bodega’’ stage, showing the
pounds at different processing stages in both muscles highest amounts at the end of the process (228 and
are shown in Table 2. Fifty-four volatile compounds 270 106 area units, for SM and BF muscles, respect-
were identified and quantified from Celta dry-cured ively) (Figure 1.2). Aldehydes showed a different behav-
ham. In raw material (before curing), only 23 and 24 iour in the two muscles: in samples from SM muscle
of them for SM and BF muscles, respectively, were they increased significantly (P < 0.001) during salting
found, and they demonstrated very low levels. With stage and then decreased significantly (P < 0.001) till
the increase of temperature as the process progresses, the end of process, while in samples from BF muscle
and the decrease of moisture content as discussed pre- aldehydes increased significantly (P < 0.001) till drying–
viously, the quantity and the areas of total volatile com- ripening stage and then their amount dropped to the
pounds increased gradually; after 560 days of process end of process (Figure 1.3).
39 and 40 volatile compounds in samples from SM and Alcohols were the fourth main chemical family
BF muscles, respectively, were found. Volatile com- observed during the manufacture of Celta dry-cured
pounds that were identified and quantified were ham showing variable values that ranged from 0 to
assigned to the following chemical families: acids (4), 96.5 106 area units for all samples analysed (Figure
alcohols (6), aldehydes (7), aromatic hydrocarbons (8), 1.4). Aromatic hydrocarbons were approximately 5.4%
esters (12), ketones (4) and aliphatic hydrocarbons (12) and 4.7% of total chromatographic area of volatile
according to Pérez-Juan et al. (2006) and Purriños et al. compounds for SM and BF muscles, respectively, in
(2012). the raw pieces, and this proportion dropped to below
The chromatographic areas obtained for volatile 0.7% in both muscles at the end of the process (Figure
compounds extracted from fresh pieces, after salting 2.1). With regard to acids family, they remained con-
and post-salting stage, after dry-ripening process and stant during the salting and post-salting stages and then
after ‘‘bodega’’ step displayed significant variations increased significantly (P < 0.001) till the end of the
(P < 0.05). Thirty and 31 volatile compounds of SM process and showing the highest amounts in samples
and BF muscle, respectively, obtained from from BF muscle (16.9 vs. 12.5 106 area units,
4
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Table 2. Effect of muscle type on the evolution of volatile compounds (area units (AU) 106/g dry matter) through the manufacturing of Celta dry-cured ham, results expressed as
means standard error (n ¼ 5)
‘‘Bodega’’ Stage
Fresh piece After salting After post-salting After dry-ripening First point Second point P-value
Ester compounds
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Propanoic acid, 713 m, k 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 4.67 1.41 b,1 0.69 0.22 a,b,2 3.97 2.13 b 1.82 0.40 b 1.87 0.64 a,1 5.05 1.28 c,2 7.18 2.26 c,1 13.57 2.40 d,2 0.589 0.001
2-methyl-,
methyl ester
Butanoic acid, 759 m, k 120.63 14.86 d,1 138.51 7.90 e,2 35.12 13.86 a,b,1 81.63 11.19 c,2 34.44 9.83 a,b,1 105.47 12.73 d,2 41.58 7.23 b,1 26.97 3.31 a,2 21.73 4.33 a,1 51.51 8.48 b,2 58.18 8.07 c,1 84.94 10.84 c,2 0.002 0.001
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methyl ester
Pentanoic acid, 813 m, k 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 41.22 6.56 b,1 103.89 2.38 b,2 86.02 6.02 c,1 156.32 14.13 c,2 0.100 0.001
methyl ester
(FST)
Pentanoic acid, 814 m, k 11.89 1.69 b,1 16.05 2.38 a,2 12.58 0.93 b,1 14.93 1.07 a,2 12.99 1.99 b 14.15 0.95 a 17.31 1.28 c 16.76 2.87 a 6.93 1.60 a,1 34.12 4.39 b,2 21.92 3.48 d,1 30.47 5.13 b,2 0.001 0.001
methyl ester
Hexanoic acid, 856 m, k 190.10 20.29 a,b 216.52 22.36 a 222.25 18.31 b 239.06 16.09 a 195.42 18.15 a,b,1 216.91 6.14 a,2 212.76 8.76 b,1 245.86 25.00 a,2 178.32 31.57 a,1 365.35 12.24 b,2 220.51 31.93 b,1 340.47 43.62 b,2 0.001 0.001
methyl ester
Heptanoic acid, 933 m, k 8.56 1.17 a,1 11.15 0.89 a,2 13.79 2.51 b 10.78 2.20 a 7.65 1.89 a,1 10.25 1.89 a,2 17.71 1.90 c,1 13.12 1.46 a,2 23.59 3.74 d 27.59 2.26 b 22.08 3.71 d 26.99 6.64 b 0.579 0.001
methyl ester
[PREPRINTER stage]
[1–12]
3 -(Methylthio)propanoic 1053 m, k 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.77 0.10 b,1 1.74 0.29 b,2 0.230 0.001
acid methyl ester
Octanoic acid, 1076 m, k 56.73 13.00 d 69.85 15.32 c 19.22 6.45 b,1 35.08 8.34 b,2 8.79 1.59 a,1 38.68 4.33 b,2 13.53 1.18 a,b 13.16 2.54 a 17.42 3.07 a,b,1 32.10 4.30 b,2 38.06 8.85 c,1 77.53 13.43 c,2 0.001 0.001
methyl ester
Nonanoic acid, 1153 m, k 4.89 1.41 c 4.24 1.04 b,c 3.83 0.26 b,c,1 4.64 0.38 c,2 3.86 0.42 b,c,1 2.70 0.46 a,2 3.19 0.23 a,b 3.04 0.73 a,b 2.64 0.51 a,1 3.62 0.60 a,b,c,2 3.26 1.02 a,b,1 6.21 1.63 d,2 0.157 0.001
methyl ester
Decanoic acid, 1245 m, k 6.87 1.20 c 5.76 1.82 c 2.08 0.53 b 3.32 1.44 b 1.63 0.24 a,b,1 0.97 0.26 a,2 0.74 0.25 a 0.90 0.12 a 1.11 0.25 a,b,1 2.57 0.64 b,2 7.61 1.10 c,1 9.87 1.60 d,2 0.494 0.001
methyl ester
Butanoic acid, 1354 m, k 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 3.64 0.56 b,1 8.98 2.41 b,2 0.203 0.001
butyl ester
Dodecanoic acid, 1457 m, k 0.62 0.12 b 0.68 0.15 b 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.879 0.001
methyl ester
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
(continued)
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Table 2. Continued
‘‘Bodega’’ Stage
Fresh piece After salting After post-salting After dry-ripening First point Second point P-value
Propanal, 3 945 m, k 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.63 0.15 b 0.71 0.16 b 0.842 0.001
-(methylthio)-
a a a a a a a a b b b,1 b,2
Benzaldehyde 1020 m, k 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.74 2.00 4.85 0.18 3.01 0.34 4.28 1.11 0.451 0.001
Octanal 1047 m, k 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 20.04 3.83 b,1 4.17 1.62 b,2 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.072 0.001
Benzeneacetaldehyde 1113 m 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a,1 1.15 0.24 b,2 0.00 0.00 a,1 2.65 0.51 c,2 2.26 0.36 b 3.33 1.16 c 0.011 0.001
Nonanal 1149 m, k 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 26.03 4.35 b,1 0.00 0.00 a,2 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a,1 22.43 1.60 b,2 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.803 0.001
Alcohols
[16.10.2014–9:47am]
1-Pentanol 831 m, k 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 16.48 5.98 b,1 0.00 0.00 a,2 0.00 0.00 a,1 8.25 2.11 b,2 0.00 0.00 a,1 23.39 12.08 c,2 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.250 0.002
1-Hexanol 910 m, k 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 9.13 1.23 c 7.95 2.56 b 0.00 0.00 a,1 10.37 5.48 b,2 4.66 3.35 b,1 17.83 10.62 c,2 3.90 2.34 b 5.85 1.19 a,b 3.31 0.54 b,1 4.73 0.41 a,b,2 0.005 0.001
1-Octen-3-ol 1026 m, k 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 70.97 15.99 c,1 25.70 7.33 c,2 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 18.95 4.71 b,1 45.78 13.22 d,2 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 8.13 1.07 a 8.98 3.20 b 0.620 0.001
Phenol 1108 m, k 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 1.17 0.33 b,1 0.00 0.00 a,2 1.73 0.73 c 1.99 0.48 b 1.95 0.22 c 2.84 1.14 c 0.992 0.001
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Phenol, 2-methoxy- 1160 m 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 1.80 0.36 b,1 0.00 0.00 a,2 1.69 0.12 b,1 0.00 0.00 a,2 3.16 1.18 c 2.34 0.30 a 3.57 0.45 c 2.77 0.68 a 0.020 0.001
Phenol, 2-methyl- 1163 m, 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.79 0.09 b,1 0.00 0.00 a,2 1.68 0.67 c,1 0.00 0.00 a,2 1.73 0.22 c 1.97 0.68 b 0.078 0.001
(FST)
Acids
Acetic acid 706 m, k 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.40 0.04 b,1 0.00 0.00 a,2 0.20 0.32 a,b,1 0.77 0.12 b,2 1.13 0.23 c,1 1.92 0.41 c,2 0.319 0.001
Butanoic acid 879 m, k 2.98 1.16 a,b 3.68 1.16 a 2.44 1.29 a 3.08 1.15 a 5.86 5.08 b 5.74 1.34 b 2.87 0.24 a,b 3.17 0.92 a 2.80 0.99 a,b,1 4.66 1.36 a,b,2 4.32 0.42 a,b,1 5.37 0.84 b,2 0.152 0.002
Butanoic acid, 918 m, k 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 2.24 0.15 a 1.85 0.98 b 5.39 4.26 b 5.55 2.01 c 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.949 0.001
3-methyl-
Hexanoic acid 1066 m, k 2.93 1.03 b 2.71 1.67 b 6.65 1.37 c 5.01 1.14 c 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a,1 4.38 0.81 b,c,2 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 6.98 1.85 c 9.61 2.51 d 0.335 0.001
[PREPRINTER stage]
[1–12]
Aromatic
hydrocarbons
Toluene 797 m, k 6.94 1.79 b,c 6.86 0.84 c 8.31 2.06 c 8.96 1.62 d 4.09 0.98 b 4.52 1.31 b 5.44 0.89 b,c 6.26 1.71 c 17.31 4.61 d,1 4.23 1.48 b,2 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.120 0.001
Ethylbenzene 883 m, k 5.09 1.23 d 5.04 1.42 c 3.74 0.88 c 4.21 0.54 b,c 2.40 0.23 b,1 3.61 0.67 b,2 2.87 0.26 b,c 3.22 0.62 b 2.15 0.68 b,1 0.00 0.00 a,2 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.957 0.001
p-Xylene 888 m, k 10.73 3.58 d 9.83 1.75 c 10.12 2.92 c,d 10.39 2.33 c 8.27 1.69 b,c,d,1 5.93 0.51 b,2 7.04 1.50 b,c 7.64 1.79 b 5.99 2.57 b 6.72 1.21 b 0.79 0.15 a,1 1.20 0.15 a,2 0.827 0.001
o-Xylene 910 m, k 2.41 0.39 c,1 4.13 1.08 c,2 1.81 0.08 b 2.41 0.79 b 3.21 0.60 d,1 0.00 0.00 a,2 1.48 0.44 b,1 0.00 0.00 a,2 0.00 0.00 a,1 1.86 0.27 b,2 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.816 0.001
Oxime-, 1014 m 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 1.65 0.63 b 2.30 0.63 b 0.600 0.001
methoxy-phenyl-
Benzene, nitro- 1168 m 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 1.02 0.24 b 1.15 0.34 b 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.844 0.001
Benzene, 1195 m 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 1.77 0.59 b,1 2.91 0.35 b,2 1.99 0.13 b,1 3.09 0.35 b,2 0.240 0.001
1,2-dimethoxy-
a a a a a a a a b b c c
2,3-Dimethoxytoluene 1279 m 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.25 0.52 0.13 0.63 0.03 0.72 0.20 0.688 0.001
LIR: Linear retention indexes, calculated in relation to the retention time of n-alkane (C5-C19) series
R: Reliability of identification: k: Kovats index in agreement with literature (Kaban, 2009; Lorenzo, 2014b; Lorenzo et al., 2012b, 2013b; Purriños et al., 2012); m: mass spectrum agreed with mass database (NIST05);
t: tentative identification by mass spectrum
a–e
Means in the same row (corresponding to the same muscle) not followed by a common letter are significantly different (P < 0.05; Duncan test) (differences among sampling points)
1,2
Means in the same row not followed by a common number are significantly different (P < 0.05; Duncan test) (differences between muscles).
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Bermúdez et al.
Figure 1. Evolution of volatile compounds of biceps femoris and semimembranosus muscles throughout the manufac-
ture of Celta dry-cured ham. Fresh piece (A), after salting (B), after post-salting (C), after dry-ripening (D), ‘‘Bodega 1’’ (E)
and ‘‘Bodega 2’’ (F). 1) Esters, 2) Aliphatic hydrocarbons, 3) Aldehydes, 4), Alcohols. Plotted values are the means of five
samples. Standard deviation values are presented with lines.
P < 0.001) (Figure 2.2). Finally, ketones displayed a post-salting stages, which would cause the fat contribu-
similar pattern in both muscles; they increased signifi- tion to the total solid content of the samples to decrease
cantly (P < 0.001) till the first ‘‘bodega’’ point and then substantially. In general, protein contents are lower and
dropped in the final ‘‘bodega’’ point, showing similar fat contests higher in BF than in SM muscle.
amounts in both muscles (Figure 2.4). In general, the volatile compounds identified in
the headspace have been previously detected in the head-
space of different types of dry-cured hams using different
DISCUSSION extraction techniques (Marušić et al., 2011; Pérez-Juan
Concerning water loss, the dehydration was more et al., 2006). Results indicated that the chemical family
intense (two fold in quantitative terms) during the that can explain the flavour at the end of the manufac-
drying–ripening stage due to both the duration of this turing process was esters, which are formed through the
stage and the environmental conditions (higher tem- enzymatic esterification of fatty acids and alcohols
perature and lower relative humidity) in the chamber during curing, mostly by the action of microorganisms
where it takes place. On the other hand, the decrease in such as lactic acid bacteria and Micrococcaceae
protein content could be related with the addition and (Purriños et al., 2011). This finding is in agreement
distribution of NaCl in the samples during the salting with those reported by Bolzoni et al. (1996) who found
and post-salting stages, which would cause the protein that the esters were the compound family that registered
contribution to the total solid content of the samples to the highest percentage in the headspace of Parma ham.
decrease substantially. As with the protein, the decrease However, our results were not in accordance with those
in IMF appears to be due to the addition and distribu- observed by other authors (Lorenzo et al., 2013a;
tion of NaCl in the samples during the salting and Pastorelli et al., 2003) who found that the main
7
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25 15
20
10
15
10
5
5
0 0
A B C D E F A B C D E F
Processing step Processing step
(c) (d)
12 18 BF
BF
Total area counts (AUx106)
Figure 2. Evolution of volatile compounds of biceps femoris and semimembranosus muscles throughout the manufac-
ture of Celta dry-cured ham. Fresh piece (A), after salting (B), after post-salting (C), after dry-ripening (D), ‘‘Bodega 1’’ (E)
and ‘‘Bodega 2’’ (F). 1) Aromatic hydrocarbons, 2) Acids, 3) Furans, 4) Ketones. Plotted values are the means of five
samples, Standard deviation values are presented with lines.
compounds in dry-cured ham were aldehydes. On the methyl ester and butanoic acid, buthyl ester were only
other hand, Gaspardo et al. (2008) concluded that alco- detected during ‘‘bodega’’ stage, while dodecanoic acid,
hols were the most abundant, representing 41.38% of methyl ester was only found in raw pieces (Table 2). This
the total volatile fraction in ‘‘San Daniele’’ ham. These chemical family can modulate the global flavour due to
differences could be explained in the bases of the volatile their low odour thresholds, imparting fruity notes,
extraction methods, because the purge and trap extrac- mainly those formed from short-chain acids (Théron
tion with cold Tenax trap and the SPME technique offer et al., 2010), whereas esters with long-chain acids have
a potential different profile of volatile. To this regards, a slight fatty odor (Narváez-Rivas et al., 2012). Esters
there are many factors that affect SPME fibre perform- strongly affect the flavor of dry-cured meat products as
ance, such as the choice of stationary phase and extrac- typical aged meat products; in particular, the methyl
tion conditions (Lorenzo, 2014a). branched short-chain esters has been associated with
The amount of esters was higher in samples from BF ‘‘ripened flavor’’ (Montel et al., 1996).
muscle than in those from SM muscle (Figure 1.1) Hydrocarbons originate in meat products from fat
during all the process, although the highest differences degradation and chemical auto-oxidation (Leroy et al.,
between muscles were observed in ‘‘bodega’’ stage (469 2009), and are generally considered to have no substan-
vs. 757 106 area units for SM and BF muscles, respect- tial impact on flavour because of their high odour
ively). The most abundant ester was hexanoic acid, threshold values. Aliphatic hydrocarbons with less
methyl ester, which showed significant (P < 0.001) dif- than 10 carbon atoms arise mainly from lipid oxidation
ferences between muscles, since biceps femoris muscles (Ansorena et al., 2001), while those with longer chains
presented the higher contents. On the other hand, pen- could be accumulated in the fat depots of the animal,
tanoic acid, methyl ester; 3 -(methylthio)propanoic acid, probably from feeding (Tejada et al., 2001). At the end
8
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Bermúdez et al.
of salting and post-salting stages, straight chain aliphatic content acts as a prooxidant. Additionally, saturated
hydrocarbons with more than 10 carbons presented the aldehydes such as heptanal, octanal and nonanal could
highest values in both muscles, being the undecane the also be related with the auto-oxidation of unsaturated
most abundant (17.5 and 21.9106 area units for SM fatty acids such as oleic, linoleic, linolenic and arachi-
and BF muscles, respectively at post-salting stage), donic (Pastorelli et al., 2003). Figure 1.3 displays that
while at the end of ‘‘bodega’’ phase, the predominant the total amount of aldehydes decreased from post-
aliphatic hydrocarbons were those with shorter chain sating stage to the end of process. With the conspicuous
length (Table 2). At the end of the process, only four increase in the temperature from the post-salting phase
aliphatic hydrocarbons (heptane; octane; heptane, 3- (3–6 C) to ‘‘bodega’’ stage (12–24 C), the content of
ethyl and 5-hepten-2-one, 6-methyl) presented signifi- hexanal had markedly decreased. This fact could be due
cant (P < 0.05) differences between muscles. The hep- to aldehydes being converted into carboxylic acids and
tane-2,2,4,6,6-pentamethyl was the most important other volatile flavor compounds during the high tempera-
aliphatic hydrocarbons in dry-cured Celta ham. In add- ture maturating stage.
ition, this volatile compound has been used to discrim- Alcohols were not found in the raw pieces. During
inate hams according to the differentiation of three processing, six different alcohols were detected at dif-
fattening diets (Montanera, extensive cebo and intensive ferent levels (Table 2). The proportion of alcohols in
cebo) (Narváez-Rivas et al., 2011). the total area was maximum after salting stage, repre-
Aldehydes are known as the major contributors to the senting approximately 11.8% and 5.4% of total chro-
unique flavour of dry-cured ham due to their rapid for- matographic area for SM and BF muscles, respectively.
mation during lipid oxidation and their low odour thresh- Alcohols originate from lipid oxidation, from the
olds (Ramı́rez and Cava, 2007). Linear aldehydes are reduction of the corresponding aldehydes and methyl-
known to originate from the auto-oxidation of unsatur- ketones through the activity of lactic acid bacteria
ated fatty acids (Leroy et al., 2009) and branched-chain dehydrogenases and biochemical reactions or, in the
aldehydes from the Strecker degradation of amino acids case of short branched-chain alcohols, from the
(Théron et al., 2010). Results obtained from this study Strecker degradation of amino acids (Leroy et al.,
showed that aldehyde contents dropped during the final 2009; Rivas-Cañedo et al., 2011; Théron et al., 2010).
stages of processing in both muscles which is in agreement Alcohols, because of their low odor threshold, contrib-
with those reported by Lorenzo et al. (2014) who noticed ute to the aroma of ham, with fatty, woody and herb-
that the relative percentage of aldehydes decreased during aceous notes (Garcı́a and Timón, 2001). After the
the final stages of processing of Celta dry-cured ‘‘lacón’’. salting stage, 1-octen-3-ol was the most abundant alco-
Among linear saturated aldehydes, hexanal was the most hol, showing the highest contents in samples from SM
abundant compound, showing a different behaviour in muscle (71 vs. 26 106 area units for SM and BF mus-
the two muscles during the process of Celta ham. To cles, respectively). This alcohol originates from the oxi-
this regards, hexanal is generally considered as a good dative breakdown of linoleic acid (Pham et al., 2008)
indicator of the oxidation level and high concentrations and it is often described as an important component of
of hexanal indicate flavour deterioration in meat products meat volatiles, being considered the responsible for a
often resulting in a rancid aroma (Pham et al., 2008; mushroom note (Théron et al., 2010). In line with this,
Ramı́rez and Cava, 2007). After the salting stage, the Salles (2006) observed that salt content related with the
highest hexanal contents were observed in samples from increase the volatility of the most hydrophobic com-
semimembranosus muscle (239 vs. 113 106 area units for pounds such as 1-octen-3-ol by decreasing the water
SM and BF muscles, respectively). From post-salting molecules available for their solubilisation. However,
stage to the end of the process, the highest levels of hex- in our study we did not find a relationship between
anal were found in samples from biceps femoris muscle salt content and 1-octen-3-ol. Among alcohols
(see Table 2). This fact could be related with the different observed in present study, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol and
salt contents in both muscles: after the salting stage, SM 1-octen-3-ol have also been detected in other dry-
muscle showed the highest levels (3.62 vs. 15.37% of dry cured meat products (Kaban, 2009; Lorenzo et al.,
matter for BF and SM muscles, respectively), while 2014; Purriños et al., 2012; Ramı́rez and Cava, 2007).
during the dry-ripening and ‘‘bodega’’ stages BF muscle The presence of the volatile compounds belonging to
presented the highest contents (15.87 vs. 8.46% of dry acids family through the manufacturing process of Celta
matter for BF and SM muscles, respectively) as result of dry-cured ham was low in both muscles. Volatile acids
salt diffusion throughout the whole piece. These out- are probably products of the oxidation of aldehydes,
comes were in accordance with those reported by Pérez- though they may also be originated from enzymatic lip-
Juan et al. (2006) who observed that the oxidation of olysis during the drying-ripening process (Ramı́rez and
unsaturated fatty acids to volatile carbonile compounds Cava, 2007). Butanoic acid and hexanoic acid were the
is favoured in the centre of the ham where the higher salt most abundant acids detected during the processing of
9
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Celta ham. These findings are in disagreement with those of meat and meat products as they are present in large
reported by Pérez-Juan et al. (2006), who noticed that amounts and have a peculiar aroma, described such as
acetic acid was the main acid detected in dry-cured ham. ethereal, green, tropical fruit, nutty, dry-cured ham-like
Branched-chain acids originate from the microbial deg- or toasted (Narváez-Rivas et al., 2012).
radation of leucine and isoleucine or from the oxidation Finally, furans were not detected in raw pieces (see
of methylbutanal (Purriños et al., 2011). On the other Table 2). Only furan, 2-pentyl was present from the
hand, the short chain acids (less than six carbon atoms) after salting stage to the end of the process, displaying
have an important effect in the aroma development due the highest contents in the last ‘‘bodega’’ stage (2.9 vs.
to their characteristic odours, described as vinegar, 4.8 106 area units for SM and BF muscles, respect-
cheese or cucumber (Stahnke, 1995) and to their low ively). Normally, furans are described as compounds
threshold values. To this regards, Schmidt and Berger generated during heating; nevertheless, they have been
(1998) found butanoic acid, 3-methyl to be a key com- found in other dry-cured meat products manufactured
pound among the odour-active compounds in different from whole pieces such as dry-cured ham (Garcı́a-
types of dry-cured sausages. González et al., 2008; Lorenzo et al., 2014), dry-cured
Only four aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, ethyl- loin (Muriel et al., 2004) and dry-cured ‘‘lacón’’
benzene, p-xylene, and s-xylene) were detected in raw (Purriños et al., 2013).
pieces. This chemical group may originate from lipid
oxidation (Poligné et al., 2001), microbial activity
(Leroy et al., 2009), environmental contaminants or
CONCLUSIONS
compounds of plant origin present in the diet (Théron During the manufacturing process of Celta dry-cured
et al., 2010). Aromatic hydrocarbons, especially toluene ham, an increase in the total amount of volatile com-
and ethylbenzene, could play an important role in the pounds was observed, being this increase more marked
aroma of dry-cured meat products (Ramı́rez and Cava, in biceps femoris muscle than in semimembranosus. A
2007). During the manufacturing process of Celta dry- total of 55 volatile compounds (4 acids, 6 alcohols, 7
cured ham, four new aromatic hydrocarbons have been aldehydes, 8 aromatic hydrocarbons, 12 esters, 4
generated at very low levels. Among these compounds, ketones and 12 aliphatic hydrocarbons) were identified.
p-xylene was the major one, showing the highest values At the end of the process, esters were the main chemical
after salting stage (10.1 and 10.4 106 area units for family among flavour substances, followed by aliphatic
SM and BF muscles, respectively), and followed by hydrocarbons and aldehydes. Regarding the effect of
toluene and ethylbenzene (Table 2). At the end of the muscle type, only four esters, two alcohols, one alde-
process, four aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, ethyl- hyde, one ketone and four aliphatic hydrocarbons dis-
benzene, s-xylene and benzene, nitro-) have not been played significant differences between muscles.
detected in any sample. This result is in agreement with
those reported by Kaban (2009) who did not find tolu- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ene at the end of the process of Pastirma (Turkish dry- The authors are grateful to Xunta de Galicia (The Regional
cured meat product); however, this author observed Government) for the financial support (Project FEADER
that s-xylene reached maximum levels at the end of 2010/15). They specially thank ‘‘ASOPORCEL’’
the process. (Asociación de Criadores de Ganado Porcino Celta) for the
Regarding ketones, only four (2-pentanone, 2-hepta- ham samples supplied for this research.
none, 3-nonanone and 2-nonanone) were detected
through the manufacturing process of Celta dry-cured FUNDING
ham. 2-heptanone was the most abundant ketone
This research received no specific grant from any funding
during process, displaying the highest levels after first agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
‘‘bodega’’ point (8.8 vs. 10.2 106 area units for SM
and BF muscles, respectively). Aliphatic ketones are
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Anexos
ARTICULO I
a
Filiación: Centro Tecnolóxico da Carne de Galicia, Rúa Galicia Nº4, Parque
Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrán das Viñas, 32900 Ourense. bÁrea de Tecnología de
los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense.
ISSN: 0956-7135
Cuartil: Q1
- 157 -
Capítulo IX
ARTICULO II
a
Filiación: Centro Tecnolóxico da Carne de Galicia, Rúa Galicia Nº4, Parque
Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrán das Viñas, 32900 Ourense. bÁrea de Tecnología de
los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense.
c
Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Avenida Agustín
Escardino, 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, España.
Título: Influence of muscle type on the evolution of free amino acids and sarcoplasmic
and myofibrillar proteins through the manufacturing process of Celta dry-cured ham
ISSN: 0963-9969
Cuartil: Q1
- 158 -
Anexos
ARTICULO III
a
Filiación: Centro Tecnolóxico da Carne de Galicia, Rúa Galicia Nº4, Parque
Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrán das Viñas, 32900 Ourense. bÁrea de Tecnología de
los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense.
ISSN: 1082-0132
Cuartil: Q3
- 159 -