The term “translation” shows up in myriad sites within and outside of academia. It is frequently ... more The term “translation” shows up in myriad sites within and outside of academia. It is frequently used to explain processes of movement and connection between languages, places, contexts, and ideas. Despite this ubiquity, translation as a concept is undertheorized within social science academic discourse. This paper responds to this gap by epistemologically rethinking translation and arguing that translation is emergent and geographic. The practices, processes, and politics of translation, therefore, can generate conditions for social transformation, which can lead to co-liberation. With this in mind, we draw on ideas of “improvisation,” “accompaniment,” and “emergent strategy” to conceptualize our rethinking of translation. We illustrate the possibilities of our rethinking by tracing translation within and through the Race and Social Justice Initiative (RSJI) in Seattle, Washington, a municipal government-led endeavor to eliminate institutional racism and race-based disparities. Sit...
Continuous-curvature paths play an important role in the area of driving robots: as vehicles usua... more Continuous-curvature paths play an important role in the area of driving robots: as vehicles usually cannot change the steering angle in zero-time, real trajectories must not have discontinuities in the curvature profile. Typical continuous-curvature paths are thus built of straight lines, arcs and clothoids. Due to the geometric nature of clothoids, some questions in the area of trajectory planning are difficult the answer-usually we need approximations here. In this paper we describe a full approach for continuous-curvature trajectory planning for mobile robots-it covers a maneuver-based planning with Viterbi optimization and geometric approximations required to construct the respective clothoid trajectories.
This thematic issue explores the evolution of the New Urbanism, a normative planning and urban de... more This thematic issue explores the evolution of the New Urbanism, a normative planning and urban design movement that has contributed to development throughout the world. Against a dominant narrative that frames the movement as a straightforward application of principles that has yielded many versions of the same idea, this issue instead proposes an examination of New Urbanism as heterogeneous in practice, shaped through multiple contingent factors that spell variegated translations of core principles. The contributing authors investigate how variegated forms of New Urbanism emerge, interrogate why place-based contingencies lead to differentiation in practice, and explain why the movement continues to be represented as a universal phenomenon despite such on-the-ground complexities. Together, the articles in this thematic issue offer a powerful rebuttal to the idea that our understanding of the New Urbanism is somehow complete and provide original ideas and frameworks with which to rea...
I f the National Task Force on Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement (2012) is correct that th... more I f the National Task Force on Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement (2012) is correct that there is a crisis of civic engagement in higher education, geography’s “out in the world” approach and its disciplinary frames offer strategies that can recover a sense of public purpose in education and foster collaboration among students, universities, and their larger communities. There are limits, however, to what such an approach can accomplish at present. Moving higher education away from crisis and toward recovery of a public purpose will require systemic changes within higher education institutions and disciplinary apparatuses and in the pedagogical approaches that academics employ. This collection of articles enriches the conversation surrounding such change by informing the ways in which we understand the value of civic engagement for learners, society, and higher education institutions.
This article examines the governance dynamics surrounding the development of sustainable neighbor... more This article examines the governance dynamics surrounding the development of sustainable neighborhoods in United States metropolitan contexts characterized as suburban sprawl. Drawing on original case study research of three distinct applications of New Urbanism design principles, the article argues for understanding the relative power of municipal authorities to incorporate social justice imperatives into the practice of sustainable development in suburban contexts. Moreover, key to prioritizing social imperatives is the way in which development processes respond to the “suburban ideal”, which is a view of suburbs as an exclusive bourgeois utopia that constrains the ability to connect so-called sustainable development with social justice. Case study research shows how deference to the suburban ideal limits sustainable development to embracing growth and greening interests only and peripheralizing or denying social justice. The article discusses how sustainable development endeavors...
Public—private partnerships have excited discussion about the possibilities of creating a more re... more Public—private partnerships have excited discussion about the possibilities of creating a more responsive welfare state in contemporary American society that empowers local communities. Sceptics see these partnerships as inherently unequal such that non-profit organisations play `junior partner' to government agencies by prioritising governments' agendas. This paper contributes to the debate by examining the role of non-profit organisations that work with government agencies to provide social services. It is argued that non-profits attempt to balance both roles—playing `junior partner' and empowering community. The experiences and practices of non-profits thus show that the role of non-profits amidst state restructuring is to negotiate the multiple obligations they have to funding agencies and local communities that seek assistance. The paper draws on a case study of non-profits providing social services to immigrant and refugee communities in Minneapolis—St Paul in orde...
New Urbanism (NU) is an urban planning movement that aims to curtail suburban sprawl. Critics arg... more New Urbanism (NU) is an urban planning movement that aims to curtail suburban sprawl. Critics argue that NU actually contributes to sprawl. However, such claims overlook the diverse ways in which NU is implemented. This article contributes to the study of suburban development by examining two different types of NU projects in suburban Minneapolis–St. Paul and comparing these with a control case. Using surveys of the projects’ built environments and residents’ travel behavior and attitudes toward neighbors, the article finds that the NU projects break away from the physical and functional dimensions of sprawl, yet reproduce the social dimensions.
'Lawn dissidents' are people who violate norms of turfgrass yards often found in North American s... more 'Lawn dissidents' are people who violate norms of turfgrass yards often found in North American suburbs. This paper uses qualitative methods and engages a performance view of landscape to examine how these subjects' sustainability-oriented lawn alternatives work unintentionally to create exclusionary landscapes. As capitalism adopts environmentalism as a 'sustainability fix' , niche 'green' capitalist markets allow lawn dissidents to cultivate subject positions within sustainability that ignore social justice concerns. Alongside their environmentalist concerns, lawn dissidents continue to approach land through frames that treat it as a commodity and as a signifier of cultural distinction, particularly within an elite cosmopolitan subcategory of whiteness. Nonetheless, inasmuch as lawn dissidents enact social scripts and cultivate landscapes that perform white bourgeois sensibilities around urban sustainability, the exclusionary effect of this practice is neither inevitable nor necessary. By viewing the landscapes that lawn dissidents create through the theory of the interstice, we posit an alternative direction in which sharing economies offer a more inclusive vision of sustainability in urban residential landscapes. Creuser: dissidents des pelouses, mise en oeuvre de durabilité et paysages de privilège RÉSUMÉ « Les dissidents des pelouses » sont des gens qui enfreignent les normes des surfaces à gazon souvent présentes dans les banlieues d'Amérique du Nord. Cet article utilise les méthodes qualitatives et participe à une vision de la performance du paysage afin d'examiner comment les alternatives de pelouses à des fins de durabilité de ces sujets conspirent de manière non intentionnelle à créer des paysages d'exclusion. De même que le capitalisme adopte l'environnementalisme comme une solution à la durabilité, les marchés capitalistes spécialisés dans le « vert » permettent aux dissidents des pelouses de cultiver des positions de sujets dans le cadre de la durabilité qui ignorent les questions de justice sociale. En plus de leurs inquiétudes environnementales, les dissidents des pelouses continuent de traiter la terre comme une marchandise et comme un signe de distinction culturelle, particulièrement dans le cadre d'une sous-catégorie d'une élite cosmopolite blanche.
This paper investigates the potential of new urbanism (NU) to serve as a new neighborhood strateg... more This paper investigates the potential of new urbanism (NU) to serve as a new neighborhood strategy for women. Survey and interview research examines the ways women in suburban NU neighborhoods of Minneapolis–St. Paul interact with the built environment to effect divisions of household labor and social isolation. The analysis shows that women use pedestrian-accessible mixed-use centers and neo-traditional design features (e.g., porches) to lessen the burden of domestic labor and foster social interaction. Despite these affordances, the paper argues that NU neighborhoods do not ultimately serve as resources in breaking patterns of social segregation or women’s isolation in suburbia.
ABSTRACT The New Urbanism (NU) planning movement aspires to create socially diverse neighborhoods... more ABSTRACT The New Urbanism (NU) planning movement aspires to create socially diverse neighborhoods. It is unclear, however, whether this movement lives up to its aspirations in practice. In an effort to systematically examine this aspect of the movement, this paper analyzes age, family type, income, and race data of 70 NU neighborhoods in the United States. The paper uses a diversity index to compare the NU neighborhoods with control sites. Findings show that NU neighborhoods have lower racial diversity, but may have higher income diversity. Consideration of variations within the way NU is implemented reveals that the low racial diversity is associated with a single approach, but higher income diversity is associated with all variants. This paper argues that NU generates places that are more socially diverse than what is described in the literature and uses two case studies to explore the ways in which diversity is produced and its relation to gentrification.
Recent US welfare-form initiatives affecting employment and housing assistance have promoted more... more Recent US welfare-form initiatives affecting employment and housing assistance have promoted more flexible applications of assistance as well as devolving the responsibility of care for the poor from federal levels to the individual. Implicit in these policy changes is the assumption that individuals enter labor and housing markets where open access is the norm and a ‘level playing field’ exists. In this paper, we use the analogy of seeing labor and housing markets as public spaces to analyze how the ideals of democratic capitalism in labor and housing markets exist normatively, but are always violated in practice. We argue that the influence of neoliberalism, and the devolution of welfare responsibility to the individual in particular, have led to policy changes that neglect issues of unequal access connected to hierarchies of race and gender and their spatial manifestations. Welfare reform in the specific areas of employment and housing assistance has promoted the primacy of priva...
Issues of belonging, exclusion and the creation and maintenance of boundaries have surfaced in re... more Issues of belonging, exclusion and the creation and maintenance of boundaries have surfaced in recent considerations of the production of space, yet the relevance of boundaries and belonging for understanding the construction of landscape has remained largely implicit. In this paper, I wish to explore more explicitly the connection of boundaries, belonging and landscapes by thinking about how landscapes become spatially bounded scenes that visually communicate what belongs and what does not. My focus is on understanding how landscapes are, in part, constructed through a territorialized politics of belonging-the discourses and practices that establish and maintain discursive and material boundaries that correspond to the imagined geographies of a polity and to the spaces that normatively embody the polity. To explore this relationship, I consider a controversy surrounding the operation of a slaughterhouse in Hugo, Minnesota, which was used extensively for Ua Dab-a Hmong tradition of ...
Debates about the causes of segregation continue to consider the role that own-race preferences h... more Debates about the causes of segregation continue to consider the role that own-race preferences have in understanding the persistence of racial residential segregation in American cities. In this paper, I offer an alternative to the own-race preference model. I argue that segregation of low-income Black households from Whites persists in Buffalo, New York, because the spatial rootedness of Blacks' survival strategies leads households to choose housing in the central city, where their social networks and most Black households live. I illustrate this argument by exploring the multiple reasons for why a group of African American households, who were prompted to move through the settlement of a high-profile housing discrimination lawsuit, chose to relocate to neighborhoods in the central city in Buffalo. I adopt a context-sensitive perspective in making the argument and further argue that such approaches are ultimately useful in capturing the complex reasons that underlie the persistence of segregation. 1 I would like to acknowledge the valuable comments from the three anonymous referees, Manoela Borges, Meghan Cope, Lisa Jordan, and Lynn Staeheli, who reviewed this paper at various stages. I am grateful for the time and thought that my respondents generously shared with me. I also wish to thank David Wright and Scott Gehl from Housing Opportunities Made Equal, Inc., for their support and assistance in conducting the research for this study.
The term “translation” shows up in myriad sites within and outside of academia. It is frequently ... more The term “translation” shows up in myriad sites within and outside of academia. It is frequently used to explain processes of movement and connection between languages, places, contexts, and ideas. Despite this ubiquity, translation as a concept is undertheorized within social science academic discourse. This paper responds to this gap by epistemologically rethinking translation and arguing that translation is emergent and geographic. The practices, processes, and politics of translation, therefore, can generate conditions for social transformation, which can lead to co-liberation. With this in mind, we draw on ideas of “improvisation,” “accompaniment,” and “emergent strategy” to conceptualize our rethinking of translation. We illustrate the possibilities of our rethinking by tracing translation within and through the Race and Social Justice Initiative (RSJI) in Seattle, Washington, a municipal government-led endeavor to eliminate institutional racism and race-based disparities. Sit...
Continuous-curvature paths play an important role in the area of driving robots: as vehicles usua... more Continuous-curvature paths play an important role in the area of driving robots: as vehicles usually cannot change the steering angle in zero-time, real trajectories must not have discontinuities in the curvature profile. Typical continuous-curvature paths are thus built of straight lines, arcs and clothoids. Due to the geometric nature of clothoids, some questions in the area of trajectory planning are difficult the answer-usually we need approximations here. In this paper we describe a full approach for continuous-curvature trajectory planning for mobile robots-it covers a maneuver-based planning with Viterbi optimization and geometric approximations required to construct the respective clothoid trajectories.
This thematic issue explores the evolution of the New Urbanism, a normative planning and urban de... more This thematic issue explores the evolution of the New Urbanism, a normative planning and urban design movement that has contributed to development throughout the world. Against a dominant narrative that frames the movement as a straightforward application of principles that has yielded many versions of the same idea, this issue instead proposes an examination of New Urbanism as heterogeneous in practice, shaped through multiple contingent factors that spell variegated translations of core principles. The contributing authors investigate how variegated forms of New Urbanism emerge, interrogate why place-based contingencies lead to differentiation in practice, and explain why the movement continues to be represented as a universal phenomenon despite such on-the-ground complexities. Together, the articles in this thematic issue offer a powerful rebuttal to the idea that our understanding of the New Urbanism is somehow complete and provide original ideas and frameworks with which to rea...
I f the National Task Force on Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement (2012) is correct that th... more I f the National Task Force on Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement (2012) is correct that there is a crisis of civic engagement in higher education, geography’s “out in the world” approach and its disciplinary frames offer strategies that can recover a sense of public purpose in education and foster collaboration among students, universities, and their larger communities. There are limits, however, to what such an approach can accomplish at present. Moving higher education away from crisis and toward recovery of a public purpose will require systemic changes within higher education institutions and disciplinary apparatuses and in the pedagogical approaches that academics employ. This collection of articles enriches the conversation surrounding such change by informing the ways in which we understand the value of civic engagement for learners, society, and higher education institutions.
This article examines the governance dynamics surrounding the development of sustainable neighbor... more This article examines the governance dynamics surrounding the development of sustainable neighborhoods in United States metropolitan contexts characterized as suburban sprawl. Drawing on original case study research of three distinct applications of New Urbanism design principles, the article argues for understanding the relative power of municipal authorities to incorporate social justice imperatives into the practice of sustainable development in suburban contexts. Moreover, key to prioritizing social imperatives is the way in which development processes respond to the “suburban ideal”, which is a view of suburbs as an exclusive bourgeois utopia that constrains the ability to connect so-called sustainable development with social justice. Case study research shows how deference to the suburban ideal limits sustainable development to embracing growth and greening interests only and peripheralizing or denying social justice. The article discusses how sustainable development endeavors...
Public—private partnerships have excited discussion about the possibilities of creating a more re... more Public—private partnerships have excited discussion about the possibilities of creating a more responsive welfare state in contemporary American society that empowers local communities. Sceptics see these partnerships as inherently unequal such that non-profit organisations play `junior partner' to government agencies by prioritising governments' agendas. This paper contributes to the debate by examining the role of non-profit organisations that work with government agencies to provide social services. It is argued that non-profits attempt to balance both roles—playing `junior partner' and empowering community. The experiences and practices of non-profits thus show that the role of non-profits amidst state restructuring is to negotiate the multiple obligations they have to funding agencies and local communities that seek assistance. The paper draws on a case study of non-profits providing social services to immigrant and refugee communities in Minneapolis—St Paul in orde...
New Urbanism (NU) is an urban planning movement that aims to curtail suburban sprawl. Critics arg... more New Urbanism (NU) is an urban planning movement that aims to curtail suburban sprawl. Critics argue that NU actually contributes to sprawl. However, such claims overlook the diverse ways in which NU is implemented. This article contributes to the study of suburban development by examining two different types of NU projects in suburban Minneapolis–St. Paul and comparing these with a control case. Using surveys of the projects’ built environments and residents’ travel behavior and attitudes toward neighbors, the article finds that the NU projects break away from the physical and functional dimensions of sprawl, yet reproduce the social dimensions.
'Lawn dissidents' are people who violate norms of turfgrass yards often found in North American s... more 'Lawn dissidents' are people who violate norms of turfgrass yards often found in North American suburbs. This paper uses qualitative methods and engages a performance view of landscape to examine how these subjects' sustainability-oriented lawn alternatives work unintentionally to create exclusionary landscapes. As capitalism adopts environmentalism as a 'sustainability fix' , niche 'green' capitalist markets allow lawn dissidents to cultivate subject positions within sustainability that ignore social justice concerns. Alongside their environmentalist concerns, lawn dissidents continue to approach land through frames that treat it as a commodity and as a signifier of cultural distinction, particularly within an elite cosmopolitan subcategory of whiteness. Nonetheless, inasmuch as lawn dissidents enact social scripts and cultivate landscapes that perform white bourgeois sensibilities around urban sustainability, the exclusionary effect of this practice is neither inevitable nor necessary. By viewing the landscapes that lawn dissidents create through the theory of the interstice, we posit an alternative direction in which sharing economies offer a more inclusive vision of sustainability in urban residential landscapes. Creuser: dissidents des pelouses, mise en oeuvre de durabilité et paysages de privilège RÉSUMÉ « Les dissidents des pelouses » sont des gens qui enfreignent les normes des surfaces à gazon souvent présentes dans les banlieues d'Amérique du Nord. Cet article utilise les méthodes qualitatives et participe à une vision de la performance du paysage afin d'examiner comment les alternatives de pelouses à des fins de durabilité de ces sujets conspirent de manière non intentionnelle à créer des paysages d'exclusion. De même que le capitalisme adopte l'environnementalisme comme une solution à la durabilité, les marchés capitalistes spécialisés dans le « vert » permettent aux dissidents des pelouses de cultiver des positions de sujets dans le cadre de la durabilité qui ignorent les questions de justice sociale. En plus de leurs inquiétudes environnementales, les dissidents des pelouses continuent de traiter la terre comme une marchandise et comme un signe de distinction culturelle, particulièrement dans le cadre d'une sous-catégorie d'une élite cosmopolite blanche.
This paper investigates the potential of new urbanism (NU) to serve as a new neighborhood strateg... more This paper investigates the potential of new urbanism (NU) to serve as a new neighborhood strategy for women. Survey and interview research examines the ways women in suburban NU neighborhoods of Minneapolis–St. Paul interact with the built environment to effect divisions of household labor and social isolation. The analysis shows that women use pedestrian-accessible mixed-use centers and neo-traditional design features (e.g., porches) to lessen the burden of domestic labor and foster social interaction. Despite these affordances, the paper argues that NU neighborhoods do not ultimately serve as resources in breaking patterns of social segregation or women’s isolation in suburbia.
ABSTRACT The New Urbanism (NU) planning movement aspires to create socially diverse neighborhoods... more ABSTRACT The New Urbanism (NU) planning movement aspires to create socially diverse neighborhoods. It is unclear, however, whether this movement lives up to its aspirations in practice. In an effort to systematically examine this aspect of the movement, this paper analyzes age, family type, income, and race data of 70 NU neighborhoods in the United States. The paper uses a diversity index to compare the NU neighborhoods with control sites. Findings show that NU neighborhoods have lower racial diversity, but may have higher income diversity. Consideration of variations within the way NU is implemented reveals that the low racial diversity is associated with a single approach, but higher income diversity is associated with all variants. This paper argues that NU generates places that are more socially diverse than what is described in the literature and uses two case studies to explore the ways in which diversity is produced and its relation to gentrification.
Recent US welfare-form initiatives affecting employment and housing assistance have promoted more... more Recent US welfare-form initiatives affecting employment and housing assistance have promoted more flexible applications of assistance as well as devolving the responsibility of care for the poor from federal levels to the individual. Implicit in these policy changes is the assumption that individuals enter labor and housing markets where open access is the norm and a ‘level playing field’ exists. In this paper, we use the analogy of seeing labor and housing markets as public spaces to analyze how the ideals of democratic capitalism in labor and housing markets exist normatively, but are always violated in practice. We argue that the influence of neoliberalism, and the devolution of welfare responsibility to the individual in particular, have led to policy changes that neglect issues of unequal access connected to hierarchies of race and gender and their spatial manifestations. Welfare reform in the specific areas of employment and housing assistance has promoted the primacy of priva...
Issues of belonging, exclusion and the creation and maintenance of boundaries have surfaced in re... more Issues of belonging, exclusion and the creation and maintenance of boundaries have surfaced in recent considerations of the production of space, yet the relevance of boundaries and belonging for understanding the construction of landscape has remained largely implicit. In this paper, I wish to explore more explicitly the connection of boundaries, belonging and landscapes by thinking about how landscapes become spatially bounded scenes that visually communicate what belongs and what does not. My focus is on understanding how landscapes are, in part, constructed through a territorialized politics of belonging-the discourses and practices that establish and maintain discursive and material boundaries that correspond to the imagined geographies of a polity and to the spaces that normatively embody the polity. To explore this relationship, I consider a controversy surrounding the operation of a slaughterhouse in Hugo, Minnesota, which was used extensively for Ua Dab-a Hmong tradition of ...
Debates about the causes of segregation continue to consider the role that own-race preferences h... more Debates about the causes of segregation continue to consider the role that own-race preferences have in understanding the persistence of racial residential segregation in American cities. In this paper, I offer an alternative to the own-race preference model. I argue that segregation of low-income Black households from Whites persists in Buffalo, New York, because the spatial rootedness of Blacks' survival strategies leads households to choose housing in the central city, where their social networks and most Black households live. I illustrate this argument by exploring the multiple reasons for why a group of African American households, who were prompted to move through the settlement of a high-profile housing discrimination lawsuit, chose to relocate to neighborhoods in the central city in Buffalo. I adopt a context-sensitive perspective in making the argument and further argue that such approaches are ultimately useful in capturing the complex reasons that underlie the persistence of segregation. 1 I would like to acknowledge the valuable comments from the three anonymous referees, Manoela Borges, Meghan Cope, Lisa Jordan, and Lynn Staeheli, who reviewed this paper at various stages. I am grateful for the time and thought that my respondents generously shared with me. I also wish to thank David Wright and Scott Gehl from Housing Opportunities Made Equal, Inc., for their support and assistance in conducting the research for this study.
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Papers by Dan Trudeau