Abstract
Karst aquifers are particularly vulnerable to tunnel excavation; however, studies on tunnels in karst environments remain limited, and none have explored the depth and pathways of karst groundwater circulation resulting from tunnel excavation using hydrogeochemical evaluation. This study analyzed hydrogeochemical variations in precipitation, groundwater and tunnel drainage in a karst trough valley in Chongqing, Southwest China, comparing these changes to groundwater levels and discharges. Following tunnel excavation, ion concentrations derived from human activities in epikarst springs decreased, while ion concentrations from natural karst processes increased. At the drainage zone near the exit of the adjacent railway tunnel, the increase in ion concentrations from human activities was greater than the changes in other ions, while ions from karst processes showed a decrease. The evaluation of groundwater discharge and hydrogeochemical changes indicated that tunnel excavation altered the pathways and depths of groundwater circulation. Newly formed fissures generated from the tunnel excavation provided additional runoff pathways for downward movement of upper soil water and epikarst water, resulting in variations in groundwater mixing and changes in hydrogeochemical characteristics. This study provides evidence and a practical approach for investigating groundwater circulation in karst trough valleys.
Résumé
Les aquifères karstiques sont particulièrement vulnérables au creusement de tunnels. Cependant, les études sur les tunnels dans les environnements karstiques restent limitées, et aucune n’a exploré la profondeur et les voies de circulation des eaux souterraines karstiques résultant de l’excavation des tunnels à l’aide d’une évaluation hydrogéochimique. Cette étude a analysé les variations hydrogéochimiques des précipitations, des eaux souterraines et du drainage des tunnels dans une vallée karstique en auge à Chongqing, dans le sud-ouest de la Chine, en comparant ces changements aux niveaux et aux décharges des eaux souterraines. Après l’excavation du tunnel, les concentrations d’ions provenant des activités humaines dans les sources épikarstiques ont diminué, tandis que les concentrations d’ions provenant des processus karstiques naturels ont augmenté. Dans la zone de drainage proche de la sortie du tunnel ferroviaire adjacent, l’augmentation des concentrations d’ions provenant des activités humaines a été plus importante que les variations d’autres ions, tandis que les ions provenant des processus karstiques ont montré une diminution. L’évaluation de l’écoulement des eaux souterraines et des changements hydrogéochimiques a indiqué que l’excavation du tunnel a modifié les voies et les profondeurs de circulation des eaux souterraines. Les fissures nouvellement formées par l’excavation du tunnel ont fourni des voies d’écoulement supplémentaires pour le mouvement descendant de l’eau du sol supérieur et de l’eau de l’épikarst, ce qui a entraîné des variations dans le mélange des eaux souterraines et des changements dans les caractéristiques hydrogéochimiques. Cette étude fournit des preuves et une approche pratique pour étudier la circulation des eaux souterraines dans les vallées karstiques en auge.
Resumen
Los acuíferos kársticos son especialmente vulnerables a la excavación de túneles. Sin embargo, los estudios sobre túneles en entornos kársticos siguen siendo limitados, y ninguno ha explorado la profundidad y las vías de circulación de las aguas subterráneas kársticas resultantes de la excavación de túneles mediante una evaluación hidrogeoquímica. En este estudio se analizaron las variaciones hidrogeoquímicas de las precipitaciones, las aguas subterráneas y el drenaje de túneles en un valle kárstico de Chongqing, en el suroeste de China, comparando estos cambios con los niveles y descargas de aguas subterráneas. Tras la excavación del túnel, las concentraciones de iones derivadas de las actividades humanas en los manantiales epikársticos disminuyeron, mientras que las concentraciones de iones procedentes del proceso kárstico natural aumentaron. En la zona de drenaje cercana a la salida del túnel del ferrocarril adyacente, el aumento de las concentraciones de iones procedentes de actividades humanas fue mayor que los cambios en otros iones, mientras que los iones procedentes de procesos kársticos mostraron una disminución. La evaluación de la descarga de aguas subterráneas y de los cambios hidrogeoquímicos indicó que la excavación del túnel alteró las vías y profundidades de circulación de las aguas subterráneas. Las fisuras recién formadas generadas por la excavación del túnel proporcionaron vías de escorrentía adicionales para el movimiento descendente del agua del suelo superior y el agua epikárstica, lo que provocó variaciones en la mezcla de aguas subterráneas y cambios en las características hidrogeoquímicas. Este estudio aporta pruebas y un enfoque práctico para investigar la circulación de las aguas subterráneas en los valles kársticos de artesa.
摘要
喀斯特含水层对隧道开挖尤其敏感。然而,关于喀斯特环境中隧道的研究仍然有限,目前尚无研究利用水文地球化学评估来探讨隧道开挖引起的喀斯特地下水循环深度和路径。本研究分析了中国西南部重庆喀斯特槽谷中的降水、地下水和隧道排水的水文地球化学变化,并将这些变化与地下水水位和排泄量进行了比较。隧道开挖后,来自人类活动的表层岩溶泉离子浓度下降,而来自自然岩溶过程的离子浓度上升。在邻近铁路隧道出口的排水区,来自人类活动的离子浓度增加大于其他离子的变化,而来自岩溶过程的离子则显示出减少。对地下水排放和水文地球化学变化的评估表明,隧道开挖改变了地下水循环的路径和深度。隧道开挖产生的新裂缝为上层土壤水和表层岩溶水的下渗提供了额外的径流路径,导致地下水混合变化以及水文地球化学特征的改变。本研究为调查喀斯特槽谷中的地下水循环提供了证据和实用方法。
Riassunto
Le falde acquifere carsiche sono particolarmente vulnerabili agli scavi in galleria. Tuttavia, gli studi sulle gallerie in ambienti carsici rimangono limitati, e nessuno ha esplorato la profondità e le vie della circolazione delle acque sotterranee carsiche risultanti dallo scavo in tunnel utilizzando la valutazione idrogeochimica. Questo studio ha analizzato le variazioni idrogeochimiche delle precipitazioni, delle falde sotterranee e del drenaggio dei tunnel in una valle carsica a Chongqing, nel sud-ovest della Cina, confrontando questi cambiamenti con i livelli delle acque sotterranee e gli scarichi. Dopo lo scavo in galleria, le concentrazioni ioniche derivate dalle attività umane nelle sorgenti epicarsiche sono diminuite, mentre le concentrazioni ioniche provenienti dal processo carsico naturale sono aumentate. Nella zona di drenaggio vicino all’uscita della galleria ferroviaria adiacente, l’aumento delle concentrazioni ioniche derivanti dalle attività umane è stato maggiore delle variazioni in altri ioni, mentre gli ioni provenienti dai processi carsici hanno mostrato una diminuzione. La valutazione dello scarico delle acque sotterranee e dei cambiamenti idrogeochimici ha indicato che lo scavo in galleria ha alterato i percorsi e le profondità della circolazione delle acque sotterranee. Le fessure appena formate generate dallo scavo del tunnel hanno fornito ulteriori percorsi di deflusso per il movimento verso il basso dell’acqua superiore del suolo e dell’acqua epicarsica, con conseguente variazioni nella miscelazione delle acque sotterranee e cambiamenti nelle caratteristiche idrogeochimiche. Questo studio fornisce prove e un approccio pratico per studiare la circolazione delle acque sotterranee nelle valli carsiche.
Resumo
Os aquíferos cársticos são particularmente vulneráveis à escavação de túneis. No entanto, os estudos sobre túneis em ambientes cársticos permanecem limitados e nenhum explorou a profundidade e os caminhos da circulação da água subterrânea cárstica resultante da escavação de túneis usando avaliação hidrogeoquímica. Este estudo analisou as variações hidrogeoquímicas na precipitação, água subterrânea e drenagem de túneis em um vale cárstico em Chongqing, sudoeste da China, comparando essas mudanças com os níveis e descargas de água subterrânea. Após a escavação do túnel, as concentrações de íons derivadas das atividades humanas nas nascentes epicársticas diminuíram, enquanto as concentrações de íons do processo cárstico natural aumentaram. Na zona de drenagem perto da saída do túnel ferroviário adjacente, o aumento nas concentrações de íons das atividades humanas foi maior do que as mudanças em outros íons, enquanto os íons dos processos cársticos mostraram uma diminuição. A avaliação da descarga de água subterrânea e das mudanças hidrogeoquímicas indicou que a escavação do túnel alterou os caminhos e profundidades da circulação da água subterrânea. As fissuras recém formadas geradas a partir da escavação do túnel forneceram caminhos de escoamento adicionais para o movimento descendente da água do solo superior e da água epicárstica, resultando em variações na mistura de águas subterrâneas e mudanças nas características hidrogeoquímicas. Este estudo fornece evidências e uma abordagem prática para investigar a circulação de águas subterrâneas em vales cársticos.
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This research was supported by the Chongqing Natural Science Research Fund (CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0068).
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Lv, Y., Hu, W., Jiang, Y. et al. Hydrogeochemical evaluation of the impact of tunnel excavation on groundwater circulation in a karst trough valley, Chongqing, China. Hydrogeol J (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-024-02860-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-024-02860-5