Credits

Preface

In response to the cliché of Goethe being a quintessential tourist, the late Peter Boerner noted that Goethe was not really a frequent traveller. Unlike his contemporaries’, his actual journeys were not numerous. The list of European cities in which he never set foot is very long. Indeed, Goethe never physically visited Vienna, Paris or London, and he only once made a brief trip to Berlin, the capital of Prussia. In the last third of his life, he became essentially a homebound writer and researcher, but his intensive mental journeys counterbalanced his sedentary lifestyle. In his wide-ranging reading pursuits, Goethe conformed to the 18th-century prototype of the armchair traveller, gaining knowledge of other countries from books and eyewitness accounts rather than from actual exploration.

When Peter Boerner began working on a monograph about Goethe as an armchair traveller, he was already weakened by the illness that finally took his life on 12 June 2015. He had developed an outline of the book and had written its introduction, as well as leaving behind a number of related essays that became the cornerstone of the present study. At his request, we continued on the path that he had set and expanded his original design to include additional destinations, focusing on the crystallisation of Goethe’s reading journeys into literary, scientific and artistic adventures.

The present book, Goethe: Journeys of the Mind, is dedicated to Peter Boerner’s memory.

Indianapolis and Bloomington, 30 June 2018

Gabrielle Bersier Nancy Boerner

Introduction

The renowned German author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was born on 28 August 1749 in Frankfurt am Main, a bustling commercial city. He died on 22 March 1832 in Weimar, the seat of a small German duchy. During his lifetime, with only horses or ships to rely on to cover long distances, few people had an opportunity to travel. Yet many were able to discover distant locations by reading about them.

Without ever leaving their homes, and needing no passport, these readers could share the experience of travelling and form opinions about various parts of the world based on what they learned from the accounts of others. Their backgrounds and interests varied considerably: they could be young or old, male or female and from any station in life. They might read to increase their knowledge, to participate vicariously in their informants’ adventures or simply to indulge in, as one journal title put it, geographical diversions. Some of these stay-at-home travellers enjoyed learning about far-off places in the company of friends, others withdrew to read in solitude. As they never personally saw the places they read about, the English called them armchair or fireside travellers.

In the diversity and intensity of their interests, the armchair travellers of the time may have been almost as well informed as those who had undertaken the journeys themselves. Both types of travellers proceeded from a multitude of individual observations to form more general conclusions. Readers, like their guides, may at times have focused their studies only on certain aspects of a foreign country, for example on economic, political or scientific issues. The broader their educational background, the more they were able to absorb information about many varied topics.

In accordance with their own particular interests, armchair travellers synthesised the information that came to them through different channels in order to construct images of countries and peoples. By comparing a number of sources and weighing them against each other, they gained insights into foreign cultures that were often scarcely less perceptive than those of the original travellers. Those experiences – as Goethe observed in his Italienische Reise (Italian Journey), recounting an 18-month stay in Italy – could be contingent on purpose, conditions at the time and the auspiciousness or unfavourability of the circumstances. Daniel Defoe even claimed that readers of travel accounts who had circled the globe with William Dampier and Woodes Rogers had learned a thousand times more than many a sailor who couldn’t read.

To judge from the prefaces to various travel reports, authors often were aware of their potential audience even as they began their journeys. While writing their accounts they kept this audience in mind and respected its critical authority, recognising the significance of the vicarious journey as a complement to the actual one. Knowing that their work would be read by many armchair travellers influenced the reporting of authors such as Goethe’s contemporary Karl Philipp Moritz, who felt they were mediators between foreign cultures and that of their home country.

Goethe, like other armchair travellers of his time, had available a number of sources for his journeys, from detailed travel guides and reports to statistical surveys and histories, as well as descriptions of life in the literature of other countries. Newly published travel accounts and contact with actual travellers made it possible to renew and update the armchair traveller’s knowledge.

Almost daily throughout his life, Goethe spent many hours studying novels, plays and poetry, philosophical treatises and scientific essays. Not least, he also read travel narratives from many parts of the world (see Figure 1).

He began to travel through the medium of books in his early youth. As he recalled later in his autobiography Dichtung und Wahrheit (Poetry and Truth), his father owned a collection of the best and newest travel reports and urged the boy to immerse himself in them. An account of the circumnavigation of the globe from 1740 to 1744 by the British naval officer Lord George Anson was one of the first books with which he became acquainted.¹ While accompanying this outstanding sailor in his mind, Goethe absorbed the value of truth along with the imagination of fairy tales.

Goethe remained interested in the study of travel accounts throughout his life. As well as travel literature per se, he read geographical and historical handbooks, literature that described life in other nations and scientific works from all over the world. In addition, many notable travellers provided him with information, either in letters, in unpublished materials or in person.

The extent of his reading can be illustrated by his own library: the sections Geography and Travels list more than 200 titles, among them atlases, statistical analyses and ethnographic compendia.² He also borrowed many books on other parts of the world from the ducal library in Weimar, which records that between 1799 and 1831 over 300 volumes related to travels were lent out to him.³

In addition to his reading, Goethe gleaned much information from the numerous visitors who came to see him in Weimar. He enjoyed questioning scientists, scholars, artists and other travellers about what they had observed and experienced. As an armchair traveller, he thus could acquire a more extensive breadth of information than he would have by travelling on his own. He claimed, not without justification, that travel accounts helped him to see the world clearly.

Though there is value in a quantitative assessment of the travel publications that interested Goethe, or of the number of travellers with whom he came into contact, it is the content of what he read and what he heard from others that is far more interesting, as this helped him form vivid images not only of specific places but also of countries and peoples.

Goethe as Traveller and as Stay-at-Home

During his life Goethe enthusiastically undertook several journeys that proved to be central to his development. The foremost example is his 18-month stay in Italy, where he left behind his administrative duties for the ducal court in Weimar in order to be able to devote himself completely to learning about Italy, its art and its culture, and to taking up his literary work again. Three visits to Switzerland and, in his later years, two visits to the Rhine and Main River areas, were also formative. Over the years, many publications have invited readers to follow in his footsteps in a variety of landscapes.

His travel experiences enabled him to compare his own observations with the opinions prevalent among his contemporaries about each country and its people. For example, during a visit to Naples in May 1787, using a guidebook penned by Johann Jacob Volkmann, Historisch-kritische Nachrichten von Italien, welche eine genaue Beschreibung dieses Landes, der Sitten und Gebräuche… enthalten. Aus den neuesten französischen und englischen Reisebeschreibungen und aus eignen Anmerkungen zusammengetragen⁴ (Historical-critical information about Italy, including… a detailed description of the country, its customs and traditions. Compiled from the most recent French and English travel accounts and personal observations), Goethe read about the laziness of the inhabitants of the city. In his first days there, however, he had not seen any idlers at all, and he hesitated to give credence to this depiction without determining for himself how the residents spent their days. What particularly bothered him, as he recounted later in his autobiographical Italian Journey, was Volkmann’s assertion that there were 40,000 Lazzaroni, or knaves, in Naples, shiftless folk who have no real jobs.⁵ But Goethe had not observed such people. Acquaintances, asked about the discrepancy, did not know of any either. Thus, Goethe recounted, he took up the hunt himself. For days he closely observed Neapolitans of all kinds, including shopkeepers, artisans, porters, fishermen and beggars, but he could not find any who were not going about some kind of daily pursuit. He finally concluded that the people of Naples were no less industrious than any others, and that anything derogatory that was said about them was based on ignorance. Volkmann’s view of them, he decided, must have been reached from a northern perspective that considers anyone an idler who does not slog anxiously all day long.

On another occasion he observed that the English are accused of bringing their teakettles with them everywhere they go, even to the top of Mount Etna; but do not all nations have their teakettles in which, when travelling, they brew their own bundles of herbs brought from home? Goethe later remarked that one of the benefits he gained from his experiences in Italy, in addition to an understanding of art and art history, was a growing interest in studying the customs of various nations. As an armchair traveller, he pursued this interest for his entire life.

Goethe’s sojourn in Italy was not the last time he visited another country, but it was the only journey in which he became well acquainted with an entire nation. A trip to northeastern France, undertaken at the request of his patron and friend Duke Carl August of Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach, to observe a campaign led by the armies of Austrian and German monarchs against Jacobin France, as well as trips to Bohemian spas, were more limited in purpose. Thus, in the more than 40 years after his return from Italy, the information he acquired about other countries was generally not based on his own personal experience. He read the equivalent of a whole library of foreign works of literature, either in the original language or in translation, not only by authors from Western nations, but also by writers from Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Asia. In the course of his scientific studies, he utilised Italian, French and English sources in addition to German ones. As a passionate armchair traveller, he was familiar with published accounts about many parts of the world, and a wide-ranging correspondence, along with his many visitors, kept him abreast of new developments. What he learned about other lands is reflected to a greater or lesser extent in much of his work, especially in his literary and scientific writings.

A characteristic feature of Goethe’s own travels was his habit, one can almost call it an obsession, to put his experiences into written form. His methods of presentation were varied. A published account of his first trip to Switzerland was an edited version of his spontaneous notes. His Italian Journey was based on a careful re-reading and editing of the letters he wrote to his friends in Weimar while he was away. An account of his travels in the Rhine, Main and Neckar river areas was written during his visits