You have said the disruption occurring in business today is very different from what came before it. Please explain.

Disruption used to take place within industries — discount airlines, online brokerages, steel production. But today’s disruption breaks industry boundaries and redefines entire ecosystems. The digital age has so altered business activities that our traditional approach to strategy and competition has become nearly obsolete. Ecosystem disruption isn’t about new entrants coming into your market and doing the old job in a new way, but rather redefining what that job is. There are multiple games being played simultaneously, so the new risk for leaders is that they could be trying to win the wrong game. Whether it’s in mobility, healthcare or finance, it’s about redefining the nature of the value proposition.

How do you define an ecosystem?

A business ecosystem is the network of organizations — suppliers, distributors, customers, competitors, government agencies and so on — involved in the delivery of a specific product or