Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, Dec 1, 2017
Mountains worldwide host very rich biodiversity, are home to hundreds of millions of people, and ... more Mountains worldwide host very rich biodiversity, are home to hundreds of millions of people, and provide billions of upland and lowland inhabitants with vital ecosystem services. By altering mountain ecosystems and their biodiversity, global change modifies this picture substantially. We concisely review current knowledge and knowledge gaps on mountain biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being under global change. We argue that our ability to understand, predict, and sustainably manage mountain biodiversity and to support human well-being requires concerted research efforts in natural and social sciences and comparative analyses of biological and social-ecological systems within and across mountain ranges. Specific examples illustrate how the Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment will continue to support these efforts in the future.
The GMBA mountain inventory is an inventory of the world’s mountains based on the GMBA mountain d... more The GMBA mountain inventory is an inventory of the world’s mountains based on the GMBA mountain definition. Each of the 1003 entries corresponds to a polygon drawn around a mountain or a mountain range and includes the name of the delineated object, the area of mountainous terrain it covers stratified into different bioclimatic belts (all at 2.50 resolution), and demographic information.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jun 10, 2022
Le recul de la biodiversité est dramatique et il s'accélère. C'est ce que révèle le Conseil mondi... more Le recul de la biodiversité est dramatique et il s'accélère. C'est ce que révèle le Conseil mondial pour la biodiversité (IPBES) (Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services) dans son rapport de 2018 relatif à l'Europe et à l'Asie centrale ainsi que dans son rapport de 2019 sur la situation mondiale. Selon l'IPBES, les causes sont les suivantes : (1) changements d'utilisation des terres et des eaux, (2) surexploitation des ressources naturelles, (3) changement climatique, (4) pollution de l'environnement et (5) espèces exotiques envahissantes. À ces causes directes (facteurs) s'ajoutent des facteurs indirects d'ordre supérieur : démographie et culture sociale, économie et technologie, institutions et gouvernance, conflits et épidémies. Ce que la Suisse peut faire pour la biodiversité Actions possibles dans des secteurs sélectionnés Forum Biodiversité Suisse, (SCNAT), Interface Politikstudien (2022) Ce que la Suisse peut faire pour la biodiversité-Actions possibles dans des secteurs sélectionnés. Swiss Academies Factsheets 17 (2)
Mountains are hotspots of biodiversity. Yet, evaluating their importance in global biodiversity i... more Mountains are hotspots of biodiversity. Yet, evaluating their importance in global biodiversity inventories requires the adoption of a pertinent definition of mountains. Here, we first compare the well-established WCMC and GMBA definitions, which both use geographical information systems. We show that the WCMC approach arrives at twice the global mountain area and much higher human population numbers than the GMBA one, which is explained by the inclusion of (mostly) low latitude hill country below 600 m elevation. We then present an inventory of the world's mountains based on the GMBA definition. In this inventory, each of the 1003 entries corresponds to a polygon drawn around a mountain or a mountain range and includes the name of the delineated object, the area of mountainous terrain it covers stratified into different bioclimatic belts (all at 2.5 0 resolution), and demographic information. Taken together, the 1003 polygons cover 13.8 Mio km 2 of mountain terrain, of which 3.3 Mio km 2 are in the alpine and nival belts. This corresponds to 83.7% of the global mountain area sensu GMBA, and 94% of the alpine/ nival area. The 386 Mio people inhabiting mountainous terrain within polygons represent 75% of the people globally inhabiting mountains sensu GMBA. This inventory offers a robust framework for the integration of mountain biota in regional and larger scale biodiversity assessments, for biogeography, bioclimatology, macroecology, and conservation research, and for the exploration of a multitude of socio-ecological and climate change-related research questions in mountain biota, including the potential pressure on alpine ecosystems.
Biodiversity is the foundation of our lives. Yet we destroy ecosystems and drive species to extin... more Biodiversity is the foundation of our lives. Yet we destroy ecosystems and drive species to extinction. Human-induced biodiversity loss does not yet receive sufficient public attention, although biodiversity is fundamental for dealing with global environmental crises. Effective communication of biodiversity-related knowledge is challenging but crucial and should contribute to evidence-based decision-making transparent to the public. It is essential to promote science communication on biodiversity, and to stimulate dialogue between science, policy, and society. We emphasize the role of science journalism in critically mediating the complexity of scientific knowledge and suggest Dos and Don'ts for scientists to guide biodiversity-related science communication.
Land use systems in grassland dominated regions. Proceedings of the 20th General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation, Luzern, Switzerland, 21-24 June 2004., 2004
Although covering a relatively small fraction of the terrestrial land surface (13–25%, Kapos et a... more Although covering a relatively small fraction of the terrestrial land surface (13–25%, Kapos et al. 2000; Körner et al. 2011), mountain regions host an overproportional fraction of global biodiversity, supporting an estimated one-third of terrestrial biological diversity. On a global and regional scale, mountains that lie in areas of high biological richness are biodiversity hot spots because the rapid altitudinal change of climatic conditions over a very short distance gives rise to a range of bioclimatically defined vegetation types in close proximity (Körner 2004). For example, in the tropics, mountain vegetation ranges from submontane forests to tropical alpine ecosystems, thereby concentrating high biodiversity on an area basis. High topographic diversity, a characteristic feature of mountains, results in high habitat diversity and contributes to enhancing richness in biodiversity. Mountain biota, representing islands of high-elevation habitats and separated by the surrounding lowlands, have often formed in biogeographic isolation, resulting in high numbers of endemic species that further add to the uniqueness of mountain biodiversity. DIVERSITAS, the international biodiversity programme, included mountain biodiversity in their agenda in 2000, when the Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment (GMBA) was founded. The main task of GMBA is to explore and synthesise findings from research on the biological richness of the mountains of the world and to provide input to policy for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in mountain regions. GMBA has developed internationally endorsed guidelines for specific research fields, has published three synthesis books and has been advising the United Nations Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) on their Mountain Biodiversity Work Programme. This special issue offers a set of papers that were presented at the Second International Conference on Mountain Biodiversity. With this conference, GMBA celebrated its 10th anniversary, in the Alps in Chandolin, Switzerland in July 2010. The overarching theme was ‘Functional significance of mountain biodiversity’ and the conference sessions included contributions on phylogeny and genetic diversity, large-scale patterns and altitudinal trends in mountains, climate and land-use change impacts, and a session on invasive species. A final session addressed the potential of long-term ecological research sites ‘LTERs in the alpine and their influence on biodiversity research’, with the perspective to inaugurate a global network of alpine LTERs within the scope of GMBA. This special issue of Plant Ecology & Diversity offers a kaleidoscope of issues that were discussed at the Conference. Geographically, the coverage extends from the European Alps to the Carpathians, the Caucasus, the Southern Great Escarpment in South Africa, and the Central Himalayas and south-west China. Together with a number of related submissions to the journal, we offer the reader a selection of current topics in mountain biodiversity research. Whether or not successional guilds of glacier-foreland plant species share common life history traits is explored by Erschbamer and Mayer (2012). Klimešová and Doležal (2012) challenge the classical assumption that cold environments are dominated by clonal plant species when species numbers, but not abundance, are considered. Yet, once clones are established, they seem to be bound for an exceptionally long life, as has been demonstrated by past molecular studies; however, growth studies by De Witte and Stöcklin (2012) indicate that a warmer climate may not enhance the rate of clonal expansion. Dispersal is always a critical issue within the archipelago of summits, yet there is no doubt that recent decades have seen a multitude of newcomers in the summit floras (Stöckli et al. 2012). A surprising number of historical assessments offer the opportunity for a systematic re-surveying in order to assess the effects of a changing environment on mountain vegetation. Whether or not invasive species will keep up with this upslope race is still an open question. Comparing controlled environment temperature responses of growth and observed actual elevation limits leads Haider et al. (2012) to conclude that growth rates alone do not provide an explanation for the current elevational boundaries of non-native species, hence extreme events or winter mortality need to be considered to explain the altitude limits of alien plants. Humans have left their footprints in mountain grasslands, and this has given rise to species and plant functional trait selection and has led to genetic adaptation to regular disturbance. Quétier et al. (2012) offer a vegetation dynamics model based on plant traits to test long-term driving forces of man-made high-elevation meadows. In order to nail down adaptation of alpine species, common garden experiments are indispensible. Using this tool, Scheepens and Stöcklin (2012) show that postglacial…
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), May 2, 2022
Vorwort �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������... more Vorwort ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3 1 Klimawandel und Biodiversitätsverlust: zwei untrennbare Krisen ��������������������������������������������� 4 2 Globale Erwärmung, Extremereignisse und regionales Klima ����������������������������������������������������� 6 3 Auswirkungen des Klimawandels und dringend nötige Anpassungen ��������������������������������������� 8 4 Verlust der Biodiversität: Ursachen und Folgen für die Gesellschaft ������������������������������������������10 5 Möglichkeiten, den Klimawandel zu stoppen ����������������������������������������������������������������������������12 6 Möglichkeiten, um die Biodiversität zu erhalten und zu fördern �����������������������������������������������14 7 Synthese für die Schweiz �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������16 8 Rasches Handeln ist unabdingbar und zahlt sich aus �����������������������������������������������������������������18 Referenzen ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20 2 Trendwende Klima und Biodiversität. Parlament trifft Wissenschaft
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), May 2, 2022
Introduzione ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������... more Introduzione ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3 1 Cambiamento climatico e perdita di biodiversità: due crisi collegate ����������������������������������������� 4 2 Riscaldamento globale, eventi estremi e clima regionale ����������������������������������������������������������� 6 3 Effetti del cambiamento climatico e adattamenti urgenti ����������������������������������������������������������� 8 4 Perdita di biodiversità: cause e conseguenze per la società �������������������������������������������������������10 5 Possibilità per fermare il cambiamento climatico �����������������������������������������������������������������������12 6 Opzioni per preservare e promuovere la biodiversità �����������������������������������������������������������������14 7 Sintesi per la Svizzera ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������16 8 Agire velocemente è indispensabile e conviene �������������������������������������������������������������������������18 Bibliografia ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20 2 Inversione di tendenza clima e biodiversità. Il Parlamento incontra la scienza
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), May 2, 2022
Inverser la tendance : climat et biodiversité Rencontre entre le Parlement et les scientifiques a... more Inverser la tendance : climat et biodiversité Rencontre entre le Parlement et les scientifiques academies-suisses.ch Vol. 17, No. 6, 2022 MENTIONS LÉGALES EDITRICE ET CONTACT Académie suisse des sciences naturelles (SCNAT) Maison des Académies • Laupenstrasse 7 • Case postale • 3001 Berne • Suisse
This book presents the first assessment of the high-elevation flora of the Central Caucasus with ... more This book presents the first assessment of the high-elevation flora of the Central Caucasus with a community ecology emphasis. Following a geostatistical-climatological description of the region (in comparison to the European Alps), it describes the montane, alpine and nival plant assemblages on the basis of an ecological approach that combines moisture, soils and local habitat peculiarities. Highlights include the famous giant herb communities in treeless parts of the upper montane belt, the various facets of alpine turf, and the unique assemblages and settings in the nival region. Further chapters address potential niche conservation between the Caucasus and the Alps, as well as a compilation of plant species habitat preferences (indicator values) that applies to a concept developed for the Alps. Richly illustrated and featuring extensive quantitative data on species abundance, the book offers a unique guide to the plant species diversity of this prominent mountain range, and a valuable resource for comparative ecology and biodiversity assessments of warm temperate mountain systems.
This editorial introduces the conference and the papers in this special issue, which are based on... more This editorial introduces the conference and the papers in this special issue, which are based on presentations given during the conference. The present issue of MRD concludes with an evaluation of the conference and consequent recommendations for future research. The Perth mountain conferences ''Mountains of Our Future Earth,'' referred to as Perth III, was the third international conference on mountains and global change held in Perth, following 2 previous international conferences. Perth I, in 2005, was the Open Science conference that concluded the 2-year Global Change and Mountain Regions (GLOCHAMORE) project, primarily funded by the European Commission's Sixth Framework Programme for Research and Development. Through 5 product-oriented workshops and this final conference, the project aimed to achieve further understanding of the causes and impacts of global change in mountain regions. The conference attracted 310 abstracts and was attended by 210 people from 41 countries on 6 continents. The principal products of the conference were a book of 197 accepted abstracts (Price 2006) and the GLOCHAMORE Research Strategy (Bj€ ornsen Gurung 2006), which was used as the basis for UNESCO's Global and Climate Change in Mountain Sites (GLOCHAMOST) initiative (http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ ecological-sciences/specific-ecosystems/mountains/glochamost/) as well as to inform the development of the MRI. Perth II, co-organized by CMS and MRI in 2010, was titled ''Global Change and the World's Mountains.'' It attracted 610 abstracts and was probably the largest international mountain science conference to date, with 450 participants from 60 countries on 6 continents. It provided an unparalleled opportunity for mountain scientists from a very wide range of natural and social science disciplines to present and discuss their research. The key published outcome was a special issue of Mountain Research and Development (MRD 32[S], March 2012), including plenary papers, a synthesis of all papers presented, and 2 prospective policy papers. The conference also provided opportunities for presentation and further development of activities within various global and regional programs or initiatives focusing specifically on mountain themes or featuring a mountain component: a 3-day pre-meeting brought together 80 scientists from 5 continents for a meeting of the Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (GLORIA); other initiatives (eg the South Eastern European Mountain Research Network [SEEMORE] and the Mountain Invasive Research Network [MIREN]) organized lunchtime sessions; and the conference was followed by a 1-day strategy session organized by MRI, which focused on future research activities and on the means to ensure a high profile for mountain issues in the Rioþ20 process and other global assessment and policy processes.
... Long term fencing tests in the Central Caucasus FIGURE 1.5 One of the oldest test sites of ..... more ... Long term fencing tests in the Central Caucasus FIGURE 1.5 One of the oldest test sites of ... Water shortage does not seem to be a major selective driver of the dominance of the tall tus ... one cannot escape the conclusion that short season, sharp frost, and perhaps long snow-pack ...
Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, Dec 1, 2017
Mountains worldwide host very rich biodiversity, are home to hundreds of millions of people, and ... more Mountains worldwide host very rich biodiversity, are home to hundreds of millions of people, and provide billions of upland and lowland inhabitants with vital ecosystem services. By altering mountain ecosystems and their biodiversity, global change modifies this picture substantially. We concisely review current knowledge and knowledge gaps on mountain biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being under global change. We argue that our ability to understand, predict, and sustainably manage mountain biodiversity and to support human well-being requires concerted research efforts in natural and social sciences and comparative analyses of biological and social-ecological systems within and across mountain ranges. Specific examples illustrate how the Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment will continue to support these efforts in the future.
The GMBA mountain inventory is an inventory of the world’s mountains based on the GMBA mountain d... more The GMBA mountain inventory is an inventory of the world’s mountains based on the GMBA mountain definition. Each of the 1003 entries corresponds to a polygon drawn around a mountain or a mountain range and includes the name of the delineated object, the area of mountainous terrain it covers stratified into different bioclimatic belts (all at 2.50 resolution), and demographic information.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jun 10, 2022
Le recul de la biodiversité est dramatique et il s'accélère. C'est ce que révèle le Conseil mondi... more Le recul de la biodiversité est dramatique et il s'accélère. C'est ce que révèle le Conseil mondial pour la biodiversité (IPBES) (Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services) dans son rapport de 2018 relatif à l'Europe et à l'Asie centrale ainsi que dans son rapport de 2019 sur la situation mondiale. Selon l'IPBES, les causes sont les suivantes : (1) changements d'utilisation des terres et des eaux, (2) surexploitation des ressources naturelles, (3) changement climatique, (4) pollution de l'environnement et (5) espèces exotiques envahissantes. À ces causes directes (facteurs) s'ajoutent des facteurs indirects d'ordre supérieur : démographie et culture sociale, économie et technologie, institutions et gouvernance, conflits et épidémies. Ce que la Suisse peut faire pour la biodiversité Actions possibles dans des secteurs sélectionnés Forum Biodiversité Suisse, (SCNAT), Interface Politikstudien (2022) Ce que la Suisse peut faire pour la biodiversité-Actions possibles dans des secteurs sélectionnés. Swiss Academies Factsheets 17 (2)
Mountains are hotspots of biodiversity. Yet, evaluating their importance in global biodiversity i... more Mountains are hotspots of biodiversity. Yet, evaluating their importance in global biodiversity inventories requires the adoption of a pertinent definition of mountains. Here, we first compare the well-established WCMC and GMBA definitions, which both use geographical information systems. We show that the WCMC approach arrives at twice the global mountain area and much higher human population numbers than the GMBA one, which is explained by the inclusion of (mostly) low latitude hill country below 600 m elevation. We then present an inventory of the world's mountains based on the GMBA definition. In this inventory, each of the 1003 entries corresponds to a polygon drawn around a mountain or a mountain range and includes the name of the delineated object, the area of mountainous terrain it covers stratified into different bioclimatic belts (all at 2.5 0 resolution), and demographic information. Taken together, the 1003 polygons cover 13.8 Mio km 2 of mountain terrain, of which 3.3 Mio km 2 are in the alpine and nival belts. This corresponds to 83.7% of the global mountain area sensu GMBA, and 94% of the alpine/ nival area. The 386 Mio people inhabiting mountainous terrain within polygons represent 75% of the people globally inhabiting mountains sensu GMBA. This inventory offers a robust framework for the integration of mountain biota in regional and larger scale biodiversity assessments, for biogeography, bioclimatology, macroecology, and conservation research, and for the exploration of a multitude of socio-ecological and climate change-related research questions in mountain biota, including the potential pressure on alpine ecosystems.
Biodiversity is the foundation of our lives. Yet we destroy ecosystems and drive species to extin... more Biodiversity is the foundation of our lives. Yet we destroy ecosystems and drive species to extinction. Human-induced biodiversity loss does not yet receive sufficient public attention, although biodiversity is fundamental for dealing with global environmental crises. Effective communication of biodiversity-related knowledge is challenging but crucial and should contribute to evidence-based decision-making transparent to the public. It is essential to promote science communication on biodiversity, and to stimulate dialogue between science, policy, and society. We emphasize the role of science journalism in critically mediating the complexity of scientific knowledge and suggest Dos and Don'ts for scientists to guide biodiversity-related science communication.
Land use systems in grassland dominated regions. Proceedings of the 20th General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation, Luzern, Switzerland, 21-24 June 2004., 2004
Although covering a relatively small fraction of the terrestrial land surface (13–25%, Kapos et a... more Although covering a relatively small fraction of the terrestrial land surface (13–25%, Kapos et al. 2000; Körner et al. 2011), mountain regions host an overproportional fraction of global biodiversity, supporting an estimated one-third of terrestrial biological diversity. On a global and regional scale, mountains that lie in areas of high biological richness are biodiversity hot spots because the rapid altitudinal change of climatic conditions over a very short distance gives rise to a range of bioclimatically defined vegetation types in close proximity (Körner 2004). For example, in the tropics, mountain vegetation ranges from submontane forests to tropical alpine ecosystems, thereby concentrating high biodiversity on an area basis. High topographic diversity, a characteristic feature of mountains, results in high habitat diversity and contributes to enhancing richness in biodiversity. Mountain biota, representing islands of high-elevation habitats and separated by the surrounding lowlands, have often formed in biogeographic isolation, resulting in high numbers of endemic species that further add to the uniqueness of mountain biodiversity. DIVERSITAS, the international biodiversity programme, included mountain biodiversity in their agenda in 2000, when the Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment (GMBA) was founded. The main task of GMBA is to explore and synthesise findings from research on the biological richness of the mountains of the world and to provide input to policy for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in mountain regions. GMBA has developed internationally endorsed guidelines for specific research fields, has published three synthesis books and has been advising the United Nations Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) on their Mountain Biodiversity Work Programme. This special issue offers a set of papers that were presented at the Second International Conference on Mountain Biodiversity. With this conference, GMBA celebrated its 10th anniversary, in the Alps in Chandolin, Switzerland in July 2010. The overarching theme was ‘Functional significance of mountain biodiversity’ and the conference sessions included contributions on phylogeny and genetic diversity, large-scale patterns and altitudinal trends in mountains, climate and land-use change impacts, and a session on invasive species. A final session addressed the potential of long-term ecological research sites ‘LTERs in the alpine and their influence on biodiversity research’, with the perspective to inaugurate a global network of alpine LTERs within the scope of GMBA. This special issue of Plant Ecology & Diversity offers a kaleidoscope of issues that were discussed at the Conference. Geographically, the coverage extends from the European Alps to the Carpathians, the Caucasus, the Southern Great Escarpment in South Africa, and the Central Himalayas and south-west China. Together with a number of related submissions to the journal, we offer the reader a selection of current topics in mountain biodiversity research. Whether or not successional guilds of glacier-foreland plant species share common life history traits is explored by Erschbamer and Mayer (2012). Klimešová and Doležal (2012) challenge the classical assumption that cold environments are dominated by clonal plant species when species numbers, but not abundance, are considered. Yet, once clones are established, they seem to be bound for an exceptionally long life, as has been demonstrated by past molecular studies; however, growth studies by De Witte and Stöcklin (2012) indicate that a warmer climate may not enhance the rate of clonal expansion. Dispersal is always a critical issue within the archipelago of summits, yet there is no doubt that recent decades have seen a multitude of newcomers in the summit floras (Stöckli et al. 2012). A surprising number of historical assessments offer the opportunity for a systematic re-surveying in order to assess the effects of a changing environment on mountain vegetation. Whether or not invasive species will keep up with this upslope race is still an open question. Comparing controlled environment temperature responses of growth and observed actual elevation limits leads Haider et al. (2012) to conclude that growth rates alone do not provide an explanation for the current elevational boundaries of non-native species, hence extreme events or winter mortality need to be considered to explain the altitude limits of alien plants. Humans have left their footprints in mountain grasslands, and this has given rise to species and plant functional trait selection and has led to genetic adaptation to regular disturbance. Quétier et al. (2012) offer a vegetation dynamics model based on plant traits to test long-term driving forces of man-made high-elevation meadows. In order to nail down adaptation of alpine species, common garden experiments are indispensible. Using this tool, Scheepens and Stöcklin (2012) show that postglacial…
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), May 2, 2022
Vorwort �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������... more Vorwort ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3 1 Klimawandel und Biodiversitätsverlust: zwei untrennbare Krisen ��������������������������������������������� 4 2 Globale Erwärmung, Extremereignisse und regionales Klima ����������������������������������������������������� 6 3 Auswirkungen des Klimawandels und dringend nötige Anpassungen ��������������������������������������� 8 4 Verlust der Biodiversität: Ursachen und Folgen für die Gesellschaft ������������������������������������������10 5 Möglichkeiten, den Klimawandel zu stoppen ����������������������������������������������������������������������������12 6 Möglichkeiten, um die Biodiversität zu erhalten und zu fördern �����������������������������������������������14 7 Synthese für die Schweiz �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������16 8 Rasches Handeln ist unabdingbar und zahlt sich aus �����������������������������������������������������������������18 Referenzen ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20 2 Trendwende Klima und Biodiversität. Parlament trifft Wissenschaft
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), May 2, 2022
Introduzione ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������... more Introduzione ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3 1 Cambiamento climatico e perdita di biodiversità: due crisi collegate ����������������������������������������� 4 2 Riscaldamento globale, eventi estremi e clima regionale ����������������������������������������������������������� 6 3 Effetti del cambiamento climatico e adattamenti urgenti ����������������������������������������������������������� 8 4 Perdita di biodiversità: cause e conseguenze per la società �������������������������������������������������������10 5 Possibilità per fermare il cambiamento climatico �����������������������������������������������������������������������12 6 Opzioni per preservare e promuovere la biodiversità �����������������������������������������������������������������14 7 Sintesi per la Svizzera ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������16 8 Agire velocemente è indispensabile e conviene �������������������������������������������������������������������������18 Bibliografia ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20 2 Inversione di tendenza clima e biodiversità. Il Parlamento incontra la scienza
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), May 2, 2022
Inverser la tendance : climat et biodiversité Rencontre entre le Parlement et les scientifiques a... more Inverser la tendance : climat et biodiversité Rencontre entre le Parlement et les scientifiques academies-suisses.ch Vol. 17, No. 6, 2022 MENTIONS LÉGALES EDITRICE ET CONTACT Académie suisse des sciences naturelles (SCNAT) Maison des Académies • Laupenstrasse 7 • Case postale • 3001 Berne • Suisse
This book presents the first assessment of the high-elevation flora of the Central Caucasus with ... more This book presents the first assessment of the high-elevation flora of the Central Caucasus with a community ecology emphasis. Following a geostatistical-climatological description of the region (in comparison to the European Alps), it describes the montane, alpine and nival plant assemblages on the basis of an ecological approach that combines moisture, soils and local habitat peculiarities. Highlights include the famous giant herb communities in treeless parts of the upper montane belt, the various facets of alpine turf, and the unique assemblages and settings in the nival region. Further chapters address potential niche conservation between the Caucasus and the Alps, as well as a compilation of plant species habitat preferences (indicator values) that applies to a concept developed for the Alps. Richly illustrated and featuring extensive quantitative data on species abundance, the book offers a unique guide to the plant species diversity of this prominent mountain range, and a valuable resource for comparative ecology and biodiversity assessments of warm temperate mountain systems.
This editorial introduces the conference and the papers in this special issue, which are based on... more This editorial introduces the conference and the papers in this special issue, which are based on presentations given during the conference. The present issue of MRD concludes with an evaluation of the conference and consequent recommendations for future research. The Perth mountain conferences ''Mountains of Our Future Earth,'' referred to as Perth III, was the third international conference on mountains and global change held in Perth, following 2 previous international conferences. Perth I, in 2005, was the Open Science conference that concluded the 2-year Global Change and Mountain Regions (GLOCHAMORE) project, primarily funded by the European Commission's Sixth Framework Programme for Research and Development. Through 5 product-oriented workshops and this final conference, the project aimed to achieve further understanding of the causes and impacts of global change in mountain regions. The conference attracted 310 abstracts and was attended by 210 people from 41 countries on 6 continents. The principal products of the conference were a book of 197 accepted abstracts (Price 2006) and the GLOCHAMORE Research Strategy (Bj€ ornsen Gurung 2006), which was used as the basis for UNESCO's Global and Climate Change in Mountain Sites (GLOCHAMOST) initiative (http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ ecological-sciences/specific-ecosystems/mountains/glochamost/) as well as to inform the development of the MRI. Perth II, co-organized by CMS and MRI in 2010, was titled ''Global Change and the World's Mountains.'' It attracted 610 abstracts and was probably the largest international mountain science conference to date, with 450 participants from 60 countries on 6 continents. It provided an unparalleled opportunity for mountain scientists from a very wide range of natural and social science disciplines to present and discuss their research. The key published outcome was a special issue of Mountain Research and Development (MRD 32[S], March 2012), including plenary papers, a synthesis of all papers presented, and 2 prospective policy papers. The conference also provided opportunities for presentation and further development of activities within various global and regional programs or initiatives focusing specifically on mountain themes or featuring a mountain component: a 3-day pre-meeting brought together 80 scientists from 5 continents for a meeting of the Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (GLORIA); other initiatives (eg the South Eastern European Mountain Research Network [SEEMORE] and the Mountain Invasive Research Network [MIREN]) organized lunchtime sessions; and the conference was followed by a 1-day strategy session organized by MRI, which focused on future research activities and on the means to ensure a high profile for mountain issues in the Rioþ20 process and other global assessment and policy processes.
... Long term fencing tests in the Central Caucasus FIGURE 1.5 One of the oldest test sites of ..... more ... Long term fencing tests in the Central Caucasus FIGURE 1.5 One of the oldest test sites of ... Water shortage does not seem to be a major selective driver of the dominance of the tall tus ... one cannot escape the conclusion that short season, sharp frost, and perhaps long snow-pack ...
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