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Effort-related functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine and associated forebrain circuits

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Abstract

Background

Over the last several years, it has become apparent that there are critical problems with the hypothesis that brain dopamine (DA) systems, particularly in the nucleus accumbens, directly mediate the rewarding or primary motivational characteristics of natural stimuli such as food. Hypotheses related to DA function are undergoing a substantial restructuring, such that the classic emphasis on hedonia and primary reward is giving way to diverse lines of research that focus on aspects of instrumental learning, reward prediction, incentive motivation, and behavioral activation.

Objective

The present review discusses dopaminergic involvement in behavioral activation and, in particular, emphasizes the effort-related functions of nucleus accumbens DA and associated forebrain circuitry.

Results

The effects of accumbens DA depletions on food-seeking behavior are critically dependent upon the work requirements of the task. Lever pressing schedules that have minimal work requirements are largely unaffected by accumbens DA depletions, whereas reinforcement schedules that have high work (e.g., ratio) requirements are substantially impaired by accumbens DA depletions. Moreover, interference with accumbens DA transmission exerts a powerful influence over effort-related decision making. Rats with accumbens DA depletions reallocate their instrumental behavior away from food-reinforced tasks that have high response requirements, and instead, these rats select a less-effortful type of food-seeking behavior.

Conclusions

Along with prefrontal cortex and the amygdala, nucleus accumbens is a component of the brain circuitry regulating effort-related functions. Studies of the brain systems regulating effort-based processes may have implications for understanding drug abuse, as well as energy-related disorders such as psychomotor slowing, fatigue, or anergia in depression.

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Notes

  1. Several authors have made distinctions between aspects of motivated behavior that are dissociated by dopaminergic manipulations (e.g., activational vs directional, Salamone 1988; preparatory vs consummatory, Blackburn et al. 1989; instrumental vs consummatory, Salamone 1991; anticipatory vs consummatory, Ikemoto and Panksepp 1996; Burgdorf and Panksepp 2006; ethanol seeking vs ethanol intake, Czakowski et al. 2002; anticipatory vs hedonic, Barbano and Cador 2007).

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Acknowledgment

Much of the work cited in this review was supported by grants to JDS from the US NSF and NIH/NIMH, NIDA, and NINDS.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA

    J. D. Salamone, M. Correa, A. Farrar & S. M. Mingote

  2. Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12079, Castello, Spain

    M. Correa

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  1. J. D. Salamone
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  2. M. Correa
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  3. A. Farrar
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  4. S. M. Mingote
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Correspondence to J. D. Salamone.

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Salamone, J.D., Correa, M., Farrar, A. et al. Effort-related functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine and associated forebrain circuits. Psychopharmacology 191, 461–482 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0668-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0668-9

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