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Black carbon: a general review of its sources, analytical methods, and environmental effects in snow and ice in the Tibetan Plateau

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Abstract

Tibetan Plateau (TP) is known as the water tower of Asia, and glaciers are solid reservoirs that can regulate the amount of water. Black carbon (BC), as one of the important factors accelerating glacier melting, is causing evident environmental effects in snow and ice. However, a systematical summary of the potential sources, analytical methods, distributions, and environmental effects of BC in snow and ice on the TP’s glaciers is scarce. Therefore, this study drew upon existing research on snow and ice BC on glaciers of the TP to describe the detection methods and uncertainties associated with them to clarify the concentrations of BC in snow and ice and their climatic effects. The primary detection methods are the optical method, the thermal–optical method, the thermochemical method, and the single-particle soot photometer method. However, few studies have systematically compared the results of BC and this study found that concentrations of BC in different types of snow and ice varied by 1–3 orders of magnitude, which drastically affected the regional hydrologic process by potentially accelerating the ablation of glaciers by approximately 15% and reducing the duration of snow accumulation by 3–4 days. In general, results obtained from the various testing methods differ drastically, which limited the systematical discussion. Accordingly, a universal standard for the sampling and measurement should be considered in the future work, which will be beneficial to facilitate the comparison of the spatiotemporal features and to provide scientific data for the model-simulated climatic effects of BC.

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Funding

This study is financially supported by the Pan-Third Pole Environment Study for a Green Silk Road (Pan-TPE) (No. XDA20040501) and the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (No. 2021429).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China

    Xiaoxiang Wang, Xi Luo, Yulan Zhang, Shichang Kang, Pengfei Chen & Hewen Niu

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China

    Xi Luo & Shichang Kang

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  1. Xiaoxiang Wang
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Contributions

Conceptualization: Yulan Zhang, Xiaoxiang Wang. Methodology: Xi Luo, Xiaoxiang Wang. Formal analysis and investigation: Xiaoxiang Wang, Xi Luo. Writing—original draft preparation: Xiaoxiang Wang, Xi Luo. Writing—review and editing: Pengfei Chen, Hewen Niu. Funding acquisition: Shichang Kang, Hewen Niu. Resources: Shichang Kang. Supervision: Shichang Kang, Yulan Zhang, Xi Luo.

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Wang, X., Luo, X., Zhang, Y. et al. Black carbon: a general review of its sources, analytical methods, and environmental effects in snow and ice in the Tibetan Plateau. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 3413–3424 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31439-y

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