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Reconsidering Kharijism in Early Islamic History-panel abstract

2017, DOT, Jena

Scholarship on the early period of Islam has concentrated on the political history of the Arab conquests and the development of Sunnism and Shiism as the major branches of

Reconsidering Kharijism in Early Islamic History—panel abstract DOT 2017 Teresa Bernheimer (SOAS) Hannah Hagemann (Hamburg) Scholarship on the early period of Islam has concentrated on the political history of the Arab conquests and the development of Sunnism and Shiism as the major branches of the emerging religion. The history and role of the third major branch, the ‘Kharijites’ (Arabic: khawārij, those who go out), a blanket term to describe groups of early Muslim extremists who were neither Sunni nor Shi‘i, has been largely neglected. The main reason for this neglect has been the reliance of the scholarship on the mainstream literary sources. While this material is rich and varied and includes many different kinds of writings (historical chronicles, theological manuals, biographical and legal works, etc), the extant material dates to the ninth and tenth centuries at the earliest— about two to three hundred years after the events it describes. It has been shown to be full of inconsistencies on minor and major issues, reflecting the concerns and debates of a very different period and context; particularly problematic with regards to the Kharijites is that reliance on these sources favours the centralizing narratives of Sunnis and Shiis. Few Kharijite works have survived to tell a different story, and thus the Kharijites are depicted as violent rebels and quintessential heretics: the first 'sect' of Islam. Modern scholarship has broadly accepted the perspective of the mainstream tradition. There have been shorter studies on Kharijite sub-groups (Crone, Lewinstein, Gaiser and others), as well as a heightened interest in recent years in the Ibadiyya; however, a proper examination of early Kharijism is not available, with the most detailed introductions works written over 100 years ago (Brünnow 1884, and Wellhausen 1901). This panel aims to bring together new considerations on the history and historiography of early Kharijite movements. By broadening the source base and conceptual perspective, the papers examine the extent to which the various Kharijite movements may be seen as anything other than loosely connected groups of extremist insurgents, thus shedding new light on the intriguing phenomenon of ‘Kharijism’ in early Islam.
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