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Family and Adoption Studies of Substance Use

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Genetics of Substance Use

Abstract

In this chapter we review findings from family and adoption studies of substance-related behavior over the past few decades. Family and adoption studies provide important confirmatory and complementary data to the study of twins. Although non-twin family studies cannot disentangle the underlying sources of familial resemblance, they have made important contributions to the identification of intra- and extra-familial risk factors, how familial influences may change over time/development, and the extent to which family environments and other contexts may moderate risk. Although fewer in number, the value of adoption studies is that they provide a mechanism for separating the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences on familial resemblance. Adoption studies have shown that familial influences shared by siblings may make a greater contribution to sibling resemblance for substance-related behavior than familial influences shared by parents and children. Further, both family and adoption studies confirm the presence of both common and substance-specific pathways to substance use and SUD. There is now accumulating evidence that one primary pathway to SUD is through externalizing behavior in general, where SUD is one facet of a syndrome of externalizing behaviors characterized by disinhibitory psychopathology. Evidence also suggests that different risk and protective factors may be uniquely associated with the onset, progression, and persistence of substance use. There is clearly a need for more well-designed longitudinal family and adoption studies to better understand the development of substance use and substance use disorders.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Liability (Falconer, 1965) is a latent (unobserved) trait subsuming the effects of all factors influencing variation in the risk for a disorder. Below a certain point on its scale, termed the threshold, the phenotypes are generally unaffected, and above, affected.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

    Michael C. Stallings, Kyle R. Kent & Maia J. Frieser

  2. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

    Michael C. Stallings & Maia J. Frieser

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    Michael M. Vanyukov

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Stallings, M.C., Kent, K.R., Frieser, M.J. (2022). Family and Adoption Studies of Substance Use. In: Vanyukov, M.M. (eds) Genetics of Substance Use. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95350-8_5

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