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Effect of macroalgae as a functional ingredient in grow-out diets on the biological performance, digestive capacity, and immune response of totoaba, Totoaba macdonaldi

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Abstract

Recent research evaluating functional ingredients, such as prebiotics, has resulted in a reduction of enteritis caused by some plant ingredients in carnivorous fish. Macroalgae contains polysaccharides that have the characteristics of a prebiotic ingredient. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of macroalgae meal inclusion in formulated Totoaba macdonaldi diets containing soybean meal. Two isoproteic (48%) and isolipidic (13%) diets were formulated to meet totoaba nutritional requirements containing 26% soybean meal, the control diet (SBM-C) without prebiotic and one with the addition of 3% Mega Smart Kelp a macroalgae meal prebiotic (SBM+Pre). In addition, 2 commercial diets formulated with SMB at two levels (7 and 14% labeled ALG1 and ALG2, respectively) and supplemented with the macroalgae meal prebiotic (1.5%) were evaluated. A total of 120 totoabas (157.83 g) were distributed into 450-L tanks in triplicate groups. At the end of the bioassay, the fish fed the SBM-C and SBM+Pre diets had significantly higher growth, better dietary protein efficiency, and higher digestibility compared to fish fed ALG1 and ALG2. Furthermore, a lower expression level of immunoglobulin M (igm) and interleukin (il8) genes was observed in the fish fed the prebiotic experimental diets. These results revealed that the commercial diets resulted in lower productive performance of the juveniles and negatively affected the intestinal health of the totoabas, even more than the SBM-C and SBM+Pre diets that included soybean meal and is possibly related to saponin content of these diets.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Juan Carlos Vivanco, Acuario Oceanico, for donating the juvenile totoabas, and a special thanks to Roberto Marcos and Diana Cuesta from Algamar S.A. de C.V. for donating the commercial diets and the Mega Smart Kelp prebiotic. Thanks are also extended to MS Abelardo Campos and Yannet Guerrero for their technical support during the experimental trial and sample processing.

Funding

This work was supported by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, México) through the Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California (CICESE) internal projects (grant number 623112 to JPL, 623159). The funding sources had no involvement in study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Km. 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Zona Playitas, Baja California, CP 22860, Ensenada, Mexico

    Lorena Andrea Garnica-Gómez & Juan Pablo Lazo

  2. Departamento el Hombre y su Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico

    José Antonio Mata-Sotres

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  1. Lorena Andrea Garnica-Gómez
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  2. José Antonio Mata-Sotres
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  3. Juan Pablo Lazo
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Contributions

JPL: conceptualization; funding acquisition; investigation; methodology; project administration; resources; supervision; writing—review and editing.

LGG: conceptualization; methodology; writing—review and editing.

JMS: data curation; investigation; methodology; writing—review and editing.

All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Juan Pablo Lazo.

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Ethical approval

This research meets the ARRIVE, European Union Council (2010/63/EU), and Mexican Government (NOM-062—ZOO-1999) guidelines for the production, care, and use of experimental animals. Fish were humanely euthanized according to CICESE’s fish culture animal-care standards and protocols (Juarez et al, 2021).

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Garnica-Gómez, L.A., Mata-Sotres, J.A. & Lazo, J.P. Effect of macroalgae as a functional ingredient in grow-out diets on the biological performance, digestive capacity, and immune response of totoaba, Totoaba macdonaldi. Aquacult Int 32, 979–998 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01197-2

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