Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted tilapia farming worldwide, causing a notable decline in production and marketing since 2020. To address post-pandemic challenges, such as antibiotic resistance and the need for sustainable feed enhancement strategies, probiotics have emerged as a promising solution. However, systematic evaluation based on statistical methods is lacking. This paper presents a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the pandemic’s effects on tilapia farming and the utilization of sustainable feed enhancement strategies, including probiotics. Following the PRISMA methodology, key bibliographic databases and rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria were used, which allowed the selection of 90 articles that met the criteria. The effectiveness of these strategies in improving productivity and reducing antibiotic use was assessed through meta-analysis, focusing on key performance indicators such as feed conversion ratio (FCR) and specific growth rate (SGR). The meta-analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics, with effect sizes computed as standardized mean differences (SMD) and adjusted for small sample size. Despite restrictions due to pandemic, the sector shows signs of rapid recovery. Although the meta-analysis indicates a significant positive effect of probiotics on FCR, highlighting their potential to improve tilapia farming sustainability, significant heterogeneity in SGR outcomes suggests the need for further research. In summary, this study contributes to addressing post-pandemic challenges in tilapia farming by systematically evaluating the use of probiotics as an efficient strategy for sustainable production.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper. Should any raw data files be needed in another format they are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Abarike ED, Cai J, Lu Y, Yu H, Chen L, Jian J, Kuebutornye FK (2018) Effects of a commercial probiotic BS containing Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis on growth, immune response and disease resistance in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 82:229–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.037
Abdelfatah EN, Mahboub HHH (2018) Studies on the effect of Lactococcus garvieae of dairy origin on both cheese and Nile tilapia (O. niloticus). Int J Vet Sci Med 6(2):201–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.11.002
Addo S, Carrias AA, Williams MA, Liles MR, Terhune JS, Davis DA (2017) Effects of Bacillus subtilis strains and the prebiotic Previda® on growth, immune parameters and susceptibility to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Nile tilapia. Oreochromis Niloticus Aquac Res 48(9):4798–4810. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.1330
Adeoye AA, Yomla R, Jaramillo-Torres A, Rodiles A, Merrifield DL, Davies SJ (2016) Combined effects of exogenous enzymes and probiotic on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth, intestinal morphology and microbiome. Aquaculture 463:61–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.05.028
Arumugam U, Stalin N, Rebecca GP (2017) Isolation, molecular identification and antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecalis from diseased tilapia. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 6(6):136–146. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.606.016
Ashouri G, Hoseinifar SH, El-Haroun E, Imperatore R, Paolucci M (2023) Tilapia fish for future sustainable aquaculture. In: Hoseinifar SH, Van Doan H (eds) Novel approaches toward sustainable tilapia aquaculture. Springer, Cham, pp 1–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38321-2_1
Ayyat MS, Labib HM, Mahmoud HK (2014) A probiotic cocktail as a growth promoter in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). J Appl Aquac 26(3):208–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2014.934164
Banerjee G, Nandi A, Ray AK (2017) Assessment of hemolytic activity, enzyme production and bacteriocin characterization of Bacillus subtilis LR1 isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of fish. Arch Microbiol 199:115–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-016-1283-8
Bhendarkar MP, Gaikwad BB, Bhalerao AK, Kamble AL, Reddy KV, Bhavan SG, Kalbande SR (2023) Impacts of COVID-19-induced lockdown and key reforms in the Indian fisheries sector—a stakeholders’ perspective. Aquacult Int 31(3):1583–1605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-022-01040-0
Borenstein M (2009) Effect sizes based on means. In: Borenstein LV (ed) Introduction to meta-analysis. Wiley, West Sussex, pp 21–32
Brunton LA, Desbois AP, Garza M, Wieland B, Mohan CV, Häsler B, Guitian J (2019) Identifying hotspots for antibiotic resistance emergence and selection, and elucidating pathways to human exposure: application of a systems-thinking approach to aquaculture systems. Sci Total Environ 687:1344–1356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.134
Chen SW, Liu CH, Hu SY (2019) Dietary administration of probiotic Paenibacillus ehimensis NPUST1 with bacteriocin-like activity improves growth performance and immunity against Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus iniae in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 84:695–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.05
Chu TW, Chen CN, Pan CY (2020) Antimicrobial status of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed Enterococcus avium originally isolated from goldfish intestine. Aquac Rep 17:100397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100397
Dangwetngam M, Suanyuk N, Kong F, Phromkunthong W (2016) Serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from infected cultured tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Thailand: Nine-year perspective. J Med Microbiol 65(3):247–254. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.000213
Dawood MA, Eweedah NM, Moustafa EM, Farahat EM (2020) Probiotic effects of Aspergillus oryzae on the oxidative status, heat shock protein, and immune related gene expression of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under hypoxia challenge. Aquaculture 520:734669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734669
Sankar H, Philip B, Philip R, Singh ISB (2017) Effect of probiotics on digestive enzyme activities and growth of cichlids, Etroplus suratensis (Pearl spot) and Oreochromis mossambicus (Tilapia). Aquac Nutr 23(4):852–864. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12452
El-Sayed AFM (2019) Tilapia culture, 2nd edn. Academic press, Elsevier
Engle C, van Senten J, Kumar G, Dey M (2023) Pre-and post-pandemic seafood purchasing behavior in the US. Aquaculture 571:739491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739491
Etyemez M, Balcazar JL (2016) Isolation and characterization of bacteria with antibacterial properties from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Res Vet Sci 105:62–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.01.019
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2017) Antimicrobial usage in aquaculture. Available online: http://www.fao.org/fi/static-media/MeetingDocuments/WorkshopAMR/presentations/09Lavila Pitogo.pdf (accessed September 2023).
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2016) The state of World fisheries and aquaculture. Topics fact sheets. Available online: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5798e.pdf (accessed September 2023).
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2017) China: Development of nation action plans on AMR: Aquaculture component, project accomplishments and impacts. Available online: http://www.fao.org/fi/static-media/MeetingDocuments/WorkshopAMR17/presentations/23.pdf (accessed September 2023).
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2018) The state of World fisheries and aquaculture. Topics fact sheets. Available online: http://www.fao.org/state-of-fisheries-aquaculture/2018/en (accessed 2023 September 2023).
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2023) GLOBEFISH – Information and Analysis on Markets and Trade of Fisheries and Aquaculture Products. Increasing domestic demand in major producers. Available online: https://www.fao.org/in-action/globefish/marketreports/resource-detail/es/c/1652925/ (accessed October 2023).
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2022a) Aquaculture News, No. 65. Rome. https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cc0158en (accessed September 2023).
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2022b) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022. Towards Blue Transformation. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0461en
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States) (2008) FAO/WHO expert meeting on foodborne antomicrobial resistance: Role of environment, crops and biocides. Available online: http://www.fao.org/3/CA0963EN/ca0963en.pdf (accessed September 2023).
Foysal MJ, Alam M, Kawser AR, Hasan F, Rahman MM, Tay CY, Gupta SK (2020) Meta-omics technologies reveals beneficiary effects of Lactobacillus plantarum as dietary supplements on gut microbiota, immune response and disease resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 520:734974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.734974
Gao P, Mao D, Luo Y, Wang L, Xu B, Xu L (2012) Occurrence of sulfonamide and tetracycline-resistant bacteria and resistance genes in aquaculture environment. Water Res 46(7):2355–2364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.02.004
Gaunt PS, Gao DX, Wills R (2011) Preparation of ormetoprim–sulfadimethoxine-medicated discs for disc diffusion assay. N Am J Aquac 73(1):17–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15222055.2011.544944
Gobi N, Vaseeharan B, Chen JC, Rekha R, Vijayakumar S, Anjugam M, Iswarya A (2018) Dietary supplementation of probiotic Bacillus licheniformis Dahb1 improves growth performance, mucus and serum immune parameters, antioxidant enzyme activity as well as resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 74:501–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.066
Hamdan AM, El-Sayed AFM, Mahmoud MM (2016) Effects of a novel marine probiotic, Lactobacillus plantarum AH 78, on growth performance and immune response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). J Appl Microbiol 120(4):1061–1073. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13081
Han B, Long WQ, He JY, Liu YJ, Si YQ, Tian LX (2015) Effects of dietary Bacillus licheniformis on growth performance, immunological parameters, intestinal morphology and resistance of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to challenge infections. Fish Shellfish Immunol 46(2):225–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2015.06.018
Harrer M, Cuijpers P, Furukawa T, Ebert D (2021) Doing meta-analysis with R: a hands-on guide, 1st edn. Chapman and Hall, New York. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003107347
Haenen OL, Dong HT, Hoai TD, Crumlish M, Karunasagar I, Barkham T, Bondad-Reantaso MG (2023) Bacterial diseases of tilapia, their zoonotic potential and risk of antimicrobial resistance. Rev Aquac 15:154–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12743
Islam MM, Khan MI, Barman A (2021) Impact of novel coronavirus pandemic on aquaculture and fisheries in developing countries and sustainable recovery plans: case of Bangladesh. Mar Policy 131:104611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104611
Kaktcham PM, Kouam EMF, Tientcheu MLT, Temgoua JB, Wacher C, Ngoufack FZ, de Lourdes P-C (2019a) Nisin-producing Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis 2MT isolated from freshwater Nile tilapia in Cameroon: bacteriocin screening, characterization, and optimization in a low-cost medium. LWT 107:272–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.03.007
Kaktcham PM, Tchamani Piame L, Sandjong Sileu GM, Foko Kouam EM, Temgoua JB, Zambou Ngoufack F, de Lourdes P-C (2019b) Bacteriocinogenic Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis 3MT isolated from freshwater Nile Tilapia: isolation, safety traits, bacteriocin characterisation, and application for biopreservation in fish pâté. Arch Microbiol 201:1249–1258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-019-01690-4
Kaktcham PM, Temgoua JB, Zambou FN, Diaz-Ruiz G, Wacher C, Pérez-Chabela MDL (2018) In vitro evaluation of the probiotic and safety properties of bacteriocinogenic and non-bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacteria from the intestines of Nile tilapia and common carp for their use as probiotics in aquaculture. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 10:98–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-017-9312-8
Kassam L, Dorward A (2017) A comparative assessment of the poverty impacts of pond and cage aquaculture in Ghana. Aquaculture 470:110–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.12.017
Kuebutornye FK, Abarike ED, Sakyi ME, Lu Y, Wang Z (2020) Modulation of nutrient utilization, growth, and immunity of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: the role of probiotics. Aquacult Int 28:277–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-019-00463-6
Loh JY, Lim YY, Ting ASY (2017) Bacteriocin-like substances produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis CF4MRS isolated from fish intestine: antimicrobial activities and inhibitory properties. Int Food Res J 24(1):394
Love DC, Allison EH, Asche F, Belton B, Cottrell RS, Froehlich HE, Zhang W (2021) Emerging COVID-19 impacts, responses, and lessons for building resilience in the seafood system. Glob Food Sec 28:100494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100494
Lucas JS, Southgate PC, Tucker CS (2019) Aquaculture: farming aquatic animals and plants, 3rd edn. Wiley, West Sussex
Lulijwa R, Rupia EJ, Alfaro AC (2020) Antibiotic use in aquaculture, policies and regulation, health and environmental risks: a review of the top 15 major producers. Rev Aquac 12(2):640–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12344
Mair GC, Halwart M, Derun Y, Costa-Pierce BA (2023) A decadal outlook for global aquaculture. J World Aquaculture Soc 54(2):196–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12977
Mannan M, Islam SR, Osman MH, Rahman MK, Uddin MN, Kamal M, Reza MS (2020) Antibacterial activity of oxytetracycline on microbial ecology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) gastrointestinal tract under laboratory condition. Aquac Res 51(5):2125–2133. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.14563
McDonald P, Edwards RA, Greenhalgh JFD, Morgan CA, Sinclair LA, Wilkinson RG (2011) Animal nutrition, 7th edn. Pearson Education Limited, Harlow
Mohamed MH, Ammar MA (2020) Effect of some antimicrobials on quality and shelf life of freshwater tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). J Food Process Preserv 45(1):e15026. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.15026
Monteiro SH, Garcia F, Gozi KS, Romera DM, Francisco JG, Moura-Andrade GC, Tornisielo VL (2016) Relationship between antibiotic residues and occurrence of resistant bacteria in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in cage-farm. J Environ Sci Health B 51(12):817–823. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2016.1208457
Osman KM, da Silva PÁ, Franco OL, Saad A, Hamed M, Naim H, Elbehiry A (2021) Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as an aquatic vector for Pseudomonas species of medical importance: antibiotic Resistance Association with Biofilm Formation. Quorum Sens Virulence Aquac 532:736068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736068
Pacheco KD, Del’Duca A, Borges ML, Fernandes RT, Cesar DE, Apolônio ACM (2018) Bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance in aquaculture: a classic method of protein precipitation for a new aplicability. Acta Sci 40:e37881. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v40i1.37881
Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, McKenzie JE (2021) PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ Br. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160
Peixe BR (2018) Yearbook of Brazilian fish farming. São Paulo: Brazilian fish farming association. Available online: https: https://www.peixebr.com.br/anuario2018/ (accessed September 2023). In Portuguese.
Peixe BR (2019) Yearbook of Brazilian fish farming. São Paulo: Brazilian fish farming association. Available online: https://www.peixebr.com.br/anuario-peixe-br-da-piscicultura-2019/ (accessed September 2023). In Portuguese.
Peixe BR (2020) Yearbook of Brazilian fish farming. São Paulo: Brazilian fish farming association. Available online: https://www.peixebr.com.br/anuario-peixe-br-da-piscicultura-2020/ (accessed September 2023). In Portuguese.
Pereira WA, Piazentin ACM, de Oliveira RC, Mendonça CMN, Tabata YA, Mendes MA, de S Oliveira, RP, (2022) Bacteriocinogenic probiotic bacteria isolated from an aquatic environment inhibit the growth of food and fish pathogens. Sci Rep 12(1):5530. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09263-0
Poolsawat L, Li X, He M, Ji D, Leng X (2020) Clostridium butyricum as probiotic for promoting growth performance, feed utilization, gut health and microbiota community of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus). Aquac Nutr 26(3):657–670. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.13025
Rahman MM, Aktar S, Faruk MO, Uddin MS, Ferdouse J, Anwar MN (2018) Probiotic potentiality of Lactobacillus coryniformis subsp. Torquens MTi1 and Lactobacillus coryniformis MTi2 isolated from intestine of Nile tilapia: an in vitro evaluation. J Pure Appl Microbiol 12(3):1037–1045. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.12.3.01
Reda RM, Selim KM (2015) Evaluation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, hematology and body composition of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquac Int 23:203–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-014-9809-z
Rowan NJ (2023) The role of digital technologies in supporting and improving fishery and aquaculture across the supply chain–Quo Vadis? Aquac Fish 8(4):365–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2022.06.003
Samson JS, Choresca CH Jr, Quiazon KMA (2020) Selection and screening of bacteria from African nightcrawler, Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg, 1867) as potential probiotics in aquaculture. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 36(1):16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-019-2793-8
Selim KM, Reda R (2015) Improvement of immunity and disease resistance in the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, by dietary supplementation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Fish Shellfish Immunol 44(2):496–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2015.03.004
Sewaka M, Trullas C, Chotiko A, Rodkhum C, Chansue N, Boonanuntanasarn S, Pirarat N (2019) Efficacy of synbiotic Jerusalem artichoke and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-supplemented diets on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, intestinal morphology, immune parameters and protection against Aeromonas veronii in juvenile red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.). Fish Shellfish Immunol 86:260–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.026
Syanya FJ, Harikrishnan M, Simiyu NN, Khanna AN, Litabas JA, Mathia WM (2024) Aquaculture: a hidden goldmine for the rural poor—a cost–benefit analysis of fish farming for sustainable development and food security in Vihiga County. Kenya Bus Strat Dev 7(2):e348. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.348
Tachibana L, Telli GS, de Carla DD, Goncalves GS, Ishikawa CM, Cavalcante RB, Ranzani-Paiva MJT (2020) Effect of feeding strategy of probiotic Enterococcus faecium on growth performance, hematologic, biochemical parameters and non-specific immune response of Nile tilapia. Aquac Rep 16:100277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100277
Tan HY, Chen SW, Hu SY (2019) Improvements in the growth performance, immunity, disease resistance, and gut microbiota by the probiotic Rummeliibacillus stabekisii in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 92:265–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.027
Tasaku S, Siripornadulsil S, Siripornadulsil W (2017) Inhibitory activity of food-originated Pediococcus pentosaceus NP6 against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in Nile Tilapia by-products. Chiang Mai J Sci 44(2):383–393
Telli GS, Ranzani-Paiva MJT, de Carla DD, Sussel FR, Ishikawa CM, Tachibana L (2014) Dietary administration of Bacillus subtilis on hematology and non-specific immunity of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus raised at different stocking densities. Fish Shellfish Immunol 39(2):305–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2014.05.025
Umu ÖC, Rudi K, Diep DB (2017) Modulation of the gut microbiota by prebiotic fibres and bacteriocins. Microbial Ecol Health Dis 28(1):1348886. https://doi.org/10.1080/16512235.2017.1348886
Van Doan H, Hoseinifar SH, Khanongnuch C, Kanpiengjai A, Unban K, Srichaiyo S (2018) Host-associated probiotics boosted mucosal and serum immunity, disease resistance and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 491:94–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.03.019
Van Doan H, Hoseinifar SH, Tapingkae W, Seel-Audom M, Jaturasitha S, Dawood MA, Esteban MÁ (2020) Boosted growth performance, mucosal and serum immunity, and disease resistance Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings using corncob-derived xylooligosaccharide and Lactobacillus plantarum CR1T5. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 12:400–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-019-09554-5
Wieërs G, Belkhir L, Enaud R, Leclercq S, Philippart de Foy JM, Dequenne I, Cani P (2020) How probiotics affect the microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 9:454. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2019.00454
Xia Y, Wang M, Gao F, Lu M, Chen G (2020) Effects of dietary probiotic supplementation on the growth, gut health and disease resistance of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Anim Nutr 6(1):69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2019.07.002
Zhou M, Yu S, Hong B, Li J, Han H, Qie G (2021) Antibiotics control in aquaculture requires more than antibiotic-free feeds: a tilapia farming case. Environ Pollut 268:115854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115854
Zorriehzahra MJ, Delshad ST, Adel M, Tiwari R, Karthik K, Dhama K, Lazado CC (2016) Probiotics as beneficial microbes in aquaculture: an update on their multiple modes of action: a review. Vet Q 36(4):228–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2016.1172132
Funding
This work was supported by FAPESP under Grant 2018/25511-1, 2022/07543-9, 2022/05882-0; and National Research and Development Agency (ANID) of Chile, National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development FONDECYT INICIACIÓN (Grant Number 11230690). Additionally, the authors acknowledge the financial support by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) [Grants 312923/2020-1, and 408783/2021-4].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization, investigation and writing —original draft preparation, W.A.P., I.L.R., A.V., C.R., S.M.F., C.M.N.M.; J.R.; data curation, writing—review and editing, D.C.D., L.T., A.C., A.M.E., E.F.V.; supervision and writing—review and editing, R.P.S.O.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Pereira, W.A., Reis, I.L., Villasante, A. et al. Navigating post-pandemic tilapia farming: a systematic review and meta-analysis of probiotic as a strategy for sustainable production. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-024-09917-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-024-09917-4