Referncia: Schtz, Ricardo.

"Words of Connection (Conectivos)" English Made in Brazil

<http://www.sk.com.br/sk-conn.html>. Online. 28 de setembro de 2009.

AFIXOS (SUFIXOS E PREFIXOS)

AFFIXATION: Dos dois tipos de afixos em ingls - prefixos e sufixos, - sufixos so
aqueles que apresentam maior produtividade, isto , a porcentagem de incidncia mais
alta. Sufixos tm a funo de transformar a categoria gramatical das palavras a que se
aplicam. Isto , um determinado sufixo ser sempre aplicado a uma determinada
categoria de palavra e resultar sempre numa outra determinada categoria.
Prefixos, por sua vez, normalmente no alteram a categoria gramatical da palavra-base
a que se aplicam. Seu papel predominantemente semntico, isto , eles alteram o
significado da base.
Vejam as regras abaixo, cujas listas de exemplos, longe de serem exaustivas, servem
apenas para demonstrar o grau de produtividade de cada regra com exemplos
relativamente comuns:

SUFIXOS
NOUN + ...ful = ADJECTIVE (significando full of , having )
NOUN + ...less = ADJECTIVE (significando without )
NOUN

...ful ADJECTIVE

...less ADJECTIVE

art (arte)
care (cuidado)
color (cor)
faith (f)
fear (medo)
force (fora)
fruit (fruto)
grace (graa)
harm (dano,
prejuzo)
hope (esperana)
law (lei)
meaning
(significado)
mercy (piedade)
mind (mente)
pain (dor)
power (potncia)
shame (vergonha)
taste (sabor)
thought
(pensamento)
use (uso)

artful (criativo)
careful (cuidadoso)
colorful (colorido)
faithful (fiel)
fearful (medroso)
forceful (vigoroso,
coercitivo)
fruitful (frutfero)
graceful (gracioso)
harmful (prejudicial)
hopeful (esperanoso)
lawful (legal, dentro da lei)
meaningful (significativo)
merciful (piedoso)
mindful (consciente)
painful (doloroso)
powerful (potente)
shameful (vergonhoso)
tasteful (saboroso)
thoughtful (bem pensado,
pensativo)
useful (til)

artless (grosseiro)
careless (descuidado)
colorless (que no tem cor)
faithless (infiel)
fearless (destemido)
forceless (sem fora, que no se impe)
fruitless (infrutfero)
graceless (que no gracioso)
harmless (incuo, inofensivo)
hopeless (que no tem esperana)
lawless (sem lei, fora-da-lei)
meaningless (sem sentido)
merciless (impiedoso)
mindless (inconseqente, que no se d conta, que
no requer concentrao)
painless (indolor)
powerless (impotente)
shameless (sem-vergonha)
tasteless (sem sabor)
thoughtless (mal pensado, sem considerao)
useless (intil)

beauty (beleza)
play (jogo,
brinquedo)
respect (respeito)
skill (habilidade)
success (sucesso)

beautiful (belo, bonito)

playful (brincalho)
respectful (respeitoso)
skillful (habilidoso)
successful (bem-sucedido)
youthful (com aspecto de

youth (juventude)
wonder
(maravilha)

jovem)
wonderful (maravilhoso)

child (criana,
filho)
cord (fio)
count (conta)
defense (defesa)
end (fim)
head (cabea)
heart (corao)
home (casa)
land (terra)
penny (centavo)
price (preo)
rest (descanso)
seam (emenda)
speech (fala)
stain (mancha)
time (tempo)
top (topo)
wire (arame, fio)
word (palavra)
worth (valor)

childless (sem filhos)

cordless (sem fio)
countless (incontvel)
defenseless (indefeso)
endless (interminvel)
headless (sem-cabea, acfalo)
heartless (sem corao, cruel)
homeless (sem-teto)
landless (sem-terra)
penniless (que no tem nem um centavo)
priceless (que no tem preo)
restless (inquieto)
seamless (sem emenda)
speechless (sem fala)
stainless (sem mancha, inoxidvel)
timeless (eterno)
topless (sem a parte de cima)
wireless (sem fio)
wordless (sem fala, mudo)
worthless (que no vale nada)

COUNT NOUN + hood = NONCOUNT ABSTRACT NOUN (sufixo de baixa

produtividade significando o estado de ser). H cerca de mil anos atrs, no perodo
conhecido como Old English, hood era uma palavra independente, com um significado
amplo, relacionado pessoa, sua personalidade, sexo, nvel social, condio. A palavra
ocorria em conjunto com outros substantivos para posteriormente, com o passar dos
sculos, se transformar num sufixo.
COUNT NOUN

hood ABSTRACT NOUN

adult (adulto)
boy (menino)
brother (irmo)
child (criana)
father (pai)
knight (cavaleiro, fidalgo)
mother (me)
neighbor (vizinho)
parent (progenitor)
priest (padre)
sister (irm)
widow (viva)

adulthood (maturidade)
boyhood
brotherhood (fraternidade)
childhood (infncia)
fatherhood (paternidade)
knighthood
motherhood (maternidade)
neighborhood (vizinhana)
parenthood (paternidade)
priesthood
sisterhood (irmandade)
widowhood (viuvez)

COUNT NOUN + ship = NONCOUNT ABSTRACT NOUN (sufixo de baixa

produtividade significando o estado de ser). A origem do sufixo _ship uma histria
semelhante do sufixo _hood. Tratava-se de uma palavra independente na poca do Old
English, relacionada a shape e que tinha o significado de criar, nomear. Ao longo dos
sculos aglutinou-se com o substantivo a que se referia adquirindo o sentido de estado
ou condio de ser tal coisa.

COUNT NOUN

ship ABSTRACT NOUN

citizen (cidado)
court (corte)
dealer (negociante, revendedor)
dictator (ditador)
fellow (companheiro)
friend (amigo)
intern (residente, estagirio)
leader (lder)
member (scio, membro de um clube)
owner (proprietrio)
partner (scio, companheiro)
relation (relao)
scholar
sponsor (patrocinador)
statesman (estadista)
workman
worth

citizenship (cidadania)
courtship (cortejo, galanteio)
dealership (revenda)
dictatorship (ditadura)
fellowship (companheirismo, solidariedade)
friendship (amizade)
internship (estgio, residncia)
leadership (liderana)
membership (qualidade de quem scio)
ownership (posse, propriedade)
partnership (sociedade comercial)
relationship (relacionamento)
scholarship
sponsorship (patrocnio)
statesmanship
workmanship
worship

ADJECTIVE + ness = NONCOUNT ABSTRACT NOUN (significando o estado, a

qualidade de)
ADJECTIVE

ness ABSTRACT NOUN

appropriate (apropriado)
aware (ciente)
clever (esperto, inteligente)
conscious (consciente)
dark (escuro)
dizzy (tonto)
empty (vazio)
faithful (fiel)
happy (feliz)
hard (duro)
kind (gentil)
polite (bem-educado)
rich (rico)
rude (rude, mal-educado)
selfish (egosta)
serious (srio)
soft (macio, suave)
thankful (agradecido)
thick (grosso, espesso)
useful (til)
vague (vago)
weak (fraco)
youthful (com aspecto de jovem)

appropriateness (propriedade)
awareness (cincia)
cleverness (esperteza)
consciousness (conscincia)
darkness (escurido)
dizziness (tontura)
emptiness (o vazio)
faithfulness (lealdade)
happiness (felicidade)
hardness (dureza)
kindness (gentileza)
politeness (boa educao)
richness (riqueza)
rudeness (falta de educao)
selfishness (egosmo)
seriousness (seriedade)
softness (maciez, suavidade)
thankfulness (agradecimento)
thickness (espessura)
usefulness (utilidade)
vagueness (falta de clareza)
weakness (fraqueza)
youthfulness (caracterstica de quem jovem)

ADJECTIVE + ity = ABSTRACT NOUN (significando o mesmo que o anterior: o

estado, a qualidade de; equivalente ao sufixo ...idade do portugus). Uma vez que a
origem deste sufixo o latim, as palavras a que se aplica so na grande maioria de
origem latina, mostrando uma grande semelhana com o portugus.
ADJECTIVE

ity ABSTRACT NOUN

able (apto, que tem condies de)

accessible (acessvel)
accountable (responsvel, que presta contas)
active (ativo)
ambiguous (ambguo)
applicable (que se aplica, relevante)
available (disponvel)
communicable (comunicvel)
complex (complexo)
connective (que conecta, conectivo)
feasible (vivel)
fertile (frtil)
flexible (flexvel)
generous (generoso)
humid (mido)
legal (legal)
personal (pessoal)
porous (poroso)
possible (possvel)
probable (provvel)
productive (produtivo)
pure (puro)
responsible (responsvel)
scarce (escasso)
simple (simples)
sincere (sincero)

ability (habilidade, capacidade)

accessibility (acessibilidade)
accountability (responsabilidade)
activity (atividade)
ambiguity (ambigidade)
applicability (relevncia, utilidade)
availability (disponibilidade)
communicability (comunicabilidade)
complexity (complexidade)
connectivity (conectividade)
feasibility (viabilidade)
fertility (fertilidade)
flexibility (flexibilidade)
generosity (generosidade)
humidity (umidade)
legality (legalidade)
personality (personalidade)
porosity (porosidade)
possibility (possibilidade)
probability (probabilidade)
productivity (produtividade)
purity (pureza)
responsibility (responsabilidade)
scarcity (escassez)
simplicity (simplicidade)
sincerity (sinceridade)

VERB + tion (sion) = NOUN (sufixo de alta produtividade significando o estado,

a ao ou a instituio; equivalente ao sufixo ...o do portugus). A origem deste
sufixo o latim. Portanto, as palavras a que se aplica so na grande maioria de origem
latina, mostrando uma grande semelhana e equivalncia com o portugus.
VERB

...tion NOUN

abort (abortar)
accelerate (acelerar)
accommodate (acomodar)
accuse (acusar)
acquire (adquirir)
act (atuar, agir)
adapt (adaptar)
add (adicionar, somar)
administer (administrar)
admire (admirar)
admit (admitir)
adopt (adotar)
apply (aplicar, inscrever-se)
approximate (aproximar)
attend (participar de)
attract (atrair)

abortion (aborto)
acceleration (acelerao)
accommodation (acomodao)
accusation (acusao)
acquisition (aquisio, assimilao)
action (ao)
adaptation (adaptao)
addition (adio)
administration (administrao)
admiration (admirao)
admission (admisso)
adoption (adoo)
application (aplicao, inscrio)
approximation (aproximao)
attention (ateno)
attraction (atrao)

calculate (calcular)
cancel (cancelar)
categorize (categorizar)
celebrate (celebrar)
classify (classificar)
collect (coletar, colecionar)
combine (combinar)

calculation (clculo)
cancellation (cancelamento)
categorization (categorizao)
celebration (celebrao)
classification (classificao)
collection (coleta, coleo)
combination (combinao)

commit (comprometer-se, comissionar)

communicate (comunicar)
compensate (compensar)
complete (completar)
complicate (complicar)
compose (compor)
comprehend (compreender)
concede (conceder)
confirm (confirmar)
confront (confrontar)
confuse (confundir)
connect (conectar)
consider (considerar)
construct (construir)
contract (contrair)
contribute (contribuir)
converse (conversar)
convert (converter)
cooperate (cooperar)
coordinate (coordenar)
correct (corrigir)
correlate (correlacionar)
corrupt (corromper)
create (criar)

commission (comisso)
communication (comunicao)
compensation (compensao, indenizao)
completion (ato de completar, complementao)
complication (complicao)
composition (composio)
comprehension (compreenso)
concession (concesso)
confirmation (confirmao)
confrontation (confrontao)
confusion (confuso)
connection (conexo)
consideration (considerao)
construction (construo)
contraction (contrao)
contribution (contribuio)
conversation (conversao)
conversion (converso)
cooperation (cooperao)
coordination (coordenao)
correction (correo)
correlation (correlao)
corruption (corrupo)
creation (criao)

declare (declarar)
deduce (deduzir)
define (definir)
deform (deformar, desfigurar)
demonstrate (demonstrar)
deport (deportar)
describe (descrever)
determine (determinar)
dictate (ditar)
direct (direcionar)
discuss (discutir)
distribute (distribuir)

declaration (declarao)
deduction (deduo)
definition (definio)
deformation (deformao)
demonstration (demonstrao)
deportation (deportao)
description (descrio)
determination (determinao)
dictation (ditado)
direction (direo)
discussion (discusso)
distribution (distribuio)

edit (editar)
educate (educar, instruir)
elect (eleger)
evaluate (avaliar)
evict (expulsar)
evolve (evoluir)
exaggerate (exagerar)
examine (examinar)
except (excluir, fazer exceo)
exclude (excluir)
execute (executar)
expand (expandir)
expect (esperar, ter expectativa)
expire (expirar, vencer)
explain (explicar)
explode (explodir)
exploit (explorar, tirar vantagem)
explore (explorar, desbravar)
express (expressar)
extend (extender, prorrogar)

edition (edio)
education (educao, instruo)
election (eleio)
evaluation (avaliao)
eviction (expulso, despejo)
evolution (evoluo)
exaggeration (exagero)
examination (exame)
exception (exceo)
exclusion (excluso)
execution (execuo)
expansion (expanso)
expectation (expectativa)
expiration (vencimento)
explanation (explicao)
explosion (exploso)
exploitation (explorao)
exploration (explorao)
expression (expresso)
extension (prorrogao)

fluctuate (flutuar)
form (formar)

fluctuation (flutuao)
formation (formao)

fornicate (fornicar)
found (fundar, estabelecer)
fuse (unir, fundir)

fornication (fornicao, promiscuidade)

foundation (fundao)
fusion (fuso)

generalize (generalizar)
graduate (graduar-se, formar-se)

generalization (generalizao)
graduation (formatura)

humiliate (humilhar)

humiliation (humilhado)

identify (identificar)
imagine (imaginar)
imitate (imitar)
immerse (imergir)
immigrate (imigrar)
implicate (implicar)
include (incluir)
incorporate (incorporar)
indicate (indicar)
infect (infeccionar)
inform (informar)
inject (injetar)
inscribe (inscrever, gravar em relevo)
inspect (inspecionar)
inspire (inspirar)
install (instalar)
instruct (instruir)
insulate (isolar)
intend (ter inteno, pretender)
interact (interagir)
interpret (interpretar)
interrupt (interromper)
intone (entoar)
intoxicate (intoxicar)
introduce (introduzir, apresentar)
invade (invadir)
invent (inventar)
invert (inverter)
isolate (isolar)

identification (identificao)
imagination (imaginao)
imitation (imitao)
immersion (imerso)
immigration (imigrao)
implication (implicao)
inclusion (incluso)
incorporation (incorporao)
indication (indicao)
infection (infeco)
information (informao)
injection (injeo)
inscription (gravao em relevo)
inspection (inspeo)
inspiration (inspirao)
installation (instalao)
instruction (instruo)
insulation (isolamento)
intention (inteno)
interaction (interao)
interpretation (interpretao)
interruption (interrupo)
intonation (entonao)
intoxication (intoxicao)
introduction (introduo, apresentao)
invasion (invaso)
invention (inveno)
inversion (inverso)
isolation (isolamento)

justify (justificar, alinhar texto)

justification (justificao, alinhamento de texto)

legislate (legislar)
limit (limitar)
locate (localizar)
lubricate (lubrificar)

legislation (legislao)
limitation (limitao)
location (localizao)
lubrication (lubrificao)

masturbate (masturbar)
mediate (mediar)
meditate (meditar)
menstruate (menstruar)
modify (modificar)
motivate (motivar)
move (mover, movimentar)

masturbation (masturbao)
mediation (mediao)
meditation (meditao)
menstruation (menstruao)
modification (modificao)
motivation (motivao)
motion (movimento)

naturalize (naturalizar)
nominate (escolher, eleger)
normalize (normalizar)

naturalization (naturalizao)
nomination (escolha de um candidato)
normalization (normalizao)

object (objetar)
obligate (obrigar)
operate (operar)
oppose (opor)
opt (optar)
organize (organizar)

objection (objeo)
obligation (obrigao)
operation (operao)
opposition (oposio)
option (opo)
organization (organizao)

orient (orientar)

orientation (orientao)

penetrate (penetrao)
permit (permitir)
plant (plantar)
pollute (poluir)
prepare (preparar)
present (apresentar)
pressurize (pressurizar)
pretend (fingir)
privatize (privatizar)
probe (sondar, examinar)
produce (produzir)
prohibit (proibir)
promote (promover)
pronounce (pronunciar)
propose (propor)
prosecute (acusar)
protect (proteger)
punctuate (pontuar)

penetration (penetrao)
permission (permisso)
plantation (plantao)
pollution (poluio)
preparation (preparao)
presentation (apresentao)
pressurization (pressurizao)
pretension (pretenso, alegao duvidosa)
privatization (privatizao)
probation (perodo de teste)
production (produo)
prohibition (proibio)
promotion (promoo)
pronunciation (pronncia)
proposition (proposio)
prosecution (acusao)
protection (proteo)
punctuation (pontuao)

qualify (qualificar)
quest (buscar, procurar)
quote (cotar)

qualification (qualificao)
question (pergunta)
quotation (cotao)

receive (receber)
recognize (reconhecer)
reduce (reduzir)
register (registrar)
regulate (regular)
relate (relacionar)
relocate (relocar)
repete (repetir)
resign (renunciar, resignar)
revolt (revoltar-se)

reception (recepo)
recognition (reconhecimento)
reduction (reduo)
registration (registro)
regulation (regulamento)
relation (relao)
relocation (relocao)
repetition (repetio)
resignation (renncia, resignao)
revolution (revoluo)

salute (saudar)
salve (salvar)
satisfy (satisfazer)
seduce (seduzir)
select (selecionar)
separate (separar)
simplify (simplificar)
situate (situar)
solve (resolver, solucionar)
starve (morrer de fome)
subscribe(assinar um peridico)
suggest(sugerir)

salutation (saudao)
salvation (salvao)
satisfaction (satisfao)
seduction (seduo)
selection (seleo)
separation (separao)
simplification (simplificao)
situation (situao)
solution (soluo)
starvation (ato de morrer de fome)
subscription (assinatura de um peridico)
suggestion(sugesto)

tax (taxar, tributar)

tempt (tentar)
terminate (terminar)
transform (transformar)
transit (transitar)
translate (traduzir)
transmit (transmitir)
transport (transportar)

taxation (taxao, tributao)

temptation (tentao)
termination (trmino)
transformation (transformao)
transition (transio)
translation (traduo)
transmission (transmisso)
transportation (transporte)

vibrate (vibrar)
violate (violar)

vibration (vibrao)
violation (violao)

VERB + er = NOUN (significando o agente da ao; sufixo de alta produtividade).

VERB

...er NOUN

analyze (analisar)
announce (anunciar, apresentar)
bake (cozer no forno, fazer po)
bank (banco)
blend (misturar)
boil (ferver)
call (chamar, ligar)
clean (limpar)
climb (escalar, subit)
compose (compor)
compute (computar)
convert (converter)
dive (mergulhar)
drum (tamborear, tocar bateria)
dry (secar)
drive (dirigir)
erase (apagar)
fight (lutar)
fold (dobrar)
freeze (congelar)
freight (carregar frete)
garden (cuidar de jardim)
help (ajudar)
hunt (caar)
interpret (interpretar)
kill (matar)
lead (liderar)
light (iluminar, acender)
lock (chavear)
love (amar)
manage (gerenciar)
paint (pintar)
photograph (fotografar)
play (brincar, jogar)
print (imprimir)
prosecute (acusar)
publish (publicar)
read (ler)
receive (receber)
record (gravar, registrar)
report (reportar)
rob (assaltar)
rule (governar)
run (correr)
sharpen (afiar, apontar)
sing (cantar)
smoke (fumar)
speak (falar)
staple (grampear)
start (iniciar)
stretch (esticar)
supply (fornecer)
teach (ensinar)
train (treinar)
travel (viajar)
use (usar)

analyzer (analisador)
announcer (apresentador)
baker (padeiro, confeiteiro)
banker (banqueiro)
blender (liquidificador)
boiler (tanque de aquecimento, caldeira)
caller (aquele que faz uma ligao telefnica)
cleaner (limpador)
climber (aquele que escala, sobe)
composer (compositor)
computer (computador)
converter (conversor)
diver (mergulhador)
drummer (baterista)
drier (secador)
driver (motorista)
eraser (apagador, borracha)
fighter (lutador, caa)
folder (pasta para papis)
freezer (congelador)
freighter (navio ou avio de carga)
gardener (jardineiro)
helper (ajudante, assistente)
hunter (caador)
interpreter (intrprete)
killer (matador, assassino)
leader (lder)
lighter (isqueiro)
locker (armrio de chavear)
lover (amante)
manager (gerente)
painter (pintor)
photographer (fotgrafo)
player (jogador)
printer (impressora)
prosecuter (promotor)
publisher (editor)
reader (leitor)
receiver (receptor)
recorder (gravador)
reporter (reprter)
robber (assaltante)
ruler (governante)
runner (corredor)
sharpener (afiador, apontador)
singer (cantor)
smoker (fumante)
speaker (porta-voz, aquele que fala)
stapler (grampeador)
starter (dispositivo de arranque)
stretcher (maca)
supplier (fornecedor)
teacher (professor)
trainer (treinador)
traveler (viajante)
user (usurio)

wait (esperar)
wash (lavar)
work (trabalhar)
write (escrever)

waiter (garom)
washer (lavador, mquina de lavar)
worker (trabalhador, funcionrio)
writer (escritor)

VERB + able (...ible) = ADJECTIVE (o mesmo que o sufixo vel ou vel do

portugus; sufixo de alta produtividade). Sua origem o sufixo _abilis do latim, que
significa capaz de, merecedor de.
VERB

able (...ible) ADJECTIVE

accept (aceitar)
access (acessar)
account (responder, prestar contas)
achieve (realizar, alcanar um resultado)
adore (adorar)
advise (aconselhar)
afford (proporcionar, ter meios para custear)
apply (aplicar, candidatar-se a)
attain (alcanar, obter xito)
avail (proporcionar, ser til)
bear (sustentar, suportar)
believe (acreditar, crer)
break (quebrar, romper)
change (trocar, mudar)
collapse (entrar em colapso, cair, dobrar)
collect (recolher, cobrar)
communicate (comunicar)
compare (comparar)
comprehend (abranger, compreender)
confuse (confundir)
convert (converter)
debate (debater)
deliver (entregar)
depend (depender)
desire (desejar)
detach (destacar, separar)
digest (digerir)
dispose (colocar disposio)
drink (beber)
eat (comer)
enforce
enjoy
excuse
execute
explain
force
forget
grade
inflame
inflate
interchange
manage
move
obtain
pay (pagar)
port (portar)

acceptable (aceitvel)
accessible (acessvel)
accountable (responsvel)
achievable (realizvel)
adorable (adorvel)
advisable (aconselhvel)
affordable (que est dentro de nossa capacidade
financeira)
applicable (aplicvel)
attainable (possvel de ser alcanado)
available (disponvel)
bearable (sustentvel, suportvel)
believable (acreditvel)
breakable (quebradio, frgil)
changeable (mutvel)
collapsible (dobrvel)
collectible (cobrvel)
communicable (comunicvel)
comparable (comparvel)
comprehensible (abrangente, compreensvel)
confusable (confundvel)
convertible (conversvel)
debatable (discutvel)
deliverable (que pode ser entregue)
dependable (do qual se pode depender, confivel)
desirable (desejvel)
detachable (destacvel, que d para separar)
digestible (de fcil digesto)
disposable (disponvel, descartvel)
drinkable (potvel)
eatable (comestvel)
enforceable
enjoyable
excusable
executable
explainable
forcible
forgettable
gradable
inflammable
inflatable
interchangeable
manageable
movable
obtainable
payable (pagvel)

predict (predizer, prever)

prevent
question
read
reason
receive
recharge
recover
rely
respond
sense
suit
translate
transmit
transport
trust
understand
value
wash

portable (porttil)
predictable (previsvel)
preventable
questionable
readable
reasonable
receivable
rechargeable
recoverable
reliable
responsible
sensible
suitable
translatable
transmittable
transportable
trustable
understandable
valuable
washable

VERB + ive (ative) = ADJECTIVE (o mesmo que o sufixo tivo ou vel do

portugus; sufixo de alta produtividade). Sua origem o sufixo _ivus do latim, que
significa ter a capacidade de.
VERB

ive (ative) ADJECTIVE

act (atuar)
administrate (administrar)
affirm (afirmar)
attract (atrair)
communicate (comunicar)
connect (conectar)
conserve (conservar)
construct (construir)
correct (corrigir)
decorate (decorar)
defend (defender)
effect (efetuar)
expand (expandir)
expend (despender, gastar)
explode (explodir)
inform (informar)
instruct (instruir)
interrogate
intrude
negate
offend
permit
presume
prevent
produce
provoke
retain
talk

active (ativo)
administrative (administrativo)
affirmative (affirmativo)
attractive (atrativo)
communicative (comunicativo)
connective (conectivo)
conservative (conservativo)
constructive (construtivo)
corrective (corretivo)
decorative (decorativo)
defensive (defensivo)
effective (efetivo)
expansive (expansivo)
expensive (dispendioso, caro)
explosive (explosivo)
informative (informativo)
instructive (instrutivo)
interrogative
intrusive
negative
offensive
permissive
presumptive
preventive
productive
provocative
retentive
talkative

ADJECTIVE + ly = ADVERB (o mesmo que o sufixo mente do portugus; sufixo

de alta produtividade)
ADJECTIVE
ly ADVERB
abrupt (abrupto)
absolute (absoluto)
actual (real)
approximate (aproximado)
bad (mau)
basic (bsico)
careful (cuidadoso)
careless (descuidado)
certain (certo)
dangerous (perigoso)
desperate (desesperado)
different (diferente)
eager (ansioso, vido)
effective (efetivo)
efficient (eficiente)
endless (interminvel)
eventual (final)
exact (exato)
final (final)
fortunate (afortunado, feliz)
frequent (freqente)
generous (generoso)
happy (feliz)
hard (duro, difcil)
high (alto)
hopeful (esperanoso)
important (importante)
interesting (interessante)
late (tarde, ltimo)
live (ao vivo)
natural (natural)
necessary (necessrio)
nice (bom, agradvel, gentil)
normal (normal)
obvious (bvio)
occasional (ocasional, eventual)
original (original)
perfect (perfeito)
permanent (permanente)
perpetual (perptuo)
probable (provvel)
professional (profissional)
proud (orgulhoso)
quick (ligeiro)
quiet (quieto, silencioso)
rapid (rpido)
real (real)
recent (recente)
regular (regular)
serious (srio)
shrewd (astuto)
sincere (sincero)
skillful (habilidoso)
slow (lento)
soft (suave, macio)
strange (estranho)

abruptly (abruptamente)
absolutely (absolutamente)
actually (de fato, na realidade)
approximately (aproximadamente)
badly (maldosamente, com extrema necessidade)
basically (basicamente)
carefully (cuidadosamente)
carelessly (de forma descuidada)
certainly (certamente)
dangerously (perigosamente)
desperately (desesperadamente)
differently (diferentemente)
eagerly (ansiosamente, avidamente)
effectively (efetivamente)
efficiently (eficientemente)
endlessly (interminavelmente)
eventually (finalmente)
exactly (exatamente)
finally (finalmente)
fortunately (felizmente)
frequently (freqentemente)
generously (generosamente)
happily (demonstrando felicidade)
hardly (dificilmente)
highly (altamente)
hopefully (esperemos que)
importantly (de forma importante)
interestingly (de forma interessante)
lately (ultimamente)
lively (animadamente)
naturally (naturalmente)
necessarily (necessariamente)
nicely (bem, de forma agradvel, gentilmente)
normally (normalmente)
obviously (obviamente)
occasionally (ocasionalmente, eventualmente)
originally (originalmente)
perfectly (perfeitamente)
permanently (permanentemente)
perpetually (perpetuamente)
probably (provavelmente)
professionally (profissionalmente)
proudly (orgulhosamente)
quickly (ligeiramente)
quietly (quietamente, silenciosamente)
rapidly (rapidamente)
really (realmente)
recently (recentemente)
regularly (regularmente)
seriously (seriamente)
shrewdly (astutamente)
sincerely (sinceramente)
skillfully (habilidosamente)
slowly (lentamente)
softly (suavemente)
strangely (estranhamente)

strong (forte, vigoroso)

successful (bem-sucedido)
sudden (repentino)
true (verdadeiro)
unfortunate (infeliz)
urgent (urgente)
usual (usual)
verbal (verbal)
vigorous (vigoroso)
virtual (virtual)
visual (visual)
wise (sbio, prudente)

strongly (fortemente, vigorosamente)

successfully (de forma bem-sucedida)
suddenly (repentinamente)
truly (verdadeiramente)
unfortunately (infelizmente)
urgently (urgentemente)
usually (usualmente, normalmente)
verbally (verbalmente)
vigorously (vigorosamente)
virtually (virtualmente)
visually (visualmente)
wisely (sabiamente, prudentemente)

PREFIXOS
NEGATIVE PREFIXES
UN_

Meaning: the opposite of, the absence of, not

Added to: adjectives and participles
Alta produtividade
Ex: unable
unabridged
unassuming
unattainable
unattended
unauthorized
unavailable
unbearable
unbelievable
unborn
unclear
unconstrained
unemployed
unexpected
unfair
unforgettable
unfortunate
unfriendly
unhappy
unintelligible
unkind
unpaid
unpleasant
unreplaceable
unspeakable
unstressed
unthinkable
untidy
unwilling
unwise

NON_

Meaning: not
Added to: nouns, adjectives, adverbs
Ex: non-smoker
non-conformist
non-politician
non-perishable
non-trivially

IN_
Meaning: the opposite of, not
(IL_, IM_, IR_) Added to: adjectives
Ex: illogical
immature
immovable
impatient
impolite
impossible
improper
incomplete
incorrect
inevitable
insane
irrelevant
irresponsible
Meaning: the opposite of, not
Added to: adjectives, verbs, abstract nouns

DIS_

Ex: disconnect
discourteous
dislike
disloyal
disobedience
disobedient
disobey
disorder
dissociate
Meaning: lacking in, lack of
Added to: adjectives, nouns

A_

Ex: amoral
anarchy
asexual
asymmetry
atheist
REVERSATIVE PREFIXES
UN_

Meaning: to reverse the action (1), to deprive of, to release from (2)
Added to: verbs (1), nouns (2)

Ex: (1)
uncover
undo
undress
unload
unlock
unpack
untie
unwrap
unzip
(2)
unhorse
unmask
DE_

Meaning: to reverse the action (1), to deprive of, to release from (2)
Added to: verbs, nouns

Ex: (1)
decentralize

defrost
desegregate
denationalization
(2)
decapitate
deforestation
DIS_

Meaning: to reverse the action (1), lacking (2)

Added to: verbs (1), adjectives (2)

Ex: (1)
disassemble
disconnect
discourage
disinfect
disown
(2)
discolored
discouraged
disinterested
PEJORATIVE PREFIXES
MIS_

Meaning: wrongly, astray

Added to: verbs, participles, abstract nouns

Ex: misbehave / misbehavior

miscalculate / miscalculation
misconduct
misfire
misfortune
mishap
mishear
misinform / misinformation
misleading
mistreat
misunderstanding
MAL_

Meaning: badly, bad

Added to: verbs, participles, adjectives, abstract nouns

Ex: malformation
malformed
malfunction
malnutrition
malpractice
maltreat
PSEUDO_

Meaning: false, imitation

Added to: nouns, adjectives

Ex: pseudo-Christianity
pseudo-classicism
pseudo-intellectual
pseudo-scientific
PREFIXES OF DEGREE OR SIZE
ARCH_

Meaning: supreme, most

Added to: nouns with human reference

Ex: archbishop
archduke

arch-enemy
arch-fascist
arch-hypocrite
SUPER_

Meaning: more than, very special, on top

Added to: nouns, adjectives, verbs

Ex: supercomputer
superimpose
superluxury
superman
supermarket
supernatural
superpower
supersensitive
supersonic
superstructure
OUT_

Meaning: doing better, surpassing

Added to: nouns, intransitive verbs

Ex: outclass
outdistance
outgrow
outlive
outnumber
outrun
outweigh
SUR_

Meaning: over and above

Added to: nouns

Ex: surcharge
surname
surtax
SUB_

Meaning: below
Added to: adjectives

Ex: subatomic
subconscious
subnormal
OVER_

Meaning: excessive, too much

Added to: verbs, adjectives

Ex: overconfident
overdo
overdressed
overdue
overeat
overestimate
overflow
overplay
overreact
overshadow
oversimplify
overwork
UNDER_

Meaning: too little

Added to: verbs, participles

Ex: undercharge
undercook
underestimate
underfeed

underplay
underprivileged
understatement
Meaning: extreme
Added to: adjectives

HYPER_

Ex: hyperactive
hypercritical
hypersensitive
Meaning: extreme, beyond
Added to: adjectives, nouns

ULTRA_

Ex: ultra-conservative
ultra-high
ultralight
ultra-modern
ultrasonic
ultrasound
ultraviolet
Meaning: little
Added to: nouns

MINI_

Ex: minibus
mini-cab
mini-mall
mini-market
mini-skirt
Meaning: jointly, on equal basis
Added to: nouns, verbs

CO_

Ex: co-education
coexist
cohabit
cooperate
coordinate
PREFIXES OF ORIENTATION AND ATTITUDE
COUNTER_

Meaning: against, in opposition to

Added to: verbs, abstract nouns, adjectives

Ex: counteract
counter-clockwise
counter-espionage
counter-revolution
countersink
ANTI_

Meaning: against
Added to: adjectives, nouns

Ex: antibody
anti-clerical
anti-clockwise
anti-missile
anti-social
anti-war
PRO_

Meaning: for, on the side of , on behalf of, in support of

Added to: adjectives, nouns
Ex: pro-American
pro-Castro

pro-communist
pro-student
CONTRA_

Meaning: opposite, contrasting

Added to: nouns, verbs, adjectives

Ex: contradistinction
contrafactual
contraflow
contraindicate
LOCATIVE PREFIXES
SUPER_

Meaning: above
Added to: nouns

Ex: superscript
superstructure
SUB_

Meaning: under
Added to: adjectives, verbs, nouns

Ex: subconscious
subcontract
subdivide
sublet
subnormal
subsection
subway
INTER_

Meaning: between, among

Added to: adjectives, verbs, nouns

Ex: inter-continental
interlinear
intermarry
international
interplay
inter-school
intertwine
interweave
TRANS_

Meaning: across, from one place to another

Added to: adjectives, verbs

Ex: transatlantic
transplant
trans-Siberian
FORE_

Meaning: front part of, front

Added to: nouns

Ex: forearm
foreground
forehead
foreleg
forename
PREFIXES OF TIME AND ORDER
FORE_

Meaning: before
Added to: verbs, nouns

Ex: forecast
foreknowledge

foreshadow
foretell
forewarn
PRE_

Meaning: before
Added to: nouns, adjectives

Ex: pre-marital
pre-school
pre-war
pre-19th century
POST_

Meaning: after
Added to: nouns, adjectives

Ex: post-classical
post-election
post-war
EX_

Meaning: former
Added to: human nouns

Ex: ex-boyfriend
ex-husband
ex-president
ex-wife
RE_

Meaning: again. back

Added to: verbs, nouns

Ex: reanalysis
rebuild
reclaim
recycle
re-evaluate
re-use
NUMBER PREFIXES
UNI_

Meaning: one
Added to: nouns, adjectives

Ex: unicycle
unidirectional
unilateral
unisex
MONO_

Meaning: one
Added to: nouns, adjectives

Ex: monogamy
monolingual
monolith
monologue
monoplane
monorail
monosyllabic
BI_

Meaning: two
Added to: nouns, adjectives

Ex: bicycle
bifocal
bilateral
bilingual
bipartisan

biped
biplane
DI_

Meaning: two
Added to: nouns, adjectives

Ex: dichotomy
digraph
diode
dioxide
divalent
TRI_

Meaning: three
Added to: nouns, adjectives

Ex: triangle
tricycle
trident
trilingual
trimaran
trimester
trinomial
tripartite
tripod
MULTI_

Meaning: many
Added to: nouns, adjectives

Ex: multiform
multi-lateral
multilingual
multi-national
multi-purpose
multiracial
multi-storey
POLY_

Meaning: many
Added to: nouns, adjectives

Ex: polyandry
polyglot
polygamy
polygon
polysemy
polysyllabic
polytechnic
SEMI_

Meaning: half
Added to: nouns, adjectives

Ex: semi-automatic
semicircle
semiconductor
semi-conscious
semi-detached
semi-final
semi-finalist
semi-precious
semivowel
DEMI_

Meaning: half
(used mainly in words of French origin)
Added to: nouns, adjectives
Baixa produtividade

Ex: demigod

demijohn
demi-pension
demi-sec
demisemiquaver
demitasse
HEMI_

Meaning: half
Added to: nouns adjectives
Baixa produtividade

Ex: hemicylindrical
hemisphere
MISCELLANEOUS AND NEO-CLASSICAL PREFIXES
AUTO_

Meaning: self
Added to: nouns, adjectives

Ex: autobiography
autocrat
autogamy
automation
automobile
autosuggestion
NEO_

Meaning: new, revived

(used for political, artistic, etc, movements)
Added to: nouns, adjectives

Ex: neoclassicism
neoconservative
neo-Gothic
neo-liberal
neo-realism
PAN_

Meaning: all, world-wide

(used mainly with reference to worl-wide or continent-wide activities)
Added to: nouns, adjectives

Ex: pan-African
pan-Africanism
pan-American
pan-Anglican
pan-Arabism
panchromatic
Meaning: first, original
PROTO_ Added to: nouns, adjectives
Baixa produtividade
Ex: Proto-Germanic
protolanguage
protostar
prototype
EXTRA_

Meaning: outside, beyond, exceptionally

Added to: adjectives

Ex: extra-curricular
extralinguistic
extramarital
TELE_

Meaning: distant
Added to: nouns

Ex: telecommunications

telegram
telegraph
telephone
telephoto
telescope
television
VICE_

Meaning: deputy
Added to: nouns
Baixa produtividade

Ex: vice-admiral
vice-chairman
vice-president
viceroy

Conversion prefixes
BE - EN (EM) REFERENCES:
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Grammar of Contemporary
English. Essex, UK: Longman, 1972
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of
the English Language. Longman 1985