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Visual Signaling - United States. Army. Signal Corps
Project Gutenberg's Visual Signaling, by Signal Corps United States Army
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
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Title: Visual Signaling
Author: Signal Corps United States Army
Release Date: August 20, 2013 [EBook #43515]
Language: English
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VISUAL SIGNALING ***
Produced by Chris Curnow, Emmy and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive)
WAR DEPARTMENT
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER
——————
MANUAL No. 6
VISUAL SIGNALING
SIGNAL CORPS
UNITED STATES ARMY
1910
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1910
WAR DEPARTMENT,
Document No. 366.
Office of the Chief Signal Officer.
War Department,
Office of the Chief of Staff,
Washington, April 20, 1910.
The following Manual of Visual Signaling, prepared in the Office of the Chief Signal Officer, is approved and herewith published for the information and guidance of the Regular Army and the Organized Militia of the United States, and supersedes all other pamphlets or similar instructions heretofore issued upon the subject. Officers and men of the Signal Corps will thoroughly familiarize themselves with the instructions and suggestions contained herein.
By order of the Secretary of War.
Tasker H. Bliss,
Brig. General, General Staff,
Acting Chief of Staff.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Chapter I.
INTRODUCTION.
While, in consequence of the development of electrical invention and improvement, visual signaling will be less frequently resorted to in future than heretofore in the service of field lines of information, it should be appreciated that the necessity for an adequate supply of apparatus of this kind, and the need for skilled manipulators to operate it, has in no wise diminished. The great celerity with which electric signals can be exchanged and their usual entire independence of local conditions has placed systems of this class foremost among the signaling methods of the world. There is scarcely any commercial industry whose successful existence does not vitally depend upon some one, perhaps several systems of signaling, and improvements of old and inventions of new signal devices are continually necessary to meet the requisite needs demanded by the progress of art and science. Railways are probably the greatest of all commercial users of signals. With them the great mass of intelligence is transmitted by the electric telegraph and telephone, but the flag, the semaphore, the signal light, and many other contrivances furnish indispensable visual adjuncts. Visual signaling is and always will be a most valuable means of transmitting information in peace and war, and it is not to be imagined that it will ever be supplanted in its particular function by the introduction of other methods. Occasions will frequently occur in the field when no other means will be practicable, and then, if not before, will the value of the system be fully emphasized.
Strictly speaking, a visual signal is any visible sign by which intelligence is communicated, but in a military sense the term visual signaling has a broader meaning and includes other methods of transmitting information than those which appeal to the sense of sight.
In most systems of signals suitable for military use, each signal is composed of one or more separate units, known as elements. Having prescribed a certain number of elements, the various signals are formed by having these elements appear singly or together in different arrangements or combinations. The continental system is one of two elements, namely the dot and the dash, while the Morse system employs three elements, the dot, the dash, and the space. Having agreed upon a certain number of combinations of elements, a system of signals is formed by giving a meaning to each combination. These meanings usually include the letters of the alphabet and numerals, combinations of which being used to formulate necessary information. Combinations of elements of any system can also, however, be used to indicate any desired meaning.
With reference to period of visibility, signals are of two kinds, transient and permanent. A transient signal is one which disappears as soon as completed; a permanent signal is one that remains in view for some time. Heliograph signals are transient signals, while signals made by code flags are permanent signals. Signals are divided into classes in accordance with the number of elements employed in their formation. Thus, signals using two elements are signals of the second class, signals using three elements signals of the third class, etc.
The standard apparatus used in visual signaling is fully described in a succeeding chapter. Some of the instruments employed are used wholly for day, and some wholly for night, signaling. Some devices, either with or without slight variations, are equally well adapted to day or night work. Visual signaling presents a great field for ingenious and resourceful work, and emergency will often demand the advantageous employment of other methods than those described herein.
Chapter II.
VISUAL SIGNALING EQUIPMENT.
THE WAND.
The wand is a stick of light wood about 18 inches long and one-half inch in diameter. It is held loosely between the thumb and forefinger and waved rapidly to the right or left to indicate the elements of the alphabet. It is used for practice purposes and the signals made by it are only intended to be read at very short distances.
THE FLAG KIT.
Two kinds of flag kits, the 2-foot kit and the 4-foot kit, are issued by the Signal Corps.
The 2-foot kit.—This kit consists of one white and one red signal flag, two three-jointed staffs, and a suitable carrying case to contain the outfit. The white flag is made of white muslin 2 feet square, with an 8-inch turkey-red muslin center. The red flag is of similar size and material, the only difference being an alternation of colors in the body and center. The means of attachment to the staff consists of a loop at the center, and two ends of white tape at each edge, of the back of the flag body. The staff is made of hickory in three joints, each 23 inches long, and is assembled by telescoping into brass ferrules.
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