(fix): disallow NumpyExtensionArray (#10334)

ilan-gold · web-flow · commit 97fb90b2711c · 2025-06-11T08:49:27.000-06:00
diff --git a/properties/test_pandas_roundtrip.py b/properties/test_pandas_roundtrip.py
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 import hypothesis.extra.pandas as pdst  # isort:skip
 import hypothesis.strategies as st  # isort:skip
 from hypothesis import given  # isort:skip
+from xarray.tests import has_pyarrow
 
 numeric_dtypes = st.one_of(
     npst.unsigned_integer_dtypes(endianness="="),
@@ -134,10 +135,39 @@ def test_roundtrip_pandas_dataframe_datetime(df) -> None:
     xr.testing.assert_identical(dataset, roundtripped.to_xarray())
 
 
-def test_roundtrip_1d_pandas_extension_array() -> None:
-    df = pd.DataFrame({"cat": pd.Categorical(["a", "b", "c"])})
-    arr = xr.Dataset.from_dataframe(df)["cat"]
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "extension_array",
+    [
+        pd.Categorical(["a", "b", "c"]),
+        pd.array(["a", "b", "c"], dtype="string"),
+        pd.arrays.IntervalArray(
+            [pd.Interval(0, 1), pd.Interval(1, 5), pd.Interval(2, 6)]
+        ),
+        pd.arrays.TimedeltaArray._from_sequence(pd.TimedeltaIndex(["1h", "2h", "3h"])),
+        pd.arrays.DatetimeArray._from_sequence(
+            pd.DatetimeIndex(["2023-01-01", "2023-01-02", "2023-01-03"], freq="D")
+        ),
+        np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype="int64"),
+    ]
+    + ([pd.array([1, 2, 3], dtype="int64[pyarrow]")] if has_pyarrow else []),
+    ids=["cat", "string", "interval", "timedelta", "datetime", "numpy"]
+    + (["pyarrow"] if has_pyarrow else []),
+)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("is_index", [True, False])
+def test_roundtrip_1d_pandas_extension_array(extension_array, is_index) -> None:
+    df = pd.DataFrame({"arr": extension_array})
+    if is_index:
+        df = df.set_index("arr")
+    arr = xr.Dataset.from_dataframe(df)["arr"]
     roundtripped = arr.to_pandas()
-    assert (df["cat"] == roundtripped).all()
-    assert df["cat"].dtype == roundtripped.dtype
-    xr.testing.assert_identical(arr, roundtripped.to_xarray())
+    df_arr_to_test = df.index if is_index else df["arr"]
+    assert (df_arr_to_test == roundtripped).all()
+    # `NumpyExtensionArray` types are not roundtripped, including `StringArray` which subtypes.
+    if isinstance(extension_array, pd.arrays.NumpyExtensionArray):  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        assert isinstance(arr.data, np.ndarray)
+    else:
+        assert (
+            df_arr_to_test.dtype
+            == (roundtripped.index if is_index else roundtripped).dtype
+        )
+        xr.testing.assert_identical(arr, roundtripped.to_xarray())
diff --git a/xarray/core/dataset.py b/xarray/core/dataset.py
@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@
     parse_dims_as_set,
 )
 from xarray.core.variable import (
+    UNSUPPORTED_EXTENSION_ARRAY_TYPES,
     IndexVariable,
     Variable,
     as_variable,
@@ -7281,7 +7282,7 @@ def from_dataframe(cls, dataframe: pd.DataFrame, sparse: bool = False) -> Self:
         extension_arrays = []
         for k, v in dataframe.items():
             if not is_extension_array_dtype(v) or isinstance(
-                v.array, pd.arrays.DatetimeArray | pd.arrays.TimedeltaArray
+                v.array, UNSUPPORTED_EXTENSION_ARRAY_TYPES
             ):
                 arrays.append((k, np.asarray(v)))
             else:
diff --git a/xarray/core/extension_array.py b/xarray/core/extension_array.py
@@ -93,6 +93,13 @@ class PandasExtensionArray(Generic[T_ExtensionArray], NDArrayMixin):
     def __post_init__(self):
         if not isinstance(self.array, pd.api.extensions.ExtensionArray):
             raise TypeError(f"{self.array} is not an pandas ExtensionArray.")
+        # This does not use the UNSUPPORTED_EXTENSION_ARRAY_TYPES whitelist because
+        # we do support extension arrays from datetime, for example, that need
+        # duck array support internally via this class.
+        if isinstance(self.array, pd.arrays.NumpyExtensionArray):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "`NumpyExtensionArray` should be converted to a numpy array in `xarray` internally."
+            )
 
     def __array_function__(self, func, types, args, kwargs):
         def replace_duck_with_extension_array(args) -> list:
diff --git a/xarray/core/indexing.py b/xarray/core/indexing.py
@@ -1802,8 +1802,12 @@ def __array__(
 
     def get_duck_array(self) -> np.ndarray | PandasExtensionArray:
         # We return an PandasExtensionArray wrapper type that satisfies
-        # duck array protocols. This is what's needed for tests to pass.
-        if pd.api.types.is_extension_array_dtype(self.array):
+        # duck array protocols.
+        # `NumpyExtensionArray` is excluded
+        if pd.api.types.is_extension_array_dtype(self.array) and not isinstance(
+            self.array.array,
+            pd.arrays.NumpyExtensionArray,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        ):
             from xarray.core.extension_array import PandasExtensionArray
 
             return PandasExtensionArray(self.array.array)
diff --git a/xarray/core/variable.py b/xarray/core/variable.py
@@ -63,6 +63,11 @@
 )
 # https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/224
 BASIC_INDEXING_TYPES = integer_types + (slice,)
+UNSUPPORTED_EXTENSION_ARRAY_TYPES = (
+    pd.arrays.DatetimeArray,
+    pd.arrays.TimedeltaArray,
+    pd.arrays.NumpyExtensionArray,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+)
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from xarray.core.types import (
@@ -190,6 +195,8 @@ def _maybe_wrap_data(data):
     """
     if isinstance(data, pd.Index):
         return PandasIndexingAdapter(data)
+    if isinstance(data, UNSUPPORTED_EXTENSION_ARRAY_TYPES):
+        return data.to_numpy()
     if isinstance(data, pd.api.extensions.ExtensionArray):
         return PandasExtensionArray(data)
     return data
@@ -251,7 +258,14 @@ def convert_non_numpy_type(data):
 
     # we don't want nested self-described arrays
     if isinstance(data, pd.Series | pd.DataFrame):
-        pandas_data = data.values
+        if (
+            isinstance(data, pd.Series)
+            and pd.api.types.is_extension_array_dtype(data)
+            and not isinstance(data.array, UNSUPPORTED_EXTENSION_ARRAY_TYPES)
+        ):
+            pandas_data = data.array
+        else:
+            pandas_data = data.values  # type: ignore[assignment]
         if isinstance(pandas_data, NON_NUMPY_SUPPORTED_ARRAY_TYPES):
             return convert_non_numpy_type(pandas_data)
         else:
