diff --git a/src/main.rs b/src/main.rs
index 1b92a5ee46..1ff1b7ef42 100644
--- a/src/main.rs
+++ b/src/main.rs
@@ -10,14 +10,8 @@ extern crate rustyline;
 use clap::{App, Arg};
 use rustpython_parser::error::ParseError;
 use rustpython_vm::{
-    compile,
-    error::CompileError,
-    frame::Scope,
-    import,
-    obj::objstr,
-    print_exception,
-    pyobject::{AttributeProtocol, PyResult},
-    util, VirtualMachine,
+    compile, error::CompileError, frame::Scope, import, obj::objstr, print_exception,
+    pyobject::PyResult, util, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use rustyline::{error::ReadlineError, Editor};
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
@@ -176,8 +170,8 @@ fn run_shell(vm: &mut VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
         println!("No previous history.");
     }
 
-    let ps1 = &objstr::get_value(&vm.sys_module.get_attr("ps1").unwrap());
-    let ps2 = &objstr::get_value(&vm.sys_module.get_attr("ps2").unwrap());
+    let ps1 = &objstr::get_value(&vm.get_attribute(vm.sys_module.clone(), "ps1").unwrap());
+    let ps2 = &objstr::get_value(&vm.get_attribute(vm.sys_module.clone(), "ps2").unwrap());
     let mut prompt = ps1;
 
     loop {
diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index 1588699456..576d988fb5 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ use crate::obj::objslice::PySlice;
 use crate::obj::objstr;
 use crate::obj::objtype;
 use crate::pyobject::{
-    AttributeProtocol, DictProtocol, IdProtocol, PyContext, PyObjectRef, PyResult, PyValue,
-    TryFromObject, TypeProtocol,
+    DictProtocol, IdProtocol, PyContext, PyObjectRef, PyResult, PyValue, TryFromObject,
+    TypeProtocol,
 };
 use crate::vm::VirtualMachine;
 
@@ -810,13 +810,10 @@ impl Frame {
         // If we're importing a symbol, look it up and use it, otherwise construct a module and return
         // that
         let obj = match symbol {
-            Some(symbol) => module.get_attr(symbol).map_or_else(
-                || {
-                    let import_error = vm.context().exceptions.import_error.clone();
-                    Err(vm.new_exception(import_error, format!("cannot import name '{}'", symbol)))
-                },
-                Ok,
-            ),
+            Some(symbol) => vm.get_attribute(module, symbol.as_str()).map_err(|_| {
+                let import_error = vm.context().exceptions.import_error.clone();
+                vm.new_exception(import_error, format!("cannot import name '{}'", symbol))
+            }),
             None => Ok(module),
         };
 
diff --git a/vm/src/import.rs b/vm/src/import.rs
index a36168c287..0b27eb72c9 100644
--- a/vm/src/import.rs
+++ b/vm/src/import.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 use crate::compile;
 use crate::frame::Scope;
 use crate::obj::{objsequence, objstr};
-use crate::pyobject::{AttributeProtocol, DictProtocol, PyResult};
+use crate::pyobject::{DictProtocol, PyResult};
 use crate::util;
 use crate::vm::VirtualMachine;
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ pub fn import_module(
     module_name: &str,
 ) -> PyResult {
     // First, see if we already loaded the module:
-    let sys_modules = vm.sys_module.get_attr("modules").unwrap();
+    let sys_modules = vm.get_attribute(vm.sys_module.clone(), "modules")?;
     if let Some(module) = sys_modules.get_item(module_name) {
         return Ok(module);
     }
@@ -63,8 +63,12 @@ pub fn import_module(
     Ok(module)
 }
 
-fn find_source(vm: &VirtualMachine, current_path: PathBuf, name: &str) -> Result<PathBuf, String> {
-    let sys_path = vm.sys_module.get_attr("path").unwrap();
+fn find_source(
+    vm: &mut VirtualMachine,
+    current_path: PathBuf,
+    name: &str,
+) -> Result<PathBuf, String> {
+    let sys_path = vm.get_attribute(vm.sys_module.clone(), "path").unwrap();
     let mut paths: Vec<PathBuf> = objsequence::get_elements(&sys_path)
         .iter()
         .map(|item| PathBuf::from(objstr::get_value(item)))
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objclassmethod.rs b/vm/src/obj/objclassmethod.rs
index c2322b1836..8a1baad31c 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objclassmethod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objclassmethod.rs
@@ -1,43 +1,42 @@
-use crate::function::PyFuncArgs;
-use crate::pyobject::{AttributeProtocol, PyContext, PyResult, TypeProtocol};
+use super::objtype::PyClassRef;
+use crate::pyobject::{PyContext, PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, PyValue};
 use crate::vm::VirtualMachine;
 
-pub fn init(context: &PyContext) {
-    let classmethod_type = &context.classmethod_type;
-    extend_class!(context, classmethod_type, {
-        "__get__" => context.new_rustfunc(classmethod_get),
-        "__new__" => context.new_rustfunc(classmethod_new)
-    });
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct PyClassMethod {
+    pub callable: PyObjectRef,
 }
+pub type PyClassMethodRef = PyRef<PyClassMethod>;
 
-fn classmethod_get(vm: &mut VirtualMachine, args: PyFuncArgs) -> PyResult {
-    trace!("classmethod.__get__ {:?}", args.args);
-    arg_check!(
-        vm,
-        args,
-        required = [
-            (cls, Some(vm.ctx.classmethod_type())),
-            (_inst, None),
-            (owner, None)
-        ]
-    );
-    match cls.get_attr("function") {
-        Some(function) => {
-            let py_obj = owner.clone();
-            let py_method = vm.ctx.new_bound_method(function, py_obj);
-            Ok(py_method)
-        }
-        None => Err(vm.new_attribute_error(
-            "Attribute Error: classmethod must have 'function' attribute".to_string(),
-        )),
+impl PyValue for PyClassMethod {
+    fn class(vm: &mut VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
+        vm.ctx.classmethod_type()
     }
 }
 
-fn classmethod_new(vm: &mut VirtualMachine, args: PyFuncArgs) -> PyResult {
-    trace!("classmethod.__new__ {:?}", args.args);
-    arg_check!(vm, args, required = [(cls, None), (callable, None)]);
+impl PyClassMethodRef {
+    fn new(
+        cls: PyClassRef,
+        callable: PyObjectRef,
+        vm: &mut VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult<PyClassMethodRef> {
+        PyClassMethod {
+            callable: callable.clone(),
+        }
+        .into_ref_with_type(vm, cls)
+    }
+
+    fn get(self, _inst: PyObjectRef, owner: PyObjectRef, vm: &mut VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        Ok(vm
+            .ctx
+            .new_bound_method(self.callable.clone(), owner.clone()))
+    }
+}
 
-    let py_obj = vm.ctx.new_instance(cls.clone(), None);
-    vm.ctx.set_attr(&py_obj, "function", callable.clone());
-    Ok(py_obj)
+pub fn init(context: &PyContext) {
+    let classmethod_type = &context.classmethod_type;
+    extend_class!(context, classmethod_type, {
+        "__get__" => context.new_rustfunc(PyClassMethodRef::get),
+        "__new__" => context.new_rustfunc(PyClassMethodRef::new)
+    });
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/obj/objstaticmethod.rs b/vm/src/obj/objstaticmethod.rs
index 9d1a96ed2a..78307bcc3e 100644
--- a/vm/src/obj/objstaticmethod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/obj/objstaticmethod.rs
@@ -1,40 +1,40 @@
-use crate::function::PyFuncArgs;
-use crate::pyobject::{AttributeProtocol, PyContext, PyResult, TypeProtocol};
+use super::objtype::PyClassRef;
+use crate::pyobject::{PyContext, PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, PyValue};
 use crate::vm::VirtualMachine;
 
-pub fn init(context: &PyContext) {
-    let staticmethod_type = &context.staticmethod_type;
-    extend_class!(context, staticmethod_type, {
-        "__get__" => context.new_rustfunc(staticmethod_get),
-        "__new__" => context.new_rustfunc(staticmethod_new),
-    });
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct PyStaticMethod {
+    pub callable: PyObjectRef,
 }
+pub type PyStaticMethodRef = PyRef<PyStaticMethod>;
 
-// `staticmethod` methods.
-fn staticmethod_get(vm: &mut VirtualMachine, args: PyFuncArgs) -> PyResult {
-    trace!("staticmethod.__get__ {:?}", args.args);
-    arg_check!(
-        vm,
-        args,
-        required = [
-            (cls, Some(vm.ctx.staticmethod_type())),
-            (_inst, None),
-            (_owner, None)
-        ]
-    );
-    match cls.get_attr("function") {
-        Some(function) => Ok(function),
-        None => Err(vm.new_attribute_error(
-            "Attribute Error: staticmethod must have 'function' attribute".to_string(),
-        )),
+impl PyValue for PyStaticMethod {
+    fn class(vm: &mut VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
+        vm.ctx.staticmethod_type()
     }
 }
 
-fn staticmethod_new(vm: &mut VirtualMachine, args: PyFuncArgs) -> PyResult {
-    trace!("staticmethod.__new__ {:?}", args.args);
-    arg_check!(vm, args, required = [(cls, None), (callable, None)]);
+impl PyStaticMethodRef {
+    fn new(
+        cls: PyClassRef,
+        callable: PyObjectRef,
+        vm: &mut VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult<PyStaticMethodRef> {
+        PyStaticMethod {
+            callable: callable.clone(),
+        }
+        .into_ref_with_type(vm, cls)
+    }
+
+    fn get(self, _inst: PyObjectRef, _owner: PyObjectRef, _vm: &mut VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        Ok(self.callable.clone())
+    }
+}
 
-    let py_obj = vm.ctx.new_instance(cls.clone(), None);
-    vm.ctx.set_attr(&py_obj, "function", callable.clone());
-    Ok(py_obj)
+pub fn init(context: &PyContext) {
+    let staticmethod_type = &context.staticmethod_type;
+    extend_class!(context, staticmethod_type, {
+        "__get__" => context.new_rustfunc(PyStaticMethodRef::get),
+        "__new__" => context.new_rustfunc(PyStaticMethodRef::new),
+    });
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index aba31198aa..5ba8197fbf 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@ use crate::obj::objbytes;
 use crate::obj::objint;
 use crate::obj::objstr;
 use crate::pyobject::{
-    AttributeProtocol, BufferProtocol, PyContext, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, PyValue,
-    TypeProtocol,
+    BufferProtocol, PyContext, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, PyValue, TypeProtocol,
 };
 use crate::vm::VirtualMachine;
 
@@ -165,7 +164,7 @@ fn file_io_init(vm: &mut VirtualMachine, args: PyFuncArgs) -> PyResult {
 
 fn file_io_read(vm: &mut VirtualMachine, args: PyFuncArgs) -> PyResult {
     arg_check!(vm, args, required = [(file_io, None)]);
-    let py_name = file_io.get_attr("name").unwrap();
+    let py_name = vm.get_attribute(file_io.clone(), "name")?;
     let f = match File::open(objstr::get_value(&py_name)) {
         Ok(v) => Ok(v),
         Err(_) => Err(vm.new_type_error("Error opening file".to_string())),
@@ -200,7 +199,7 @@ fn file_io_readinto(vm: &mut VirtualMachine, args: PyFuncArgs) -> PyResult {
     let py_length = vm.call_method(obj, "__len__", PyFuncArgs::default())?;
     let length = objint::get_value(&py_length).to_u64().unwrap();
 
-    let file_no = file_io.get_attr("fileno").unwrap();
+    let file_no = vm.get_attribute(file_io.clone(), "fileno")?;
     let raw_fd = objint::get_value(&file_no).to_i64().unwrap();
 
     //extract unix file descriptor.
@@ -230,7 +229,7 @@ fn file_io_write(vm: &mut VirtualMachine, args: PyFuncArgs) -> PyResult {
         required = [(file_io, None), (obj, Some(vm.ctx.bytes_type()))]
     );
 
-    let file_no = file_io.get_attr("fileno").unwrap();
+    let file_no = vm.get_attribute(file_io.clone(), "fileno")?;
     let raw_fd = objint::get_value(&file_no).to_i64().unwrap();
 
     //unsafe block - creates file handle from the UNIX file descriptor
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/re.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/re.rs
index eda5be75f1..8fc7e359ed 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/re.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/re.rs
@@ -12,14 +12,12 @@ use regex::{Match, Regex};
 use crate::function::PyFuncArgs;
 use crate::import;
 use crate::obj::objstr;
-use crate::pyobject::{
-    AttributeProtocol, PyContext, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, PyValue, TypeProtocol,
-};
+use crate::pyobject::{PyContext, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, PyValue, TypeProtocol};
 use crate::vm::VirtualMachine;
 
 impl PyValue for Regex {
     fn class(vm: &mut VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        vm.import("re").unwrap().get_attr("Pattern").unwrap()
+        vm.class("re", "Pattern")
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/sysmodule.rs b/vm/src/sysmodule.rs
index e2713d7834..6bfa14eb3e 100644
--- a/vm/src/sysmodule.rs
+++ b/vm/src/sysmodule.rs
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ fn sys_getsizeof(vm: &mut VirtualMachine, args: PyFuncArgs) -> PyResult {
     Ok(vm.ctx.new_int(size))
 }
 
-pub fn make_module(ctx: &PyContext) -> PyObjectRef {
+pub fn make_module(ctx: &PyContext, builtins: PyObjectRef) -> PyObjectRef {
     let path_list = match env::var_os("PYTHONPATH") {
         Some(paths) => env::split_paths(&paths)
             .map(|path| {
@@ -156,6 +156,7 @@ settrace() -- set the global debug tracing function
     });
 
     modules.set_item(&ctx, sys_name, sys_mod.clone());
+    modules.set_item(&ctx, "builtins", builtins);
     ctx.set_attr(&sys_mod, "modules", modules);
 
     sys_mod
diff --git a/vm/src/vm.rs b/vm/src/vm.rs
index 7f9b474d0a..594b596381 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm.rs
@@ -57,11 +57,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
 
         // Hard-core modules:
         let builtins = builtins::make_module(&ctx);
-        let sysmod = sysmodule::make_module(&ctx);
-
-        // Add builtins as builtins module:
-        let modules = sysmod.get_attr("modules").unwrap();
-        modules.set_item(&ctx, "builtins", builtins.clone());
+        let sysmod = sysmodule::make_module(&ctx, builtins.clone());
 
         let stdlib_inits = stdlib::get_module_inits();
         VirtualMachine {
@@ -105,10 +101,11 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
     }
 
     pub fn class(&mut self, module: &str, class: &str) -> PyObjectRef {
-        self.import(module)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("unable to import {}", module))
-            .get_attr(class)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("module {} has no class {}", module, class))
+        let module = self
+            .import(module)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("unable to import {}", module));
+        self.get_attribute(module.clone(), class)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("module {} has no class {}", module, class))
     }
 
     /// Create a new python string object.

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