God and Randomness

Thomas R. McFaul and Al Brunsting

God and Randomness

Copyright © 2017 Thomas R. McFaul and Al Brunsting. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in critical publications or reviews, no part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without prior written permission from the publisher. Write: Permissions, Wipf and Stock Publishers, 199 W. 8th Ave., Suite 3, Eugene, OR 97401.

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Table of Contents

Title page

Preface

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1: Defining Randomness

Chapter 2: Three Real Stories

Chapter 3: Micro and Macro Sources

Chapter 4: The Universe and Our Solar System

Chapter 5: Conscious, Self-Aware, and Mindful Humans

Chapter 6: Twentieth Century History

Chapter 7: The Future

Chapter 8: Fairness

Chapter 9: Randomness and God

Bibliography

Here, the whole scenario of the creation, its future in chaotic randomness; and, the presence of God in it all, are all laid out in clear and easily understood language.

—Emery Percell, University of Chicago, retired pastor, United Methodist Church

The preface creates a sense of intrigue and a desire to discover more about the topics in succeeding chapters. I was not disappointed. I found the discussion about the possible existence of other dimensions and the further possibility that God may be operating in those dimensions to be particularly intriguing.

—Dale Zimmerman, Attorney and Recipient of the Milton Gordon Award in

1989

"Here in God and Randomness the authors make speculations that are similar to and consistent with current research in cosmology. This provides reader with an understanding of how God might be actively at work in all that chaos and randomness that pervades our lives and our world."

—Richard L. Schwenk, Recipient of the Outstanding Educator award, Philippines

This second book by McFaul and Brunsting presents valuable new perspectives on an unusual combination of two topics, God and randomness. The authors develop clear definitions and examples of randomness of varying arenas from the universe, to nano–scale physics, to evolution and to everyday human experiences. This is a well–researched thought–provoking book.

—James Nelson,

18

US and many foreign patents

The personal accounts in Chapter Two were found to be very moving.

—Christopher T. Hill, Fellow of the American Physical Society

This book was found to be inspiring and profound. The inclusion of experiences in family history enhanced the authors’ claim about the randomness that is a part of human life. The chapter on Randomness, Fairness, and God was found to be excellent as was chapter 6, where the focus was on randomness and twentieth-century history. This book speaks to the struggle to understand God and His actions that has puzzled thoughtful Christians throughout the centuries.

—K. James Stein, Senior Scholar in Church History at Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary

"God and Randomness is aimed for the reader who wants to know more about the Big Bang theory, the origins of life and how God fits into the scheme of things. The authors show how randomness determines this. . . This book is a natural extension of their earlier book God Is Here to Stay Science, Evolution and Belief in God."

—Howard Lange, Physicist whose computers are helping in the search 
of extraterrestrial radio signals of intelligent life in the SETI project

"In God and Randomness, the authors present a unique investigation into the Creator’s use of random events in the evolution of the universe. The reader is treated to a fascinating review of a myriad integral topics such as human choice, free will, and predictability. Finally, and most significantly—the authors introduce the concept of God’s possible use of extra dimensions to understand God’s mysterious influence. A great read!"

—Gordon Leidner, Author of God and Dice

I dedicate this book to Sally my loving and supportive wife, soulmate, and best friend.

—Thomas R. McFaul

I dedicate this book to my dear wife, Joyce Brunsting, who is beautiful, inspiring, and helpful.

—Al Brunsting

Preface

This book is a sequel to our 2014 publication God Is Here to Stay: Science, Evolution, and Belief in God,¹ in which we demonstrated that there is no incompatibility between modern science and belief in God. We did not try to prove or disprove the existence of God, because we do not believe this is possible using any kind of knowledge. However, after examining six specific areas of inquiry,² we concluded at an 80 percent confidence level that the universe is so highly structured that an Intelligent Creator brought it into existence 13.8 billion years ago through an initial Inflation called the Big Bang and guided its evolution to conscious, mindful, and self-aware life on Earth.

In God Is Here to Stay, we contrasted randomness with belief in God. We defined the word random to mean that the universe lacks an inherent purpose of any kind. This implies that once the cosmos came into existence, it expanded through impersonal and unguided laws of cause and effect that governed its evolution and that we humans are here purely by chance.

After examining various kinds of evidence, we came to the opposite conclusion. We believe that based on modern scientific knowledge a more compelling case can be made that the universe possesses innate purpose and that it was brought into existence by an Intelligent Creator called God who directed its evolution to the development of earthly conscious, self-aware life. While we do not claim to possess comprehensive knowledge of all of the reasons why God would design the universe this way, we are highly confident that starting 200,000 years ago we modern humans became a part of it.

Our story does not stop here. After God Is Here to Stay was published, we started recognizing that not everybody shares the same view of randomness. One experience in particular drove home this point in such a dramatic and unexpected way that it motivated us to re-examine this entire topic.

During July 2015, we the authors were visiting the Perot Museum of Nature and Science in Dallas, Texas. Built in 2012 by Ross Perot, the Museum includes eleven exhibit halls that are designed to be a living science lesson. The purpose of the Museum is to teach science to all age groups through hands on interactive experiences. One of the exhibits is housed in the Expanding Universe Hall that shows that the cosmos began with the Big Bang and how our knowledge of its stages of evolution has changed over time. The exhibit includes large visuals and rotating projections of our solar system and beyond. There are also displays of scientists and the technical tools they used in their quest for further understanding.

As we walked through the Hall we felt like we were travelling through time and space. Not only did it grab hold of our imaginations, it also stirred our curiosity to want to learn more. As we made our way from one set of solar system images to the next, we filled our conversation with probing questions and myriad speculations about the wonders of the universe. The Museum was packed with equally curious onlookers who shared this amazing visual experience with us. As we ended our brief trek through the Hall and were still marveling at what we had just witnessed, we heard a voice over our shoulders. What do you mean by random?

It came as a total surprise. Unknown to us during our time in the exhibit Hall, a young college student had been following us and had remained within hearing distance. Without being aware of it, we were using the word random repeatedly to describe many of the events that brought the universe into existence and that directed its development. She wanted to know what we meant by the term randomness. For a few brief moments, we shared our impressions with her, and she in turn shared hers with us. It was a teachable moment for all three of us. While we do not remember all of the details of our interaction with her, it left a lasting impression on us. Even though we did not write down her name and have not seen her since then, in that moment we knew what our next joint project would be.

This book was inspired by her through that random event.

Because of our chance encounter with a college student who remains anonymous, we began to see that the term randomness can be viewed in multiple ways. As stated above, in God Is Here to Stay we used it to mean that from the start the universe has lacked innate purpose. In this book, we define randomness to mean the unpredictable events that have occurred and continue to occur throughout the cosmos, on Earth, and in our daily lives. Thus, while we focus on randomness as one of the core concepts in both books, we define it differently in each one. At the same time, we view this second book as an extension of the first. Even though they are separate writings, they are meant to be read as two chapters in a single volume.

As we began preparing for this new book, we recognized quickly that we were really trying to answer a single question: Where does randomness fit into a highly structured universe that evolved through such narrow physical boundaries that even a plus or minus 1 percent deviation would have produced an entirely different world than the one that gave rise to conscious, mindful, and self-aware life of Earth? We soon discovered that randomness appears everywhere, and always has, from the time of the Big Bang down to the present day.

Furthermore, we concluded early on that in every human life random events occur over which no one has control. They just happen, and they can steer the course of individuals’ lives, as well as the lives of those who surround them, in unforeseen directions. Every person’s situation is filled with surprises, which means that all persons have stories to tell as they look back at the unexpected events that took them down unforeseen pathways.

Thus, from the macro level of cosmic explosion and expansion to the micro level of personal stories and subatomic particles, we are left to wonder about this key question: How does the pervasive presence of randomness relate to the Intelligent Creator called God who started it all and guided its evolution? This book and the nine chapters that comprise it is our answer to this question.

As we probed more deeply into how randomness appears at all macro and micro levels of existence, we began to realize that we humans are more inclined to view what happens to us in terms of well-known cause and effect patterns that started being instilled within us at birth and became reinforced steadily as we grew older. We suspect that this basic tendency is tied to a Darwinian survival instinct that leads us to think and act in structured ways that enhance our adaptation to the conditions of life on Earth.

Because of this, we have come to the conclusion that most of the time we remain unaware, or only vaguely aware, of the impact of randomness because we have not learned to recognize it or to differentiate it from better understood cause and effect connections. One of the purposes of this book is to broaden our understanding of the nature of randomness and how and where it appears. In the process, we will describe how breakthrough discoveries in the fields of classical and quantum physics contributed enormously to our perceptions. We begin in chapter 1 by defining what we mean by the word random. At one level, the idea of randomness is simple to grasp. At another, it is complex, as we will show by examining the diverse approaches that others have used in order to clarify our understanding and avoid later confusion.

In chapter 2, Al Brunsting gives a first person account of three important people in his life, his uncle, sister, and brother. Our purpose in starting this way is to set the stage for the next seven chapters. In many ways, his story is our story. Through the narrative of his vivid story telling style, he highlights the role that random occurrences played in each of their lives. By sharing his own unique story, he reminds all of us to remember those parallel moments that shaped our lives and led us down our own unique unforeseen pathways.

Starting in chapter 3 and continuing through chapter 8, we explore how randomness has appeared at virtually every level and stage of evolution. Chapter 3 focuses on the role that randomness plays at the micro subatomic level as well as on macro sources. This is followed in chapter 4 with a description of the random events that shaped the creation of the universe and our solar system. Chapter 5 continues with how this process contributed to the emergence of conscious, mindful, and self-aware life on Earth.

In chapter 6, we shift our attention to how randomness affected five major episodes that occurred during the history of the twentieth century and into the early twenty-first. In chapter 7, we investigate whether we will be able to improve our foresight abilities in the future. Then in chapter 8, we look carefully at how randomness affects the universal quest for fairness and various views of the relationship between God and existence of evil.

Finally, we conclude this book in chapter 9 by addressing the question of how the actions and purposes of God may work in the presence of all this randomness described it in the previous eight chapters. We are now ready for chapter 1.

1. McFaul and Brunsting, God Is Here to Stay: Science, Evolution and Belief in God.

2. These include knowledge, the anthropic principle, when life emerged from non-life elements, the brain and spirituality, the universal quest for justice, and the universal quest for morality.

Acknowledgements

Many people have taken time out of their busy lives to read and comment on God and Randomness. Their helpful suggestions have helped improve the book’s overall development and quality. We appreciate especially the contributions of Charlie Henkle, Don Livingston, Walt Marcum, and Don Reynolds.

Also, these people were particularly helpful through discussion, review, and suggestions. Francisco Ayala and Gordon Leidner were very encouraging and supportive. Emery Percell has impressive academic credentials and a lifetime of learning not only in theology but also the sciences, especially cosmology. Ric Schwenk has over thirty years of experience teaching information technology and leading agricultural development in Malaysia and the Philippines. Jim Nelson is a good friend and greatly helped. Lately, he was the Director of Materials Research and the Director of the Asia Technology Center at ITW. Jim’s wife Carol was very helpful as our initial copy editor. Besides being an attorney Dale Zimmerman is well read in theology and the physical sciences. His critical review is much appreciated. There were many others that helped us along this path.

Any and all shortcomings that appear throughout the pages of this book fall entirely on our shoulders.

1

Defining Randomness

Anyone who has played a parlor game involving fair dice knows that the outcome of the roll cannot be predicted in advance. The odds that any preselected number will end face up on a single die at the end of the throw are 1 in 6. When the game involves two dice, the odds that the same preselected number will appear on both is 1 in 36 (1 x 6 x 6). For three dice it is 1 in 216 (1 x 6 x 6 x 6). The mathematics of throwing two or more dice and ending with different numerical combinations are well-known. The same is true for flipping coins, spinning a roulette wheel, or for playing games of chance. It is not our intent to describe the probable outcomes of these or any other forms of gambling. There are many books and internet websites that do this in great detail. Instead, our main purpose in this chapter is to define the word random in order to set the stage for the way we will use it throughout this rest of this book.¹

On the surface, defining randomness sounds straightforward. At one level it is, especially when we think of it as being tied to the outcome of an event that cannot be known with certainty in advance, like throwing dice or flipping coins. At another level, the concept is complex and can be confusing because of the myriad ways that different writers interpret it. In the next section, we start our discussion of randomness by examining the concept of causality and then move to other terms than have been linked closely to it.

Causality

We begin with the idea of causality, because we experience it in so many areas of our lives. Whenever we think or say this makes that happen, we are referring to the idea of causality. A saying such as no effect exists without a cause captures well this idea. For example, if a third-grade daughter studies her lessons, does her homework, and learns from museum visits, we would probably conclude her improved grades were caused by these behaviors. As we go about the routines of life, we accept countless causal relationships without question. If we did not assume that cause and effect connections exist, we would not be able to go forward with the patterns of our daily lives and we would not be able to achieve our goals. This applies especially to behaviors that involve the natural laws of the universe that affect everyone everyday everywhere on Earth without exception.

Examples are numerous. Any child who experiences for the first time the consequences of touching a hot stove discovers one of life’s most basic lessons: touching a hot stove is painful. From this experience and many others like it, all children take an essential step toward realizing that ignoring nature’s laws can lead to harmful outcomes. Concerned parents everywhere hold it as a basic duty to keep their children safe by teaching them to avoid situations that put them or others in harm’s way. Look both ways before crossing the street. Stay away from the deep end of swimming pools if you can’t swim. Don’t throw stones on a crowded playground. And so on.

It is through our ongoing experiences of life’s recurring patterns that we conclude by extension that the universe is structured according to stable physical laws. When we walk forward we assume that the ground will support us; unless we step onto a soft surface like quicksand and sink suddenly, we do not consciously question with every passing second whether or not the Earth will support our weight. We simply assume it will. As we learn to crawl, walk, and then run, we keep moving forward because our past experiences tell us that it is safe to do so—in both the present and the future. In short, we take causality for granted; until such time as there is convincing evidence to the contrary, we carry on with our daily routines according to the tacit assumptions we make about how the world works.

In our everyday experiences causality is straightforward and sounds simple. In reality, causality is far more complex as we will show in the following sections. Our purpose in this section is to lay the foundation for a thorough description of randomness that appears later. At this point, we are merely using ordinary examples like a hot stove always burns fingers to depict our everyday world that operates by cause and effect relationships that do not vary from situation to situation and that operate mechanically like gears in a machine. As one gear turns (such as touching a hot stove), it causes a second gear to move (experiencing pain). As the second one moves, it causes a third gear to turn (pulling our finger away from the hot stove), and so on, until all the gears in combination cause the machine (the final effect) to operate.

One of the major accomplishments of modern science and technology has been to uncover many of the hidden cause and effect relationships that direct the operations of nature and were not previously understood. For example, in the area of technology, we have learned that by broadcasting radio signals from cell towers (a cause) we receive messages on our cell phones (an effect). Also, as science advanced, we altered our perceptions of numerous issues about the origin, or causes, and evolution, or effects, of our cosmos. We have learned that the universe probably was caused by an unimaginably gigantic explosion called the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago and proceeded to evolve to conscious, mindful, and self-aware life on Earth. We have learned that our galaxy was ultimately caused by gravity and the evolution of matter after the Big Bang. We have discovered that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of our solar system, and we know that the Earth is spherical and not flat.

Sending humans to the Moon and returning them safely to Earth would not have been possible without advancements in our understanding and applying cause and effect relationships originally discovered by Galileo, Newton, and others. Successful Moon landings were byproducts of our detailed understanding of the impact of gravity and acceleration on objects in space along with technical advances in rocket science and space craft engineering and in computer innovations and control. From the simple action of walking on the surface of the Earth to the complex achievement of setting foot on the Moon, we live daily in the take it for granted world of cause and effect. These concepts are summarized in Figure 1.

Figure

1

. The principle of cause and effect results applied to an everyday example and to an example from the cosmos.

However, this is not the complete picture. It is not unusual during the routines of the day to witness the sudden eruption of incidents that defy rational explanation, that seem to challenge our understanding of how cause and effect relationships work. When something unexpected occurs that we cannot explain, we say Where did that come from? It was a total surprise. Or, It came out of nowhere. When a seemingly peaceful person commits an act of violence that leads to the tragic loss of life and has shown