Papers by Ghada Abdel-hamid
To investigate the histological and biochemical changes of fetal liver induced by aluminum chlori... more To investigate the histological and biochemical changes of fetal liver induced by aluminum chloride and the role of vitamin E in alleviating the harmful effects of aluminum. Eighty pregnant female rats were divided into two main groups control (C) and experimental. Each main group was subdivided into two subgroups (20 dams in each). Control was subdivided into: negative untreated (C) and positive control (C + VE, 100 mg VE/kg BW/day). Experimental group was subdivided into: (AL) (150 mg /kg BW/ day) and (AL) + VE (100 mg VE/kg BW/day). All test drugs were administered through intragastric tube from first day of gestation to the 20 day. Fetal liver weight and all growth parameters were measured. Sections of paraffin-embedded rat fetal liver were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, PAS, and Masson trichrome. Another part of rat fetal liver was assayed for lipid peroxidation enzymes, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and glutathione S-transferase. Oral aluminum chlor...
Essentials of Spinal Cord Injury Medicine, 2018
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a distressing neurological condition that causes loss of neural tissu... more Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a distressing neurological condition that causes loss of neural tissue, with subsequent damages to neural circuitry, and loss of sensorimotor function. The SCIs have an estimated incidence rate of~80 cases per million populations. Till date, no ratified effective therapeutic strategy for SCIs exist; however, recent advancements in regenerative medicines to protect and regenerate damaged/lost neural tissues following SCIs have shown promising results in preclinical and clinical trials. Moreover, there is a greater need to fully understand underlying mechanisms following cellular transplantation that can be achieved through proper differentiation of desired cell type, and their in-vivo tracking of migration, proliferation and integration into the host system. Furthermore, techniques that can prevent teratomas formation following cellular transplantation have been reported. In addition to the ongoing comprehensive neuroregenerative and neuroprotective therapeutic strategies for SCIs, novel technologies are emerging including neuroscience-based computational and robotic rehabilitational therapies. These improved strategies in combination with cell-based therapeutic approaches are opening new avenues for future research to completely cure SCIs. Herein, we intended to review pathophysiological mechanisms following SCI, preclinical and clinical updates of cellular transplantation, the extent of success from these transplantations, associated controversies and other emerging technologies.
MOJ Anatomy & Physiology, 2018
Nicotine is the main toxic constituent in cigarettes and vitamin C is an important antioxidant ag... more Nicotine is the main toxic constituent in cigarettes and vitamin C is an important antioxidant agent. This study investigated the possible ameliorative effect of vitamin C on nicotine-induced histological and ultrastructure changes in zona fasciculata in rats. Sixty adult male albino rats were distributed into 3 groups (20 rats each): Group I, control group received subcutaneous injection of saline daily for 8 weeks. Group II nicotine-treated group, rats received subcutaneous injection of nicotine (0.7 mg/kg body weight) daily for 8 weeks. Group III (nicotine+vitamin C group), rats received vitamin C (100 mg/kg body weight daily) through intragastric tube. Samples from adrenal cortex were prepared for light (hematoxylin & eosin and toluidine blue staining) and electron microscopic examination. Nicotine resulted in histopathological changes in zona fasciculata as cells had cytoplasmic degeneration with increased lipid contents, significant increase in total adrenal cortical thickness and zona fasciculate thickness. Nicotine induced ultrastructure changes in zona fasciculata cells and a significant increase in number and volume of lipid droplets, degenerated mitochondria, decreased the surface area of mitochondrial cristae, the volume of mitochondrial compartment and increased significantly the volume of lipid droplet compartment. These histopathological and ultrastructure changes in zona fasciculata cells due to nicotine exposure, were reduced by vitamin C supplementation. In conclusion, this study provided evidence that the harmful histological and ultrastructure changes of nicotine on zona fasciculata in rats were ameliorated by vitamin C intake.
International Journal of Morphology, 2019
The aim of this study was to determine the possible regenerative effect of neuroectodermal stem c... more The aim of this study was to determine the possible regenerative effect of neuroectodermal stem cells on the ultrastructural, and locomotor function resulting from compressed injury to the spinal cord in a rat model. Forty male rats were divided into control and sham groups (20 rats each). Compressed spinal cord injured (CSCI) were forty rats which subdivided equally into: untreated, treated by neuroectodermal stem cells (NESCs). After four weeks, all rats in different groups were scarified, samples were taken from central, cranial, and caudal to the site of spinal cord injury. Specimens were prepared for light and electron microscopic examination. The number of remyelinated axons in central, cranial and caudal regions to the injured spinal cord after transplantation of NESCs was counted. The open field test assessed the locomotor function. Results revealed that compressed spinal cord injury resulted in loss and degeneration of numerous nerve fibers, myelin splitting and degeneration of mitochondria. Four weeks after transplantation of NESCs regenerated axons were noticed in cranial and central sites, while degenerate axons were noticed caudal to the lesion. Number of remyelinated axons was significantly increased in both central and cranial to the site of spinal cord injury in comparison with caudal region which had the least number of remyelinated axons. Transplantation of NESCs improved significantly the locomotor functional activity In conclusion, neuroectodermal stem cells transplantation ameliorated the histopathological and ultrastructural changes, and improved the functional locomotor activity in CSCI rat.
Journal of Biosciences, 2018
The outcomes of compressed spinal cord injury (CSCI) necessitate radical treatment. The therapeut... more The outcomes of compressed spinal cord injury (CSCI) necessitate radical treatment. The therapeutic potential of neuroectodermal stem cells (NESCs) in a rat model of CSCI in acute and subacute stages was assessed. White Wistar rat were divided into control, sham-operated, CSCI untreated model, CSCI grafted with NESCs at 1 day after CSCI, and at 7 days after CSCI. Primary NESC cultures were prepared from brains of embryonic day 10 (E10) mice embryos. NESCs were transplanted at the site of injury using a Hamilton syringe. Locomotor functional assessment, routine histopathology, immunostaining for (GFAP), and ultrastructure techniques for evaluating the CSI were conducted. In CSCI, areas of hemorrhage, cavitation, reactive astrocytosis, upregulated GFAP expression of immunostained areas, degeneration of the axoplasm and demyelination were observed. One day after grafting with NESCs, a decrease in astrocyte reaction and pathological features, quantitative and qualitative enhancement of remyelination and improved locomotor activity were observed. Treatment with NESCs at 7 days after CSCI did not mitigatethe reactive astrocytosis and glial scar formation that hindered the ability of the NESCs to enhance remyelination of axons. In conclusion, the microenvironment and time of NESCs transplantation affect activity of astrocytes and remyelination of axons.
Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica, 2017
Introduction. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life-disrupting condition in which the first few days... more Introduction. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life-disrupting condition in which the first few days are the most critical. Secondary conditions remain the main causes of death for people with SCI. The response of different cell types to SCI and their role at different times in the progression of secondary degeneration are not well understood. The aim of this study was to study the histopathological changes of compressed spinal cord injury (CSCI) in a rat model. Material and methods. Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. In group I, the rats were left without any surgical intervention (control). In group II, the rats were subjected to laminectomy without spinal cord compression (sham-operated). In group III, the rats were sacrificed one day after CSCI. In group IV, the rats were sacrificed seven days after CSCI. The light microscopy was employed to study the morphology using H&E, osmic acid staining and immunohistochemistry to detect glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The electron microscopy was applied for ultrastructure study. Results. Histopathological examination of the posterior funiculus of the white matter revealed minute hemorrhages and localized necrotic areas on day 1, which transformed to areas of cavitation and fibrinoid necrosis surrounded by a demarcating rim of numerous astrocytes by day 7. The mean percentage of area of GFAP expression increased significantly by day 7. Osmic acid staining revealed swollen nerve fibers after one day, while numerous fibers had been lost by day 7. An ultrastructure study revealed swollen redundant thinned myelin and myelin splitting, as well as degeneration of axoplasm on day 1. On day 7, layers of the myelin sheath were folded and wrinkled with partial or complete demyelination areas. The myelin lamellae were disorganized and loose. The G-ratio was significantly greater on day 1 than day 7 after CSCI. Conclusions. In the rat model of CSCI details of the progressive spinal cord injury can be analyzed by morphological methods and may be helpful in the identification of the onset and type of clinical intervention.
MOJ Anatomy & Physiology, 2017
The most suitable teaching strategy to implement vertical integration between basic and clinical ... more The most suitable teaching strategy to implement vertical integration between basic and clinical sciences is problem-based learning (PBL). My personal experience in faculty of medicine in King Abdulaziz University where the medical curriculum used information-oriented approach. Medical student learns basic and clinical sciences, through understanding the essentials of each science separately. Since 2009, PBL was implemented through system modules for the third year students. PBL session help students to think, discuss and share their current knowledge, analyze and generate ideas to test possibilities underlying problem scenarios which represented common health problems in the community. The advantages of PBL for better joining of basic and clinical sciences which lead to improvement of the learning outcome domains where, the students declared that PBL enabled them to gain learning skills and, more satisfaction, and better outcome after graduation. 2
MOJ Anatomy & Physiology, 2015
Folia Morphologica, 2015
Raisins were investigated for their protective role on cardiac muscle both biochemically and hist... more Raisins were investigated for their protective role on cardiac muscle both biochemically and histopathologically in high cholesterol diet (HCD)-fed rats. Wister male rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10): control, raisin-fed, HCD-fed and HCD-raisin fed group. Animals were anaesthetized after 13 weeks. Hearts were dissected and processed for histopathological examination. Raisins administration with HCD significantly decreased the animals' blood glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, and low density lipoprotein levels; while increased their high density lipoprotein levels compared with rats fed HCD alone. They also decreased cardiomyocytes' degeneration, cellular infiltration, haemorrhages and blood vessels affection. Raisins reduced fibrosis by decreasing the immuno-expression of alpha smooth muscle actin marker, whereas they significantly increased the immuno-expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Raisins showed a cardioprotective effect and were able to alleviate the biochemical and the histopathological changes induced by the HCD. Consumption of raisins or their pharmaceutical product should be recommended specially for those eating a high-fat diet.
Research Journal of Medical Sciences, 2010
Folia Morphologica, 2013
This study was performed to investigate the anatomy and variations of the human extensor tendons ... more This study was performed to investigate the anatomy and variations of the human extensor tendons of the fingers and their intertendinous connections. Ninety five upper limbs of adult cadavers were dissected. The variations in the extensor tendons of the fingers, both proximal and distal to the extensor retinaculum, and their mode of insertion were observed. Also, the intertendinous connections were explored and the obtained data were analysed. The extensor pollicis longus and brevis tendons were found to be single, doubled or, rarely, absent. Their insertion could be traced to either the proximal phalanx, or through the extensor expansion to both phalanges, or rarely to the distal phalanx of thumb. The extensor indicis had a single tendon in all specimens. In the majority of specimens, extensor digitorum had no independent slip to the little finger; it gave off a single tendon to the index, double tendons to the middle finger and triple tendons to the ring finger. Extensor digiti minimi muscle often had double or triple tendons distal to the extensor retinaculum. Three types of juncturae tendinum (JT) were identified between the tendons of extensor digitorum in the 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th intermetacarpal spaces (IMS) of hands. Types 1 and 2 JT were seen in the three IMS. Type 3 JT was the most frequently identified of all juncturae and was always absent in the 2 nd IMS. The percentages of the present data were compared with other researchers' data.
... Animals and animal care: Thirty Dunkin Hartley males guinea pigs weighing between (400-600 g)... more ... Animals and animal care: Thirty Dunkin Hartley males guinea pigs weighing between (400-600 g) were purchased from animals house in King Fahd Medical Research Center. ... Inhalation chambers were placed in the laboratory at King Fahd Medical Research Center. ...
Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, 2013
The broad-snouted caiman, Caiman latirostris, is widely distributed in countries of South America... more The broad-snouted caiman, Caiman latirostris, is widely distributed in countries of South America. In Brazil it is considered an endangered species because of natural habitat destruction and illegal hunting. In reptiles, the thyroid gland plays an integral part in ecdysis, reproduction, tail regeneration, growth, endocrine function and metabolism rate. The aim of the present study was to characterize the thyroid gland morphology of C. latirostris, based on histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. The thyroid glands were fixed in Bouin's fluid and serial cross sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Mallory's trichrome, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Alcian blue (AB pH 1.5 and 2.5). The immunohistochemical technique for 5-HT-IR cells was used. The thyroid gland has a dense irregular connective tissue forms a capsule enveloping the gland. There are several follicular acini of varying size lined by simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium in the thyroid gland. The follicles are connected by interfollicular connective tissue which contains blood vessels. We observed the presence of lymph nodes around the entire gland. There was a positive PAS reaction and negative AB reaction in the colloid. 5-HT-IR cells were detected around the follicle cells. No striking morphological differences were observed between C. latirostris and other domesticated mammals.
Folia Morphologica, 2013
Variations of APL tendon and its way of insertion were observed; its length, width and thickness ... more Variations of APL tendon and its way of insertion were observed; its length, width and thickness were also measured and statistically analysed. No single-tendon-APL was found in all the examined upper limbs. The APL exhibited 2-6 tendons in all the cases. Tendons of APL were classified into medial and lateral. The lateral was considered as the main APL tendon, which was inserted into the base of the first metacarpal bone. The medial tendons were regarded as accessory slips and were inserted most commonly into the base of the first metacarpal bone; 80% on its anterolateral surface vs. 20% on the lateral one. The rest of the medial slips extended to trapezium, abductor pollicis brevis, thenar fascia, capsule of first carpometacarpal joint and opponens pollicis, with a frequency of 80%, 60%, 40%, 30% and 20%, respectively. Transverse tendinous fibres were noted connecting the various slips of the APL tendons. No significant difference was recorded between the length of the main APL tendon and its accessory tendons, however, a highly significant difference was found between their thicknesses as well as their widths. Thus it is verified that the lateral tendon of APL is the main, whereas the medial tendons are accessory. The observations regarding dimensions and variations of the APL and their accessory tendons may prove useful to surgeons as a source of grafting material.
The Egyptian Journal of Histology, 2015
Introduction Green tea is reported to have hypoglycemic effect on diabetic rats. However, studies... more Introduction Green tea is reported to have hypoglycemic effect on diabetic rats. However, studies about its effect on the structure of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex are limited. Aim This work aimed at studying the ultrastructural changes induced by green tea on the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in diabetic rats. Materials and methods Forty adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups of 10 each: group I was the control group; group II received green tea extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg/day intragastrically; group III included rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes; and group IV received green tea extract after inducing diabetes. Rats were sacrificed after 12 weeks, and the adrenal glands were processed for semithin and ultrathin sections. Plasma level of aldosterone, total thickness of both the adrenal cortex and the zona glomerulosa, volume of both mitochondrial and lipid droplet, and surface area of mitochondrial cristae and smooth endoplasmic reticulum were measured. Results STZ-induced diabetes resulted in a significant decrease in body weight and serum aldosterone level and a significant increase in adrenal weight and thickness and thickness of the zona glomerulosa compared with the other groups. Zona glomerulosa cells in STZ-induced diabetic rats showed a significant increase in the number and size of lipid droplets and degenerated mitochondria. In addition, STZ-induced diabetes resulted in a significant decrease in volume of mitochondrial droplet, surface area of mitochondrial cristae, and surface area of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, as well as a significant increase in the volume of lipid droplet compared with the other groups. The green tea-treated diabetic rat group showed a significant increase in body weight, a significant decrease in adrenal weight, a significant increase in aldosterone level in serum, and decrease in the thickness of the adrenal cortex and the zona glomerulosa compared with the diabetic group. The ultrastructure of the zona glomerulosa was nearly similar to that of the control group. Conclusion Green tea extract administration improved the biochemical and ultrastructural changes induced by diabetes in the zona glomerulosa.
MOJ Anatomy & Physiology, 2015
Hypercholesterolemia accompanies renal disorders and is contributed to the progression of renal d... more Hypercholesterolemia accompanies renal disorders and is contributed to the progression of renal diseases. The aim of the present study is to investigate the possible ameliorating effects of red grape juice on renal glomeruli of adult rat fed high cholesterol diet. Sixty male albino rats were divided into three groups (n=20 each). Group I served as control (n=20) and received vehicle (saline) alone, Group II served as the high cholesterol diet (HCD) group fed with a high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks, and Group III rats were fed HCD along with red grape juice (RGJ) for 8 weeks. Kidney was dissected out, weighted and processed for paraffin blocks. General histological and special stains were performed. Glomerular cross-sectional surface area, the capillary diameter within the glomeruli, the mean glomerular tuft area and Bowman's capsule area of each kidney were measured. Immunohistochemistry assessments for ASMA, desmin, PCNA, eNos and CD68 ; their mean intensity and area percentage of positive glomeruli were measured. HCD resulted in elevated blood glucose, insulin and all serum lipids. It induced mesangial expansion, congestion of glomerular capillaries, thickening of Bowman's capsule and foamy cells in the glomerular tuft and renal fibrosis. HCD induced mesangial-cell activation, podocyte injury, which was associated with eNOs deficiency and increased number of CD68 positive cells in glomeruli and interstitium. RGJ effectively restored most of HCD-induced deleterious effects, suggesting that adding it to diet can play a protective role against renal cortical damage and disturbed serum lipids associated with dietary hypercholesterolemia.
MOJ Anatomy & Physiology
Active learning methods, as problem-based learning, case-based teaching, didactic learning and we... more Active learning methods, as problem-based learning, case-based teaching, didactic learning and web-based teaching are recognized strategies to stimulate student's critical thinking. 5 These strategies aid students to learn and eventually integrate information. 6 These learning strategies differ in efficiency and applicability, but they are in the same conceptual framework which is the constructivist theory of learning. This learning theory states that learning with understanding, happens when learners integrate new information with their current knowledge. Constructivism underlies mind mapping and concept mapping as learning strategies which are promising approaches in the setting of medical education. 6 Advantages of mind mapping as a learning tool The reasons for using mind maps in learning and teaching
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Papers by Ghada Abdel-hamid