hese objects now form the basis for

" our physical understanding of the

T universe,” read the California Institute of Technology press notice issued in May 2019. It was released to mark the passing of the man who had given the world the fundamental building blocks of nature. Murray Gell-Mann named his discovery the ‘quark’, though discovery is probably the wrong word. The quark was only proposed back in 1964 to provide a tidy solution to a messy situation particle physics had found itself in.

At this time many new particles of different sizes and charges were being discovered in various small accelerators around the world. There was little sense of how many more scientists might find, and how the members of this growing family related to each other. Gell-Mann, along with George Zweig, provided a pleasing answer. Their independently derived theory challenged the proton and neutron’s fundamental building-block status inside the atom. Instead they showed how they, and many other particles, were actually different combinations of the same underlying particle.

In the half a century that