Ctenophora sunt animalia marina, gelatina, saepissime natantia, rarius in fundo maris reptantia, octo series laminarum per totum corpus distributarum habentia; quae series pectinibus similes videntur, unde et horum animalium nomen (Graece κτείς – pecten)[1]. In taxinomia biologica tamquam phylum habentur. Numerus specierum Ctenophororum hodiernorum inter 150 et 250 est, sed cum propter corpus gelatinum difficilia collectu scrutatuque sint, forsitan multa nondum descripta remanent.

Descriptio

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Corpus Ctenophororum in longitudinem inter aliquot cm et 2 m est. Per totum corpus, ab apice usque ad os (quod apici opponitur) octo (apud Ctenophora fossilia nonnumquam plus) series laminarum extenduntur, unaquaque lamina e permultis ciliis sibi firmissime adhaerentibus constituta. Quibus laminis per certum ordinem agitatis totum animal movetur. Multa Ctenophora tentacula duo habent, ubi cellulae substantia adhaesiva repletae (colloblasti) inveniuntur, et quibus ad venandam praedam utuntur, omnes enim Ctenophororum hodiernorum species carnivorae sunt[2].

Ctenophora systema nervosum[3] et cellulas musculares habent. Plerumque hermaphroditae sunt[2].

Evolutio

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Positio Ctenophororum inter alia phyla animalium

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Olim Ctenophora cum Cnidariis (Hydrozois et Anthozois) in unum Coelenteratorum phylum iungebantur, sed similitudines inter ea superficiales tantum apparent, differentiae vero magni momenti. Praeter alia, Ctenophora colloblastos substantia adhaesiva repletos habent, Cnidaria vero cnidocytos cum substantia urente, saepe cum quasi hastula quae praedam transfigere potest[4].

Nunc Ctenophora tamquam phylum separatum habentur, vel ab omnibus animalibus maxime remotum[5], vel secundum in ordine arboris phylogeneticae, Poriferis ab omnibus aliis phylis maxime remotis[6], Ctenophoris vero ab omnibus aliis animalibus seiunctis.

Ctenophora fossilia

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Ctenorhabdotus capulus, ctenophorum Cambricum ad Burgess inventum, viginti quatuor series laminarum habens.

Etiamsi Ctenophora corpus gelatinum habeant, ideoque raro tantum in statu fossili inveniuntur, non desunt fossilia eorum. Primo, Ctenophora Cambrica valde a hodiernis differebant, cum multa eorum sceleta externa possiderent (unde Scleroctenophora dicuntur[7]) et suspensivora erant; haec in Sinis et in Uta inventa sunt et descripta[8]. Secundo, in rarissimis casibus, qui vulgo Konservat-Lagerstätten dicuntur, etiam corpora sceletis carentes conservari possunt; Ctenophora fossilia in duobus talibus locis inventa sunt, nempe ad Burgess in Canada (periodi Cambricae)[9] et ad Hunsrück in Germania (periodi Devonicae)[10].

Bibliographia

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  • Giribet, G. & Edgecombe, G. D. (2020) The Invertebrate Tree of Life (Princeton–Oxford: Princeton University Press) ISBN 9780691170251 [Ctenophora in capite tertio, pp. 23–32]
  • Parry, L. A. et al. (2021) Cambrian comb jellies from Utah illuminate the early evolution of nervous and sensory systems in ctenophores. iScience, 24 (9): 102943 (lege hic)
  • Zhao, Y. et al. (2019) Cambrian sessile, suspension feeding stem-group Ctenophores and evolution of the comb jelly body plan. Current Biology, 27 (7): 1112–1125 (lege hic)

Nexus externi

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Introductio in Ctenophora (anglice, Universitas Californiensis Berkeleiensis)

Ctenophora Cambrica ad Burgess inventa

  1. Nomen Ctenophororum Iohannes Fredericus Gustavus von Eschscholtz anno 1829 proposuit. Nota autem vocabulum simile: est enim etiam genus Insectorum dipterorum e familia Tipulidarum, Ctenophora Meigen, 1804.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Giribet & Edgecombe, op. cit.
  3. Jékely, G. et al. (2015) The phylogenetic position of ctenophores and the origin(s) of nervous systems. EvoDevo, 6: 1 (lege hic)
  4. Kass-Simon, G. & Scappaticci, A. A. Jr. (2002). The behavioral and developmental physiology of nematocysts . Canadian Journal of Zoology, 80 (10): 1772–1794 (lege hic)
  5. Whelan, N. et al. (2017) Ctenophore relationships and their placement as the sister group to all other animals. Nature Ecology & Evolution 1 (11). (lege hic) (vel hic)
  6. Simion, P. et al. (2017) A large and consistent phylogenomic dataset supports sponges as the sister group to all other animals. Current Biology, 27 (7): 958–967. (lege hic)
  7. Parry et al., op. cit.
  8. Qiang Ou et al. (2015) A vanished history of skeletonization in Cambrian comb jellies. Science Advances 1, e1500092. (lege hic)
  9. Conway Morris, S. & Collins, D.H. (1996) Middle Cambrian Ctenophores from the Stephen Formation, British Columbia, Canada. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 351 (1337): 279–308. (lege hic) (vel hic)
  10. Stanley, G. D., Jr. & Stürmer, W. (1987) A new fossil ctenophore discovered by X-rays. Nature, 328 (6125): 61–63 (lege hic)
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