Reforming the Philippine Political Party System ideas and iniiatives, debates and dynamics TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword 1 It’s the (Non-) System, Stupid!: ; ﾉ;ｷﾐｷﾐｪ"けc;ﾉどSW Wﾉﾗ ﾏWﾐ げ"ﾗa"v; W "ｷﾐ" the Philippines " Nﾐ ﾗS I ﾗﾐ " ~ｴW"d; W";ﾐS"v ;I IW"ﾗa"v; W " Nﾐ ﾗﾐ;ﾉど]Wｪ;ﾉ"1ﾗﾐ W "ﾗa"" " " vﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ"v; W ";ﾐS"ｷ "Nﾏ ;I " Eｷﾐ;ﾉ" ﾗ S " yWaW WﾐIW Joy Aceron 1ｷ Wﾐどv; "]ｷﾐﾆ;ｪW "ｷﾐ" ｴW"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW ぎ Failure to Connect? " Nﾏ W ; W "ﾗa"vﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ"v; "yWaﾗ ﾏ" " 7WﾏﾗI ; I"1ｷ Wﾐどv; "yWﾉ; ﾗﾐ ｴｷ ぎ"" " " ~ｴW"cｷ ｷﾐｪ"]ｷﾐﾆ " yWaﾗ ﾏｷ "v; W ";ﾐS"v; "yWaﾗ ﾏ ぎ " " ~ｴW"]v";ﾐS"#ﾆH; ;ﾐ"; W ｷWﾐIW" " v; "Nﾐ ﾗﾐ;ﾉｷ ; ﾗﾐぎ The Road Ahead " yWaW WﾐIW " Julio C. Teehankee ]Wｪｷ ﾉ; ﾐｪ"vﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ"v; "yWaﾗ ﾏ ぎ The View from the Senate " Nﾐ ﾗS I ﾗﾐ " Nく"vﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ"v; "yWaﾗ ﾏ"0ｷﾉﾉ II. Issues " ; "Eﾗ ; S yWaW WﾐIW "1ｷ WS vW WI W "ﾗa" ｴW"yWaﾗ ﾏどcｷﾐSWS"ﾗﾐ" ｴW" vﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ"v; "yWaﾗ ﾏ"]Wｪｷ ﾉ; ﾗﾐ" " Nﾐ ﾗS I ﾗﾐ " ~ｴW"v ﾗ ﾗ WS"vﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ"v; "yWaﾗ ﾏ"0ｷﾉﾉ " vﾗｷﾐ "ﾗa"#ｪ WWﾏWﾐ " vﾗｷﾐ "ﾗa"7ｷ W ｪWﾐIW " cﾗ ｷﾐｪ" ｴW"v; "yWaﾗ ﾏ"Nﾐｷ ; W "" " " Eﾗ ; S 5 5 6 9 19 20 23 24 26 29 38 40 Jean Encinas-Franco 45 45 46 54 56 58 Joy Aceron and Glenford Leonillo 59 59 60 64 68 71 ideas and initiatives, debates and dynamics Citizen-Party Linkages in the Philippines: Failure to Connect? Julio C. Teehankee1 Nﾐ" ヲヰヰヱが" ｴW" [;H;ﾉｷﾆ; " ﾐｪ" c;ﾉ; ;ﾐｪ" vｷﾉｷ ｷﾐﾗ" ふ[;ﾏ ｷぶが" ｴW" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; " aﾗ ﾐSWS" H " v W ｷSWﾐ " Fﾉﾗ ｷ;" c;I; ;ｪ;ﾉ" # ﾗ ﾗ" ｷﾐ" ヱΓΓΑが" ﾗﾐﾉ " ｴ;S" ﾗﾐW" W; "ｷﾐ" ｴW"Kﾗ W" ﾗa" yW W Wﾐ ; W く" 0 "ヲヰヰΑが" ｴW" ; "ｴ; " ｷﾐI W; WS"ｷ " ﾐ ﾏHW " ﾗ"ヵヱ" W; が"ﾏ;ﾆｷﾐｪ"ｷ " ｴW" WIﾗﾐS"ﾉ; ｪW " ; "ｷﾐ" ｴW"ﾉﾗ W "Iｴ;ﾏHW く" Kｷ ﾗ ｷI;ﾉﾉ が" ｴW" ;ﾏW"aW; "ﾗa"ｷﾐ ;ﾐ " ; "H ｷﾉSｷﾐｪ" ; ";IIﾗﾏ ﾉｷ ｴWS"ｷﾐ"ヱΓヶヱ" H "c;I; ;ｪ;ﾉど# ﾗ ﾗげ "a; ｴW が"v W ｷSWﾐ "7ｷﾗ S;Sﾗ"c;I; ;ｪ;ﾉく"# " ｴ; " ﾏWが" ｴW"]ｷHW ;ﾉ"v; " ﾐSW "c;I; ;ｪ;ﾉ"ｴ;S"ﾏ;ﾐ;ｪWS" ﾗ"WﾉWI "ﾗﾐﾉ "ンヰ"ﾗ "ﾗa";" ﾗ ;ﾉ" ヱヰヲ"Kﾗ W" W; く"dﾗﾐW ｴWﾉW が" ｴW" W ｷSWﾐ " ; ";HﾉW" ﾗ"ｷﾐS IW"ヲン"ﾏWﾏHW " ﾗa" ｴW"ﾗ ﾗ ｷ ﾗﾐ"d;Iｷﾗﾐ;ﾉｷ ;"v; " ﾗ" ｷ Iｴ"ﾗ W " ﾗ" ｴW"]ｷHW ;ﾉ ";ﾐS"WﾉWI " ｷ "I;ﾐSｷS; W"aﾗ "Kﾗ W"} W;ﾆW "ふ]ｷ;ﾐｪが"ヱΓΑヱぶく N " I;ﾐ" HW" ; ｪ WS" ｴ; " ｴW" ; IWﾐS;ﾐIW" ﾗa" [;ﾏ ｷ" ﾐSW " ｴW" c;I; ;ｪ;ﾉど # ﾗ ﾗ" ;Sﾏｷﾐｷ ; ﾗﾐ" ｷ " H " ;" WｷﾐI; ﾐ; ﾗﾐ" ﾗa" ｴW" ﾏﾗﾐﾗﾉｷ ｴｷI" ; W " ｴ; " ｴ; W" Sﾗﾏｷﾐ; WS" W W ;ﾉ" W ｷSWﾐ ;ﾉ" ;Sﾏｷﾐｷ ; ﾗﾐ " ｷﾐ" ｴW" ; " ｴ WW" 1 The author acknowledges the assistance of Raymond John P. Rosuelo in the initial preparation of this paper. -23- Reforming the Philippine Political Party System SWI;SW " に" a ﾗﾏ" ｴW" [ｷﾉ ;ﾐｪ" 0;ｪﾗﾐｪ" ]ｷ ﾐ;ﾐ" ﾐSW " EW Sｷﾐ;ﾐS" c; Iﾗ が" ﾗ" ｴW" ];H;ﾐ" ﾐｪ" 7Wﾏﾗﾆ ; ﾆﾗﾐｪ" vｷﾉｷ ｷﾐﾗ" ふ]7vぶ" S ｷﾐｪ" ｴW" W ﾏ" ﾗa" 1ﾗ ; ﾗﾐ" # ｷﾐﾗが"aﾗﾉﾉﾗ WS"H " ｴW"];ﾆ; "d⁄17ど⁄c7v"aﾗ ﾐSWS"H "EｷSWﾉ"y;ﾏﾗ が";ﾐS" ｴW" ];H;ﾐ" ﾐｪ" c;ﾆ;H; ;ﾐｪ" c; ;ﾐｪ" vｷﾉｷ ｷﾐﾗ" ふ]#ccvぶ" ﾗa" Yﾗ W ｴ" ; ;S;く" ~ｴW W" ; W が"ｴﾗ W W が" W W"ﾉ; ｪWﾉ "H ｷﾉ "; ﾗ ﾐS" ; "ﾐW ﾗ ﾆ "ﾗa" WﾉﾉどWﾐ WﾐIｴWS" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ"Iﾉ;ﾐ ";ﾐS"S ﾐ; W " ｴ; "Iﾗﾐ ;ﾐ ﾉ " ｷ Iｴ" ｴWｷ ";qﾉｷ; ﾗﾐ"a ﾗﾏ"ﾗﾐW" ;Sﾏｷﾐｷ ; ﾗﾐ" ; " ﾗ" ;ﾐﾗ ｴW " ｷﾐ" ﾗ SW " ﾗ" ｪ;ｷﾐ" ;IIW " ﾗ" ; W" W ﾗ IW " ;ﾐS" ; ﾗﾐ;ｪW"ふ~WWｴ;ﾐﾆWW"ヲヰヰヲき"1ﾗ ﾗﾐWﾉ"W ";ﾉ"ヲヰヰヴぶく"# " ｴｷ "ﾃ ﾐI Wが"ｷ "ｷ " ;ﾉ W;S " ;ﾐ Iｷ ; WS" ｴ; " [;ﾏ ｷ" ふSW ｷ W" ｷ " WIWﾐ " ﾏW ｪW " ｷ ｴ" ];ﾆ; ぶ" ｷﾉﾉ" dW " ｴW" ;ﾏW"a; W"; "ｷ " WSWIW ﾗ "に";H;ﾐSﾗﾐWS"H "ｷ "ﾏWﾏHW ";ｦW " ｴW" W ﾏ"ﾗa" ｴW"ｷﾐI ﾏHWﾐ " W ｷSWﾐ く"N ﾗﾐｷI;ﾉﾉ が" ｴW"I Wﾐ " Wﾐｪ ｴ"ﾗa"ﾗﾐW" ; "に"[;ﾏ ｷ" W｡WI " ｴW"ｷﾐｴW Wﾐ " W;ﾆﾐW "ﾗa" ｴW"Wﾐ W" ; " Wﾏ"ｷﾐ" ｴW"Iﾗ ﾐ く"" ~ｴW" ; ;ｪW" ﾗa" Kﾗ W" 0ｷﾉﾉ" ンヶヵヵ" ;ﾉ ﾗ" ﾆﾐﾗ ﾐ" ; " ｴW" ﾗ ﾗ WS" さv; " 7W Wﾉﾗ ﾏWﾐ "#I "ﾗa"ヲヰヰΑざ"I;ﾐ"HW" WWﾐ"; ";" ﾗ ｷ W" W " ﾗ ; S " Waﾗ ﾏｷﾐｪ" vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW" ﾗﾉｷ I く" Kﾗ W W が" ｴW" Hｷﾉﾉ" ｴ; " ;ﾉ ﾗ" ｷﾐｷ ; WS" SWH; W " ﾗﾐ" ｴW" ﾐ; Wが" ﾗIW が" ;ﾐS" ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ;ﾉ" W ｷ ｷ W " ﾗa" Waﾗ ﾏｷﾐｪ" ; " ﾗﾉｷ I " ｷﾐ" ｴW" vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW く" ~ｴｷ " ; W " ｷ " ;ﾐ" ｷﾐｷ ;ﾉ" ; W ﾏWﾐ " ﾗa" ｴW" I Wﾐ " Wdﾗ " ; " ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ;ﾉｷ ｷﾐｪ" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; " Waﾗ ﾏ く" } WIｷgI;ﾉﾉ が" ｷ " ｷﾉﾉ" ﾗ ｷSW" ;ﾐ" ﾗ W ｷW "ﾗa"I Wﾐ "SWH; W が" ｷ ｴｷﾐ";ﾐS"ｷﾐｷ ; W "ﾗaが" ﾗ" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; W "ｷﾐ" ｴW"; W;"ﾗa" ; " Waﾗ ﾏ く"]ﾗﾗﾆｷﾐｪ"; " ｴW"W W ｷWﾐIW"ﾗa" ｴW"]ｷHW ;ﾉ"v; ";ﾐS" #ﾆH; ;ﾐが" ｴW" ; W " ｷﾉﾉ"; ｪ W"aﾗ ";ﾐ"ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ;ﾉどIﾗﾏ W W"; ﾗ;Iｴ" ﾗ" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; " Waﾗ ﾏ" ｴ; " Wﾐｪ ｴWﾐ "Iｷ Wﾐど ; "ﾉｷﾐﾆ;ｪWく Imperatives of Political Party Reform #" ﾏ ﾉ SW" ﾗa" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; W " ｴ; W" IﾗﾏW" ;ﾐS" ｪﾗﾐW" ｷﾐ" vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ｴｷ ﾗ く" ”W が" ; " ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ;ﾉｷ ; ﾗﾐ" ｷﾐ" ｴW" Iﾗ ﾐ " Wﾏ;ｷﾐ " W;ﾆ" ;ﾐS" ﾐSW SW Wﾉﾗ WSく" vﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; W " ｷﾐ" ｴW" vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW " ; W" W ﾗﾐ;ﾉｷ どH; WS" ﾗ ｪ;ﾐｷ ; ﾗﾐ " ﾉ; ｪWﾉ " ﾗ ｪ;ﾐｷ WS" ; ﾗ ﾐS" Sﾗﾏｷﾐ;ﾐ " ﾉﾗI;ﾉ" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" Iﾉ;ﾐ " ;ﾐS" ; ﾉﾗ S き";ﾐS";ﾐIｴﾗ WS"ﾗﾐ"IﾉｷWﾐ Wﾉｷ Iが" ; ﾗIｴｷ;ﾉが";ﾐS" W ﾗﾐ;ﾉ"ｷﾐS IWﾏWﾐ " ; ｴW " ｴ;ﾐ"ﾗﾐ"ｷ W が"ｷSWﾗﾉﾗｪｷW が";ﾐS" ; " ﾉ; ﾗ ﾏ く ~ｴW"I Wﾐ "Eｷﾉｷ ｷﾐﾗ" ; " Wﾏ"ｷ "ﾉ; ｪWﾉ "Iﾗﾏ ﾗ WS"ﾗa"さ ;ﾐ ｷWﾐ " ; W ざ" ﾗ " ｴﾗ W" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; W " ｴ; "さ; W"ﾐﾗ "aﾗ ﾐSWS"ﾗﾐ" ﾗﾏW"Sｷ ;ﾉ" ﾗ IWが"ﾉｷﾆW" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ"IﾉW; ;ｪWが"ｷ W"ﾗ "ｷSWﾗﾉﾗｪ ざ"ふc;ﾐ;I ;";ﾐS"~;ﾐ"ヲヰヰヵぎ"ΑヴΒぶく"NﾐSWWSが" ｴW W" ｷ " ﾗﾏW" ｴ" ﾗ" ｴW" ﾗH W ; ﾗﾐ" ｴ; " さ ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" Iﾉ;ﾐ " ; W" ｴW" W;ﾉ" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; W "ｷﾐ" ｴW"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW くざ"ふ}ｷﾏH ﾉ;ﾐ"ヲヰヰΑぎンンぶ"E ﾐI ﾗﾐ;ﾉﾉ が"Eｷﾉｷ ｷﾐﾗ" ; W "; W"さ ﾗ Wど WWﾆｷﾐｪ" ; W ざ" ｴ; "; W"さ ｷﾏ; ｷﾉ "ｷﾐ W W WS"ｷﾐ" WI ｷﾐｪ" -24- ideas and initiatives, debates and dynamics ｴW"HWﾐWg "ﾗa"ﾗqIW"に"ｪW ﾐｪ"ｷ "ﾉW;SW "ｷﾐ ﾗ"ｪﾗ W ﾐﾏWﾐ が"Wﾐﾃﾗ ｷﾐｪ";IIW " ﾗ" ; ﾗﾐ;ｪWが"W Iく"に"W Wﾐ"ｷa" ｴW W"ﾏW;ﾐ " ｴ; ｷﾐｪ" ﾗ W " ｷ ｴ"ﾗ ｴW "ﾗ " ｷﾐｪ" ; WｪｷW " ｴｷIｴ"a;ｷﾉ" ﾗ"ﾏ; ｷﾏｷ W"ｷ " ｴ; W"ﾗa" ｴW" ﾗ W くざ"ふ ﾗﾉｷﾐW "ヲヰヰヲぎ"ヱヴΓど ヱヵヰぶ"~ｴW";I;SWﾏｷI"ﾉｷ W ; W"ﾗﾐ" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; W "ｷSWﾐ gW " ｴ WW"a;I ﾗ " ｴ; " SW W ﾏｷﾐW" ｴW" ｴ; W"ﾗa" ; W ";ﾐS" ; " Wﾏ ぎ"sociologicalき"ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ;ﾉき" ;ﾐS"Iﾗﾏ W W. }ﾗIｷﾗﾉﾗｪｷI;ﾉ" a;I ﾗ " WWﾆ" さ ﾗ" W ﾉ;ｷﾐ" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ｴWﾐﾗﾏWﾐ;" ｷﾏ; ｷﾉ " H " WaW WﾐIW" ﾗ" ﾗIｷ;ﾉ" ｴWﾐﾗﾏWﾐ;" ｴ; " ﾐSW ﾉｷW " ｴWﾏくざ" ふ ; W" ヱΓΓヶぎ" Βぶ" Nﾐ" ｴW"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW が" ｴｷ " W WI W"ｴ;S"HWWﾐ"; I ﾉ; WS"H " ｴW"さ ; ﾗﾐどIﾉｷWﾐ " a;I ﾗﾐ;ﾉざ"ふ Iaぶ"a ;ﾏW ﾗ ﾆが";S ;ﾐIWS"H "1; ﾉ"];ﾐSW";ﾐS"ﾗ ｴW " Iｴﾗﾉ; " ｷﾐIW" ｴW"ヱΓヶヰ が"ｷﾐ"W ﾉ;ｷﾐｷﾐｪ"Eｷﾉｷ ｷﾐﾗ" ; W ";ﾐS"WﾉWI ﾗﾐ く"~ｴW" Ia"a ;ﾏW ﾗ ﾆ"ｷ " ;" SW ｷ ; W" ﾗa" ｴW" ﾗIｷﾗどI ﾉ ;ﾉ" ; ﾗ;Iｴ" ﾗ" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ;ﾐ;ﾉ ｷ " に" W ﾉﾗ ｷﾐｪ" ｴW" ; ｷ; ﾗﾐ "ｷﾐ" ﾗIｷ;ﾉ" I W"ﾗ " ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ"I ﾉ W";ﾐS"Iﾗ Wﾉ; ﾐｪ" ｴW W"ｷﾐ" WﾉWI ﾗ ;ﾉ";ﾐS" ; "HWｴ; ｷﾗ く"~ｴW"H; ｷI"; ｪ ﾏWﾐ "ﾗa" ｴW" Ia"ｷ " ｴ; "さvｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW" ﾗﾉｷ I " W ﾗﾉ W "; ﾗ ﾐS"ｷﾐ W W ﾗﾐ;ﾉ" Wﾉ; ﾗﾐ ｴｷ "に"W WIｷ;ﾉﾉ "a;ﾏｷﾉｷ;ﾉ";ﾐS" ; ﾗﾐどIﾉｷWﾐ "ﾗﾐW "に";ﾐS"a;I ﾗﾐ "Iﾗﾏ ﾗ WS"ﾗa" W ﾗﾐ;ﾉ";ﾉﾉｷ;ﾐIW くざ"ふ[W ﾆ ﾉｷW " ヱΓΓヵぎ"ヴヰヱぶ" ｴｷﾉW" ｴW" Ia"W ﾉ;ﾐ; ﾗﾐ" ﾗ"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW" ﾗﾉｷ I "ｴ; "WﾐS WS" ｴW" W "ﾗa" ﾏWが";ﾐS"Iﾗﾐ ﾐ W " ﾗ"HW"Iｷ WS"H " ﾗﾏW" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ";ﾐ;ﾉ が"ｷ "ｷ "ﾉｷﾏｷ WS" ｷﾐ"W ﾉ;ｷﾐｷﾐｪ"さ ｴ " ｴW"ｷﾐ W W "ﾗa" ｴW"Wﾉｷ W ";ﾐS" ｴWｷ ";ﾉﾉｷW "ｴ; W"Iﾗﾐ ﾐ WS" ﾉ; ｪWﾉ " ﾗ" SW W ﾏｷﾐW" vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW" ; " ｪWﾐW ; ﾗﾐ" ;ﾐS" ｷ ;ﾉ" SW ｷ W" ｴW" ﾏ;ﾃﾗ "Iｴ;ﾐｪW "ｷﾐ" ｴW"Iﾗ ﾐ げ " ﾗIｷﾗどWIﾗﾐﾗﾏｷI" I W";ﾐS" ｴW"WﾏW ｪWﾐIW" ﾗa"ﾐW " ﾗIｷ;ﾉ"Sｷ ｷ ｷﾗﾐ "ふWくｪく"W ｴﾐｷIｷ ";ﾐS" Wﾉｷｪｷﾗﾐぶくざ"ふc;ﾐ;I ;";ﾐS"~;ﾐ"ヲヰヰンぎ" ΑヴΓぶ" E ﾗﾏ" ｴW" ﾗIｷﾗﾉﾗｪｷI;ﾉ" W WI Wが" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; " Waﾗ ﾏ " ﾐWIW ｷ ; W" ｴW" Iﾗ W ﾗﾐSｷﾐｪ" WﾐSﾗｪWﾐﾗ " Iｴ;ﾐｪW " ｷ ｴｷﾐ" ﾗIｷW く" ~ｴ が" さIｴ;ﾐｪW " ｷﾐ" ﾗIｷ;ﾉ"aﾗ IW " ｷﾉﾉ";ﾉ ; " ﾗﾏ ";"Iﾗ W ﾗﾐSｷﾐｪ"Iｴ;ﾐｪW";ﾏﾗﾐｪ" ﾗﾏW"ﾗa" ｴW" ; W ";ﾐS"ｷﾐ" ｴW" ; " Wﾏ"ｷ Wﾉaくざ"ふ ; W"ヱΓΓヶぎ"Γぶ" Fﾗｷﾐｪ" HW ﾗﾐS" ﾗIｷﾗどI ﾉ ;ﾉ" W ﾉ;ﾐ; ﾗﾐ が" ｴW" ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ;ﾉ" ; ﾗ;Iｴ" WWﾆ " ﾗ" SW W ﾏｷﾐW" ｴW" ｷﾏ ;I " ﾗa" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ " ﾗﾐ" ｷﾐSｷ ｷS ;ﾉ が" ;ﾐS" ｴW" ｷﾐ W ;I ﾗﾐ" HW WWﾐ" ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ " ;ﾐS" ｷﾐSｷ ｷS ;ﾉ " ふ];ﾐW" ;ﾐS" ; ﾗﾐ" ヲヰヰヰぶく" E ﾗﾏ" ｴｷ " W WI Wが"さ ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ｪｪﾉW "; W"ﾏWSｷ; WS"H " ｴW"ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ;ﾉ" W ﾐｪ"ｷﾐ" ｴｷIｴ" ｴW " ;ﾆW" ﾉ;IWくざ"ふ} Wｷﾐﾏﾗ"W ";ﾉく"ヱΓΓヲぎ"ヲぶ"vﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ"ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ " ; W"W Wﾐ ;ﾉﾉ "aﾗ ﾏ;ﾉ";ﾐS"ﾗｦWﾐ"ﾉWｪ;ﾉ"Iﾗﾏ ﾗﾐWﾐ "ﾗa" ｴW" ; W"ﾏ;IｴｷﾐW " ｴ; " Wﾏ ﾉﾗ "W ﾉｷIｷ ";ﾐS" ;ﾉﾉ "Wﾐaﾗ IW;HﾉW" ﾉW ";ﾐS"SWIｷ ｷﾗﾐどﾏ;ﾆｷﾐｪ" ﾗIWS W く" ]ﾗﾗﾆｷﾐｪ"; " ｴW"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW" ; " Wﾏが"c;ﾐ;I ;";ﾐS"~;ﾐ"ふヲヰヰヵぎ"ΑヵΓぶ"; ｪ W" ｴ; " さｷﾐ ﾗﾐ;ﾉ" IｴﾗｷIW " ｴ; W" ｴｷ ﾗ ｷI;ﾉﾉ " ｷﾐｴｷHｷ WS" ｴW" SW Wﾉﾗ ﾏWﾐ " ﾗa" ﾗﾐｪ" ; W "H "SWﾐ ｷﾐｪ" ｴW"; I ﾉ; ﾗﾐ"ﾗa"IW ;ｷﾐ"IﾉW; ;ｪW ";ﾐS"ｷﾏ WSｷﾐｪ" ｴW" ｷ W"ﾗa"Iﾗ ﾐ W どWﾉｷ W が"IW ;ｷﾐ"I Wﾐ " I W "; W"ｷﾐｷﾏｷI;ﾉ" ﾗ" ｴW"I W; ﾗﾐ" ﾗa" ﾗﾐｪ" ; W ぎ" ｴW"Sﾗﾏｷﾐ;ﾐIW"ﾗa" ｴW"W WI W"ﾗqIWが" ｴW"け ﾐIｴ ﾗﾐｷ WSげ" Wﾏ" ﾗa" WﾉWI ﾗﾐ " ;ﾐS" ｴW" SWaWI " ﾗa" ｴW" ; " ﾉｷ " ﾉ; くざ" #ﾐ" ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ;ﾉ" -25- Reforming the Philippine Political Party System ; ﾗ;Iｴ" ﾗ" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; " Waﾗ ﾏ"Iﾗﾐ ｷ "ﾗa"W ﾗｪWﾐﾗ ﾉ "Iｴ;ﾐｪｷﾐｪ"; WI "ﾗa" ｴW" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ﾉW が" Iｴ"; "ｷﾐ ﾗS Iｷﾐｪ"ﾉWｪ;ﾉ" W ｷI ﾗﾐ "ﾗﾐ" ｴW" W"ﾗa" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; ﾗﾐ;ｪWが" ｷ ｴ" ｴW"ﾗHﾃWI W"ﾗa";dWI ﾐｪ" ｴW"ﾐ; W"ﾗa"ﾗ ｴW "ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ ";ﾐS" ｴﾗ " ﾗﾉｷ I "ｷ "IﾗﾐS I WS" ｷ ｴｷﾐ" ｴW W"ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ く"ふ ; W"ヱΓΓヶぎ"Γぶ"""" 7 ; ｷﾐｪ" a ﾗﾏ" ｴW" ; ﾗﾐ;ﾉ" IｴﾗｷIW" ;Sｷ ﾗﾐが" ｴW" Iﾗﾏ W W" ; ﾗ;Iｴ" ﾗ ｷ " ｴ; " さｷﾐSｷ ｷS ;ﾉ" ; W " W ﾗﾐS" ﾗ" ｴW" SWﾏ;ﾐS " ﾗa" Iﾗﾏ W ﾐｪ" ｷ ｴ" ﾗ ｴW " ; W " ;ﾐS" ｴW" ; " Wﾏ" W｡WI " ｴW" ﾉﾗｪｷI" ﾗa" Iﾗﾏ W W" ふ;ﾐS" Iﾗどﾗ W ; Wぶ" ｷﾐ W ;I ﾗﾐ く" v; W " ; W" IﾗﾐIWｷ WS" ; " Wﾉaどｷﾐ W W WS" ;I ﾗ " W ﾗﾐSｷﾐｪ" ﾗ" ｴW" ﾉﾗｪｷI" ﾗa" ｴW" ｷ ; ﾗﾐ" ｷﾐ" ｴｷIｴ" ｴW " gﾐS" ｴWﾏ Wﾉ W " に" ;" ﾉﾗｪｷI" ｴ; "ｷ "SｷI ; WS"H " ｴW"ﾐWWS" ﾗ"Iﾗﾏ W W"aﾗ " ﾗ W くざ"ふ ; W"ヱΓΓヶぎ"Γぶ"Nﾐ" ｴｷ " ｷW が" ; W "; W" W; WS"; "ｷﾐSｷ ｷS ;ﾉ";I ﾗ " ｴﾗ W" ; ﾗﾐ;ﾉ"I;ﾉI ﾉ; ﾗﾐ "; W" ｴ; WS"H "ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ;ﾉ" ﾉW ";ﾐS" ﾗIWS W く"#ﾉ ﾗ"ﾆﾐﾗ ﾐ"; 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ｷ W" ﾗ W ";ﾐS" ﾗIｷ;ﾉ"ｷﾐW ｷ W く"#ﾉ ｴﾗ ｪｴ"ﾐ; ﾗ が"ｷ " W Wﾐ ";ﾐ"ﾗ ﾗ ﾐｷ "aﾗ " ｪ ; ﾗﾗ "Wﾏ ﾗ W ﾏWﾐ ";ﾐS" ｴW" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ"H; W"aﾗ "ﾏ;ｷﾐ W;ﾏｷﾐｪ"ﾐ; ﾗﾐ;ﾉ" ﾗﾉｷ I く"N " W W "; ";" ﾗ ;ﾉ"aﾗ "ｷﾐ W W WS"Iｷ Wﾐ " ﾗ"HW"ｷﾐ ﾗﾉ WS";ﾐS" ｴﾗ W" ｴ; "; W"ｷﾐSｷdW Wﾐ "ｷﾐ" ｴW" ﾗIW " ﾗ"Iﾗﾐ ｷSW " ; Iｷ ; ﾐｪく }W W ;ﾉ"Hｷﾉﾉ "ｴ; W"HWWﾐ"gﾉWS"ｷﾐ" ｴW"Kﾗ W"ﾗa"yW W Wﾐ ; W " ｷﾐIW" ｴW"ヱヲth 1ﾗﾐｪ W " WWﾆｷﾐｪ" ﾗ" ;SS W " ｴW" SWgIｷWﾐIｷW " ﾗa" ｴW" v; " ]ｷ " } Wﾏ" #I く" 7W ｷ W" ｴW" ﾏ;ﾃﾗ " SWgIｷWﾐIｷW が" ｴﾗ W W が" ｴW" ; どﾉｷ " Wﾏ" ｴ; " ;ﾉﾉﾗ WS" aﾗ ";" ｷﾐSﾗ "ﾗa" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ"ﾗ ﾗ ﾐｷ "aﾗ " ﾗIｷ;ﾉ"ﾏﾗ WﾏWﾐ ";ﾐS"WﾉWﾏWﾐ "ﾗa" Iｷ ｷﾉ" ﾗIｷW " ﾗ" ; Iｷ ; W"ｷﾐ"WﾉWI ﾗﾐ ";ﾐS" WﾐW ; W" ｴW"ﾐ; ﾗ " ; ｴ ; " ﾗ" ｴW"ﾉWｪｷ ﾉ; Wく"Nﾐ" ｴW" ; " Wﾐ" W; が" ｴW" ; "ﾉｷ " Wﾏ"ｴ; " WWﾐ" ｴW";I W" -28- ideas and initiatives, debates and dynamics ; Iｷ ; ﾗﾐ"ﾗa" ｴW"]Wｦ";ﾐSっﾗ " Waﾗ ﾏｷ " ; W ";ﾐS"ｴ; ";ﾉﾉﾗ ; Iｷ ; W"ｷﾐ" ｴW"ﾐ; ﾗﾐ;ﾉ" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ"Sｷ Iﾗ Wく" ｴｷﾉW"ｷ "ﾏ; " ﾉﾉ" ﾏW" ﾗ"ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ;ﾉｷ W" ｴW"ｪ;ｷﾐ "ﾗa" ｴW" ; "ﾉｷ " Wﾏが" ｴW"ﾉW a ﾗﾏ" ｴW" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ"W W ｷﾏWﾐ " ｷﾉﾉ"ｷﾐaﾗ ﾏ" ｴW"Iﾗﾐ ﾐ ｷﾐｪ"Wdﾗ ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; " Waﾗ ﾏ "ｷﾐ" ｴW"Iﾗ ﾐ く" WS" ｴWﾏ" ﾗ" ;ﾆW";"ﾉﾗﾐｪW " ﾗﾐ "ﾉW; ﾐWS" " ﾗ" ｴ"aﾗ " # Wﾏ " ﾗ" Waﾗ ﾏ" ｴW"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW"WﾉWI ﾗ ;ﾉ" Wﾏ"ｴ;S"HWWﾐ" ﾐSW ; "aﾗ " ｴW"HW W " ; "ﾗa" ｴW"ﾉ; "SWI;SWく"~ｴW" ﾗ ﾗ WS" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; "SW Wﾉﾗ ﾏWﾐ " ;I "I;ﾐ"HW"Iﾗﾐ ｷSW WS"; " ; "ﾗa" Iｴ"Wdﾗ " ﾗ"ﾗ W ｴ; ﾉ"W ｷ ﾐｪ"WﾉWI ﾗ ;ﾉ" ;I IW "ｷﾐ" ｴW"Iﾗ ﾐ く"~ｴW"Hｷﾉﾉ"ﾐﾗ " WﾐSｷﾐｪ"ｷﾐ"1ﾗﾐｪ W ";ｷﾏ " ﾗ" Wﾐｪ ｴWﾐ" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; W " ﾗ" ｴ; " ｴW " ﾏ; " HWIﾗﾏW" ｷﾐ Wｪ ;ﾉ" ﾗ" ｴW" ;IｴｷW WﾏWﾐ " ﾗa" ｪWﾐ ｷﾐW"SW Wﾉﾗ ﾏWﾐ ";ﾐS"SWﾏﾗI ; ; ﾗﾐく" 1ｷ Wﾐ" ; Iｷ ; ﾗﾐ"ｷ " ｴW"I ｷ I;ﾉ"aﾗ ﾐS; ﾗﾐ" ﾗﾐ" ｴｷIｴ"SWﾏﾗI ;I "ｷ "H ｷﾉ く" vﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; W " ; W" WｴｷIﾉW " aﾗ " Wﾐ;Hﾉｷﾐｪ" Iｷ Wﾐ " ﾗ" Wﾐｪ;ｪW" ;ﾐS" WIﾗﾐﾐWI " ｷ ｴ" ｴW"ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ ";ﾐS" ﾗIW W "ﾗa"SWﾏﾗI ;I く"1ｷ Wﾐ ｴｷ "ｷ "ﾐ WS"ﾗﾐ" ;ﾉ W が"ﾆﾐﾗ ﾉWSｪWが";ﾐS" ;I IWく"v; W "I;ﾐ" W aﾗ ﾏ";ﾐ"ｷﾐ Wｪ ;ﾉ"a ﾐI ﾗﾐ"ｷﾐ" Iｷ Wﾐ"WS I; ﾗﾐ";ﾐS" ﾗ W "WS I; ﾗﾐ";I ｷ W "; " ; "ﾗa" ｴWｷ "Iﾗﾐ WﾐI " H ｷﾉSｷﾐｪ" ;I ｷ W く" #" Iﾉﾗ W " ﾉﾗﾗﾆ" ; " ｴW" W W ｷWﾐIW" ﾗa" Hﾗ ｴ" ]ｷHW ;ﾉ" v; " ;ﾐS" #ﾆH; ;ﾐ" ﾗdW " ﾗﾏW" ｷﾐ W W ﾐｪ" ｷﾐ ｷｪｴ " ｷﾐ" ｴW" ﾗIW " ;ﾐS" S ﾐ;ﾏｷI " ﾗa" ｷﾐｷ ; ﾐｪ" ｷﾐ W ﾐ;ﾉ" ; " Waﾗ ﾏ " aﾗ W " ;ﾉ W ﾐ; W" SWﾏﾗI ; I" Iｷ Wﾐど ﾗﾉｷ Iｷ;ﾐ"ﾉｷﾐﾆ;ｪW く Reformist Parties and Party Reforms: The LP and Akbayan Experience Nﾐ" ｴW" ﾗ "c; 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" ふdvぶ" ;ﾐS" ｴW" ]ｷHW ;ﾉ"v; "ふ]vぶく"~ｴW" ｷ ;ﾉ "HW WWﾐ" ｴW" ﾗ" ; W "Sﾗﾏｷﾐ; WS"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW" ﾗﾉｷ I " a ﾗﾏ" ヱΓヴヶ" ﾐ ﾉ" ヱΓΑヲく" 0ﾗ ｴ" ﾗﾗﾆ" ﾐ " ｷﾐ" I; ｷﾐｪ" ｴW" W ｷSWﾐI " ;ﾐS"Iﾗﾐ ﾗﾉﾉｷﾐｪ"Hﾗ ｴ"Iｴ;ﾏHW "ﾗa"1ﾗﾐｪ W く"~ｴW"]ｷHW ;ﾉ " ﾗﾐ" ｴW" W ｷSWﾐ ;ﾉ" WﾉWI ﾗﾐ "ﾗa"ヱΓヴヶ"ふc;ﾐ Wﾉ"yﾗ ; ぶが"ヱΓヴΓ"ふ;ﾉ ｷSｷﾗ"x ｷ ｷﾐﾗぶが";ﾐS"ヱΓヶヱ"ふ7ｷﾗ S;Sﾗ" -30- ideas and initiatives, debates and dynamics c;I; ;ｪ;ﾉぶく"~ｴW"d;Iｷﾗﾐ;ﾉｷ ; " ﾗﾐ" ｴWﾏ"ｷﾐ"ヱΓヵン"ふy;ﾏﾗﾐ"c;ｪ ; ; ぶが"ヱΓヵΑ" ふ1; ﾉﾗ " F; Iｷ;ぶが" ヱΓヶヵが" ;ﾐS" ヱΓヶΓ" ふEW Sｷﾐ;ﾐS" c; Iﾗ ぶく" Kﾗ W W が" ﾗﾐﾉ " F; Iｷ;" ; ";"ｪWﾐ ｷﾐW"d;Iｷﾗﾐ;ﾉｷ ;が"; "c;ｪ ; ; ";ﾐS"c; Iﾗ " W W"aﾗ ﾏW ﾉ " ; ﾐIｴ" ]ｷHW ;ﾉ "HWaﾗ W" ｴW " ﾗ ｪｴ " ｴW" W ｷSWﾐI "ふ]ｷ;ﾐｪ"ヱΓΑヰぶく ~ｴW" SWIﾉ; ; ﾗﾐ" ﾗa" ﾏ; ;ﾉ" ﾉ; " ;ﾐS" ｴW" WﾏW ｪWﾐIW" ﾗa" ｴW" [ｷﾉ ;ﾐｪ" 0;ｪﾗﾐｪ" ]ｷ ﾐ;ﾐ"ふ[0]ぶ"WdWI Wﾉ "I "ﾗd" ｴW"]ｷHW ;ﾉ"v; "a ﾗﾏ" ｴW" ;Sｷ ﾗﾐ;ﾉ"ﾐW ﾗ ﾆ" ﾗa"IﾉｷWﾐ Wﾉｷ ﾏく"7W ｷ WS"ﾗa";IIW " ﾗ"ｪﾗ W ﾐﾏWﾐ " W ﾗ IW ";ﾐS" ; ﾗﾐ;ｪWが" ｴW" ; "Hﾗ Iﾗ WS";ﾉﾉ"WﾉWI ﾗﾐ "aﾗ "ヱヴ" W; "ﾗa" ｴW"c; Iﾗ " WｪｷﾏW";ﾐS"ﾗ WS" ﾗ" Wﾗ ｪ;ﾐｷ W" ｷ Wﾉa" ; " さ;" ﾐﾗﾐどWﾉWI ﾗ ;ﾉ" Iﾗﾐ IｷWﾐIW" HﾉﾗIくざ" ふyﾗS ｷｪ W " ヲヰヰヵぶ" ~ｴW" ]vげ " ｴｷﾐｷﾐｪ" ﾏﾗﾏWﾐ " WﾏW ｪWS" S ｷﾐｪ" ｴW" S; 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ﾗﾐ " ; W" ｴW" d; ﾗﾐ;ﾉ"Nﾐ W"ﾗa"vﾗﾉｷI "} SｷW "ふdNv}ぶが";ﾐS" ｴW"#ﾉﾉｷ;ﾐIW"ﾗa"]ｷHW ;ﾉ"”ﾗ ｴ" ふ#]”ぶく" #ﾆH; ;ﾐぁ"E ﾗﾏ"}ﾗIｷ;ﾉ"cﾗ WﾏWﾐ " ﾗ"v; "vﾗﾉｷ I ~ｴW" vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW" ]Wｦ" ｴｷ ﾗ ｷI;ﾉﾉ " Iﾗﾐ ｷ " ﾗa" ;ﾐ" ﾐSW ｪ ﾗ ﾐS" Iﾗﾏ ﾗﾐWﾐ " ;ｪｷﾐｪ";" W ﾗﾉ ﾗﾐ; " ｪｪﾉW";ｪ;ｷﾐ " ｴW" ; Wが";ﾐS";"ﾏ ﾉ SW"ﾗa"ﾉWｪ;ﾉ" -32- ideas and initiatives, debates and dynamics ﾗ ｪ;ﾐｷ ; ﾗﾐ く" ｴｷﾉW" ｴW" ;Sｷ ﾗﾐ;ﾉ" ]Wｦ" ﾉWS" H " ｴW" ﾗﾉS" v; Sﾗ" [ﾗﾏ ﾐｷ ;" ﾐｪ"vｷﾉｷ ｷﾐ; "ふv[vぶ" ; Iｷ ; WS"ｷﾐ" ｴW"ヱΓヴΑ"WﾉWI ﾗﾐ が"ｷ "ｴ; " ｷﾐIW"W IｴW WS" WﾉWI ﾗﾐ " ; " ; Wﾐ; " aﾗ " Wﾉｷ W" ﾗﾉｷ I く" Nﾐ" ヱΓΒΑが" ｴW" 1ﾗﾏﾏ ﾐｷ " v; " ﾗa" ｴW" vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW "ふ1vvぶ"ﾗ ｪ;ﾐｷ WS" ｴW"v; Sﾗ"ﾐｪ"0; ;ﾐ"ふvﾐ0ぶ" ﾗ" ; Iｷ ; W"ｷﾐ" ｴW" ヱΓΒΑ"WﾉWI ﾗﾐ く"Kﾗ W W が" ﾐa;ﾏｷﾉｷ; ｷ " ｷ ｴ" ｴW"WﾉWI ﾗ ;ﾉ" W ;ｷﾐ";ﾐS"ｷﾐ W ﾐ;ﾉ" SWH; W " ﾗﾐ" ｴW" ; WｪｷI" ｷﾏ ﾗ ;ﾐIW" ﾗa" WﾉWI ﾗ ;ﾉ" ﾗﾉｷ I " W ﾉ WS" ｷﾐ" ｴW" Sｷ ﾏ;ﾉ" W aﾗ ﾏ;ﾐIW"ﾗa" ｴW"vﾐ0く"~ｴW"ｷﾐ ﾗS I ﾗﾐ"ﾗa" ｴW" ; どﾉｷ "WﾉWI ﾗﾐ"ｷﾐ" ｴW"ヱΓΒΑ"1ﾗﾐ ﾗﾐ" ; ";ﾐ"ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ;ﾉ"; Wﾏ " ﾗ" ｷSWﾐ" ｴW"ﾐ; ﾗ " ; ｴ" ﾗ"ﾉWｪｷ ﾉ; W" ﾗ W "H " ﾗ ｷSｷﾐｪ";ﾐ"ﾗ ﾗ ﾐｷ "aﾗ "ﾏ; ｪｷﾐ;ﾉｷ WS" WI ﾗ ";ﾐS" ｴWｷ "ﾗ ｪ;ﾐｷ ; 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ﾗﾐ";I W"ｷﾐ"ﾉWｪｷ ﾉ; W" ﾗ ﾆく"N " ｴ WW" W ﾏ" W W Wﾐ ; W" ]ﾗ W ;" さ; ;ざ" yﾗ ;ﾉW " ｴ;S" HWWﾐ" ;Iﾆﾐﾗ ﾉWSｪWS" H " Hﾗ ｴ" ｴW" Kﾗ W" ﾗa" yW W Wﾐ ; W " ;ﾐS" ﾏWSｷ;" ﾗ ｷ " ; " ｴ; ｷﾐｪ" ﾏ;SW" ｷｪﾐｷgI;ﾐ " ﾉWｪｷ ﾉ; W" ﾗ ﾆく" }ｴW" ｴ;S" HWWﾐ" WﾉWI WS" ﾗ" Iｴ;ｷ " ｴW" 1ﾗﾏﾏｷ WW" ﾗa" 1ｷ ｷﾉが" vﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ";ﾐS"K ﾏ;ﾐ"yｷｪｴ "; " Wﾉﾉ"; "HWIﾗﾏｷﾐｪ"Iｴ;ｷ "ﾗa" ｴW"} HIﾗﾏﾏｷ WW"ﾗﾐ" v; ど]ｷ ";ﾐS"}WI ﾗ ;ﾉ"yW W Wﾐ ; ﾗﾐく"; ;"yﾗ ;ﾉW ";ﾉ ﾗ" ｷﾐIｷ ;ﾉﾉ "; ｴﾗ WS" ｴW"ﾉ;ﾐSﾏ; ﾆ"#H Wﾐ WW" ﾗ ﾐｪ"]; "ふx ｷﾏ ﾗが"ヲヰヰΒぶく" dﾗﾐW ｴWﾉW が" #ﾆH; ;ﾐ" ｴ; " ﾐﾗ " ﾗﾐﾉ " aﾗI WS" ﾗﾐ" ｷ " ﾉ; " ﾏ;ﾆｷﾐｪ" S W く" N " ｴ; " Wﾏ;ｷﾐWS" W" ﾗ" ｷ " ﾗﾗ " ; " ;" ﾗIｷ;ﾉ" ﾏﾗ WﾏWﾐ く" ~ｴW" ; " ｴ; " ;ｪｪ W ｷ Wﾉ " ﾉｷ WS"Hﾗ ｴ" ｴW"ｴ;ﾉﾉ "ﾗa"1ﾗﾐｪ W ";ﾐS" ｴW" WW " ﾗ" ﾗｷIW"ｷ " ﾗﾐｪ"ﾗ ﾗ ｷ ﾗﾐ" ﾗ";ﾉﾉWｪWS" ﾗﾐｪSﾗｷﾐｪ "ﾗa" ｴW"# ﾗ ﾗ";Sﾏｷﾐｷ ; ﾗﾐく"N " Iﾗﾐｪ W ｷﾗﾐ;ﾉ" W W Wﾐ ; W " W W" ; " ｴW" aﾗ Wa ﾗﾐ " ﾗa" ｴW" ｷﾏ W;IｴﾏWﾐ " ; Wﾏ ";ｪ;ｷﾐ " ｴW" W; ﾐｪ"v W ｷSWﾐ く"N "ｴ; "ﾉｷﾆW ｷ W" ﾉ; WS";" H ;ﾐ ;ﾉ" ﾗﾉW"ｷﾐ" ｴ ; ﾐｪ"; Wﾏ "H " ｴW"# ﾗ ﾗ";Sﾏｷﾐｷ ; ﾗﾐ" ﾗ" W"1ﾗﾐｪ W " ﾗ" -33- Reforming the Philippine Political Party System ｷﾐ ﾗS IW"Iｴ;ﾐｪW " ﾗ" ｴW"ヱΓΒΑ"Iﾗﾐ ﾗﾐ" ｴ; "ｷ " ; " ﾗ ﾉS"ﾗﾐﾉ " W W" ﾗ" W W ; W" ｴW"ﾗﾉｷｪ; IｴｷI" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" Wﾏ" ｴ; "ｷ "ｴ;S" ﾗ ｪｴ " ﾗ"Iｴ;ﾐｪW"a ﾗﾏ" ｴW" W "HWｪｷﾐﾐｷﾐｪ"ふyﾗI;ﾏﾗ ;が"ヲヰヰΒぶく }ｷﾐIW"ｷ "ｷﾐIW ﾗﾐが"#ﾆH; ;ﾐ"ｴ; "Wﾐﾃﾗ WS" ﾗﾏW"ﾉW Wﾉ"ﾗa" IIW "ｷﾐ"ｷ "aﾗ ; " ｷﾐ" ｴW"WﾉWI ﾗ ;ﾉ"; Wﾐ;く"N "ｴ;S"HWWﾐ";HﾉW" ﾗ"Sﾗ HﾉW"ｷ "ﾐ; ﾗﾐ;ﾉ" ﾗ W "S ｷﾐｪ" ｴW"g " ｴ WW"ﾐ; ﾗﾐ;ﾉ"WﾉWI ﾗﾐ " ｴ; " ﾗ ｷSWS"aﾗ " ; どﾉｷ " W W Wﾐ ; ﾗﾐく" #ﾆH; ;ﾐ"ｪ; ﾐW WS";" W; "S ｷﾐｪ" ｴW"g " ; "ﾉｷ "WﾉWI ﾗﾐ "ｴWﾉS"ｷﾐ"ヱΓΓΒく"Nﾐ" ヲヰヰヱが"#ﾆH; ;ﾐ"ｴ;S" ﾗﾐ" ﾗ" W; "ｷﾐ" ｴW"Kﾗ W"ﾗa"yW W Wﾐ ; W "; ｷSW"a ﾗﾏ" ｷﾐI W; ｷﾐｪ" ｴW"ﾐ ﾏHW "ﾗa"WﾉWI WS"ﾉﾗI;ﾉ"ﾗqIｷ;ﾉ " ｴ; "HWﾉﾗﾐｪWS" ﾗ" ｴW" ; く"0 " ヲヰヰヴが"#ﾆH; ;ﾐ"ｴ;S" ﾗﾐ" ｴW"ﾏ; ｷﾏ ﾏ"ﾐ ﾏHW "ﾗa" ｴ WW" W; ";ﾉﾉﾗ WS"ｷﾐ"aﾗ " ｴW"v; "]ｷ "WﾉWI ﾗﾐ "ふyﾗI;ﾏﾗ ;が"ヲヰヰΒぶく #ｦW " W; "ﾗa" W;S "ｪ ﾗ ｴが" ｴW"SWﾏﾗI ; I"]Wｦ" ; " dW WS";" ｷｪﾐｷgI;ﾐ " W H;Iﾆ"ｷﾐ"ヲヰヰΑが" ｴWﾐ"ｷ " ; ";"ヴΑ" W IWﾐ "SWIﾉｷﾐW"ｷﾐ"ｷ " ﾗ W "ｷﾐ" ｴW"v; " ]ｷ " WﾉWI ﾗﾐく" v; " ﾉW;SW " ; ｷH W" ｴW" SWIﾉｷﾐW" ﾗ" ｴW" ﾏ;ﾐｷ ﾉ; ﾗﾐ" ;ﾐS" Iﾗﾗ ; ﾗﾐ"ﾗa" ｴW"v; "]ｷ "} Wﾏ"H " ｴW"ﾉﾗI;ﾉ" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ"Iﾉ;ﾐ く"Nﾐ" ｴWｷ ";ﾐ;ﾉ ｷ が" ｴW"ﾉﾗI;ﾉ" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ"Iﾉ;ﾐ "ｴ;S" ;ﾐ aﾗ ﾏWS" ｴ; 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ﾆWS" W W ;ﾉ"ﾆW " W;ﾆﾐW W が" ｴW" ﾆｷﾐS" ｴ; "ﾗﾐW"ﾗﾐﾉ " W ｷﾗ ﾉ "Iﾗﾐa ﾗﾐ ";ｦW ";"SWaW; く N " ; " ;ﾉ ﾗ" ﾗｷﾐ WS" ﾗ " ｷﾐ" ｴｷ " ; ｪ ﾏWﾐ " ｴ; " ｷﾐWdWI W" WﾉWI ﾗﾐ" ; WｪｷW " ; ﾉｷWS"H "#ﾆH; ;ﾐ" ｴｷIｴ"SW ﾗ WS" ﾗﾗ"ﾏ Iｴ" W ﾗ IW ";ﾐS"WﾐW ｪｷW " ﾗ" ｴW" ﾐ; ﾗﾐ;ﾉ"WﾉWI ﾗﾐ"I;ﾏ ;ｷｪﾐ " ｴｷﾉW"ﾐﾗ " ﾗ ｷSｷﾐｪ"aﾗ " ｷﾏｷﾉ; " W ﾗ IW " ﾗ" ｴW" ﾉﾗI;ﾉ"WﾉWI ﾗﾐ く"Nﾐ"ｴｷ " ｷW が"さ ｴW"ヲヰヰΑ"WﾉWI ﾗﾐ " ｴﾗ WS" ｴ; " ｴW"ｪWﾐW ; ﾗﾐ" -34- ideas and initiatives, debates and dynamics ﾗa" ﾗ W "aﾗ " ｴW" Wﾏ" ; "ﾏ;ｷﾐﾉ ";"ﾉﾗI;ﾉ";d;ｷ く"~ｴW" ｷ " ; W " ｴ; "ｪﾗ "ﾏﾗ W" ﾗ W " ｴ;ﾐ"#ﾆH; ;ﾐ" ﾗﾐ"HWI; W" ｴW "ｴ;S" W ｷﾗ "ﾉﾗI;ﾉ"ﾗ ｪ;ﾐｷ ; ﾗﾐくざ"~ｴｷ " ﾗ ｪ;ﾐｷ ; ﾗﾐ;ﾉ" W;ﾆﾐW "I;ﾐ";ﾉ ﾗ"HW" ;IWS" ﾗ";"ﾉ; Wﾐ "さｷSWﾗﾉﾗｪｷI;ﾉ"Sｷ ｷSWざ" ｷ ｴｷﾐ" ｴW" ; く" ~ｴ; " ; " g " ｷSWﾐ gWS" H " #ﾆH; ;ﾐ" ｷSWﾗﾉﾗｪ W" d; ｴ;ﾐ" x ｷﾏ ﾗ" ｷﾐ" ヲヰヰンく" ~ｴｷ " Sｷ ｷSW" さHW WWﾐ" ｴﾗ W" ｴﾗ" ﾏ;ｷﾐﾉ " ;ﾆW" ｴW" ﾏ; " ﾏﾗ WﾏWﾐ っ W W" ﾗﾉｷ I っIﾗﾐ Wﾐ ﾗ " ﾗﾉｷ I " ふcv1ぶ" W WI W" ;ﾐS" ｴﾗ W" ｴﾗ" ;ﾆW" ｴW"SW Wﾉﾗ ﾏWﾐ " ﾗ ﾆっ Wﾗ ﾉW " ; Iｷ ; ﾗﾐ"ｷﾐ"ｪﾗ W ﾐ;ﾐIWっ ;I ;ﾉ"ｪﾗ W ﾐ;ﾐIW"ﾗ "ｪﾗ W ﾐﾏWﾐ " ﾗ ﾆ"ふ7vFぶ" ｷW くざ"ふIｷ WS"a ﾗﾏ"yﾗI;ﾏﾗ ;が" ヲヰヰΒぶ # ｷSW" a ﾗﾏ" Iﾗﾏ W ﾐｪ" ｷ ｴ" ｴW" ﾉﾗI;ﾉ" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" Iﾉ;ﾐ が" #ﾆH; ;ﾐ" ;ﾉ ﾗ" ｴ; " ﾗ" a;IW" ｴW"Iｴ;ﾉﾉWﾐｪW"ﾗa"さH ｷﾉSｷﾐｪ";"]Wｦ" ; " ｴW W" ｴW W"ｷ ";ﾐ";I W"c;ﾗｷ " ｷﾐ ｪWﾐI "ふyﾗI;ﾏﾗ ;"ヲヰヰΒぶく" ｴｷﾉW" ｴW W"ｷ ";"ﾐ ﾏHW "ﾗa"ﾉWｦ"ﾉW;ﾐｷﾐｪ" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; W " ｴ; "ｴ; W" ; Iｷ ; WS"ｷﾐ" ｴW" ; "ﾉｷ "WﾉWI ﾗﾐ が"ｷ "ｴ; "HWWﾐ" ﾗｷﾐ WS" ﾗ " ｴ; " ﾐﾗ " ;ﾉﾉ" ﾗa" ｴWﾏ" ｴ; W" ｴW" ;ﾏW" ｷW " Wｪ; Sｷﾐｪ" ｴW" SWﾏﾗI ; I" ;IW" ｴ; " ｴ;S" HWWﾐ" Wﾗ WﾐWS" ｷ ｴ" ｴW" I W; ﾗﾐ" ﾗa" ｴW" ; " ﾉｷ " Wﾏく" x ｷﾏ ﾗ"ふヲヰヰΒぶ"; ｪ W " ｴ; " ﾗﾏW"ﾉWｦ"ﾉW;ﾐｷﾐｪ" ; W "ﾉｷﾆW"0; ;ﾐ"c ﾐ;"ｴ; W" ;ﾐ"ｷﾐ ﾏWﾐ ;ﾉｷ " ｷW "ﾗa" ｴW"SWﾏﾗI ; I" ;IW"ｪｷ Wﾐ" ﾗ" ｴWﾏく"Nﾐ" ｴｷ " ｷW が" ; Iｷ ; ﾗﾐ"ｷﾐ"aﾗ ﾏ;ﾉ"SWﾏﾗI ; I" ;I IW "ﾉｷﾆW"WﾉWI ﾗﾐ "Iﾗﾐ W";ﾐﾗ ｴW " ; Wﾐ W" aﾗ " ｴW" ; " ﾗ" ｪ;ｷﾐ" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ﾗ W " ; ｷSW" a ﾗﾏ" ｴW" W ﾗﾉ ﾗﾐ; " ; ﾏWS" ｪｪﾉW" ﾗ ﾗﾐ" ｴ; " ｷ " ﾏWﾏHW " ｴ;S" W ｷﾗ ﾉ " Wﾏ ﾉﾗ WSく" jﾐ" ｴW" ﾗ ｴW "ｴ;ﾐSが"ｴW";ﾉ ﾗ"; W " ｴ; "#ﾆH; ;ﾐ"ｴﾗﾉS";ﾐ"ｷﾐ Wｪ ;ﾉ" ｷW "ﾗa" ｴW"aﾗ ﾏ;ﾉ" SWﾏﾗI ; I" ﾗIW W " ｴ; "; W"; ;ｷﾉ;HﾉW" ﾗ"ｷ く"~ｴW"ｷﾐ Wｪ ;ﾉ" ｷW " H I ｷHW " ﾗ" ｴW" ﾐﾗ ﾗﾐ" ｴ; " aﾗ ﾏ;ﾉ" SWﾏﾗI ; I" ﾗIW W " ; W" H " ｴWﾏ Wﾉ W " ｷﾏ ﾗ ;ﾐ " HWI; W" ｴW " ﾗ Wﾐ" ｴW" ﾗ ｷHｷﾉｷ " aﾗ " ｪ W; W " ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; Iｷ ; ﾗﾐ" a ﾗﾏ" ｴW"SｷdW Wﾐ " WI ﾗ "ﾗa" ﾗIｷW く"~ｴｷ " ; ｷﾐｪ"IﾗﾐIW ;ﾉｷ ; ﾗﾐ"ﾗa" ｴW"aﾗ ﾏ;ﾉ" ﾗIWS W "ﾗa"SWﾏﾗI ;I "ﾏ;ﾆW "#ﾆH; ;ﾐ";ﾐS"ｷ ";I ｷ W "ﾏﾗ W"IﾗﾐS Iｷ W" ﾗ" ｴW"SW Wﾉﾗ ﾏWﾐ "ﾗa"SWﾏﾗI ;I く #ﾆH; ;ﾐ" WIﾗｪﾐｷ W " ｴW" ﾐWWS" ﾗ" a ﾐI ﾗﾐ" ｷ ｴｷﾐ" ｴW" ;Sｷ ﾗﾐ;ﾉ" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" Wﾏ" ｴｷﾉW" ﾗ ﾆｷﾐｪ" ﾗ"ｷﾐ W" Waﾗ ﾏ く"Eﾗ "#ﾆH; ;ﾐ" ｴｷ "ﾏW;ﾐ "gWﾉSｷﾐｪ" ﾏﾗ W";ﾐS"ﾏﾗ W"I;ﾐSｷS; W ";ﾐS" ｷﾐﾐｷﾐｪ"; " ｴW"ﾉﾗI;ﾉ"ﾉW Wﾉ"ｷﾐ"ﾗ SW " ﾗ"ｷﾐI W; W" ; " Wﾐｪ ｴく"~ｴW" ; ";ﾉ ﾗ";ｷﾏ " ﾗ" ﾗ W"ｷ Wﾉa" ﾗ ｴ "ﾗa"HWｷﾐｪ" "ｷﾐ ﾗ" ﾗ ｷ ﾗﾐ " ﾗa" ﾗ W " ｴ ﾗ ｪｴ" ｴW" ｷﾏ ﾉWﾏWﾐ ; ﾗﾐ" ﾗa" ｪﾗ W ﾐ;ﾐIW" ﾉ; ﾗ ﾏ " ｴ; " ｷ ｷﾉWｪW "Wﾐｴ;ﾐIWS"Iｷ Wﾐ" ; Iｷ ; ﾗﾐく"~ｴW" ; "ｷ "ｴﾗ Wa ﾉ" ｴ; " Iｴ" ;" ; Wｪ " ﾗ ﾉS" ﾉW;S" ﾗ" ;" ｪ W; W " ﾐ ﾏHW " ﾗa" W W Wﾐ ; W " ｷﾐ" ｴW" Hﾗ ｴ" ｴﾗ W "ﾗa"1ﾗﾐｪ W "ふyﾗI;ﾏﾗ ;が"ヲヰヰΒぶ E;ｷ ｴa ﾉ" ﾗ" ｷ " ﾗｪ W ｷ W" ﾗﾗ が" #ﾆH; ;ﾐげ " ﾏ;ｷﾐ" H; W" ﾗa" ﾗ " ｷ " S ; ﾐ" a ﾗﾏ" ﾉ;Hﾗ " ﾐｷﾗﾐ " ;ﾐS" ﾗ ｪ;ﾐｷ WS" a; ﾏW く" ~ｴW" ﾉ; ｪW " W; ;ﾐ " aWSW ; ﾗﾐ " ｷﾐ" ｴW"Iﾗ ﾐ "; W";qﾉｷ; WS" ｷ ｴ" ｴW" ; く"~ｴW" ; "ｴ; ";ﾉ ﾗ"HWWﾐ";I Wﾉ " -35- Reforming the Philippine Political Party System ﾗ ｪ;ﾐｷ ｷﾐｪ";ﾏﾗﾐｪ"ﾏｷSSﾉW"Iﾉ; " ﾗaW ｷﾗﾐ;ﾉ が"H ｷﾐW " Wﾗ ﾉWが";ﾐS" ｴW" ﾗ ｴ" ふyﾗI;ﾏﾗ ;が"ヲヰヰΒぶく"v ﾗｪ W ｷ W" ｴｷﾐﾆ" ;ﾐﾆ " Iｴ"; " ｴW"Nﾐ W"ﾗa"vﾗﾉｷ I ";ﾐS" Fﾗ W ﾐ;ﾐIW"ふNvFぶ";ﾐS" ｴW"Nﾐ W"aﾗ "vﾗ ﾉ; "7WﾏﾗI ;I "ふNv7ぶ"ｴ; W"Iﾉﾗ Wﾉ " ﾗ ﾆWS" ｷ ｴ" ｴW" ; く cﾗ WﾏWﾐ "vﾗﾉｷ I ";ﾐS"vﾗﾉｷ I "ﾗa"cﾗ WﾏWﾐ ~ｴW" ; ;Sﾗ "ﾗa"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW"WﾉWI ﾗ ;ﾉ" ﾗﾉｷ I "ｷ " ｴ; "SW ｷ W" ｴW"ﾉﾗﾐｪ" ;Sｷ ﾗﾐ" ﾗa" ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ;ﾉｷ WS" SWﾏﾗI ; I" ;I IW " ;ﾐS" ｴｷ ﾗ " ﾗa" ﾗ ﾉ; " ｪｪﾉW が" vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW" ﾗIｷW " ｴ; " WﾐｪWﾐSW WS" ;ﾐ" Wﾉｷ " ;ﾐS" IﾉｷWﾐ Wﾉｷ I" SWﾏﾗI ;I " WﾏHWSSWS" ｷﾐ" ;ﾐ" ﾐSW SW Wﾉﾗ WS" WIﾗﾐﾗﾏ く" Eﾗ Wｷｪﾐ" ;ﾐS" ﾉﾗI;ﾉ" Iｴﾗﾉ; " WWﾆｷﾐｪ" ﾗ" W ﾉｷI; W" ｴW" ｷﾐ ｷI;IｷW " ﾗa" vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW" ﾗﾉｷ I " a ｴW ";ﾏ ﾉｷa "ｷ " ; ;Sﾗ く"jﾐW"ﾗa" ｴW W" Iｴﾗﾉ; "; W " ｴ; "ｷﾐ";" ﾗﾉｷ " ｴ; "ｷ "さぷIへﾗﾏ ﾗﾏｷ WS" H " ; ｷﾏﾗﾐｷ;ﾉｷ ﾏが" ﾗ ｷﾐIｷ;ﾉｷ ﾏ";ﾐS" W ﾗﾐ;ﾉｷ ﾏが"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW"SWﾏﾗI ;I " ; " ﾐﾗ "a ﾉﾉ "7WﾏﾗI ; I"く"く"く"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW"I; ｷ ;ﾉｷ ﾏ" ; "ﾐﾗ " W;ﾉﾉ "1; ｷ ;ﾉｷ が";ﾐS" W Wﾐ"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW"Iﾗﾏﾏ ﾐｷ ﾏ" ; "ﾐﾗ " ﾗ W ﾉ "c; ｷ "ﾗ "]Wﾐｷﾐｷ くざ"ふKWSﾏ;ﾐ" ;ﾐS"}ｷSWﾉ"ヲヰヰヰぎ"ヴぶ"E ﾗﾏ" ｴｷ " W WI Wが"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW"WﾉWI ﾗﾐ "I;ﾐ"HW" WWﾐ"; " ;"S ;ﾉ" ﾉ; ﾗ ﾏ"aﾗ "Hﾗ ｴ"Wﾉｷ W" ﾗﾉｷ I ";ﾐS" ﾗ ﾉ; " ; Iｷ ; ﾗﾐく"" 1ｷ ｷﾉ" ﾗIｷW " ﾗ ｪ;ﾐｷ ; ﾗﾐ " ;ﾐS" ﾗIｷ;ﾉ" ﾏﾗ WﾏWﾐ " ふｷくWく" ﾐﾗﾐどｪﾗ W ﾐﾏWﾐ ;ﾉ" ﾗ ｪ;ﾐｷ ; ﾗﾐ が" Wﾗ ﾉWげ "ﾗ ｪ;ﾐｷ ; ﾗﾐ が"Iｴ Iｴ"ﾗ ｪ;ﾐｷ ; ﾗﾐ が" WI ﾗ ;ﾉ";ﾐS"ﾏ; " ﾗ ｪ;ﾐｷ ; ﾗﾐ ぶ"; W"ｪ ;S ;ﾉﾉ ";S; ﾐｪ"WﾉWI ﾗ ;ﾉ"Wﾐｪ;ｪWﾏWﾐ "; ";" ; Wｪ "aﾗ " ｴｷﾐｪ" ｴWｷ " ﾗﾉｷI " ;S ﾗI;I く" ⁄ﾐS; ﾐ WS" H " W ｷﾗ " ﾐa;ﾏｷﾉｷ; ｷ " ｷ ｴ" ｴW" WﾉWI ﾗ ;ﾉ" W ;ｷﾐが" ｴW" ﾏ; " ﾏﾗ WﾏWﾐ " ｴ; W" ﾏ;ﾐ;ｪWS" ﾗ" I W; W" ｷﾐｷ ;ﾉ" ｷﾏ ;I " H " ﾗ ﾐｪ" ;ﾐS" WﾉWI ﾐｪ" ;" ﾐ ﾏHW " ﾗa" ﾗｪ W ｷ W" I;ﾐSｷS; W " ｷﾐ" ｴW" vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW く" # " FﾗﾉS ﾗﾐW" ふヲヰヰンぎ" ヲぶ" ; ｪ W " さ ｴ; " ﾗIｷ;ﾉ" ﾏﾗ WﾏWﾐ " Iﾗﾐ W";ﾐ"W Wﾐ ;ﾉ"WﾉWﾏWﾐ "ﾗa"ﾐﾗ ﾏ;ﾉ" ﾗﾉｷ I "ｷﾐ"ﾏﾗSW ﾐ" ﾗIｷW W が";ﾐS" ｴ; " ｴW W"ｷ "ﾗﾐﾉ ";"a ";ﾐS" W ﾏW;HﾉW"Hﾗ ﾐS; "HW WWﾐ"ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ;ﾉ";ﾐS" ﾐﾗﾐｷﾐ ﾗﾐ;ﾉ" ﾗﾉｷ I くざ"1ｷ ｷﾉ" ﾗIｷW が"ｴﾗ W W が"I;ﾐﾐﾗ " H W"aﾗ " ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; W " ｴWﾐ"ｷ "IﾗﾏW " ﾗ"WﾉWI ﾗ ;ﾉ"Iﾗﾐ W ; ﾗﾐく"KWﾐIWが" ~ｴW" ;I W" ﾗ " ;ﾐS" Iﾗﾉﾉ;Hﾗ ; ﾗﾐ" ﾗa" ﾗﾐｪが" ｷﾐIﾉ ｷ W" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; W "ｷﾐ" ; ﾐW ｴｷ " ｷ ｴ" ｷH ;ﾐ "Iｷ ｷﾉ" ﾗIｷW "ﾏ "ｪ;ｷﾐ";IIW ;ﾐIW" ; " ｴW" Iﾗ WI ﾉ " H;ﾉ;ﾐIWS" W ; ﾗﾐ" ﾗ" ;IｴｷW W" ;" ﾏﾗ W" ;ﾐ ; Wﾐ " ;ﾐS" ; Iｷ ; ﾗ " Wﾏ" ﾗa" ｪﾗ W ﾐﾏWﾐ く" Nﾐ" Wﾐｪ ｴWﾐｷﾐｪ" SWﾏﾗI ; I"ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ"ｷﾐ"ﾐW "ﾗ " ;ﾐ ｷ ﾗﾐｷﾐｪ"SWﾏﾗI ;IｷW が"ｷ "ｷ "ﾐﾗ " ;"ﾏ; W "ﾗa"ｴ; ｷﾐｪ" ﾗ"Iｴﾗﾗ W"HW WWﾐ"H ｷﾉSｷﾐｪ";" ﾗﾐｪ"Iｷ ｷﾉ" ﾗIｷW " ﾗ " Wﾐｪ ｴWﾐｷﾐｪ" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; W " ;ﾐS" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ " Iｴ" ; " ; ﾉｷ;ﾏWﾐ く"~ｴW" W;ﾉ"Iｴ;ﾉﾉWﾐｪW"ｷ " ﾗ"H;ﾉ;ﾐIW" ﾗ "aﾗ "SWﾏﾗI ; I" ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ " ;ﾐS" ﾗ ｪ;ﾐｷ ; ﾗﾐ " ｴ; " ; W" ﾏﾗ W" ;IIﾗ ﾐ ;HﾉW" ;ﾐS" ｷﾐIﾉ ｷ Wが" ｴｷﾉW"; " ｴW" ;ﾏW" ﾏW"Iﾗﾐ ﾐ ｷﾐｪ" ﾗ"aﾗ W ";ﾐS"ﾐ W" -36- ideas and initiatives, debates and dynamics ｴW"SW Wﾉﾗ ﾏWﾐ "ﾗa";"H ﾗ;Sﾉ "H; WS";ﾐS";I W"Iｷ ｷﾉ" ﾗIｷW く"ふ7ﾗｴW ヲヰヰヱぎ"ンヲぶ " ｴ; " W " ｴW" ]ｷHW ;ﾉ" v; " ;ﾐS" #ﾆH; ;ﾐ" ; ; " a ﾗﾏ" ﾗ ｴW " ;Sｷ ﾗﾐ;ﾉ" IﾉｷWﾐ Wﾉｷ I" ; W "ｷ " ｴW"ﾗ ｪ;ﾐｷI"Iｷ Wﾐど ; "ﾉｷﾐﾆ;ｪW " ｴ; " ｴW "aﾗ W " ｷ ｴ" Iｷ ｷﾉ" ﾗIｷW "ﾗ ｪ;ﾐｷ ; ﾗﾐ "ｷﾐ" ｴW"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW く"#ﾆH; ;ﾐ"ふ;ﾐS"ﾗ ｴW "WﾏW ｪWﾐ " ﾐﾗﾐど" d7" ﾉWｦｷ " aﾗ IW ぶ" ;Iﾆﾐﾗ ﾉWSｪW " ｴWｷ " ﾗﾗ " ｷﾐ" ｴW" ﾏ; " ﾏﾗ WﾏWﾐ " Iﾗﾐ ﾐ ｷﾐｪ" ｴWｷ " Iﾉﾗ W" ﾉｷﾐﾆ " ｷ ｴ" ｴW" ﾗﾗ " ;ﾐS" ﾏ; ｪｷﾐ;ﾉｷ WSく" # ｷSW" a ﾗﾏ" さ ﾗ W ざ" ﾗ " Iﾗﾐ Wﾐ ﾗ " ﾗﾉｷ I が" #ﾆH; ;ﾐ" ;ﾐS" ｷ " ;ﾉﾉｷWS" vj っdFj " ｴ; W" ;ﾉ ﾗ" HWIﾗﾏW" ;SW " ｷﾐ" さIﾗﾐ I Wざ" ;ﾐS" ﾐﾗ ど ﾗﾗどIﾗﾐ Wﾐ ﾗ " ﾗﾉｷ I " ﾗa" SW Wﾉﾗ ﾏWﾐ " ﾗ ﾆ"ふx ｷﾏ ﾗ"ヲヰヰΒぶく"cﾗ W" ｴ;ﾐ";"SWI;SW"ﾗa" ; Iｷ ; ﾐｪ"ｷﾐ" WﾉWI ﾗ ;ﾉ" ﾗﾉｷ I "ｴ; " ;ﾐ ｷ ﾗﾐWS"#ﾆH; ;ﾐ"a ﾗﾏ" ﾗIｷ;ﾉ"ﾏﾗ WﾏWﾐ " ﾗ";" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; く" N " ｴ; " ｷﾏHｷHWS" ｴ; " ｴ; " HWWﾐ" ｷSWﾐ gWS" H " [ｷ IｴWﾉ " ふヲヰヰヶぎ" ヲΒヰぶ" ; " a ﾏﾗ WﾏWﾐ " ; " ﾗ " さIﾗ;ﾉｷ ﾗﾐ " ﾗa" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ;I ｷ " ｴﾗ" Wﾏ;ﾐ; W" a ﾗﾏ" ﾗIｷ;ﾉ"ﾏﾗ WﾏWﾐ ";ﾐS" " ﾗ"; ﾉ " ｴW"ﾗ ｪ;ﾐｷ ; ﾗﾐ;ﾉ";ﾐS" ; WｪｷI" ;I IW " ﾗa" ﾗIｷ;ﾉ" ﾏﾗ WﾏWﾐ " ｷﾐ" ｴW" ; Wﾐ;" ﾗa" ; " Iﾗﾏ W ﾗﾐくざ" ~ｴW" ;ﾐ ｷ ﾗﾐ" ﾗa" #ﾆH; ;ﾐ"a ﾗﾏ"ﾏﾗ WﾏWﾐ " ﾗ" ; が"ｴﾗ W W が"ｷ "ﾐﾗ ";"I ど;ﾐSどS ｷWS" ﾗIW く" # "aﾗ ﾏW "#ﾆH; ;ﾐ" W ｷSWﾐ "YﾗWﾉ"yﾗI;ﾏﾗ ;"ふヲヰヰΒぶ"W ﾉ;ｷﾐWSが" ~ｴW" ﾉｷﾏｷ " ﾗ" ﾗ " SW Wﾉﾗ ﾏWﾐ " ; " ;" ; " ; W" ﾏﾗ W" ｷﾐ W ﾐ;ﾉ" ｴ;ﾐ" W W ﾐ;ﾉく" W" Wﾏ;ｷﾐ"ｷﾏ ｷ ﾗﾐWS"ｷﾐ"ﾗﾉS" ; "ﾗa" ﾐSW ;ﾐSｷﾐｪ" ｴ; " HWｷﾐｪ"]Wｦ"ﾏW;ﾐ く" W"ｴ; W"ﾐﾗ " W "ﾏ; W WS" ｴW"; "ﾗa";II ﾏ ﾉ; ﾐｪ" ﾗ W " ｷ ｴｷﾐ" ;" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" Wﾏ" Sﾗﾏｷﾐ; WS" H " ｴW" yｷｪｴ " ｴｷﾉW" Wﾏ;ｷﾐｷﾐｪ" W" ﾗ"ﾗ "HWｷﾐｪ";"]Wｦ" ; く jﾐ" ｴW" ﾗ ｴW " ｴ;ﾐSが" ｴW" ]vげ " W; " ｷﾐ" ｴW" ｷﾉSW ﾐW が" ﾗ " ﾗa" ﾗ W " ;ﾐS" SW ｷ WS"ﾗa" ; ﾗﾐ;ｪW"S ｷﾐｪ" ｴW"c; Iﾗ " W; "ｴ; W";ﾉﾉﾗ WS"ｷ " ﾗ"WﾏH ;IW" ｴW" ﾗﾉｷ I " ﾗa" ﾏ; " ﾏﾗ WﾏWﾐ く" ~ｴｷ " Iﾉﾗ W" ; ﾗIｷ; ﾗﾐ" ｷ ｴ" ｴW" I; 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";I ｷ W く"v; W ";ﾐS"I;ﾐSｷS; W " ｴ; " SWﾏﾗﾐ ; WS" ｷﾐﾐﾗ ; W" ; ﾗ;IｴW " ｷﾐ" ｪ;ｷﾐｷﾐｪ" ｪ ; ﾗﾗ " ﾗ " ｴﾗ ﾉS" WIWｷ W"WﾐIﾗ ;ｪWﾏWﾐ ";ﾐS"ｷﾐIWﾐ W く -39- Reforming the Philippine Political Party System References #Sﾏｷﾐｷ ; ﾗﾐ" ;ﾐS" 1ﾗ " ﾗa" ;ﾉWI ﾗﾐ" ふ#1;ぶ" v ﾗﾃWI く" ふヲヰヰヱぶく" v; W " ;ﾐS" I;ﾐSｷS; W" gﾐ;ﾐIｷﾐｪく" ｴ ぎっっ く;IW ﾗﾃWI っﾏ;ｷﾐっWﾐｪﾉｷ ｴっ Iっ ISく ｴﾏ #ｪ ;が"#ﾉHW ﾗ"1く"ヱΓΓΑく"#"x"わ"#" ｷﾏW "ﾗﾐ" ｴW"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW"v; "]ｷ "} Wﾏぎ"#" ]ｷ "v ﾗ ﾗ ﾗﾐ;ﾉ"yW W Wﾐ ; ﾗﾐ" IｴWﾏW"ﾗa"WﾉWI ﾐｪ"ﾗﾐWどgｦｴ"ﾗa" ｴW" ﾏWﾏHW "ﾗa" ｴW"Kﾗ W"ﾗa"yW W Wﾐ ; W く"c;ﾐｷﾉ;ぎ"yW "0ﾗﾗﾆ ﾗ Wく #ﾆH; ;ﾐく"ヲヰヰΑく"v; Iｷ ; ﾗ "SWﾏﾗI ;I が" ; Iｷ ; ﾗ " ﾗIｷ;ﾉｷ ﾏぎ"~ｴW"#ﾆH; ;ﾐ" ﾐ; ; Wく" ｴ ぎっっ く;ﾆH; ;ﾐくﾗ ｪっｷﾐSW く ｴ いﾗ ﾗﾐЭIﾗﾏぱIﾗﾐ Wﾐ わ ｷW Э; IﾉWわｷSЭヵヲわN WﾏｷSЭΑヴ # ｪ; が" # ｷW " #く" Y; " #く" 1; ｷ ﾗ" ;ﾐS" 7ﾃﾗ ｷﾐ;" Wﾉ; Iﾗく" ヲヰヰヴく" さ~ｴW" v; ど]ｷ " } Wﾏ"ﾗa" W W Wﾐ ; ﾗﾐぎ"~ ﾗﾃ;ﾐ"ｴﾗ W"aﾗ "けdW "vﾗﾉｷ I げいざ"IPD Brief ヱヲが"ヱどヲΓく 1; ｷ ﾉWが"y;ﾏﾗﾐ"1く"ヲヰヰヴく"さ~ｴW";ﾉ W ﾐ; W"v; "]ｷ " Wﾏ"ｷ " ｴ ｷ ｷﾐｪがざ"Kasama ヱΒく"ｴ ぎっっI I;H ｷ H;ﾐWくﾗ ｪっ[; ;ﾏ;っヲヰヰヴっ ヱΒﾐヲっ#ﾉ W ﾐ; Wくｴ ﾏ ぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱく"ヲヰヰΒく"さ1ﾉ; ｷa ｷﾐｪ" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; 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ﾗﾐ;ﾉ"WﾉWI ﾗﾐ く"c;ﾆ; ぎ"]ｷHW ;ﾉ"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW が"NﾐIく c;ﾉ; ;が"Yﾗﾐ; ｴ;ﾐ";く";ﾐS"Eﾉﾗ WﾐIｷﾗ"0く"#H;S"ふWS くぶく"ヲヰヰヶく"]ｷHW ;ﾉ"Iｴ ﾗﾐｷIﾉW ぎ" ヶヰ" W; "ﾗa" ｴW"]ｷHW ;ﾉ"v; が"ヱΓヴヶどヲヰヰヶく"c;ﾆ; ぎ"E ｷWS ｷIｴ"d; ﾏ;ﾐﾐ" Eﾗ ﾐS; ﾗﾐ c;ﾐ;I ;が"yﾗSWﾉｷﾗ"1く";ﾐS"#ﾉW ;ﾐSW "1く"~;ﾐく"ヲヰヰヵく"さc;ﾐ a;I ｷﾐｪ" ; W ぎ"yWど W ;ﾏｷﾐｷﾐｪ" ｴW" ;ﾐ ｷWﾐ "ﾐ; W"ﾗa"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; W がざ"Party vﾗﾉｷ I "ヱヱ"ふヶぶが"ΑヴΒどΑヶヵく" c;ﾐ;ﾉ;ﾐ ;ﾐが";ﾉ "Kく"Y く"ヲヰヰΑく"さ~ｴW"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW"v; "]ｷ "} Wﾏぎ"j ﾗ ﾐｷ W が" ﾉｷﾏｷ ; ﾗﾐ が";ﾐS" ﾗ WI くざ"Nﾐ"jﾉｷｪ; IｴｷI" ﾗﾉｷ I ぎ";ﾉWI ﾗﾐ ";ﾐS" ｴW" v; "]ｷ "} Wﾏ"ｷﾐ" ｴW"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW が"WSく"0ﾗHH "cく"~ ; ﾗﾐく"x W ﾗﾐ" 1ｷ ぎ"1WﾐvWｪ"0ﾗﾗﾆ が"ヴΑどΓンく -41- Reforming the Philippine Political Party System cﾗﾐ ﾐﾗﾉ;が" F;H ｷWﾉﾉ;" yく" ヱΓΓΓく" さvﾗﾉｷ Iｷ;ﾐ が" v; W が" ;ﾐS" ｴW" vW ｷ WﾐIW" ﾗa" W;ﾆ" } ; W ぎ" ]W ﾗﾐ " a ﾗﾏ" ｴW" vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW がざ" 7W Wﾉﾗ ﾏWﾐ " ;ﾐS" 1ｴ;ﾐｪW"ンヰが"ΑンΓどΑΑヴく c ｪ;が"EWﾉｷ "vく"NNく"ヲヰヰΑ;く"さ~ｴW"ﾐWｪ; ﾗﾐ"ﾗa" ｴW"v; "]ｷ "} Wﾏ"]; "ﾗﾐ" ｴW" ｷﾐIｷ ﾉW" ﾗa" ﾗ ﾗ ﾗﾐ;ﾉ" W W Wﾐ ; ﾗﾐくざ" Nﾐ" jﾉｷｪ; IｴｷI" ﾗﾉｷ I ぎ" ;ﾉWI ﾗﾐ ";ﾐS" ｴW"v; "]ｷ "} Wﾏ"ｷﾐ" ｴW"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW が"WSく"0ﾗHH "cく" ~ ; ﾗﾐく"x W ﾗﾐ"1ｷ ぎ"1WﾐvWｪ"0ﾗﾗﾆ が"Γヴどヱヲヴく" ぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱく"ヲヰヰΑHく"さjﾐ"} ;ﾆWｴﾗﾉSW どH; WS"#ﾉﾉﾗI; ﾗﾐ"cW ｴﾗSぎ"#" a;ｷ ";ﾉﾉﾗI; ﾗﾐ"ﾗa" ﾗ W "ｷﾐ"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW"v; ど]ｷ "} Wﾏくざ"Nﾐ"Oligarchic ﾗﾉｷ I ぎ" ;ﾉWI ﾗﾐ " ;ﾐS" ｴW" v; " ]ｷ " } Wﾏ" ｷﾐ" ｴW" vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW が" WSく" 0ﾗHH "cく"~ ; ﾗﾐく"x W ﾗﾐ"1ｷ ぎ"1WﾐvWｪ"0ﾗﾗﾆ が"ヱヱヵどヱンンく c ﾉﾉW が" ﾗﾉaｪ;ﾐｪ" 1く" ヲヰヰΑく" さvﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ｷﾐ ﾗﾐ " ;ﾐS" ﾉｷﾐﾆ;ｪW" ; WｪｷW くざ" Nﾐ" v; ﾗﾐが" IﾉｷWﾐ が" ;ﾐS" ﾗﾉｷIｷW ぎ" v; W ﾐ " ﾗa" SWﾏﾗI ; I" ;IIﾗ ﾐ ;Hｷﾉｷ " ;ﾐS" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" Iﾗﾏ W ﾗﾐく" 1;ﾏH ｷSｪWぎ" 1;ﾏH ｷSｪW" ⁄ﾐｷ W ｷ " v W が" ヲヵヱどヲΑヵく d; ﾏ;IｴW が"[; ﾉどKWｷﾐ く"ヲヰヰヶく"さyWｪ ﾉ; ﾗﾐ"ﾗa" ; "gﾐ;ﾐIWくざ"Nﾐ"Handbook of ; " ﾗﾉｷ I が"WS く"yｷIｴ; S"}く"[; ";ﾐS" ｷﾉﾉｷ;ﾏ"1 ﾗ く"]ﾗﾐSﾗﾐぎ"};ｪWく dﾗｴﾉWﾐが"7ｷW W く"ヱΓΒヴく";ﾉWI ﾗﾐ ";ﾐS"WﾉWI ﾗ ;ﾉ" } ｦ ﾐｪく Wﾏ く"0ﾗﾐﾐぎ"E WｷS ｷIｴ";HW " vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW"Kﾗ W"ﾗa"yW W Wﾐ ; W く"ヲヰヰΑく"#ﾐ";I " Wﾐｪ ｴWﾐｷﾐｪ" ｴW" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; " Wﾏが"; ﾗ ｷ; ﾐｪ"a ﾐS " ｴW Waﾗ が";ﾐS"aﾗ "ﾗ ｴW " ﾗW. th st 14 "1ﾗﾐｪくが"ヱ " W く"K0"ンヶヵヵく vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW" }Wﾐ; Wく" ヲヰヰΑく" #ﾐ" ;I " Wﾐｪ ｴWﾐｷﾐｪ" ｴW" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; " Wﾏが" ; ﾗ ｷ; ﾐｪ"a ﾐS " ｴW Waﾗ が";ﾐS"aﾗ "ﾗ ｴW " ﾗ W . 14th"1ﾗﾐｪくが"ヱst sess. SB 67. x W ﾗﾐが"c;ﾐ Wﾉ"]く"NNNく"ヲヰヰヶく"さ~ｴW"]ｷHW ;ﾉ"ｷSWﾐ くざ"Nﾐ"]ｷHW ;ﾉ"Iｴ ﾗﾐｷIﾉW ぎ"ヶヰ" W; "ﾗa" ｴW"]ｷHW ;ﾉ"v; が"ヱΓヴヶどヲヰヰヶが"WS く"Yﾗﾐ; ｴ;ﾐ";く"c;ﾉ; ;";ﾐS" Eﾉﾗ WﾐIｷﾗ"0く"#H;Sく"c;ﾆ; ぎ"E ｷWS ｷIｴ"d; ﾏ;ﾐﾐ"Eﾗ ﾐS; ﾗﾐが"ヲヱどヴヵく x ｷﾏ ﾗが"d; ｴ;ﾐ"FｷﾉHW "x ｷﾏ ﾗく"ヲヰヰΒく" 1ﾗﾐ W WS"SWﾏﾗI ;I ";ﾐS" ｴW"]Wｦ" ｷﾐ" ｴW" vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW " ;ｦW " c; Iﾗ く" x W ﾗﾐ" 1ｷ ぎ" # WﾐWﾗ" SW" c;ﾐｷﾉ;" ⁄ﾐｷ W ｷ "v W く -42- ideas and initiatives, debates and dynamics yﾗI;ﾏﾗ ;が" YﾗWﾉく" ヲヰヰΒく" さ#ﾆH; ;ﾐ" に" ;" ﾐW " ]Wｦ" ; " ｷﾐ" ｴW" vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW ぎ" ]W; ﾐｷﾐｪ" ﾐW " ; " ﾗa" HWｷﾐｪ" ふ]Wｦぶくざ" ｴ ぎっっｷ Sくﾗ ｪく ｴっﾏ;ｷﾐっｷﾐSW く ｴ いﾗ ﾗﾐЭIﾗﾏぱIﾗﾐ Wﾐ わ ; ﾆЭ ｷW わｷSЭヱヰンわN WﾏｷSЭヱ yﾗS ｷｪ W が"#ｪ ﾐ"c; ﾐ"Fく";ﾐS"7ﾃﾗ ｷﾐ;" Wﾉ; Iﾗく"ヱΓΓΒく"Democracy rising? ~ｴW" ｷ;ﾉ ";ﾐS" ｷ ﾏ ｴ "ﾗa" ｴW"ヱΓΓΒ"v; ど]ｷ ";ﾉWI ﾗﾐ く"x W ﾗﾐ"1ｷ ぎ" Nﾐ W"ﾗa"vﾗﾉｷ I ";ﾐS"Fﾗ W ﾐ;ﾐIW";ﾐS"E ｷWS ｷIｴ";HW "} ｦ ﾐｪく yﾗS ｷｪ W が" #ｪ ﾐ" c; ﾐ" Fく" ヲヰヰヲく" ~ｴW" ｷﾐSｷﾐｪ" ﾗ;S" ﾗ" W W Wﾐ ; ﾗﾐぎ" ~ｴW"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW"v; "]ｷ "W W ｷWﾐIWく"x W ﾗﾐ"1ｷ ぎ"# WﾐWﾗ"}Iｴﾗﾗﾉ"ﾗa" Fﾗ W ﾐﾏWﾐ ";ﾐS"E ｷWS ｷIｴ";HW "} ｦ ﾐｪく ぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱく"ヲヰヰヵく"さ~ｴW"ﾏ ｴ"ﾗa" ｴW" ; ]ｷHW ;ﾉ "HW WWﾐ" ;Sｷ ﾗﾐ;ﾉ";ﾐS"ﾐW " ﾗﾉｷ I がざ"vｷﾉｷ ｷﾐ; 44. };ﾉﾗﾐｪ;が"Yﾗ Iｴ ;く" Eﾗ ぎ"~ｴW" ｷ ﾗ"yく"ヲヰヰヶく"さ~ｴW"]ｷHW ;ﾉ"v; ぎ"N " ; ";ﾐS"ﾐW " ﾗﾉｷ I くざ"Nﾐ"Liberal ﾗﾐｷIﾉW ぎ"ヶヰ" W; "ﾗa" ｴW"]ｷHW ;ﾉ"v; が"ヱΓヴヶどヲヰヰヶが"WS く"Yﾗﾐ; ｴ;ﾐ" c;ﾉ; ;" ;ﾐS" Eﾉﾗ WﾐIｷﾗ" 0く" #H;Sく" c;ﾆ; ぎ" E ｷWS ｷIｴ" d; ﾏ;ﾐﾐ" ﾐS; ﾗﾐが"ヱどヱΓく }ｷﾏH ﾉ;ﾐが" yﾗﾉ;ﾐS" Fく" ヲヰヰΑく" さ1ﾗﾐ Wﾏ ﾗ ; " ﾗﾉｷ I " ｷﾐ" ｴW" vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW ぎ" ~ｴW" Iﾗﾐgｪ ; ﾗﾐ"ﾗa" ﾗ ど;7}#"N" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; W くざ"Nﾐ"jﾉｷｪ; IｴｷI" ﾗﾉｷ I ぎ" ;ﾉWI ﾗﾐ ";ﾐS" ｴW"v; "]ｷ "} Wﾏ"ｷﾐ" ｴW"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW が"WSく"0ﾗHH "cく" ~ ; ﾗﾐく"x W ﾗﾐ"1ｷ ぎ"1WﾐvWｪ"0ﾗﾗﾆ が"ヲヲどヴヶく } Wｷﾐﾏﾗが"} Wﾐが"[; ｴﾉWWﾐ"#ﾐﾐ"~ｴWﾉWﾐが";ﾐS"E ;ﾐﾆ"]ﾗﾐｪ W ｴく"1992. Structuring vﾗﾉｷ I ぎ" Kｷ ﾗ ｷI;ﾉ" Nﾐ ﾗﾐ;ﾉｷ ﾏ" ｷﾐ" 1ﾗﾏ ; ; W" #ﾐ;ﾉ ｷ . 1;ﾏH ｷSｪWぎ"1;ﾏH ｷSｪW"⁄ﾐｷ W ｷ "v W く ~;ﾐが" #ﾉW ;ﾐSW " 1く" ヲヰヰヵく" さ;ﾏW ｪｷﾐｪ" ; vﾗﾉｷ I "ヱヱふヶぶが"ヶヵヱどヶヵンく" " Wﾏ ぎ" #ﾐ" ｷﾐ ﾗS I ﾗﾐがざ" Party ~;ｪ ｷ ;ﾉﾗが"c; ｷﾗく" ヲヰヰヶく"さ~ｴW"]ｷHW ;ﾉ"v; "ﾗa" ｴW"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW ぎ"NSWﾐ ";ﾐS" SW ﾐ "; " ｴW" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; "ﾗa";"a W"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW くざ"v; W " W Wﾐ WS" th at the 60 Eﾗ ﾐSｷﾐｪ"#ﾐﾐｷ W ; "v ﾗｪ ;ﾏ"ﾗa" ｴW"]ｷHW ;ﾉ"v; "ｴWﾉS" Y;ﾐ ; "ヱヶ"ｷﾐ"c;ﾆ; が"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW く ~WWｴ;ﾐﾆWWが"Y ﾉｷﾗ"1く"ヲヰヰヲく"さ;ﾉWI ﾗ ;ﾉ" ﾗﾉｷ I "ｷﾐ" ｴW"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW くざ"Nﾐ"Electoral ﾗﾉｷ I "ｷﾐ"}ﾗ ｴW; "わ";; "# ｷ;が"WS く"# Wﾉ"1 ﾗｷ ;ﾐ が"F;H ｷWﾉW"0 ﾐ が" ;ﾐS"c; Wｷ"Yﾗｴﾐく"}ｷﾐｪ; ﾗ Wぎ"E WｷS ｷIｴ";HW "} ｦ ﾐｪが"ヱヴΓどヲヰヲく" -43- Reforming the Philippine Political Party System ぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱく"ヲヰヰヶく"さ;ﾉWI ﾗ ;ﾉ"I;ﾏ ;ｷｪﾐｷﾐｪ"ｷﾐ" ｴW"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW くざ" Nﾐ" ;ﾉWI ﾗﾐ" I;ﾏ ;ｷｪﾐｷﾐｪ" ｷﾐ" ;; " ;ﾐS" }ﾗ ｴW; " # ｷ;ぎ" FﾉﾗH;ﾉｷ ; ﾗﾐ" ﾗa" ﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ"ﾏ; ﾆW ﾐｪが"WSく"1ｴ ｷ ;ﾐ"}Iｴ;aW W く"#ﾉSW ｴﾗ ぎ"# ｴｪ; Wが" ΑΓどヱヰヱく ぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱぱく" ヲヰヰヶく" さ1ﾗﾐ ﾗﾉｷS; ﾗﾐ" ﾗ " I ｷ ｷ " ﾗa" IﾉｷWﾐ Wﾉｷ I" SWﾏﾗI ;I い"~ｴW"ヲヰヰヴ" ﾐIｴ ﾗﾐｷ WS"WﾉWI ﾗﾐ "ｷﾐ" ｴW"vｴｷﾉｷ ｷﾐW くざ"Nﾐ" 0W WWﾐ" Iﾗﾐ ﾗﾉｷS; ﾗﾐ" ;ﾐS" I ｷ ｷ ぎ" ;ﾉWI ﾗﾐ " ;ﾐS" SWﾏﾗI ;I " ｷﾐ" g W" ﾐ; ﾗﾐ " ｷﾐ" }ﾗ ｴW; " # ｷ;が" WS く" # Wﾉ" 1 ﾗｷ ;ﾐ " ;ﾐS" 0W; W" c; ﾐく" 0W ﾉｷﾐぎ"]ｷ " W ﾉ;ｪが"ヲヱヵどヲΑヶく ;ﾐ" 0ｷW Wﾐが" Nﾐｪ ｷS" ;ﾐS" vW " [ﾗ WIﾆ く" ヲヰヰΑく" さ~ｴW" ; W" ;ﾐS" ｴW" ; W ぎ" v HﾉｷI"a ﾐSｷﾐｪが" HﾉｷI" Wｪ ﾉ; ﾗﾐ";ﾐS" Wﾐ ど WWﾆｷﾐｪ"ｷﾐ"Iﾗﾐ Wﾏ ﾗ ; " SWﾏﾗI ;IｷW がざ"v; "vﾗﾉｷ I "ヱン"ふヲぶが"ヲンヵどヲヵヴく ; Wが" #ﾉ;ﾐく" ヱΓΓヶく" vﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; W " ;ﾐS" ; ⁄ﾐｷ W ｷ "v W く " Wﾏ く" j aﾗ Sぎ" j aﾗ S" ﾗﾉｷﾐW が"} W Wﾐ"0く"ヲヰヰヲく"さ0W ﾗﾐS" ｴW"I; Iｴど;ﾉﾉ" ; ぎ"# ﾗ;IｴW " ﾗ" ｴW" S " ﾗa" ; W ";ﾐS" ; "ﾗ ｪ;ﾐｷ ; ﾗﾐ"ｷﾐ"Iﾗﾐ Wﾏ ﾗ ; "SWﾏﾗI ;IｷW くざ"Nﾐ" vﾗﾉｷ I;ﾉ" ; W ぎ" jﾉS" IﾗﾐIW " ;ﾐS" ﾐW " Iｴ;ﾉﾉWﾐｪW く" j aﾗ Sぎ" j aﾗ S" ⁄ﾐｷ W ｷ "v W が"ヱンヶどヱヶヵく aWﾉが" 7; ｷSく" ヱΓΓΑく" さ~ｴW" v; Kasarinlan"ヱンが"ヱΓどンヰく " ]ｷ " WﾉWI ﾗﾐ ぎ" }WI ﾗ ;ﾉ" ﾗ " ﾐ; ﾗﾐ;ﾉいざ" -44-