Academia.eduAcademia.edu

Is monogamy morally wrong?

2022, New Humanist

Celebrated as the ideal form of romance, a growing cadre of philosophers argue that monogamy is actually unethical. Note: the in-print version is titled, "To Have and to Hold."

 ,VPRQRJDP\PRUDOO\ZURQJ"_1HZ+XPDQLVW 6 +RPH  1HZ+XPDQLVW Ā 3RGFDVW ɢ $UWLFOHV ' 6HDUFK n $ERXW ( 6XEVFULEH r $UWLFOHV r +XPDQ5LJKWV (WKLFV 2XUJUHDWZULWLQJLVDOVRDYDLODEOHLQSULQW*HWRXUPDJD]LQH ,VPRQRJDP\PRUDOO\ZURQJ" &HOHEUDWHGDVWKHLGHDOIRUPRIURPDQFHDJURZLQJFDGUHRISKLORVRSKHUVDUJXHWKDWPRQRJDP\ LVDFWXDOO\XQHWKLFDO nttE\%ULDQ'(DUSttn 021'$<7+-8/< Please cite as: Earp, B. D. (2022). To have and to hold. New New Humanist Humanist, Summer, 38-41. Available online as “Is monogamy morally wrong?” at https://newhumanist.org.uk/articles/5996/is-monogamy-morally-wrong KWWSVQHZKXPDQLVWRUJXNDUWLFOHVLVPRQRJDP\PRUDOO\ZURQJ   ,VPRQRJDP\PRUDOO\ZURQJ"_1HZ+XPDQLVW )RUPDQ\JHQHUDWLRQVLQVRFLHWLHVVKDSHGE\&KULVWLDQLW\PRQRJDP\KDVEHHQWKHDOPRVWXQGLVSXWHGFKDPSLRQRIUHODWLRQVKLS QRUPV,Q%ULWDLQDQGWKH86LWKDVEHHQKHOGXSDVWKHGRPLQDQWnUHDOO\WKHRQO\nLGHDOIRUVHULRXVURPDQWLFSDUWQHUVKLSVWRZDUG ZKLFKDOORIXVVKRXOGDOZD\VEHVWULYLQJ$FFRUGLQJWRWKHDXWKRUVRIDDUWLFOHLQ$UFKLYHVRI6H[XDO%HKDYLRUIRFXVHGRQWKH86 FRQWH[WDkKDORVXUURXQGVPRQRJDPRXVUHODWLRQVKLSVPRQRJDPRXVSHRSOHDUHSHUFHLYHGWRKDYHYDULRXVSRVLWLYHTXDOLWLHV EDVHGVROHO\RQWKHIDFWWKH\DUHPRQRJDPRXVl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kWKHSUDFWLFHDQGHQIRUFHPHQWRIPRQRJDP\ZLWKLQPDUULDJHVKDVODUJHO\VHUYHGWKHLQWHUHVWVRIPHQl 7KURXJKRXWKLVWRU\PHQKDYHZDQWHGWRHQVXUHWKHLUFKLOGUHQDUHUHDOO\WKHLUVWKDWZD\DQ\SURSHUW\WKH\EHTXHDWKHQGVXSZLWK WKHLUELRORJLFDORĄVSULQJ6KHFRQFOXGHVWKDWkWKHLGHDWKDWWKLVDQGRQO\WKLVDUUDQJHPHQWLVFRQGXFLYHWRUHVSHFWIXOORYLQJ UHODWLRQVKLSVLVP\RSLFnDQGDUJXDEO\LQVHUYLFHRIVKRULQJXSWKHGRPLQDQWSRVLWLRQPHQKDYHWUDGLWLRQDOO\HQMR\HGl 2IFRXUVHPHQLQFRQWHPSRUDU\VRFLHWLHVRIWHQDOVRIDFHVWLJPDIRUPLVVLQJPRQRJDPRXVEHQFKPDUNV7KH\PD\EHDFFXVHGRI KDYLQJkFRPPLWPHQWLVVXHVlRUkIDLOLQJWRVHWWOHGRZQlLIWKH\UHVLVWKRZHYHUWKRXJKWIXOO\RUGHOLEHUDWHO\WKHSHUYDVLYHSUHVVXUH WRąQGDkVRXOPDWHl DQGHVFKHZDOORWKHUV 3KLORVRSKHU-XVWLQ&ODUG\DUJXHVWKDWKHWHURVH[XDO$IULFDQ$PHULFDQPHQZKRDUH HWKLFDOO\SRO\DPRURXV ZLWKWKHZLOOLQJDJUHHPHQWRIDOOFRQFHUQHG DUHQHYHUWKHOHVVRIWHQKDUPIXOO\VWHUHRW\SHGDVkSOD\HUVln WKDWLVDVPHQZKRDUHDVVXPHGWRkMXVWZDQWVH[l KWWSVQHZKXPDQLVWRUJXNDUWLFOHVLVPRQRJDP\PRUDOO\ZURQJ   ,VPRQRJDP\PRUDOO\ZURQJ"_1HZ+XPDQLVW (YHQSHRSOHZKRLGHQWLI\DVQRQELQDU\RUJHQGHUTXHHUDUHIDUIURPLPPXQHWRWKHVHNLQGVRISUHVVXUHV/LNHPHPEHUVRIWKHJD\ FRPPXQLW\ZKROHGWKHSXVKIRUVDPHVH[PDUULDJHLQWKHHDUO\VWKH\NQRZWKDWSXUVXLQJDPRQRJDPRXVUHODWLRQVKLSFDQ JDLQ\RXDWOHDVWSDUWLDODFFHSWDQFHIURPDVRFLHW\WKDWUHJDUGV\RXDVkRWKHUl+LVWRULDQVZLOOUHPLQGXVWKDWQRWHYHU\RQHLQWKH JD\FRPPXQLW\ZDVRQERDUGZLWKVDPHVH[PDUULDJH6RPHVDZLWDVDUHJUHWWDEOHFDSLWXODWLRQWRRYHUO\UHVWULFWLYHUHODWLRQVKLS QRUPVDQXQUHDVRQDEOHSULFHWRSD\IRUUHODWLYHO\UHVSHFWIXOWUHDWPHQWIURPkVWUDLJKWlVRFLHW\ 8QWLOUHFHQWO\KRZHYHUFULWLFVRIPRQRJDP\KDYHWHQGHGQRWWRRSSRVHLWLQSULQFLSOH5DWKHUWKH\KDYHDUJXHGWKDWZHVKRXOGEH IUHHWRFUDIWRXUUHODWLRQVKLSVDFFRUGLQJWRRXURZQSUHIHUHQFHVDQGQHHGV$VORQJDVDOOSDUWLHVDUHPDWXUHDGXOWVDQGDJUHHWR WKHSODQZKRLVDQ\RQHHOVHWRMXGJH" 3RZHUDQGFRQWURO +DUU\&KDOPHUVIRURQH+HLVSDUWRIDJURZLQJFDGUHRISKLORVRSKHUVDUJXLQJWKDWPRQRJDP\LWVHOIPD\EHPRUDOO\ZURQJ,QKLV SDSHUk,V0RQRJDP\0RUDOO\3HUPLVVLEOH"lSXEOLVKHGLQWKH-RXUQDORI9DOXH,QTXLU\KHDUJXHGDJDLQVWDODLVVH]IDLUH SHUVSHFWLYHWKDWVHHVERWKPRQRJDP\DQGQRQPRQRJDP\DSSURSULDWHO\VLWWLQJRQWKHPHQXRIRSWLRQV,QVWHDGKHZULWHVk:H PRUDOO\RXJKWWRUHMHFWPRQRJDP\l7REHFOHDU&KDOPHUVWKLQNVSHRSOHVKRXOGEHIUHHWRKDYHRQHDQGRQO\RQHVH[XDORU URPDQWLFSDUWQHULQDQ\JLYHQSHULRG:KDWKHWKLQNVLVZURQJUDWKHULVWKHFRPPRQSUDFWLFHRISODFLQJUHVWULFWLRQVRQKRZRQHjV SDUWQHUPD\DFWZLWKRWKHUVnLQWHUPVRIVH[XDOFRQWDFWRUHPRWLRQDOLQWLPDF\nDVDFRQGLWLRQRIFRQWLQXLQJWKHUHODWLRQVKLS ,WLVQjWRQO\&KDOPHUVZKRLVPDNLQJWKLVDUJXPHQW-XVWLQ&ODUG\WKHSKLORVRSKHURI$IULFDQ$PHULFDQSRO\DPRU\,FLWHGHDUOLHUKDV DOVRUHFHQWO\DUJXHGDJDLQVWWKHPRUDOSHUPLVVLELOLW\RIZKDWKHFDOOVkLQWLPDF\FRQąQLQJFRQVWUDLQWVl HYHQDPRQJSRO\DPRULVWV  7KHVHDUHGHąQHGDVkFDWHJRULFDOlUHVWULFWLRQVRQDGGLWLRQDOLQWLPDWHUHODWLRQVKLSVZKHWKHUVH[XDORUkHPRWLRQDOlnDVLQWKH FRQFHSWRIkHPRWLRQDOFKHDWLQJlnZKHQRQHLVLQDWOHDVWRQHVXFKUHODWLRQVKLSDOUHDG\ )LQDOO\LQDIRUWKFRPLQJERRNFKDSWHU1RUZHJLDQSKLORVRSKHU2OH0DUWLQ0RHQDORQJZLWKKLVFRDXWKRUWKHQXUVHDQGWUDQV DFWLYLVW$OHNVDQGHU6ÌUOLHPDNHVDVLPLODUSRLQW KWWSVQHZKXPDQLVWRUJXNDUWLFOHVLVPRQRJDP\PRUDOO\ZURQJ   ,VPRQRJDP\PRUDOO\ZURQJ"_1HZ+XPDQLVW $OORIWKHVHZULWHUVDSSHDOWRDQDUJXPHQWE\DQDORJ\IRFXVHGRQWKHFDVHRIIULHQGVKLSV&RQVLGHUWKHIROORZLQJ k/HWjVVD\WKDWWZRIULHQGV-DFNDQG-DQHERWKORYHUHDGLQJDQGRIWHQJHWWRJHWKHUWRGLVFXVVOLWHUDWXUH7KHQ-DFNVD\VWR-DQHWKDW KHWKLQNVGLVFXVVLQJOLWHUDWXUHLViWKHLUWKLQJjDQGWKDWKHZLOOUHPDLQIULHQGVZLWKKHURQO\RQWKHFRQGLWLRQWKDWVKHGRHVQRWGLVFXVV OLWHUDWXUHZLWKDQ\RQHHOVHnDQGLQGHHGWKDWWKLVUXOHDSSOLHVHYHQRQGD\VZKHQ-DFNLVRXWRIWRZQZKHQKHLVEXV\GRLQJRWKHU WKLQJVRUZKHQKHMXVWGRHVQjWIHHOOLNHKDQJLQJRXWRUWDONLQJZLWK-DQHl 7KDWjVWKHYHUVLRQRIWKHDUJXPHQWIURP0RHQDQG6ÌUOLHk,QWKLVFDVHlWKH\UHPDUNkLWVHHPVFOHDUWKDW-DFNjVUHTXLUHPHQWVDUH QRWRND\WKH\DUHFRQWUROOLQJDQGUHVWULFWLQJEH\RQGZKDWLVDFFHSWDEOHl /HWjVVD\ZHDJUHHk,PSRUWDQWO\l0RHQDQG6ÌUOLHFRQWLQXH k-DFNZRXOGQRWEHDEOHWRMXVWLI\WKLVUHTXLUHPHQWE\DSSHDOLQJWRWKHFODLPWKDWLQIDFW-DQHRQO\ZLVKHVWRGLVFXVVOLWHUDWXUHZLWK KLP7KHUHDVRQWKLVMXVWLĆFDWLRQGRHVQRWZRUNLVWKDWLQVRIDUDVWKLVUHDOO\LVWKHFDVHWKHUHTXLUHPHQWLVUHGXQGDQW7KH UHTXLUHPHQWLVUHOHYDQWDQGNLFNVLQWRDFWLRQRQO\LQVRIDUDV-DQHPLJKWLQIDFWZDQWWRGLVFXVVOLWHUDWXUHZLWKVRPHRQHHOVHWKH UHTXLUHPHQWVHUYHVWKHSXUSRVHRIGLVFRXUDJLQJKHUIURPGRLQJVR%XWLIH[FOXVLYLW\UHTXLUHPHQWVDUHQRWRND\LQWKHFDVHRI IULHQGVKLSVZK\DUHWKH\RND\LQWKHFDVHRIURPDQWLFUHODWLRQVKLSV"l :HOO\RXPLJKWEHWKLQNLQJEHFDXVHIULHQGVKLSV DQGGLVFXVVLQJOLWHUDWXUH DQGURPDQWLFUHODWLRQVKLSV DQGKDYLQJVH[ DUH GLĄHUHQWLQYDULRXVZD\VWKDWMXVWLI\DGLĄHUHQWVWDQGDUG)RUH[DPSOHKDYLQJVH[ZLWKVRPHRQHULVNVSUHJQDQF\DQGVH[XDOO\ WUDQVPLWWHGLQIHFWLRQVZKHUHDVGLVFXVVLQJOLWHUDWXUHW\SLFDOO\ULVNVQHLWKHU ,QWKHLUUHVSHFWLYHZULWLQJV&KDOPHUV&ODUG\0RHQDQG6ÌUOLHDGGUHVVWKLVDQGRWKHUDQWLFLSDWHGREMHFWLRQVDUJXLQJWKDWGHVSLWH DSSHDUDQFHVWKHFODLPHGGLĄHUHQFHVGRQRWDPRXQWWRDPRUDOO\UHOHYDQWGLVWLQFWLRQnDWOHDVWQRWRQHWKDWFDQJURXQGD KWWSVQHZKXPDQLVWRUJXNDUWLFOHVLVPRQRJDP\PRUDOO\ZURQJ   ,VPRQRJDP\PRUDOO\ZURQJ"_1HZ+XPDQLVW FDWHJRULFDOUHVWULFWLRQRQH[WUDUHODWLRQDOLQWLPDF\ZKHWKHUSK\VLFDORUHPRWLRQDODPRQJURPDQWLFSDUWQHUV )RUH[DPSOHWKH\SRLQWRXWWKDWPDQ\IRUPVRIVH[XDOLQWHUDFWLRQGRQRWULVNSUHJQDQF\DQGWKDWWKHULVNRI67,VZKHUHUHOHYDQW FDQEHUHGXFHGZLWKVDIHVH[SUDFWLFHV7KH\DOVRXUJHWKDWWKHDOOHJHGkVSHFLDOQHVVlnWKDWLVWKHVSHFLDOYDOXHnRIDURPDQWLF UHODWLRQVKLSQHHGQRWEHGLPLQLVKHGE\KDYLQJRWKHUVXFKUHODWLRQVKLSVHDFKSHUVRQDQGVRHDFKUHODWLRQVKLSLVXQLTXH 6XUHWKH\VD\ZHPD\EHDFFXVWRPHGWRWKLQNLQJRIVH[XDOLQWLPDF\DVIXQGDPHQWDOO\GLĄHUHQWIURPRWKHUIRUPVRILQWLPDF\OLNH WKRVHZHDVVRFLDWHZLWKk3ODWRQLFlIULHQGVKLSEXWFXOWXUDOFRQVWUXFWVFDQEHXQOHDUQHG,QWLPDFLHVRIYDULRXVNLQGVFDQEHLPSRUWDQW OLIHJRRGVDQGZHVKRXOGZDQWRXUSDUWQHUVMXVWOLNHRXUIULHQGVWREHDVIUHHDVSRVVLEOHWRSXUVXHZKDWLVJRRGIRUWKHP 6RWKH\FRQFOXGHGHPDQGLQJPRQRJDP\RIDSDUWQHUnOHVW\RXZLWKGUDZ\RXUFDUHDQGDĄHFWLRQIURPWKHPRUSXOOWKHSOXJRQ WKHZKROHUHODWLRQVKLSnLVDQLOOHJLWLPDWHH[HUFLVHRISRZHU,WjVFRQWUROOLQJ $FRXSOHRIWKLQJVVHHPWREHFRQĆDWHGKHUH,WjVRQHWKLQJWREHLQDFORVHUHODWLRQVKLSWKDWLVQRWEDVHGRQDQDVVXPSWLRQRI PRQRJDP\DQGWKHQRXWRIQRZKHUHWRVSULQJDkFKDQJHRIUXOHVlXQLODWHUDOO\ k$VRIWRGD\LI\RXDUHVH[XDOO\LQWLPDWHZLWK DQ\RQHHOVHEHVLGHVPH,ZLOOHQGWKLVUHODWLRQVKLSDQGFXWRĄWLHVl $OWKRXJK\RXKDYHDULJKWWROHDYHDUHODWLRQVKLS\RXGRQjW ZDQWWREHLQnIRUDQ\UHDVRQnWDNLQJWKLVURXWHZRXOGQRWUHĆHFWZHOORQ\RXUFKDUDFWHU ,WjVDQRWKHUWKLQJWKRXJKWRPDNHFOHDUIURPWKHRXWVHWWKDWLQGHFLGLQJZKHWKHUWRLQYHVWLQDVHULRXVFORVHUHODWLRQVKLSZLWK VRPHRQHDVKDUHGLQWHUHVWLQPRQRJDP\LVLPSRUWDQWIRU\RX<RXPLJKWVD\k/LVWHQLI\RXDQG,GRQjWVKDUHWKLVSDUWLFXODUYDOXH WKDWLVWRWDOO\ąQH,MXVWGRQjWWKLQNWKDWZHDUHEHVWVXLWHGWREHLQJORQJWHUPURPDQWLFSDUWQHUVl7KDWGRHVQj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jWWKRXJKWDERXWLWHQRXJK 7KHUHjVQRGRXEWWKDWPDQ\SHRSOHHQGRUVHPRQRJDP\XQUHĆHFWLYHO\0D\EHPRVWRIXVGR%XWLWVHHPVDVWUHWFKWRDVVXPHWKLV DSSOLHVWRHYHU\RQH6ROHWXVVXSSRVHWKDWLQDWOHDVWVRPHFDVHVDZHOOFRQVLGHUHGPXWXDODJUHHPHQWWREHPRQRJDPRXVFRXOG EHZKDWLVEHVWIRUDFRXSOH%DVHGRQWKHLUSDUWLFXODUOLIHKLVWRULHVSV\FKRORJLHVSUHIHUHQFHVYDOXHVDQGWKHG\QDPLFEHWZHHQ WKHPLWMXVWVRKDSSHQVWKDWLIHDFKRQHSOHGJHVWREHWLHGWRWKHPHWDSKRULFDOPDVW DQGWRKROGWKHRWKHUDFFRXQWDEOHZKLOHWKH VLUHQVVLQJ WKLVZLOOPD[LPLVHWKHLUFKDQFHVRIDKDSS\UHODWLRQVKLS 1HLWKHUSDUW\KDVDQLQGHSHQGHQWREOLJDWLRQWRkJHWVHULRXVlZLWKDQ\RQHPXFKOHVVVSHFLąFDOO\WKHRWKHUSHUVRQ$QGHDFKRQHLV IUHHWRKDYHFHUWDLQGHVLUHVIRUWKHNLQGRIUHODWLRQVKLSWKH\ZRXOGOLNHWRLQYHVWLQ$VVXPLQJWKH\WDONWKLQJVWKURXJKLQDGYDQFH DQGQRRQHSUHVVXUHVWKHRWKHULQWRPDNLQJDQDJUHHPHQWWREHH[FOXVLYHZKHQWKDWLVQRWZKDWWKHRWKHUSHUVRQWUXO\ZDQWVLWLV KDUGWRVHHKRZPRQRJDP\DVVXFKFRXOGEHLPPRUDO *UDQWHGWKLVLVQRWKRZPRQRJDPRXVDUUDQJHPHQWVDUHW\SLFDOO\SXUVXHG,QVWHDGWKHUHLVRIWHQDSUHVXPSWLRQRQWKHSDUWRIRQH SDUWQHUWKDWWKHRWKHUZDQWVWREHDQGZLOOEHPRQRJDPRXVDQGZKHQWKLVGRHVQjWWXUQRXWWREHWUXHKHDUWVEUHDN([SOLFLW FRPPXQLFDWLRQZRXOGFOHDUO\EHEHWWHU6RZK\GRHVLWVRRIWHQIDLOWRKDSSHQ" $FFRUGLQJWRLWVFULWLFVWKHVKHHUSRZHUDQGSHUYDVLYHQHVVRIPRQRJDP\DVDVRFLDOQRUPZRUNDJDLQVWVXFKFRPPXQLFDWLRQ(LWKHU WKHUHLVDQDXWRPDWLFDVVXPSWLRQRIPRQRJDP\VRWKDWUDLVLQJDTXHVWLRQDERXWLWGRHVQjWHYHQRFFXUWR\RXRUWKHUHLVDGHVLUH QRWWREHPRQRJDPRXVVRWKDWUDLVLQJDTXHVWLRQDERXWLWSXWV\RXDWULVNRIEHLQJUHMHFWHGE\VRPHRQH\RXj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jWEH IRUHYHU\RQHEXWWKH\ZLOOEHEHVWIRUVRPH ,QWKHLUULJKWHRXVHĄRUWWRNQRFNPRQRJDP\RĄLWVSHGHVWDOKRZHYHU&KDOPHUVDQGWKHRWKHUVJRWRRIDU$PXWXDOH[SHFWDWLRQ EHWZHHQSDUWQHUVWKDWQHLWKHUZLOOJHWURPDQWLFDOO\LQYROYHGZLWKRWKHUVLVQRWLQKHUHQWO\PRUDOO\ZURQJ ,QVWHDGDV%U\DQ5:HDYHUDQG)LRQD:RROODUGDUJXHGLQDQLPSRUWDQWDUWLFOHSXEOLVKHGLQ7KH0RQLVWLQWKHUHDUHJRRGDQG EDGUHDVRQVIRUDQGZD\VWRSXUVXHPRQRJDP\7KHEDGZD\VLQYROYHPDNLQJXQZDUUDQWHGSUHVXPSWLRQVXQUHĆHFWLYHGHFLVLRQV RUEHLQJFRQWUROOLQJSRVVHVVLYHRUPDQLSXODWLYH7KHJRRGZD\VLQYROYHFOHDUXSIURQWFRPPXQLFDWLRQUHVSHFWEHWZHHQSDUWLHV DQGHTXDOVWDQGLQJWRGHFLGHKRZWKLQJVVKRXOGJR :HFDQDQGVKRXOGREMHFWWRWKHEDGZD\VRISXUVXLQJPRQRJDP\ZKLFKPD\EHWKHPDLQZD\VLWLVFXUUHQWO\SXUVXHG%XWZH VKRXOGQjWUXOHLWRXWLQSULQFLSOHFRQGHPQLQJDOOZKRZRXOGHYHUWU\WRPDNHLWZRUN/HWXVDOOEHPRUHUHĆHFWLYHPRUHRSHQ PLQGHGDQGFRPPXQLFDWLYH$QGWKHQOHWXVVD\WRHDFKWKHLURZQ 7KLVSLHFHLVIURPWKH1HZ+XPDQLVWVXPPHUHGLWLRQ6XEVFULEHKHUH 7KLVDUWLFOHZDVEURXJKWWR\RXE\1HZ+XPDQLVWDTXDUWHUO\MRXUQDORILGHDVVFLHQFHDQGFXOWXUH7RVXSSRUWRXUMRXUQDOLVP SOHDVHVXEVFULEH $VLPSOHZD\WRVXSSRUW1HZ+XPDQLVWVKDUHWKLVDUWLFOHZLWKIULHQGV  ð <RXPLJKWDOVROLNH KWWSVQHZKXPDQLVWRUJXNDUWLFOHVLVPRQRJDP\PRUDOO\ZURQJ 
pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy