þ›Méþô x™Äyëû

þ›,Ûþ•þöì¡îû îû¤yëûl
Class-10
my˜¢ ö×!” | Bengali
îû¤yëûl þ›,Û| þ•þöì
Chapter
¡îû îû¤yëûlName

x™Äyëû− þ›,Ûþ•þöì¡îû îû¤yëûl (Surface Chemistry)

Syllabus
• î

Question Pattern

MCQ VSAQ SAQ SAQ LAQ

Total
(1 Mark) (1 Mark) (2 Marks) (3 Marks) (1 Mark)
— — 2×1=2 3×1=3 — 5

†þ# ?ylî

~¥z x™Äyëû öíöì†þ xyôîûy !lÁ¬!¡!‡•þ !î£ìëû=!¡

?ylöì•þ þ›y!îû韟Ÿé
”
1

x™Äyëû
5.1. x!™öì¢y£ì” 5.9. ö†þy¡öìëû’þ#ëû oî”
5.2. x!™öì¢y£ìöì”îû ²Ì†þyîûöìèþ˜ 5 .10. ö†þy¡öìëû’þ#ëû möì”îû ö×!”!îèˆ
5.3. x!™öì¢y£ìöì”îû •þyþ›ˆ•þ#ëû þ›!îûî•Åþl 5 .11. öþ›þ›Øþy¥zöì?¢l îy xþ›lëûl þ›m*!•þ
5.4. x!™öì¢y£ì” ¤öìôy£k öîû‡y 5 .12. !Vþ!ÍÔ !îöìÙÕ£ì”
5.5. x!™öì¢y£ì” ¤ô‹þyþ› 5 .13. !Vþ!ÍÔ !îöìÙÕ£ìöì”îû ²Ìöìëûyˆ îy îÄî¥yîû
5.6. x!™öì¢y£ìöì”îû îÄî¥y!îû†þ ²Ìöìëûyˆ 5 .14. !Øþuþy¡ !e«ëûy
5.7. xl%‰Øþ†þ ~î‚ xl%‰Øþl 5.1. •þ!’þüê‹þ¡l îy ¥zö졆þöìØþÆyöìæþyöìîû!¤¤
5.8. ~l?y¥zô xl%‰Øþöì†þîû ²Ì™yl ÷î!¢ÜTÄ 5.1. ö†þy¡öìëû’þ •þMéþl

2
Class-10
my˜¢ ö×!” | îûBengali
¤yëûl þ›,Û| þ•þöì
Chapter
¡îû îû¤yëûlName

¤‚öìÇþöìþ› !î£ìëûîéÝ (Brief Content)

5.1. x!™öì¢y£ì”− (ii) öë ¤†þ¡ ˆÄy¤öì†þ ¤¥öì? •þîûöì¡ þ›!îû”•þ †þîûy

l ö†þyöìly ~†þ!Øþ †þ!‘þl þ›˜yöìíÅîû îy¥zöìîûîû þ›,öìÛþ ëyëû x!™öì ¢ y£ì ö ì † þîû þ›, Û þ•þöì ¡ •þyöì ˜ îû öèþï•þ
Œþ›,Ûþ•þöì¡Š xlÄ ö†þyöìly ~†þ!Øþ þ›˜yöìíÅîû ö¢y£ì”öì†þ x!™öì¢y£ìöì”îû ôyey öî!¢ ¥ëûÐ
x!™öì¢y£ì” îy î!¥™,Å!•þ (adsorpition îöì¡Ð (iii) ~¥z ™îûöìlîû x!™öì¢y£ì” þ›îûyî•Åþ (reversible)
l öë þ›˜yíÅ!Øþ þ›,Ûþ•þöì¡ ¤!Méþ•þ ¥ëû •þyöì†þ x!™öì¢y!£ì•þ ²Ì†,þ!•þîûÐ
þ›˜yíÅ (Adsorbate) ~î‚ öë þ›˜yíÅ!Øþîû þ›,Ûþ•þöì¡ (iv) ’þz£k•þy î,!m*öì•þ öèþï•þ x!™öì¢y£ìöì”îû ôyey ¥Éy¤
x!™öì¢y£ì” ¥ëû •þyöì†þ x!™öì¢y£ì†þ (adsorbent) þ›yëûÐ
îöì¡Ð (v) ˆÄyöì¤îû ‹þyþ› î,!m* îy ¥Éyöì¤ †þ!‘þl x!™öì¢y£ìöì†þîû
l ’þz ˜ y¥îû ” − ‹þyîû ö ì † þy¡ myîû y NH 3 ˆÄyöì ¤ îû þ›,Ûþ•þöì¡ ö†þyöìly ˆÄyöì¤îû öèþï•þ x!™öì¢y£ìöì”îû ôyey
x!™öì¢y£ìöì”îû öÇþöìe ‹þyîûöì†þy¡ ¥¡ x!™öì¢y£ì” ëíye«öìô î,!m* îy ¥Éy¤ þ›yëûÐ
~î‚ NH3 ¥¡ x!™öì¢y!£ì•þ þ›˜yíÅ (vi) öèþï•þ x!™öì¢y£ìöì”îû öÇþöìe ~†þy!™†þ xy”!î†þ hßìîû
ö?öìl öîûöì‡y ˆ!‘þ•þ ¥ëûÐ
˜%!Øþ x!™†þ îÄî¥*•þ x!™öì¢y£ì†þ ¥¡éŸŸŸé ( vii) x!™öì¢y£ìöì†þîû þ›,Ûþ•þöì¡îû öÇþeæþ¡ î,!m* öþ›öì¡
(i) ’þz!q? G ²Ìy”#? xDyîû öèþï•þ x!™öì¢y£ìöì”îû ôyey î,!m* þ›yëûÐ
(ii) !¤!¡†þy ö?¡ [ö¤y!’þëûyô !¤ö졆þØþ ~î‚ 10% (2) îûy¤yëû!l†þ x!™öì¢y£ì”−
HCl ~îû !ô×”öì†þ 50°C ’þz£k•þyëû ’þz_® †þöìîû l ¤‚Kþy− öë x!™öì¢y£ìöì” x!™öì¢y£ìöì†þîû þ›,Ûþ•þöì¡
²ÌéÝ•þ †þîûy ¥ëûÐ] x!™öì ¢ y!£ì • þ þ›˜yöì í Å î û †þ”y=!¡ Œx”% = !¡Š
îûy¤yëû!l†þ î¦þl myîûy ¤‚ë%_« íyöì†þ– ö¤¥z ²Ì†þyîû
5.2. x!™öì¢y£ìöì”îû ²Ì†þyîûöìèþ˜− x!™öì¢y£ì”öì†þ îûy¤yëû!l†þ x!™öì¢y£ì” îöì¡Ð
l x!™öì¢y£ìöì†þîû þ›,Ûþ•þöì¡ x!™öì¢y!£ì•þ þ›˜yöìíÅîû l ’þz˜y¥îû”−
x”%=!¡ öë î¡ myîûy xyîm* íyöì†þ •þyîû ²Ì†,þ!•þ (i) ²ÕÄy!Øþlyô ™y•%þîû þ›,Ûþ•þöì¡ H2 ˆÄyöì¤îû x!™öì¢y£ì”Ð
xl%¤yöìîû x!™öì¢y£ì” ˜%¥z ²Ì†þyöìîûîû ¥ëûÐ ëíy韟Ÿé
(ii) ‹þyîûöì†þyöì¡îû þ›,Ûþ•þöì¡ O2 ˆÄyöì¤îû x!™öì¢y£ì”Ð
(1) öèþï•þ x!™öì¢y£ì”
(iii) !löì†þ¡ ‹)þöì”Åîû ’þzþ›îû ¥zíy¥z¡ xÄy¡öì†þy¥öì¡îû
(2) îûy¤yëû!l†þ x!™öì¢y£ì” x!™öì¢y£ì”Ð
(1) öèþï•þ x!™öì¢y£ì”− l ÷î!¢ÜTÄ−
• ¤‚Kþy− öë x!™öì¢y£ìöì” x!™öì¢y£ìöì†þîû þ›,Ûþ•þöì¡
(i) ~¥z ™îûöìlîû x!™öì¢y£ì” xþ›îûyî•Åþ (irreversible)
x!™öì¢y!£ì•þ þ›˜yöìíÅîû †þ”y=!¡ ˜%îÅ¡ èþÄyl’þyîû ²Ì†,þ!•þîûÐ
Gëûy¡ä¤ xy†þ£ìÅ” î¡ myîûy ¤‚ë%_« íyöì†þ– ö¤¥z
(ii) ~¥z ²Ì†þyîû x!™öì ¢ y£ì ö ì ” ¤!e«ëû † þîû ” ¢!_«îû
²Ì†þyîû x!™öì¢y£ì”öì†þ öèþï•þ x!™öì¢y£ì” îöì¡Ð
(activation evergy) ôyl ‡%î ’þzF‹þ ¥ëûÐ
• ’þz˜y¥îû”− (i) ‹þyîûöì†þyöì¡îû þ›,Ûþ•þöì¡ !î!èþ§¬ ˆÄy¤
(iii) ~¥z ²Ì†þyîû x!™öì¢y£ìöì” öôy¡yîû x!™öì¢y£ìöì”öìôy¡yîû
Œöëôl韟Ÿé NH3, CO2)éŸé~îû x!™öì¢y£ì”Ð
x!™öì¢y£ì” •þyöìþ›îû ôyl 200—400 kJmol–1 ¥ëûÐ
(ii) !lÁ¬ ’þz £ k•þyëû xyëû î û l ‹) þ öì ” Å î û þ›, Û þ•þöì ¡
(iv) ’þz£k•þy î,!m*îû æþöì¡ ~¥z ™îûöìlîû x!™öì¢y£ìöì”îû ôyey
ly¥zöìØþÆyöì?l (N2) ˆÄyöì¤îû x!™öì¢y£ì”Ð
î,!m* þ›yëûÐ •þöìî ’þz£k•þy ë!˜ ‡%î ’þzF‹þ ¥ëû– •þöìî
• ÷î!¢ÜTÄ−
x!™öì¢y£ìöì”îû ôyey ¥Éy¤ þöþ›öì•þ íyöì†þÐ
(i) ~¥z ²Ì†þyîû x!™öì¢y£ìöì” öôy¡yîû x!™öì¢y£ì” •þyöìþ›îû (v) ˆÄy¤îû ‹þyþ› î,!m* îy ¥Éyöì¤ †þ!‘þl x!™öì¢y£ìöì”îû
ôyl 2—40 kJ mol–1 þ›,Ûþ•þöì¡ ö†þyöìly ˆÄyöì¤îû îûy¤yëûl†þ x!™öì¢y£ìöì”îû

3
Class-10
my˜¢ ö×!” | Bengali
îû¤yëûl þ›,Û| þ•þöì
Chapter
¡îû îû¤yëûlName

ôyeyîû ö•þôl ö†þyöìly þ›!îûî•Åþl ¥ëû lyÐ x

¥ëûÐ xíÅyê = ™Ê&î†þ (K) = KP0
(vi) îû y ¤yëû !l†þ x!™öì ¢y£ì öì ” îû öÇþöì e x!™öì¢y!£ì• þ m
x
þ›˜yöìíÅîû †þ”y=!¡ x!™öì¢y£ìöì”îû þ›,Ûþ•þöì¡ ~†þ!Øþ l ô™Äî•Åþ# ‹þyöìþ› m îlyô P ö¡‡!‹þöìeîû îe«•þy
1
xy”!î†þ hßìîû ˆ‘þl †þöìîûÐ x 1
= K n
ö˜‡y ëyëûÐ ~öìÇþöìe m P öë‡yöìl ~îû
n
(vii) x!™öì¢y£ìöì†þîû þ›,Ûþ•þöì¡îû öÇþeæþ¡ î,!m* öþ›öì¡ ôyl 0 ~î‚Ð ô™Äî•Åþ# ¥ëûÐ
îûy¤yëû!l†þ x!™öì¢y£ìöì†þîû ôyey î,!m* þ›yëûÐ 5.5. x!™öìî¢l ¤ô‹þyþ› −
5.3. x!™öì¢y£ìöì”îû •þyþ›ˆ•þ#ëû þ›!îûî•Åþl− æxö
!ßiîû‹þyöìþ› x!™öìî¢l ôyey ç ÷ îlyô ’þz£k•þyîû
(i) x!™öì ¢ y£ì ö ì ” îû æþöì ¡ !¤öì ¤ öì Ø þöì ô îû ô% _ « ¢!_« èmø
(T) ö¡‡!‹þe xBþl †þîûöì¡ öë ö¡‡!‹þe þ›yGëûy
¥Éy¤ þ›yëûÐ ë‡l DG = 0 ¥ëû •þ‡l x!™öì¢y£ì”
ëyëû •þyöì†þ x!™öì¢y£ì” ¤ô‹þyþ› îöì¡Ð öë‡yöìl
¤yôÄyîßiyîû ¤,!ÜT ¥ëûÐ
x = x!™öì¢y!£ì•þ þ›˜yöìíÅîû þ›!îûôy” ~î‚ m =
(ii) x!™öì¢y£ìöì”îû æþöì¡ x!™öì¢y!£ì•þ þ›˜yöìíÅîû x”%=!¡îû
x!™öì¢y£ìöì†þîû þ›!îûôy”Ð
ô%_«èþyöìî ‹þ¡yöìæþîûy †þîûyîû ²Ìþy ¥Éy¤ þ›yëûÐ æþöì¡
!¤öìÞØþöìôîû ~lØþÆ!þ› (S) ¥Éy¤ þ›yëû xíÅyê DS ¤ly_«
¥ëûÐé
(iii) x!™öì¢y£ì” ~†þ!Øþ •þyþ›˜yëû# ²Ì!e«ëûyÐ xíÅyê ~öìÇþöìe
DH = +ve ¥ëûÐ
5.4. x!™öì¢y£ì” ¤öìôy£k öîû‡y −
l x!™öì¢y£ì” myîûy þ›˜yöìíÅîû x!™öì¢y£ìöì”îû þ›!îûôy”
~î‚ !ßiîû ’þz£k•þyëû ˆÄyöì¤îû ¤yôÄ ‹þyöìþ›îû ôöì™Ä
5.6. x!™öì¢y£ìöì”îû îÄî¥y!îû†þ ²Ìöìëûyˆ−
¤Á›†Åþöì†þ x!™öì¢y£ì” ¤öìôy£köìîû‡y îöì¡Ð ~!Øþöì†þ
(i) ˆÄy¤ ô%öì‡yöì¢ Na —K ~î‚ Çþyöìîû oî#è)þ•þ
ö¡‡!‹þe myîûy ²Ì†þy¢ †þîûy ¥ëûÐ
¤!e«ëû ‹þyîûöì†þy¡ x!™öì£ìy¢†þ !¥öì¤öìî îÄî¥*•þ
ö?öìl öîûöì‡y ¥ëûÐ †þëû¡y‡!löì•þ Ù»y¤†þyöìëÅîû ?lÄ ˆÄy¤ ô%öì‡y¢
x
x!™öì¢y£ì” ôyeyöì†þ myîûy ²Ì†þy¢ †þîûy ¥ëûÐ îÄî¥yîû †þîûy ¥ëûÐ
m
öë‡yöìl x = x!™öì¢y!£ì•þ þ›˜yöìíÅîû èþîû ~î‚ m = (ii) !‹þ!l !¢öìÒ x!™öì¢y£ì” ²Ì!e«ëûyëû ²Ìy”#? ‹þyîûöì†þy¡
x!™öì¢y£ìöì†þîû èþîûÐ îÄî¥yîû †þîûy ¥ëûÐ
(iii) x¤ôy® xl%‰Øþöì†þ x!™öì¢y£ì” ‰Øþly ¡ÇþÄ †þîûy
l æÊþöìëûuþ!¡öì‹þîû x!™öìî¢l ¤öìôy£k öîû‡y−
ëyëûÐ
(iv) öþ›öìØþÆy!¡ëûyô ö¢y™öìl îÄî¥*•þ æ%þ¡yöìîûîû ô,!_†þy
x!™öì¢y£ìöì”îû ôy™Äöìô !e«ëûy †þöìîûÐ
5.7. xl%‰Øþ†þ (Catalyst) xl%‰Øþl (Catalysis) −
l xl%‰Øþ†þ − öë þ›˜yíÅ ö†þyöìly îûy¤yëûy!l†þ !î!e«ëûyëû
’þzþ›!ßi•þ öíöì†þ !î!e«ëûyîû ˆ!•þ þ›!îûî•Åþl †þöìîû !†þév
!î!e«ëûy ö¢öì£ì !löì? xþ›!îûî!•Åþ•þ íyöì†þ •þyöì†þ
xl%‰Øþ†þ îöì¡Ð ~î‚ ~îû*þ› ‰Øþlyöì†þ xl%‰Øþl
îöì¡Ð
x
l !lÁ¬‹þyöìþ›
m
îlyô P ö¡‡!‹þe ²Ìyëû ¤îû¡÷ìîû!‡†þ l xl%‰Øþöì†þîû ÷î!¢ÜTÄ−
¥ëûÐ (1) xl%‰Øþ†þ ö†þyöìly îûy¤yëû!l†þ !î!e«ëûyöì†þ Öîû& †þîûöì•þ

x þ›yöìîû lyÐ
l ’þzF‹þ‹þyöìþ› = KP îlyô P ö¡‡!‹þe ²Ìyëû ™Ê&î†þ
m (2) xl% ö ì ‰ yØþ†þ îû y ¤yëû ! l†þ !î!e«ëû y îû ¤yôÄyîßi y öì • þ

4
Class-10
my˜¢ ö×!” | îûBengali
¤yëûl þ›,Û| þ•þöì
Chapter
¡îû îû¤yëûlName

ö†þyöìlyèþyöìî ²Ìèþy!î•þ †þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîû lyÐ l ~l?y¥zô xl%‰Øþöì†þîû ²Ì™yl ÷î!¢ÜTÄ−

(3) ~†þ!Øþ !l!˜ÅÜT !î!e«ëûyîû öÇþöìe xl%‰Øþ†þ !l!˜ÅÜT ¥ëûÐ (i) ~l?y¥zöìôîû ¤!e«ëû•þyîû ˆ!•þ 108 öíöì†þ 1020 =”
(4) xß› þ›!îû ô y” xl% ‰ Øþ†þ¥z ö†þyöì l y îû y ¤yëû ! l†þ î,!m* †þîûöì•þ þ›yöìîûÐ
!î!e«ëûyîû ˆ!•þöì†þ cîûy!^黕þ †þöìîûÐ (ii) ~l?y¥zöìôîû ¤!e«ëû•þyîû ¤öìîÅy_ô ’þz£k•þyîû ¤#ôy
l xl%‰Øþöì†þîû ö×!”!îèþyˆ− 298 —310K ~î‚ ¤öìîÅy_ô pH ~îû ¤#ôy 5—7
xl%‰Øþ†þöì†þ ²Ì™yl•þ ˜%!Øþ èþyöìˆ èþyˆ †þîûy ëyëûÐ ¥ëûÐ
ëíyé Ÿ ŸŸé (A) ¤ô¤_´ xl% ‰ Øþ†þ (B) x¤ô¤_´ (iii) Na+, Mg2+, Co2+ ~î‚ Cu2+ ²Ìè,þ!•þ ™y•þî xyëûl

xl%‰Øþ†þ ~î‚ !†þS%é ÷?î x”% ~l?y¥zöìôîû ¤!e«ëû•þy î,!m*
(A) ¤ô¤_´ xl%‰Øþ†þ − †þöìîûÐ ~öì˜îûöì†þ ö†þyéŸé~l?y¥zô îöì¡Ð
¤ô¤_´ xl%‰Øþ†þ !î!e«ëû†þ G !î!e«ëûy?y•þ þ›˜yöìíÅîû (iv) èþyîû# ™y•%þîû xyëûl öëôl韟Ÿé Hg2+, Ag+ ~l?y¥zöìôîû

¤öìD ¤ô˜¢yëû íyöì†þÐ öëôl韟Ÿé ö¡’þ ö‹þÁºyîû ¤!e«ëû•þy †þ!ôöìëû ö˜ëûÐ ~öì˜îû ~l?y¥zô îy™†þ
þ›m*!•þöì•þ SO2 ˆÄy¤öì†þ SO3 ˆÄyöì¤ ?y!îû•þ †þîûöì•þ îöì¡Ð
ly¥z!ØþƆþ x:y¥z’þ (NO) xl%‰Øþ†þ !¥öì¤öìî †þy? l ~l?y¥zô xl%‰!Øþ•þ !î!e«ëûyîû !e«ëûyöì†þ−
†þöìîûÐ ~!ô¡ !æþ¢yöìîûîû •þy¡yéŸé‹þy!î ô•þîy˜ (Lock and
(B) x¤ô¤_´ xl%‰Øþ†þ − key theory) :
x¤ô¤_´ xl% ‰ Øþ†þ !î!e«ëû † þ G !î!e«ëû y ?y•þ l Step (1) : ²Ìíöìô ~l?y¥zô (E) ~î‚ !î!e«ëû†þ
þ›˜yöìíÅîû ¤öìD !èþ§¬ ˜¢yëû íyöì†þÐ öëôl韟Ÿé (i) x”% (S) ¤öìD ë_« ¥öìëû ~l?y¥zô !î!e«ëû†þ (E
N2 ~î‚ H2éŸé~îû !î!e«ëûyëû Fe x¤ô¤_´ xl%‰Øþ†þ 
 
 S) ¤!e«ëû ?!Øþ¡ öëïˆ ˆ‘þl †þöìîûÐ
!¥öì¤öìî †þy? †þöìîûÐ (ii) H2SO4 ²ÌéÝ!•þîû ¤ôëû l Step (2) : þ›öìîûîû ™yöìþ› ¤!e«ëû ?!Øþ¡ öëïˆ
SO2 ö†þ SO3 ö•þ îû*þ›yhsýîû †þîûöì•þ V2O5 x¤ô¤_´ (E—S) !îöìëûy!?•þ ¥öìëû !î!e«ëûy?y•þ þ›˜yíÅ P
xl%‰Øþ†þ !¥öì¤öìî †þy? †þöìîûÐ ’þzêþ›§¬ †þöìîû E—S ® E + PÐ
l xl%‰Øþöì†þ•þîû ¤!e«ëû•þy−
xl%‰Øþöì†þîû ¤!e«ëû•þy î¡öì•þ G¥z xl%‰Øþöì†þîû
îûy¤yëû!l†þ !î!e«ëûyöì†þ cîûy!§º•þ †þîûyîû ¤yôíÅÄöì†þ
öîyVþyëû Ð ~†þ!Øþ xl% ‰ Øþ†þ ö†þyöì ly îûy ¤yëû! l†þ
!î!e«ëûy ˆ!•þöì†þ 1010 =” î,!m* †þîûöì•þ íyöì†þÐ
l ÷î!¢ÜTÄ −
5.9. ö†þy¡öìëû’þ#ëû oî”−
(i) xl% ‰ Øþöì † þîû ¤!e«ëû • þy xl% ‰ Øþöì † þîû îû y ¤yëû ! l†þ
l ¤‚Kþy− ö†þyöìly !îhßìyîû ôy™Äöìôîû Œoyîöì†þŠ ôöì™Ä
x!™öì¢y£ì” ôyeyîû ’þzþ›îû !lèÅþîû †þöìîûÐ
ö†þyöìly !îhß,ì•þ˜¢yîû ŒoyîŠ †þ”yîû îÄy¤ ë!˜ 10–7
(ii) ‹)þ”Å#†,þ•þ xl%‰Øþöì†þîû þ›,Ûþ•þöì¡îû öÇþeæþ¡ xöìl†þ
ö¤!ô öíöì†þ 10–5 ö¤!ôéŸé~îû ôöì™Ä íyöì†þ •þy¥öì¡
öî!¢ ¥Gëûyëû ~îûy xl%‰Øþ†þ !¥öì¤öìî öî!¢ ¤!e«ëû G¥z oî”öì†þ ö†þy¡öìëû’þ#ëû oî” îöì¡Ð
¥ëûÐ
l !îhß,ì•þ ˜¢y G !îhßìyîû ôy™Äô−
5.8. ~l?y¥zô xl%‰Øþl− ö†þy¡öìëû’þ oîöì” öë ˜¢y!Øþ 10–7 ö¤!ô öíöì†þ 10–5
l ¤‚Kþy− ¤?#î ö†þy¢ öíöì†þ þ›,Ûþ ö²Ìy!Øþl ?y•þ#ëû ö¤!ô îÄy¤!î!¢ÜT †þ”yîû*öìþ› xlÄ ö†þyöìly ˜¢yîû
ö†þy¡öìëû’þ ²Ì†,þ!•þîû öë !îöì¢£ì ™îûöìlîû ?!Øþ¡ ÷?î ôöì™Ä !îhß,ì•þ íyöì†þ •þyöì†þ !îhß,ì•þ ˜¢y îöì¡Ð ~î‚
öëïˆ ?#îöì†þyöì¢îû !î!èþ§¬ îûy¤yëû!l†þ !î!e«ëûyöì•þ öë ˜¢yîû ôy™Äöìô !îhß,ì•þ ˜¢yîû †þ”y=!¡ Sé!’þüöìëû
xl%‰Øþ†þ îû*öìþ› †þy? †þöìîû– •þyöì†þ ~l?y¥zô íyöì†þ •þyöì†þ !îhßìyîû ôy™Äô îöì¡Ð
xl%‰Øþ†þ îöì¡ ~î‚ ¤‚!ÙÕÜT ‰Øþlyöì†þ ~l?y¥zô
5.10. ö†þy¡öìëû’þ#ëû oîöì”îû ö×!”!îèþyˆ−
xl%‰Øþl îöì¡Ð
(A) !îhß,ì•þ ˜¢yîû †þ”y=!¡îû ¤‚öìëy?öìlîû Gþ›îû !èþ!_

5
Class-10
my˜¢ ö×!” | Bengali
îû¤yëûl þ›,Û| þ•þöì
Chapter
¡îû îû¤yëûlName

†þöìîû ö†þy¡öìëûöì’þîû ö×!”!îèþyˆÐ ö?yØþîm* ¥öìëû !ôö줡 ˆ‘þl †þöìîû ö¤¥z ˆy“þücöì†þ
(1)
îàxy”!î†þ ö†þy¡öìëû’þ− îं‡Ä†þ Ç%þoÇ%þo þ›îûôy”% ¤‚†þØþ !ôö줡 †þîû” ˆy“þüc (CMC) îöì¡Ð
îy x”% ˜%îÅ¡ èþÄyl’þyîû Gëûy¡ä¤ î¡ myîûy ~†þe#è) l e«yæþØþ ’þz£k•þy− öë ’þz£k•þyîû |öì™çÅ !ôö줡 ˆ!‘þ•þ
þ•þ ¥öìëû îà xy”!î†þ ö†þy¡öìëû’þ ˆ‘þl †þöìîûÐ ¥ëû •þyöì†þ e«yæþØþ ’þz£k•þy îöì¡Ð
’þz˜y¥îû”韟Ÿé öˆyÓþ ¤¡– ¤y¡æþyîû (S8) ¤¡Ð 5.11. öþ›þ›Øþy¥zöì?¤l îy xþ›lëûl þ›m*!•þ−
(2)
î,¥˜yl!î†þ ö†þy¡öìëû’þ− ~¥z ö†þy¡öìëûöì’þîû !îhß,ì•þ l ¤‚Kþy− ö†þyöìly ¤˜Ä²ÌéÝ•þ x™/öìÇþöìþ›îû îöì’þüy
˜¢yîû ²Ì!•þ!Øþ †þ”y ~†þ ~†þ!Øþ î,¥ê xy†þyöìîûîû †þ”y=!¡îû ¤öìD xlÄ ö†þyöìly þ›˜yíÅ Œ¤y™yîû”
x”%myîûy ˆ!‘þ•þÐ •þ!’þü ˜ ä ! îöì Ù Õ£ì Ä Š öëyˆ †þöì î û x™/öì Ç þ›!Øþöì † þ
(3)
¤‚öìëy!?•þ ö†þy¡öìëû’þ− öë ¤†þ¡ ö†þy¡öìëûöì’þîû ö†þy¡öìëû’þ†þ”yëû îû*þ›yhsý!îû•þ †þîûyîû þ›m*!•þöì†þ
!îhß,ì•þ †þ”y¤ô)¥ ˜#‰Å ¥y¥zöì’Èþy†þyîÅl ¢,A <¡ë%_« öþ›þ›Øþy¥zöì?¢l îöì¡Ð
÷?îöìëïöìˆîû xyëûl#ëû îy xy”!î†þ ¤‚öìëy?l ˆ!‘þ•þ ’þz˜y¥îû”韟Ÿé (1) ¤˜Ä²Ìhßì•þ Fe(OH)3 x™/öìÇþöìþ›îû
¥ëû •þyöì˜îû ¤‚öìëy!?•þ ö†þy¡öìëû’þ îöì¡Ð ôöì™Ä FeCl3 •þ!’þü˜ä!îöìÙÕ£ìÄ öëyˆ †þîûöì¡ îy˜yô#
’þz ˜ y¥îû ” 韟Ÿéö¤y!’þëû y ô !ÞØþëû y öì î û Ø þ Œ¤yîylŠ– îöì”Åîû Fe(OH)3Ÿé~îû ¤¡ ’þzêþ›§¬ ¥ëûÐ ¤¡†þ”y=!¡
!’þØþyîûöì?rØþ ¥z•þÄy!˜Ð ™lyd†þ xy™ylë%_« ¥ëûÐ
(B) !îhßìyîû ôy™Äöìôîû ²Ì!•þ !îhß,ì•þ ˜¢yîû xy¤!_«îû Fe (OH)3 + Fe3+ ® [Fe (OH)3] Fe3+
!èþ!_öì•þ ö†þy¡öìëûöì’þîû ö×!”!îèþyˆéŸŸŸé x™/öìÇþþ› x!™öì¢y!£ì•þ ¤¡†þ”y
(1)
oyî†þ xy†þ£ì Å # ö†þy¡öì ë û ’ þ îy ¡yöì ë û y !æþ!¡†þ xyëû•þl Œ™”yd†þ
ö†þy¡öìëû’þ韟Ÿé öë ¤ôhßì ö†þy¡öìëûöì’þîû !îhßìyîû xy™ylô%_«Š
ôy™Äöìôîû ²Ì!•þ !îhß,ì•þ ˜¢yîû •þ#îÊ xy†þ£ìÅ” xyöìSé
5.12. !Vþ!ÍÔ !îöìÙÕ£ì”−
~î‚ !îhß,ì•þ ˜¢yîû †þ”y=!¡ !îhßìyîû ôy™Äöìô ¤¥öì?
l ¤‚Kþy− öë þ›m*!•þöì•þ þ›y‹ÅþöìôrØþ †þyˆ?– ²Ìy”öì˜öì¥îû
oî#è)þ•þ ¥öìëû ßiyëû# ö†þy¡öìëû’þ ˆ‘þl †þöìîû– •þyöì†þ
oyî†þ xy†þ£ìÅ# îy ¡yöìëûy!æþ!¡†þ ö†þy¡öìëû’þ îöì¡Ð îÏy’þyîû ²Ìè,þ!•þîû ¤y¥yöìëÄ îÄyþ›l !e«ëûyîû ôy™Äöìô
ö†þy¡öìëû’þ þ›˜yíÅöì†þ !e«ÞØþy¡öìëû’þ ?y•þ#ëû þ›˜yíÅ
’þz˜y¥îû”韟Ÿé ÞØþy‹Åþ– !?öì¡!Øþl– ˆyô ¥z•þÄy!˜Ð
Œ²Ì†,þ•þ o öíöì†þ þ›,í†þ †þîûy ¥ëû– •þyöì†þ !Vþ!ÍÔ
(2)
oyî†þéŸé!î†þ£ìÅ# îy ¡yöìëûyöìæþy!î†þ ö†þy¡öìëû’þ韟Ÿéöë !îöìÙÕ£ì” îy ’þyëûy!¡!¤¤ îöì¡Ð
¤ôhßì ö†þy¡öìëûöì’þîû !îhßìyîû ôy™Äöìôîû ²Ì!•þ !îhß,ì•þ
l •þ!’þüêéŸé!Vþ!ÍÔ !îöìÙÕ£ì” (Electrodialysis) :
˜¢yîû ö†þyöìly xy¤!_« íyöì†þ ly ~î‚ !îhß,ì•þ ˜¢yîû
(i) !Vþ!ÍÔ !îöìÙÕ£ì” ‡%î ™#îû ˆ!•þîû ²Ì!e«ëûyÐ !†þév •þ!’þüê
†þ”y=!¡ !îhßìyîû ôy™Äöìô !îhß,ì•þ íy†þöì¡G ¤¥öì?
•þ!Méþ•þ ¥ëû– •þyöì˜îû oyî†þéŸé!î†þ£ìÅ# îy ¡yöìëûyöìæþy!î†þ !Vþ!ÍÔ !îöìÙÕ£ì” ~†þ!Øþ o&•þˆ!•þîû ²Ì!e«ëûy–
ö†þy¡öìëû’þ îöì¡Ð (ii) ö†þy¡öìëû’þ oîöì” x!îÖm* !¥öì¤öìî •þ!’þüê!îöìÙÕ£ìÄ

’þz˜y¥îû”韟Ÿé öæþ!îû†þ ¥y¥z’Èþ:y¥z’þ ¤¡– öˆyÓþ¤¡– þ›˜yíÅ ’þzþ›!ßi•þ íy†þöì¡ •þ!’þüêéŸé!Vþ!ÍÔ !îöìÙÕ£ì”
¤y¡æþyîû ¤¡Ð þ›m*!•þ ²Ìöìëûyˆ †þöìîû ö†þy¡öìëû’þ oî”öì†þ !îÖm*
†þîûy ¥ëûÐ
ö?öìl öîûöì‡y
• !ôö줡 韟Ÿé ¤‚öìëy!?•þ ö†þy¡öìëûöì’þ ˜#‰Å ¥y¥zöì’Èþy†þyîÅl
¢,A <¡ ë%_« ÷?î öëô)öì¥îû xyëûl#ëû îy xy”!î†þ
¤‚öìëy?öìl ö?yØþîm*èþyöìî öë ¤ôîyëû ’þzêþ›§¬ ¥ëû
•þyöì˜îû !ôö줡 îöì¡Ð

l ¤‚†þØþ !ôö줡# †þîû” ˆy“þüc (CMC) : öë ¤îÅ!lÁ¬

ˆy“þüöìcîû ’þzþ›öìîû !ôö줡 ˆ‘þl†þyîû# þ›˜yíÅ=öì¡y

6
Class-10
my˜¢ ö×!” | îûBengali
¤yëûl þ›,Û| þ•þöì
Chapter
¡îû îû¤yëûlName

5.14. •þ!’þüê‹þ¡l îy ¥zö졆þöìØþÆyöìæþyöìîû!¤¤−

l ¤‚Kþy− •þ!’þüêöìÇþe ²Ìöìëûyöìˆ ö†þy¡öìëû’þ oîöì”îû
•þ!’þü˜y!¥•þ ö†þy¡öìëû’þ †þ”y=!¡îû ~†þ!Øþ !l!˜ÅÜT
•þ!’þüjµyöìîûîû !˜öì†þ ˆô” †þîûyöì†þ •þ!’þüê‹þ¡l îy
¥zö졆þöìØþÆyöìæþyöìîû!¤¤ îöì¡Ð
l •þ!’þüjyöìîûîû ²Ì†,þ!•þ xl%ëyëû# •þ!’þüêéŸé‹þ¡l ˜%¥z ²Ì†þyîû
ëíy韟Ÿé †þÄyØþyöìæþyöìîû!¤¤ G xÄylyöìæþyöìîû!¤¤Ð
†þÄyØþyöìæþyöìîû!¤¤− •þ!’þüêöìÇþöìeîû ²Ìèþyöìî ö†þy¡öìëû’þ
†þ”yîû xÄyöìlyöì’þîû !˜öì†þ ˆôlöì†þ †þÄyØþyöìæþyöìîû!¤¤
l !Vþ!ÍÔ !îöìÙÕ£ìöì”îû ²Ìöìëûyˆ îy îÄî¥yîû− îöì¡Ð
(i) ôylîöì˜öì¥îû !†þ’þ!l !Vþ!ÍÔ !îöìÙÕ£ìöì†þîû †þy? †þöìîû xÄylyöìæþyöìîû!¤¤− •þ!’þüêöìÇþöìeîû ²Ìèþyöìî ö†þy¡öìëû’þ
îû_« öíöì†þ Çþ!•þ†þyîû†þ þ›˜yíÅ=!¡ oî#è)þ•þ †þöìîû †þ”yîû xÄyöìlyöì’þîû !˜öì†þ ˆôlöì†þ xÄyöìlyöìæþyöìîû!¤¤
îû_«öì†þ !îÖm* †þöìîû ö•þyöì¡Ð îöì¡Ð
(ii) †,þ!eô !†þ’þ!l îy !¥öìôy’þyëûy¡y¥z?yîû !Vþ!ÍÔéŸé!îöìÙÕ£ì” îÄî¥yîû韟Ÿé†þyîû‡ylyîû !‹þô!l öíöì†þ !lˆÅ•þ ö™„yëûyîû
l#!•þöì•þ †þy? †þöìîûÐ ôöì™Ä †þØþöìîû¡ x™/öìÇþþ› lyô†þ ëöìsf ~¥z þ›m*!•þîû
(iii) î•Åþôyöìl !Vþ!ÍÔ !îöìÙÕ£ìöì”îû l#!•þöì†þ †þyöì? ¡y!ˆöìëû
¤y¥yöìëÄ x™/!Çþ® †þöìîû îyëû%öì†þ ˜)£ì”ô%_« †þîûy ¥ëûÐ
¤ô%öìoîû ?¡ öíöì†þ ¡î”ô%_« !îÖm* ?¡ ÷•þ!îû l ¤ô•þ!’þüê !îr˜% (Iso-electric point) :
†þîûy ¥ëûÐ l •þ!’þüêöìÇþe ²Ìöìëûyˆ †þîûy ¤öì_´G ö†þyöìly ’þzèþ™ôÅ#
5.13. !Øþuþy¡ !e«ëûy− ö†þy¡öìëû’þ oîöì”îû ö†þy¡öìëû’þ †þ”y=!¡ pH ~îû
l ¤‚Kþy− ö†þy¡öìëû’þ oîöì”îû ôöì™Ä !˜öìëû xyöì¡y !l!˜ÅÜT ôyöìl ö†þyöìly •þ!’þüjµyöìîûîû !˜öì†þ ˆôl †þöìîû
þ›y‘þöì¡ oîöì”îû ôöì™Ä ö†þy¡öìëû’þ †þ”y=!¡îû myîûy ly– pHéŸé~îû ö¤¥z !l!˜ÅÜT ôylöì†þ G¥z ö†þy¡öìëûöì’þîû
xyöì¡yîû !îFS%éîû” ‰öìØþ ~î‚ þ›y¢ öíöì†þ xyöì¡yîû ¤ô•þ!’þüê !îr˜% îöì¡Ð
’þzIµ¡ ˆ!•þþ›í ˜,¢Äôyl ¥ëûÐ ~¥z ‰Øþlyöì†þ !Øþuþy¡ ’þz˜y¥îû”韟Ÿé (i) !?öì¡!ØþléŸé~îû ¤ô!’þüê !îr˜% ¥¡
²Ìèþyî îöì¡Ð 4.7
l ö†þy¡öìëû’þ oîöì”îû !îhß,ì•þ ˜¢y G !îhßìyîû ôy™Äöìôîû (ii) !¥öìôyöì@Õy!îöìlîû ¤ô•þ!’þüê !îr˜% ¥¡ 4.3 —5.3
²Ì!•þ¤îûyBþ þ›yíņþÄ ë•þ öî!¢ ¥ëû ö†þy¡öìëû’þ †þ”y 5.15. ö†þy¡öìëûöì’þîû •þMéþl−
myîûy xyöì¡yîû !îFS%éîû” •þ•þ öî!¢ ¥ëûÐ l ö†þyöìly ö†þy¡öìëû’þ oîöì”îû ö†þy¡öìëû’þ †þ”y=!¡öì†þ
ö†þyöìly !îöì¢£ì ’þzþ›yöìëû oî” öíöì†þ x™/!Çþ® †þîûyîû
‰Øþlyöì†þ •þMéþl îöì¡Ð
l •þMéþl ²Ì!e«ëûyîû ²Ì†þyîûöìèþ˜−
(1) •þ!’þü˜!îöìÙÕ£ìÄ öëyˆ †þöìîûÐ
(2) ˜%!Øþ !îþ›îû#•þ xy™ylë%_« ö†þy¡öìëû’þ oî”
!ô!¡öìëû
(3) îyîûîyîû !Vþ!ÍÔ !îöìÙÕ£ì” †þöìîû
(4) •þ!’þüê‹þ¡l ‰!Øþöìëû
(5) oî”öì†þ æ%þ!ØþöìëûÐ
l éÖ¡öì? ¥y!’Åþ !lëûô−
•þ!’þü˜ä!îöìÙÕ£ìÄ öëyˆ †þöìîû oyî†þ !î†þ£ìÅ# ö†þy¡öìëûöì’þîû
•þMéþl ²Ì!e«ëûy Ö¡öì? ¥y!’Åþ !lëûô xl%¤yöìîû ¥ëûÐ

7
Class-10
my˜¢ ö×!” | Bengali
îû¤yëûl þ›,Û| þ•þöì
Chapter
¡îû îû¤yëûlName
l 餂îûÇþ†þ ö†þy¡öìëû’þ (Protective Colloids)−
!lëûô!Øþ ¥¡éŸŸŸé
öë ¤ôhßì oyî†þéŸéxy†þ£ìÅ# Œ¡yöìëûy!æþ!¡†þŠ ö†þy¡öìëû’þ
(1) oyî†þ !î†þ£ìÅ# ö†þy¡öìëû’þ †þ”yîû xy™yöìlîû !îþ›îû#•þ oyî†þéŸé!î†þ£ìÅ# Œ¡yöìëûyöìæþy!î†þŠ ö†þy¡öìëûöì’þîû ¤öìD
xy™yl!î!¢ÜT xyëûl Œ•þ!’þü˜ä!îöìÙÕöì£ìÄ ’þzþ›!ßi•þ !ôöì¢ oyî†þéŸé!î†þ£ìÅ# ö†þy¡öìëûöì’þîû •þMéþl öîûy™ †þöìîû
ö†þy¡öìëû’þ †þ”yöì†þ •þMéþl †þöìîûÐ ßiy!ëûc î,!m* †þöìîû– •þyöì˜îû ¤‚îûÇþ†þ ö†þy¡öìëû’þ îöì¡Ð
(2) !îþ›îû # •þ xy™yl!î!¢ÜT xyëû ö ì l îû xy™yl ë•þ ’þz˜y¥îû”韟Ÿé
öî!¢ ¥öìî ö†þy¡öìëû’þ †þ”yîû xyëûl=!¡îû Gþ›îû l éߺ”Ť‚‡Äy− ߺ”Ť‚‡Äy ¥¡ oyî†þ xy†þ£ìÅ# ö†þy¡öìëûöì’þîû
xy†þ£ìÅ” î¡G •þ•þ öî!¢ ¥öìî– æþöì¡ G¥z xyëûöìlîû oyî†þ !î†þ£ìÅ# ö†þy¡öìëûöì’þîû ßiy!ëûc î,!m* †þîûyëû
•þMéþlÇþô•þyG •þ•þ öî!¢ ¥öìîÐ Çþô•þy þ›!îûôyöìþ›îû ~†þ†þÐ
’þz˜y¥îû”韟Ÿé ¤‚Kþyé ŸŸŸé 10 cc ²Ìôy” öˆyÓþ ¤öì¡îû (0.0053%—
(i) }”yd†þ xy™ylë%_« oyî†þéŸé!î†þ£ìÅ# ö†þy¡öìëû’þöì†þ 0.0058%) ôöì™Ä 1 cc 10% NaCl oî” öëyˆ
•þ!Méþ•þ †þîûyîû Çþô•þyîû e«ô †þîûöì¡ ¤¡!Øþîû ¡y¡ î”Å öíöì†þ l#¡ îöì”Å þ›!îû”•þ
Al3+ > Ca2+ > Na+ ¥Gëûyöì†þ îy™y !˜öì•þ ¤îÅ!lÁ¬ ë•þ !ô!¡@ýÌyô ö†þyöìly
(ii) ™lyd†þ xy™ylë%_« oyî†þ !î†þ£ìÅ# ö†þy¡öìëû’þöì†þ ¤‚îûÇþ†þ ö†þy¡öìëû’þ !ô!וþ †þîûyîû ²Ìöìëûy?l ¥ëû–
•þ!Méþ•þ †þîûyîû ²Ìþyîû e«ô 韟Ÿé •þ•þ !ô!¡@ýÌyô ¤‚‡Äyöì†þ ¤‚îûÇþ†þ ö†þy¡öìëûöì’þîû
[Fe (CN)6]4– > 4– > PO43– > SO42– > Cl–] ߺ”Ť‚‡Äy îöì¡Ð
l él˜#îû öôy¥ylyëû îéŸém#þ› ¤,!ÜTîû †þyîû”− l é†þöìëû†þ!Øþ ¤y™yîû” oyî†þ xy†þ£ìÅ# ö†þy¡öìëûöì’þîû ߺ”Å
l˜#îû ö‰y¡y ?¡ ¥¡ †þy˜yôy!Øþîû †þ”y myîû y ¤‚‡Äy ö˜Gëûy ¥¡éŸŸŸé
ö†þy¡öìëû’þ#ëû oî”Ð ~¥z ö†þy¡öìëû’þ#ëû oîöì”îû (1) !¥öìôyöì@Õy!îl ® 0.03
†þ”y=!¡ xy™yl@ý Ì hßì ¥ëû Ð l˜#îû ö‰y¡y ?¡ (2) !?öì¡y!Øþl ® 0.005 — 0.01
ë‡l öôy¥lyëû ¤ô% ö ì o îû ?öì ¡ ~öì ¤ öôöì ¢ (3) !’þöìôîû xÄy¡î%!ôl ® 0.15 — 0.25
•þ‡l ¤ô%öìoîû ?öì¡ ’þzþ›!ßi•þ !î!èþ§¬ ¡îöì”îû (4) xy¡%îû ÞØþy‹Åþ ® 25
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öôy¥ylyëû îéŸém#þ› ¤,!ÜT ¥ëûÐ