Introduction: TILs quantification is a predictor of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and prog... more Introduction: TILs quantification is a predictor of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and prognostic for long term outcomes in TNBC. TILs are typically quantified using standard hematoxylin/eosin (H&E) slides manually by trained pathologists; limitations include interobserver variability and need for cutoffs that aid in clinical decision making. Computational approaches utilizing H&E slides have potential to improve reproducibility and refine predictive/prognostic utility by evaluation of additional metrics beyond quantification. Methods: H&E whole slide images digitized at 20x magnification from patients with stage I-III TNBC (ER/PR ≤10%, HER2 negative) treated with neo/adjuvant chemotherapy at two institutions were utilized. All cell nuclei were automatically segmented using a deep learning model (Hover-Net) and classified as TIL or non-TIL based on morphological features. Features related to TIL density, spatial distribution, and morphological features were extracted. The top 3 features determined by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator were used to train a Cox proportional hazards regression model (SpaTILs) that assigned a recurrence free survival (RFS) event risk score to each patient. First quartile risk score in the training cohort was used as a cutoff for SpaTILs high vs low risk. Model performance for prediction of RFS and overall survival (OS) was evaluated in the testing cohort by Kaplan Meier method, with SpaTILs high vs low risk groups compared by log rank test and Cox regression analysis. Results: In the training cohort (n=26) and testing cohort (n=62), median age was 51 and 53 years, 77% and 36% were node positive, and 81% and 45% received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, respectively. Median follow up in testing and training cohorts was 2.3 and 6.8 y, respectively. In the testing cohort, 31% and 69% of patients were categorized as SpaTILs high and low risk, respectively. Baseline characteristics were not significantly different between SpaTILs high and low risk patients. In the SpaTILs high and low risk groups, 5y RFS was 53% and 90%, respectively (HR 4.85 [95% CI: 1.62-14.52], p=0.002) and 5y OS was 78% and 98%, respectively (HR 13.91 [95% CI 1.67-115.66], p=0.001). SpaTIL high risk remained a significant predictor for RFS and OS after adjusting for T stage and nodal status: HR 7.25 (95% CI 2.14-24.39), p=0.001 for RFS; HR 4.80 (95% CI 1.31-131.06), p=0.028 for OS. Conclusion: The computational model based on TILs density, spatial, and morphological features (SpaTILs) was independently prognostic for RFS and OS in early stage TNBC. This model is being validated in larger TNBC cohorts and warrants prospective evaluation in clinical trials. Citation Format: Sahil H. Patel, Germán Corredor, Rachel Yoder, Cristian Barrera, Miluska Castillo, Luis Bernabe, Joshua Staley, Shane Stecklein, Satish E. Viswanath, Carlos A. Castaneda, Priyanka Sharma, Anant Madabhushi. Spatial organization of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is prognostic for survival in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 6623.
Context: Previous studies have examined the changes in the dietary habits of general populations ... more Context: Previous studies have examined the changes in the dietary habits of general populations during the COVID-19 pandemic but have not focused on specific populations such as those with chronic medical conditions (CMCs). Prior to major vaccination efforts, 96.1% of deaths were attributed to patients with preexisting CMCs, thus it is important to examine how this population has endured changes. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify differences in dietary habits, lifestyle habits, and food attitudes between those with CMCs compared to the populations without chronic medical conditions (non-CMCs) since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: An online cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2021 to July 2021. Participants (n=299) responded to a 58-item questionnaire regarding demographics (n=9), health information (n=8), lifestyle habits (n=7), dietary habits (n=28), and food attitudes (n=6). Frequency counts and percentages were tabulated, and t-test sampling and ANOVA testing were conducted to examine the associations utilizing SPSS V28 at a statistical significance level of p<0.05. Results: When compared to non-CMC participants, with CMCs had a less frequent change in their diet and had better food attitudes when it came to consumption habits. Non-CMC and CMC participants had no statistically significant differences in overall dietary habits; however, an examination of specific food items reviews significant findings. Compared to non-CMC participants, those with CMCs reported significantly decreased consumption of energy-dense food such as French fries, white pasta, sweets, and salty snacks, with notable exceptions in increased consumption of energy-dense foods, starchy veggies, and vegetable/tomato juice. Conclusions: These findings indicate that participants with CMCs indicated that fewer changes occurred in participants with a CMC; however, when these participants made changes, they were beneficial to their consumption habits. Future studies should aim to develop interventions for the demographics with poor dietary habits so that those that are most vulnerable may have their needs met.
Research is focusing on the search for new types of natural chemotherapeutic agents derived from ... more Research is focusing on the search for new types of natural chemotherapeutic agents derived from plants which are proving to be excellent sources of new compounds. The present research article was aimed to study the cytotoxic activity of methanolic extracts of Artocarpus heterophyllus plant by various in vitro cytotoxic assays like MTT and SRB against different cell lines like HEK293, A549, HeLa and MCF-7. The IC 50 values of methanolic extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus were found 35.26 µgm/ml and 35.27 µgm/ml against A549 cell line by MTT and SRB assay methods respectively whereas this extract was found to be non toxic to normal cells (HEK293), proved that the methanolic extract exhibited significant anti cancer potential with no toxicity on normal cell line. The methanolic extract had no activity against Hela and MCF-7 cell line.
Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, Jan 27, 2019
Lower back pain is a common symptom potentially associated with skeletal muscle dysfunction. The ... more Lower back pain is a common symptom potentially associated with skeletal muscle dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate endurance in the lower back muscles of healthy participants using accelerometer-based mechanomyography. Methods: Young healthy subjects (N = 7) were tested. Surface electrodes and a tri-axial accelerometer were placed over the erector spinae muscle along the T11-L1 Vertebrae. Stimulation was for 3 min each at 2, 4, and 6 Hz, and changes in acceleration were used to calculate an endurance index (EI). Reproducibility of the endurance index measurements was tested on two separate days. Wrist flexor and vastus lateralis muscles were tested for comparison. Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to measure muscle oxygen levels (O 2 Hb) (N = 5).
Context Obesity has been a national epidemic throughout the United States due to the increasingly... more Context Obesity has been a national epidemic throughout the United States due to the increasingly sedentary western lifestyle, paired with calorically dense abundant low-nutritional food options. Discussing weight necessitates the conversation of not only the numerical value (body mass index [BMI]) associated with obesity but also the perceived weight or how an individual categorizes their weight, irrespective of their calculated BMI classification. Perceived weight can influence food relationships, overall health, and lifestyle habits. Objectives The purpose of this study was to identify differences in dietary habits, lifestyle habits, and food attitudes among three groups: those correctly identifying as “obese” with a BMI >30 (BMI Corrects [BCs]), those incorrectly identifying as “obese” with a BMI <30 (BMI Low Incorrect [BLI]), and those incorrectly identifying as “nonobese” with a BMI >30 (BMI High Incorrect [BHI]). Methods An online cross-sectional study was conducted ...
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor with high mortality rates an... more Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor with high mortality rates and a short median survival rate of about 15 months despite intensive multimodal treatment of maximal surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Although immunotherapies have been successful in the treatment of various cancers, disappointing results from clinical trials for GBM immunotherapy represent our incomplete understanding. The development of alternative humanized mouse models with fully functional human immune cells will potentially accelerate the progress of GBM immunotherapy. In this study, we developed a humanized DRAG (NOD.Rag1KO.IL2RγcKO) mouse model, in which the human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were well-engrafted and subsequently differentiated into a full lineage of immune cells. Using this humanized DRAG mouse model, GBM patient-derived tumorsphere lines were successfully engrafted to form xenografted tumors, which can recapitulate the pathological features ...
The continuing emergence of new strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has renewed interest in ... more The continuing emergence of new strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has renewed interest in phage therapy; however, there has been limited progress in applying phage therapy to multi-drug resistantMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) infections. In this study, we tested three bacteriophage strains for theirMtb-killing activities and found that two of them efficiently lysedMtbH37Rv in 7H10 agar plates. However, only phage DS6A efficiently killed H37Rv in liquid culture and inMtb-infected human primary macrophages. In subsequent experiments, we infected humanized mice with aerosolized H37Rv, then treated these mice with DS6A intravenously to test itsin vivoefficacy. We found that DS6A treated mice showed increased body weight and improved pulmonary function relative to control mice. Furthermore, DS6A reducedMtbload in mouse organs with greater efficacy in the spleen. These results demonstrated the feasibility of developing phage therapy as an effective therapeutic againstMtbinfection.
ObjectiveChildren with single-sided deafness often receive inconsistent clinical recommendations ... more ObjectiveChildren with single-sided deafness often receive inconsistent clinical recommendations because there is currently no clear best practice in paediatric single-sided deafness. This systematic review of the literature aimed to compare commonly used treatments and attempted to support the use of a particular treatment modality.MethodThis was a comprehensive literature review from 1 January 2000 to 22 February 2022; the study compared the outcomes of bone conduction devices and cochlear implantation in paediatric patients with single-sided deafness.ResultsFifteen studies consisting of 202 patients were examined. Variables including speech reception in quiet and noise, as well as quality of life measures were compared. Both cochlear implantation and bone-anchored hearing aids demonstrated benefits in sound perception. Quality of life measures improved with both modalities.ConclusionAlthough both bone-anchored hearing aids and cochlear implantation appear to provide significant i...
Optically active defects in 2D materials, such as hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and transition me... more Optically active defects in 2D materials, such as hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), are an attractive class of single-photon emitters with high brightness, room-temperature operation, site-specific engineering of emitter arrays, and tunability with external strain and electric fields. In this work, we demonstrate a novel approach to precisely align and embed hBN and TMDs within background-free silicon nitride microring resonators. Through the Purcell effect, high-purity hBN emitters exhibit a cavity-enhanced spectral coupling efficiency up to 46% at room temperature, which exceeds the theoretical limit for cavity-free waveguide-emitter coupling and previous demonstrations by nearly an order-of-magnitude. The devices are fabricated with a CMOS-compatible process and exhibit no degradation of the 2D material optical properties, robustness to thermal annealing, and 100 nm positioning accuracy of quantum emitters within single-mode waveguides, opening a path for scalable quantum photonic chips with on-demand single-photon sources.
International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology
Background: Cervical cancer is one of the major causes of mortality among women worldwide. So, th... more Background: Cervical cancer is one of the major causes of mortality among women worldwide. So, the research aimed to study and analyse 100 pap smear reports from women presenting with various gynecological indications and detection of precancerous lesions.Methods: Study was carried out by taking 100 Pap smears from patient attending gynaecology OPD at CUSMC, Surendranagar from 1 December 2021 to 1 January 2022. Pap smear was taken from patients between ages 25 to 70 years presenting with different gynaecology complaints and as a routine beyond the age of 45 years using Ayres Spatula. Smears were reported as per the Bethesda system.Results: Most women were in the age range of 25-70 years. Vaginal discharge was the major clinical complaint, occurring in 36.96% of the women. An irregular menstrual cycle was the complaint of 12.78% and abdominal pain of 25.63% of women, while 15.15% were asymptomatic. The test was negative for malignancy in 6%, and 78% had infection or inflammation. ASC...
Tumors are highly heterogeneous with unique sub-regions termed “habitats”. We evaluate the abilit... more Tumors are highly heterogeneous with unique sub-regions termed “habitats”. We evaluate the ability of a mathematical model built on coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to describe and predict tumor habitat dynamics in a murine model of glioma. Female Wistar rats (N = 21) were inoculated intracranially with 106 C6 glioma cells, a subset of which received 20 (N = 5) or 40 Gy (N = 8) of radiation. All rats underwent diffusion-weighted (DW) and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic (DCE) resonance imaging (MRI) at up to seven time points. All MRI data at each visit were subsequently clustered using k-means to identify physiological tumor habitats. A family of four models consisting of three coupled ODEs were developed and calibrated to the habitat time series of eight control rats and eight treated rats and evaluated for predictive capability. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used for model selection, and the normalized sum-of-square-error (SSE) was used to evaluate go...
Context Previous studies have examined the changes in the dietary habits of general populations d... more Context Previous studies have examined the changes in the dietary habits of general populations during the COVID-19 pandemic but have not focused on specific populations such as those with chronic medical conditions (CMCs). Prior to major vaccination efforts, 96.1% of deaths were attributed to patients with preexisting CMCs, thus it is important to examine how this population has endured changes. Objectives The purpose of this study was to identify differences in dietary habits, lifestyle habits, and food attitudes between those with CMCs compared to the populations without chronic medical conditions (non-CMCs) since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods An online cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2021 to July 2021. Participants (n=299) responded to a 58-item questionnaire regarding demographics (n=9), health information (n=8), lifestyle habits (n=7), dietary habits (n=28), and food attitudes (n=6). Frequency counts and percentages were tabulated, and t-test sam...
When making everyday decisions, people are guided by their conscience, an internal sense of right... more When making everyday decisions, people are guided by their conscience, an internal sense of right and wrong. By contrast, artificial agents are not currently endowed with a moral sense. As a consequence, they may unknowingly act immorally, especially when trained on environments that disregard moral concerns such as violent video games. With the advent of generally capable agents that pretrain on many environments, it will become necessary to mitigate inherited biases from such environments that teach immoral behavior. To facilitate the development of agents that avoid causing wanton harm, we introduce Jiminy Cricket, an environment suite of 25 text-based adventure games with thousands of diverse, morally salient scenarios. By annotating every possible game state, the Jiminy Cricket environments robustly evaluate whether agents can act morally while maximizing reward. Using models with commonsense moral knowledge, we create an elementary artificial conscience that assesses and guides agents. In extensive experiments, we find that the artificial conscience approach can steer agents towards moral behavior without sacrificing performance.
2019 International Symposium on VLSI Technology, Systems and Application (VLSI-TSA)
To consider STT-MRAM as an SRAM replacement, the reliability of the MTJ devices has to be demonst... more To consider STT-MRAM as an SRAM replacement, the reliability of the MTJ devices has to be demonstrated. A comprehensive study of degradation of STT-MRAM magnetic tunnel junction barrier under stress is presented in this paper. It is found that the breakdown mechanism of such devices follows a consistent path of soft breakdown (SBD) followed by hard breakdown (HBD). We discuss the strategy to improve the write margin by reducing the resistance area product (RA) of the tunnel barrier. Finally, we link our single device reliability studies to similar endurance studies performed on our fully functional chips.
Continuous quantum error correction has been found to have certain advantages over discrete quant... more Continuous quantum error correction has been found to have certain advantages over discrete quantum error correction, such as a reduction in hardware resources and the elimination of error mechanisms introduced by having entangling gates and ancilla qubits. We propose a machine learning algorithm for continuous quantum error correction that is based on the use of a recurrent neural network to identify bit-flip errors from continuous noisy syndrome measurements. The algorithm is designed to operate on measurement signals deviating from the ideal behavior in which the mean value corresponds to a code syndrome value and the measurement has white noise. We analyze continuous measurements taken from a superconducting architecture using three transmon qubits to identify three significant practical examples of non-ideal behavior, namely auto-correlation at temporal short lags, transient syndrome dynamics after each bit-flip, and drift in the steady-state syndrome values over the course of ...
Introduction: TILs quantification is a predictor of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and prog... more Introduction: TILs quantification is a predictor of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and prognostic for long term outcomes in TNBC. TILs are typically quantified using standard hematoxylin/eosin (H&amp;E) slides manually by trained pathologists; limitations include interobserver variability and need for cutoffs that aid in clinical decision making. Computational approaches utilizing H&amp;E slides have potential to improve reproducibility and refine predictive/prognostic utility by evaluation of additional metrics beyond quantification. Methods: H&amp;E whole slide images digitized at 20x magnification from patients with stage I-III TNBC (ER/PR ≤10%, HER2 negative) treated with neo/adjuvant chemotherapy at two institutions were utilized. All cell nuclei were automatically segmented using a deep learning model (Hover-Net) and classified as TIL or non-TIL based on morphological features. Features related to TIL density, spatial distribution, and morphological features were extracted. The top 3 features determined by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator were used to train a Cox proportional hazards regression model (SpaTILs) that assigned a recurrence free survival (RFS) event risk score to each patient. First quartile risk score in the training cohort was used as a cutoff for SpaTILs high vs low risk. Model performance for prediction of RFS and overall survival (OS) was evaluated in the testing cohort by Kaplan Meier method, with SpaTILs high vs low risk groups compared by log rank test and Cox regression analysis. Results: In the training cohort (n=26) and testing cohort (n=62), median age was 51 and 53 years, 77% and 36% were node positive, and 81% and 45% received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, respectively. Median follow up in testing and training cohorts was 2.3 and 6.8 y, respectively. In the testing cohort, 31% and 69% of patients were categorized as SpaTILs high and low risk, respectively. Baseline characteristics were not significantly different between SpaTILs high and low risk patients. In the SpaTILs high and low risk groups, 5y RFS was 53% and 90%, respectively (HR 4.85 [95% CI: 1.62-14.52], p=0.002) and 5y OS was 78% and 98%, respectively (HR 13.91 [95% CI 1.67-115.66], p=0.001). SpaTIL high risk remained a significant predictor for RFS and OS after adjusting for T stage and nodal status: HR 7.25 (95% CI 2.14-24.39), p=0.001 for RFS; HR 4.80 (95% CI 1.31-131.06), p=0.028 for OS. Conclusion: The computational model based on TILs density, spatial, and morphological features (SpaTILs) was independently prognostic for RFS and OS in early stage TNBC. This model is being validated in larger TNBC cohorts and warrants prospective evaluation in clinical trials. Citation Format: Sahil H. Patel, Germán Corredor, Rachel Yoder, Cristian Barrera, Miluska Castillo, Luis Bernabe, Joshua Staley, Shane Stecklein, Satish E. Viswanath, Carlos A. Castaneda, Priyanka Sharma, Anant Madabhushi. Spatial organization of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is prognostic for survival in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 6623.
Context: Previous studies have examined the changes in the dietary habits of general populations ... more Context: Previous studies have examined the changes in the dietary habits of general populations during the COVID-19 pandemic but have not focused on specific populations such as those with chronic medical conditions (CMCs). Prior to major vaccination efforts, 96.1% of deaths were attributed to patients with preexisting CMCs, thus it is important to examine how this population has endured changes. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify differences in dietary habits, lifestyle habits, and food attitudes between those with CMCs compared to the populations without chronic medical conditions (non-CMCs) since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: An online cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2021 to July 2021. Participants (n=299) responded to a 58-item questionnaire regarding demographics (n=9), health information (n=8), lifestyle habits (n=7), dietary habits (n=28), and food attitudes (n=6). Frequency counts and percentages were tabulated, and t-test sampling and ANOVA testing were conducted to examine the associations utilizing SPSS V28 at a statistical significance level of p<0.05. Results: When compared to non-CMC participants, with CMCs had a less frequent change in their diet and had better food attitudes when it came to consumption habits. Non-CMC and CMC participants had no statistically significant differences in overall dietary habits; however, an examination of specific food items reviews significant findings. Compared to non-CMC participants, those with CMCs reported significantly decreased consumption of energy-dense food such as French fries, white pasta, sweets, and salty snacks, with notable exceptions in increased consumption of energy-dense foods, starchy veggies, and vegetable/tomato juice. Conclusions: These findings indicate that participants with CMCs indicated that fewer changes occurred in participants with a CMC; however, when these participants made changes, they were beneficial to their consumption habits. Future studies should aim to develop interventions for the demographics with poor dietary habits so that those that are most vulnerable may have their needs met.
Research is focusing on the search for new types of natural chemotherapeutic agents derived from ... more Research is focusing on the search for new types of natural chemotherapeutic agents derived from plants which are proving to be excellent sources of new compounds. The present research article was aimed to study the cytotoxic activity of methanolic extracts of Artocarpus heterophyllus plant by various in vitro cytotoxic assays like MTT and SRB against different cell lines like HEK293, A549, HeLa and MCF-7. The IC 50 values of methanolic extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus were found 35.26 µgm/ml and 35.27 µgm/ml against A549 cell line by MTT and SRB assay methods respectively whereas this extract was found to be non toxic to normal cells (HEK293), proved that the methanolic extract exhibited significant anti cancer potential with no toxicity on normal cell line. The methanolic extract had no activity against Hela and MCF-7 cell line.
Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, Jan 27, 2019
Lower back pain is a common symptom potentially associated with skeletal muscle dysfunction. The ... more Lower back pain is a common symptom potentially associated with skeletal muscle dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate endurance in the lower back muscles of healthy participants using accelerometer-based mechanomyography. Methods: Young healthy subjects (N = 7) were tested. Surface electrodes and a tri-axial accelerometer were placed over the erector spinae muscle along the T11-L1 Vertebrae. Stimulation was for 3 min each at 2, 4, and 6 Hz, and changes in acceleration were used to calculate an endurance index (EI). Reproducibility of the endurance index measurements was tested on two separate days. Wrist flexor and vastus lateralis muscles were tested for comparison. Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to measure muscle oxygen levels (O 2 Hb) (N = 5).
Context Obesity has been a national epidemic throughout the United States due to the increasingly... more Context Obesity has been a national epidemic throughout the United States due to the increasingly sedentary western lifestyle, paired with calorically dense abundant low-nutritional food options. Discussing weight necessitates the conversation of not only the numerical value (body mass index [BMI]) associated with obesity but also the perceived weight or how an individual categorizes their weight, irrespective of their calculated BMI classification. Perceived weight can influence food relationships, overall health, and lifestyle habits. Objectives The purpose of this study was to identify differences in dietary habits, lifestyle habits, and food attitudes among three groups: those correctly identifying as “obese” with a BMI >30 (BMI Corrects [BCs]), those incorrectly identifying as “obese” with a BMI <30 (BMI Low Incorrect [BLI]), and those incorrectly identifying as “nonobese” with a BMI >30 (BMI High Incorrect [BHI]). Methods An online cross-sectional study was conducted ...
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor with high mortality rates an... more Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor with high mortality rates and a short median survival rate of about 15 months despite intensive multimodal treatment of maximal surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Although immunotherapies have been successful in the treatment of various cancers, disappointing results from clinical trials for GBM immunotherapy represent our incomplete understanding. The development of alternative humanized mouse models with fully functional human immune cells will potentially accelerate the progress of GBM immunotherapy. In this study, we developed a humanized DRAG (NOD.Rag1KO.IL2RγcKO) mouse model, in which the human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were well-engrafted and subsequently differentiated into a full lineage of immune cells. Using this humanized DRAG mouse model, GBM patient-derived tumorsphere lines were successfully engrafted to form xenografted tumors, which can recapitulate the pathological features ...
The continuing emergence of new strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has renewed interest in ... more The continuing emergence of new strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has renewed interest in phage therapy; however, there has been limited progress in applying phage therapy to multi-drug resistantMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) infections. In this study, we tested three bacteriophage strains for theirMtb-killing activities and found that two of them efficiently lysedMtbH37Rv in 7H10 agar plates. However, only phage DS6A efficiently killed H37Rv in liquid culture and inMtb-infected human primary macrophages. In subsequent experiments, we infected humanized mice with aerosolized H37Rv, then treated these mice with DS6A intravenously to test itsin vivoefficacy. We found that DS6A treated mice showed increased body weight and improved pulmonary function relative to control mice. Furthermore, DS6A reducedMtbload in mouse organs with greater efficacy in the spleen. These results demonstrated the feasibility of developing phage therapy as an effective therapeutic againstMtbinfection.
ObjectiveChildren with single-sided deafness often receive inconsistent clinical recommendations ... more ObjectiveChildren with single-sided deafness often receive inconsistent clinical recommendations because there is currently no clear best practice in paediatric single-sided deafness. This systematic review of the literature aimed to compare commonly used treatments and attempted to support the use of a particular treatment modality.MethodThis was a comprehensive literature review from 1 January 2000 to 22 February 2022; the study compared the outcomes of bone conduction devices and cochlear implantation in paediatric patients with single-sided deafness.ResultsFifteen studies consisting of 202 patients were examined. Variables including speech reception in quiet and noise, as well as quality of life measures were compared. Both cochlear implantation and bone-anchored hearing aids demonstrated benefits in sound perception. Quality of life measures improved with both modalities.ConclusionAlthough both bone-anchored hearing aids and cochlear implantation appear to provide significant i...
Optically active defects in 2D materials, such as hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and transition me... more Optically active defects in 2D materials, such as hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), are an attractive class of single-photon emitters with high brightness, room-temperature operation, site-specific engineering of emitter arrays, and tunability with external strain and electric fields. In this work, we demonstrate a novel approach to precisely align and embed hBN and TMDs within background-free silicon nitride microring resonators. Through the Purcell effect, high-purity hBN emitters exhibit a cavity-enhanced spectral coupling efficiency up to 46% at room temperature, which exceeds the theoretical limit for cavity-free waveguide-emitter coupling and previous demonstrations by nearly an order-of-magnitude. The devices are fabricated with a CMOS-compatible process and exhibit no degradation of the 2D material optical properties, robustness to thermal annealing, and 100 nm positioning accuracy of quantum emitters within single-mode waveguides, opening a path for scalable quantum photonic chips with on-demand single-photon sources.
International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology
Background: Cervical cancer is one of the major causes of mortality among women worldwide. So, th... more Background: Cervical cancer is one of the major causes of mortality among women worldwide. So, the research aimed to study and analyse 100 pap smear reports from women presenting with various gynecological indications and detection of precancerous lesions.Methods: Study was carried out by taking 100 Pap smears from patient attending gynaecology OPD at CUSMC, Surendranagar from 1 December 2021 to 1 January 2022. Pap smear was taken from patients between ages 25 to 70 years presenting with different gynaecology complaints and as a routine beyond the age of 45 years using Ayres Spatula. Smears were reported as per the Bethesda system.Results: Most women were in the age range of 25-70 years. Vaginal discharge was the major clinical complaint, occurring in 36.96% of the women. An irregular menstrual cycle was the complaint of 12.78% and abdominal pain of 25.63% of women, while 15.15% were asymptomatic. The test was negative for malignancy in 6%, and 78% had infection or inflammation. ASC...
Tumors are highly heterogeneous with unique sub-regions termed “habitats”. We evaluate the abilit... more Tumors are highly heterogeneous with unique sub-regions termed “habitats”. We evaluate the ability of a mathematical model built on coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to describe and predict tumor habitat dynamics in a murine model of glioma. Female Wistar rats (N = 21) were inoculated intracranially with 106 C6 glioma cells, a subset of which received 20 (N = 5) or 40 Gy (N = 8) of radiation. All rats underwent diffusion-weighted (DW) and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic (DCE) resonance imaging (MRI) at up to seven time points. All MRI data at each visit were subsequently clustered using k-means to identify physiological tumor habitats. A family of four models consisting of three coupled ODEs were developed and calibrated to the habitat time series of eight control rats and eight treated rats and evaluated for predictive capability. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used for model selection, and the normalized sum-of-square-error (SSE) was used to evaluate go...
Context Previous studies have examined the changes in the dietary habits of general populations d... more Context Previous studies have examined the changes in the dietary habits of general populations during the COVID-19 pandemic but have not focused on specific populations such as those with chronic medical conditions (CMCs). Prior to major vaccination efforts, 96.1% of deaths were attributed to patients with preexisting CMCs, thus it is important to examine how this population has endured changes. Objectives The purpose of this study was to identify differences in dietary habits, lifestyle habits, and food attitudes between those with CMCs compared to the populations without chronic medical conditions (non-CMCs) since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods An online cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2021 to July 2021. Participants (n=299) responded to a 58-item questionnaire regarding demographics (n=9), health information (n=8), lifestyle habits (n=7), dietary habits (n=28), and food attitudes (n=6). Frequency counts and percentages were tabulated, and t-test sam...
When making everyday decisions, people are guided by their conscience, an internal sense of right... more When making everyday decisions, people are guided by their conscience, an internal sense of right and wrong. By contrast, artificial agents are not currently endowed with a moral sense. As a consequence, they may unknowingly act immorally, especially when trained on environments that disregard moral concerns such as violent video games. With the advent of generally capable agents that pretrain on many environments, it will become necessary to mitigate inherited biases from such environments that teach immoral behavior. To facilitate the development of agents that avoid causing wanton harm, we introduce Jiminy Cricket, an environment suite of 25 text-based adventure games with thousands of diverse, morally salient scenarios. By annotating every possible game state, the Jiminy Cricket environments robustly evaluate whether agents can act morally while maximizing reward. Using models with commonsense moral knowledge, we create an elementary artificial conscience that assesses and guides agents. In extensive experiments, we find that the artificial conscience approach can steer agents towards moral behavior without sacrificing performance.
2019 International Symposium on VLSI Technology, Systems and Application (VLSI-TSA)
To consider STT-MRAM as an SRAM replacement, the reliability of the MTJ devices has to be demonst... more To consider STT-MRAM as an SRAM replacement, the reliability of the MTJ devices has to be demonstrated. A comprehensive study of degradation of STT-MRAM magnetic tunnel junction barrier under stress is presented in this paper. It is found that the breakdown mechanism of such devices follows a consistent path of soft breakdown (SBD) followed by hard breakdown (HBD). We discuss the strategy to improve the write margin by reducing the resistance area product (RA) of the tunnel barrier. Finally, we link our single device reliability studies to similar endurance studies performed on our fully functional chips.
Continuous quantum error correction has been found to have certain advantages over discrete quant... more Continuous quantum error correction has been found to have certain advantages over discrete quantum error correction, such as a reduction in hardware resources and the elimination of error mechanisms introduced by having entangling gates and ancilla qubits. We propose a machine learning algorithm for continuous quantum error correction that is based on the use of a recurrent neural network to identify bit-flip errors from continuous noisy syndrome measurements. The algorithm is designed to operate on measurement signals deviating from the ideal behavior in which the mean value corresponds to a code syndrome value and the measurement has white noise. We analyze continuous measurements taken from a superconducting architecture using three transmon qubits to identify three significant practical examples of non-ideal behavior, namely auto-correlation at temporal short lags, transient syndrome dynamics after each bit-flip, and drift in the steady-state syndrome values over the course of ...
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Papers by Sahil Patel