Classification of cold and warm episode seasons based on the pattern and
magnitude of SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific.
Seasons are December-February(DJF), January-March(JFM), February-April(FMA),
March-May(MAM), April-June(AMJ), May-July(MJJ), June-August(JJA),
July-September(JAS),August-October(ASO), September-November(SON),
October-December(OND) and November-January(NDJ).
W-, W, W+, C-, C, C+, N represent weak, moderate, strong warm/cold
and neutral conditions,respectively.
Year DJF JFM FMA MAM AMJ MJJ JJA JAS ASO SON OND NDJ
1950 C C+ C+ C C C C C C C C C
1951 C C C- C- N N W- W- W- W- W- W-
1952 N N N N N N N N N N N N
1953 W- W- W- W- W- W- W- W- W- N N N
1954 N N N N N C- C- C C C C C
1955 C C C C C C C C C C+ C+ C+
1956 C C C C- C- C- C C C C- C- C-
1957 N N N W- W- W- W W W W W W
1958 W+ W+ W+ W W W W- W- W- W- W- W-
1959 W- W- W- N N N N N N N N N
1960 N N N N N N N N N N N N
1961 N N N N N N N N N N N N
1962 N N N N N N N N N N N N
1963 N N N N N N W- W- W- W W W-
1964 W- N N C- C- C- C- C- C- C C C
1965 C- C- N N W- W- W W W W W W
1966 W W W W- W- W- W- W- W- N N N
1967 N N N N N N N N N N N N
1968 N N N N N N N N W- W W W
1969 W W W W W W W- W- W- W W W
1970 W- W- W- N N N C- C- C- C C C
1971 C C C C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C- C-
1972 N N N W- W W W+ W+ W+ W+ W+ W+
1973 W W W- W- N C- C- C C C+ C+ C+
1974 C+ C+ C+ C C C C- C- C- C- C- C-
1975 C- C- C- C- C- C- C C C C+ C+ C+
1976 C C C- C- N N W- W- W- W- W- W-
1977 W- W- W- N N N N N N W- W- W-
1978 W- W- W- N N N N N N N N N
1979 N N N N N N N N N W- W- W-
1980 W- W- W- W- W- W- N N N N N N
1981 N N N N N N N N N N N N
1982 N N N W- W- W- W W W W+ W+ W+
1983 W+ W+ W+ W+ W+ W+ W W- N N C- C-
1984 C- C- C- C- C- C- N N N C- C- C-
1985 C- C- C- C- C- C- N N N N N N
1986 N N N N N N W- W- W- W W W
1987 W W W W W W W W W W W W
1988 W- W- N N C- C- C- C- C- C C+ C+
1989 C+ C+ C+ C C C- C- N N N N N
1990 N N N W- W- W- W- W- W- W- W- W-
1991 W- W- W- W- W- W- W W W W W W
1992 W+ W+ W+ W+ W+ W W W- W- W- W- W-
1993 W- W- W- W W W W- W- W- W- W- W-
1994 N N N N N N W- W- W- W W W
1995 W- W- W- N N N N N N C- C- C-
1996 C- C- C- N N N N N N N N N
1997 N N W- W- W W W+ W+ W+ W+ W+ W+
1998 W+ W+ W+ W W W- N C- C- C C C
1999 C C+ C+ C+ C C C- C- C- C C C+
2000 C+ C+ C+ C C C- C- N N C- C- C
Prior to 1950 it is difficult to determine the season-by-season
characteristics of the tropical Pacific. For years prior to 1950
we use data found in scientific papers. The strength (+, , ) of
the epsiodes is inferred from the SOI (whenever possible)
Warm (ENSO) Episodes (sources: Rasmusson and Carpenter 1983,
Monthly Weather Review; Ropelewski and Halpert 1987,
Monthly Weather Review)
1877/78+, 1880?, 1888-89, 1896/97+, 1899 , 1902/03 ,
1905/06+, 1911/12+, 1913/14, 1918/19+, 1923, 1925/26+,
1932, 1939/41 (1939/40, 1940/41+), 1946/47
Cold Episodes (sources Roplewski and Halpert 1989, Journal of Climate;
Climate Daignostics Bulletin)
1886, 1889/90+, 1892?, 1903/4+, 1906-1908+, 1909/10+, 1916/18+,
1924/25, 1928/29, 1938/39+
Some years are listed as both cold and warm episode years
(e.g., 1925, 1939). In those cases there was a rapid transition
between the two extreme states during the course of the year.
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