Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and effects of dietary supplementation with Citrus limon extract (CLE) (Nor-Spice AB®) on growth, hematological, and innate immunity parameters of striped catfish juveniles (Pangasius hypophthalmus). Chemical composition was detected using nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. Six diets with different levels of CLE —0.0 (control), 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 g kg diet–1 — were evaluated for 90 days, followed by 8 days of bacterial infection by Aeromonas hydrophila. CLE presented phenolic compounds (mainly flavonoids) and polysaccharides as major constituents. Fish supplemented with 0.4 g CLE kg diet–1 showed final weight, weight gain, final biomass, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio higher than fish of the control group, or those supplemented with diets between 0.8 and 3.2 g CLE kg–1. Fish supplemented with 3.2 g CLE kg diet–1 showed plasma albumin levels, respiratory burst total thrombocytes, total leukocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes significantly higher than fish supplemented with other diets. After bacterial infection, fish fed CLE maintained biochemical, hematological, and immunological parameters similar to the control group, except for plasma total proteins and neutrophils levels that decreased as the concentration of CLE was increased in the diet. In conclusion, the addition of 0.4 g CLE kg diet–1 is recommended for improving the growth and immune resistance of striped catfish in intensive culture.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) for the productivity research grant awarded to Copatti, C.E. (# 304329/2021-5), Almeida, J.R.G.S. (# 313235/2021-0), Tavares-Dias, M. (# 303013/2015-0), Costa, E.V (# 304577/2020-0) and CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) — Finance Code 001 — for a research grant provided for Macedo, J.S. The authors thank Nor-Feed (Beaucozé, France) for supporting this study.
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This study was supported by research funds from the CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) – Finance Code 001.
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J.S.M.: carried out the experiments and biometric and biochemical analyses and contributed to the results and discussion. E.V.C., F.M.A.S., L.M.D., V.L.A.S., and J.R.G.S.A.: chemical composition analysis, figures, supplementary material, writing of M&M and results about chemical composition and collaboration on the discussion. M.T.D.: hematological and immunological analyzes, revision, and collaboration on the discussion. C.E.C.: statistical analysis, revision, writing, and final text. J.F.B.M.: conception and design, revision and collaboration on the discussion. All the authors have read and approved the manuscript.
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Macedo, J.d.S., Copatti, C.E., Costa, E.V. et al. Effects of Citrus limon extract on growth performance and immunity in striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus). Aquacult Int 31, 719–738 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-022-00995-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-022-00995-4