Abstract
This study examines a climate model hindcast of the responses of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) to three types of El Niño events: the Eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño and the types I and II of Central Pacific (CP-I and CP-II) El Niño. These El Niño types differ from each other in the central locations and patterns of their sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. They invoke four different mechanisms to impact the WPSH. Hindcasts produced by the Taiwan Central Weather Bureau (CWB) Climate Forecast System 1-tiered model (TCWB1T1) are analyzed. These hindcasts realistically simulate the impacts on the WPSH during the CP-I El Niño, but overestimate the impacts during the decaying summer of the EP El Niño and during the developing autumn and early winter of the CP-II El Niño. The overestimates are mainly the result of an overly strong Maritime Continent regional circulation mechanism during EP El Niños and an overly strong Indian Ocean capacitor mechanism during CP-II El Niños. Further analyses show that these model biases are related to biases in the simulations of El Niño SST anomalies and the Walker circulation. Both model deficiencies are common to contemporary coupled climate models.
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Acknowledgements
We thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. This research was supported by the Central Weather Bureau of Taiwan through a contract to University of California, Irvine. Jin-Yi Yu is also supported by NSF’s Climate & Large-scale Dynamics Program under Grants AGS-1833075. The SST data of the Hadley Center Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature dataset were downloaded from their website (https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadisst/data/download.html). The monthly SLPs, winds and Omega fields of National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) were obtained from NOAA (https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/).
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Chen, M., Chang, TH., Lee, CT. et al. A study of climate model responses of the western Pacific subtropical high to El Niño diversity. Clim Dyn 56, 581–595 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05500-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05500-2