Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Landscape Variability and the Response of Asian Megadeltas to Environmental Change

  • Chapter
Global Change and Integrated Coastal Management

Part of the book series: Coastal Systems and Continental Margins ((CSCM,volume 10))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ali A (1996) Vulnerability of Bangladesh to climate change and sea level rise through tropical cyclones and storm surges. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 92: 171–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Allison MA (1998a) Geologic framework and environmental status of the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta. Journal of Coastal Research 14: 826–836

    Google Scholar 

  • Allison MA (1998b) Historical changes in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta front. Journal of Coastal Research 14: 1269–1275

    Google Scholar 

  • Allison MA, Kepple EB (2001) Modern sediment supply to the lower delta plain of the Ganges-Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh. Geo-Marine Letters 21: 66–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allison MA, Khan SR, Goodbred SL, Kuehl SA (2003) Stratigraphic evolution of the late Holocene Ganges-Brahmaputra lower delta plain. Sedimentary Geology 155: 317–342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnell NW, Livermore MJL, Kovats S, Levy PE, Nicholls R, Parry M, Gaffin SR (2004) Climate and socio-economic scenarios for global-scale climatic change impact assessments: characterising the SRES storylines. Global Environmental Change 14: 3–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aung N (1993) Myanmar coastal zone management. In: McLean R, Mimura, N. (eds) Vulnerability assessment to sea level rise and coastal zone management: Proceedings of the IPCC Eastern Hemisphere Workshop, Tsukuba, Japan, 3–6 August 1993, pp 333–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannerjee M, Sen PK (1988) Paleobiology and environment of deposition of Holocene sediments of the Bengal Basin, India. In: Paleoenvironment of East Asia from the mid-Tertiary: Proceedings of the Second Conference. Hong Kong Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong, pp 703–731

    Google Scholar 

  • Brammer H (1993) Geographical complexities of detailed impact assessment for the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta of Bangladesh. In: Warrick, RA, Barrow EM, Wigley TML (eds) Climate and Sea Level Change: observations, projections and implications. Cambridge University Press, pp 246–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Brammer HB (1996) The Geography of the soils of Bangladesh. University Press Ltd, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Google Scholar 

  • Broadus JM (1993) Possible impacts of, and adjustments to, sea level rise: the cases of Bangladesh and Egypt. In: Warrick RA, Barrow EM, Wigley TML (eds) Climate and Sea Level Change: observations, projections and implications. Cambridge University Press, pp 263–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Büdel J (1966) Deltas: a basis of culture and civilization. In: Scientific Problems of the Humid Zone Deltas and their Implications: Proceedings of the Dacca Symposium. UNESCO, pp 295–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Stanley DJ (1993) Yangtze delta, eastern China: 2: Late Quaternary subsidence and deformation. Marine Geology 112: 13–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Stanley DJ (1995) Quaternary Subsidence and River Channel Migration in the Yangtze Delta Plain, Eastern China. Journal of Coastal Research 11: 927–945

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Stanley DJ (1998) Rising Sea Level on Eastern China’s Yangtze Delta. Journal of Coastal Research 14: 360–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Wang ZH (1999) Yangtze Delta. China: Taihu lake-level variation since 1950’s, response to sea level and human impact. Environmental Geology 37: 333–339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Song BP, Wang ZH, Cai YL (2000) Late Quaternary Evolution of the Subaqueous Yangtze Delta: stratigraphy, sedimentation, palynology and deformation. Marine Geology 162: 423–441

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Saito Y, Kanai Y, Wei T, Li L, Yao H (2004) Low concentration of heavy metals in the Yangtze estuarine sediments, China: a diluting setting. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 60: 91–100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Wang Z, Schneiderman J, Tao J, Cai YL (2005) Holocene climate fluctuations in the Yangtze delta of eastern China: the Neolithic response. The Holocene 15: 915–924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Groot TAM (1999) Climate shifts and coastal changes in a geological perspective. A contribution to integrated coastal zone management. Geologie en Mijnbouw 77: 351–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas I (2005) The Mekong River Basin. In: Gupta A (ed.) The Physical Geography of Southeast Asia. Oxford University Press, pp 193–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmel FJ, Curray JR (1982) A submerged late Pleistocene delta and other features related to sea level changes in the Malacca Strait. Marine Geology 47: 197–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galloway WE (1975) Process framework for describing the morphologic and stratigraphic evolution of deltaic depositional systems. In: Broussard ML (ed.) Deltas: models for exploration. Houston Geological Society, pp 87–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Geyh MA, Kudrass H-R, Streif H (1979) Sea-level changes during the late Pleistocene and Holocene in the Strait of Malacca. Nature 278: 441–443

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodbred SL (2003) Response of the Ganges dispersal system to climate change: a source-to-sink view since the last interstade. Sedimentary Geology 162: 83–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodbred SL, Kuehl SA (1998) Floodplain processes in the Bengal Basin and the storage of Ganges-Brahmaputra river sediment: an accretion study using 137Cs and 210Pb geochronology. Sedimentary Geology 121: 239–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodbred SL, Kuehl SA (1999) Holocene and modern sediment budgets for the Ganges-Brahmaputra river system: evidence for highstand dispersal to flood-plain, shelf, and deep-sea depocenters. Geology 27: 559–562

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodbred SL, Kuehl SA (2000a) The significance of large sediment supply, active tectonism, and eustasy on margin sequence development: Late Quaternary stratigraphy and evolution of the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta. Sedimentary Geology 133: 227–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodbred SL, Kuehl SA (2000b) Enormous Ganges-Brahmaputra sediment discharge during strengthened early Holocene monsoon. Geology 28: 1083–1086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han M, Hou J, Wu L (1995) Potential impacts of sea level rise on China’s coastal environment and cities: a national assessment. Journal of Coastal Research 11: 79–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanebuth T, Stattegger K, Grootes PM (2000) Rapid flooding of the Sunda Shelf: a late-glacial sea-level record. Science 288: 1033–1035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higham CFW, Lu TLD (1998) The origin and dispersal of rice cultivation. Antiquity 72: 867–877

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes DA (1968) The recent history of the Indus. Geographical Journal 134: 367–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoozemans FMJ, Marchand M, Pennekamp HA (1993) A global vulnerability analysis: vulnerability assessment for population, coastal wetlands and rice production on a global scale. 2nd edition. Delft Hydraulics, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Hori K, Saito Y, Zhao QH, Cheng XR, Wang PX, Sato Y, Li CX (2001) Sedimentary facies of the tide-dominated paleo-Changjiang (Yangtze) estuary during the last transgression. Marine Geology 177: 331–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hori K, Saito Y, Zhao QH, Wang PX (2002) Architecture and evolution of the tide-dominated Changjiang (Yangtze) River Delta, China. Sedimentary Geology 146: 249–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Hori K, Tanabe S, Saito Y, Haruyama S, Nguyen V, Kitamura A (2004) Delta initiation and Holocene sea-level change: example from the Song Hong (Red River) Delta, Vietnam. Sedimentary Geology 164: 237–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiongxin X (2003) Sediment flux to the sea as influenced by changing human activites and precipitation: example of the Yellow River, China. Environmental Management 31: 328–341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kazmi AH (1984) Geology of the Indus delta. In: Haq BU, Milliman JD (eds) Marine Geology and Oceanography of Arabian Sea and coastal Pakistan. van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 71–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Kremer HH, Le Tissier MDA, Burbridge PR, Rabalais NN, Parslow J. Crossland CJ (2005) LOICZ II: Science Plan and Implementation Strategy. IGBP

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuehl SA, Hariu TM, Moore WS (1989) Shelf sedimentation off the Ganges-Brahmaputra River system: evidence for sediment bypassing to the Bengal Fan. Geology 17: 1132–1135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li C, Fan D, Deng B, Korotaev V (2004) The coasts of China and issues of sea level rise. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 43: 36–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Li P, Qiao P, Zheng H, Fang G, Huang G (1991) The environmental evolution of the Zhujiang (Pearl River) Delta in the last 10000 years. China Ocean Press, Beijing

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathers S, Zalasiewicz J (1999) Holocene sedimentary architecture of the Red River Delta, Vietnam. Journal of Coastal Research 15: 314–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Métivier F, Gaudemer Y (1999) Stability of output fluxes of large rivers in South and East Asia during the last 2 million years: implications on floodplain processes. Basin Research 12: 293–303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLean RF, Tsyban A (2001) Coastal zones and marine ecosystems. In: McCarthy JJ, Canziani OF, Leary NA, Dokken DJ, White KS (eds) Climate change 2001: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, pp 343–379

    Google Scholar 

  • Milliman JD, Meade RH (1983) World-wide delivery of river sediment to the oceans. Journal of Geology 91: 1–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milliman JD, Quraishee GS, Beg MAA (1984) Sediment discharge from the Indus River to the ocean: past, present and future. In: Haq BU, Milliman JD (eds) Marine Geology and Oceanography of Arabian Sea and coastal Pakistan. van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 65–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Milliman JD, Syvitski JPM (1992) Geomorphic/tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean: the importance of small mountainous rivers. Journal of Geology 100: 525–544

    Google Scholar 

  • Milliman JD, Broadus JM, Gable F (1989) Environmental and economic implications of rising sea level and subsiding deltas: the Nile and Bengal examples. Ambio 18: 340–345

    Google Scholar 

  • Milliman JD, Qin YS, Ren M-E, Saito Y (1987) Man’s influence on the erosion and transport of sediment by Asian rivers: the Yellow River (Huanghe) example. Journal of Geology 95: 751–762

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan JP, McIntire WG (1959) Quaternary geology of the Bengal Basin, East Pakistan and India. Geological Society of America Bulletin 70: 319–342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakićenović N, Alcamo J, Davis G, de Vries B, Fenhann J, Gaffin S, Gregory K, Grübler A, Jung TY, Kram T, La Rovere EL, Michaelis L, Mori S, Morita T, Pepper W, Pitcher H, Price L, Raihi K, Roehrl A, Rogner H-H, Sankovski A, Schlesinger M, Shukla P, Smith S, Swart R, van Rooijen S, Victor N, Dadi Z (2000) Emissions Scenarios. A special report of working group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 599 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen VL, Ta TKO, Tateishi M (2000) Late Holocene depositional environments and coastal evolution of the Mekong River Delta, southern Vietnam. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 18: 427–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls RJ (1995) Coastal megacities and climate change. Geojournal 37: 369–379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls RJ (2004) Coastal flooding and wetland loss in the 21st century: changes under the SRES climate and socio-economic scenarios. Global Environmental Change 14: 69–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls RJ, Mimura N, Topping JC (1995) Climate change in South and South-east Asia: some implications for coastal areas. Journal of Global Environmental Engineering 1: 137–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson C, Reidy CA, Dynesius M, Revenga C (2005) Fragmentation and flow regulation of the world’s large river systems. Science 308: 405–408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paw JN, Thia-Eng C (1991) Climate changes and sea level rise: implications on coastal area utilisation and management in SE Asia. Ocean and Coastal Management 15: 205–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Phienwej N, Nutalaya P (2005) Subsidence and flooding in Bangkok. In: Gupta A (ed.) The Physical Geography of Southeast Asia. Oxford University Press, pp 358–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Ren ME, Shi YL (1986) Sediment discharge of the Yellow River (China) and its effect on the sedimentation of the Bohai and the Yellow Sea. Continental Shelf-Research 6: 785–810

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruosteenoja K, Carter TR, Jylha K, Tuomenvirta H (2003) Future climate in world regions: an intercomparison of model-based projections for the new IPCC emissions scenarios. Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, 83 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Saito Y, Wei H, Zhou Y, Nishimura A, Sato Y, Yokota S (2000) Delta progradation and chenier formation in the Huanghe (Yellow River) Delta, China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 18: 489–497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saito Y, Yang ZS, Hori K (2001) The Huanghe (Yellow River) and Changjiang (Yangtze River) Deltas: a review on their characteristics, evolution and sediment discharge during the Holocene. Geomorphology 41: 219–231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Small C, Nicholls RJ (2003) A global analysis of human settlement in coastal zones. Journal of Coastal Research 19: 584–599

    Google Scholar 

  • Somboon JRP (1988) Paleontological study of the recent marine sediments in the lower central plain, Thailand. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences 2: 201–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanley DJ, Chen Z (1996) Neolithic settlement distributions as a function of sea level-controlled topography in the Yangtze Delta, China. Geology 24: 1083–1086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanley DJ, Hait AK (2000) Holocene depositional patterns, neotectonics and Sundarban mangroves in the western Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta. Journal of Coastal Research 16: 26–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley DJ, Warne AG (1993) Nile Delta: recent geological evolution and human impact. Science 260: 628–634

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanley DJ, Warne AG (1994) Worldwide initiation of Holocene marine deltas by deceleration of sea-level rise. Science 265: 228–231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suter JR (1994) Deltaic coasts. In: Carter RWG, Woodroffe CD (eds) Coastal evolution: Late Quaternary shoreline morphodynamics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 87–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Syvitski JPM, Vörösmarty CJ, Kettner AJ, Green P (2005) Impact of humans on the flux of terrestrial sediment to the global coastal ocean. Science 308, 376–380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ta TKO, Nguyen VL, Tateishi M, Kobayashi I, Saito Y, Nakamura T (2002a) Sediment facies and late Holocene progradation of the Mekong River Delta in Bentre Province, southern Vietnam: an example of evolution from a tide-dominated to a tide- and wave-dominated delta. Sedimentary Geology 152: 313–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ta TKO, Nguyen VL, Tateishi M, Kobayashi I, Tanabe S, Saito, Y (2002b) Holocene delta evolution and sediment discharge of the Mekong River, southern Vietnam. Quaternary Science Reviews 21: 1807–1819

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanabe S, Saito Y, Sato Y, Suzuki Y, Sinsakul S, Tiyapairach S, Chaimanee N (2003a) Stratigraphy and Holocene evolution of the mud-dominated Chao Phraya delta, Thailand. Quaternary Science Reviews 22: 789–807

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanabe S, Ta TKO, Nguyen VL, Tateishi M, Kobayashi I, Saito, Y (2003b) Delta evolution model inferred from the Holocene Mekong Delta, southern Vietnam. In: Sidi FH, Nummedal D, Imbert P, Darman H, Posamentier HW (eds) Tropical deltas of southeast Asia: sedimentology, stratigraphy, and petroleum geology. SEPM Special Publication, Tulsa, OK, pp 175–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanabe S, Hori K, Saito Y, Haruyama S, Vu VP, Kitamura A (2003c) Song Hong (Red River) Delta evolution related to millennial-scale Holocene sea-level changes. Quaternary Science Reviews 22: 2345–2361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thanh TD, Saito Y, Huy DV, Nguyen VL, Ta TK, Tateishi M, (2004) Regimes of human and climate impacts on coastal changes in Vietnam. Regional Environmental Change 4: 49–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tjia HD (1996) Sea-level changes in the tectonically stable Malay-Thai peninsula. Quaternary International 31: 95–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tobler W, Deichmann U, Gottsegen J, Maloy K (1997) World population in a grid of spherical quadrilaterals. International Journal of Population Geography 3: 203–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Umitsu M (1985) Natural levées and landform evolutions in the Bengal lowlands. Geographical Review of Japan 58 (Ser. B): 149–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Umitsu M (1993) Late Quaternary sedimentary environments and landforms in the Ganges Delta. Sedimentary Geology 83: 177–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wassmann R, Hien NX, Hoanh CT, Tuong TP (2004) Sea level rise affecting the Vietnamese Mekong Delta: water elevation in the flood season and implications for rice production. Climatic Change 66: 89–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells JT, Coleman JM (1984) Deltaic morphology and sedimentology with special reference to the Indus River Delta. In: Haq BU, Milliman JD (eds) Marine Geology and Oceanography of Arabian Sea and coastal Pakistan. van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 85–100

    Google Scholar 

  • White NJ, Church JA, Gregory JM (2005) Coastal and global averaged sea level rise for 1950 to 2000. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L01601, doi 10.1029/2004GL021391

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolanski E, Nhan NH, Spagnol S (1998) Sediment dynamics during low flow conditions in the Mekong River Estuary, Vietnam. Journal of Coastal Research 14: 472–482

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodroffe CD (1993) Late Quaternary evolution of coastal and lowland riverine plains of Southeast Asia and northern Australia: an overview. Sedimentary Geology 83: 163–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodroffe SA, Horton BP (2005) Holocene sea-level changes in the Indo-Pacific. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 25, 29–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright LD (1985) River Deltas. In: Davis RA (ed.) Coastal Sedimentary Environments. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 1–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright LD, Coleman JM (1973) Variations in morphology of major river deltas as functions of ocean wave and river discharge regimes. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 57: 370–398

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright LD, Coleman JM, Erickson MW (1974) Analysis of major river systems and their deltas: morphologic and process comparisons. Technical Report No. 156. Louisiana State University, Louisiana, pp 1–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright LD, Yang Z-S, Bornhold BD, Keller GH, Prior DB, Wiseman WJ (1986) Hyperpycnal plumes and plume fronts over the Huanghe (Yellow River) Delta front. Geo-Marine Letters 9: 97–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yokoyama Y, De Deckker P, Lambeck K, Johnston P, Fifield LK (2001) Sea-level at the Last Glacial Maximum: evidence from northwestern Australia to constrain ice volumes for oxygen isotope stage 2. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 165, 281–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeidler RB (1997) Continental shorelines: climate change and integrated coastal management. Ocean and Coastal Management 37: 41–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia

    Colin D. Woodroffe

  2. School of Civil Engineering and the Environment and the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK

    Robert J. Nicholls

  3. Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, Central 7, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8567, Japan

    Yoshiki Saito

  4. Department of Geography, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China

    Zhongyuan Chen

  5. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA

    Steven L. Goodbred

Authors
  1. Colin D. Woodroffe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Robert J. Nicholls
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yoshiki Saito
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zhongyuan Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Steven L. Goodbred
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

    Nick Harvey

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Woodroffe, C.D., Nicholls, R.J., Saito, Y., Chen, Z., Goodbred, S.L. (2006). Landscape Variability and the Response of Asian Megadeltas to Environmental Change. In: Harvey, N. (eds) Global Change and Integrated Coastal Management. Coastal Systems and Continental Margins, vol 10. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3628-0_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy