Introduction

The war memorial for those local men who died in the South African War at the turn of the century.

Following boundary changes and natural growth, the population of Hull was 123,408 in 1901; ten years later at the last census before the war, it stood at 275,486. This growth was made possible by new industries, railways and the rapid growth of the shipping industry brought about by increased world trade. The older industries included linseed oil and paint manufacture. A long-established and major business was brewing, dominated at the turn of the century by just two companies, Hull Brewery and Moors’ and Robson’s. In terms of numbers employed, the important new industries were the glue and starch works of the Reckitt family. The initial products were rapidly diversified to make the company international.

Trawler fishing had developed throughout most of the century, helping to make Hull an important fishing port and enhance its maritime status. Even though steam trawlers needed fewer crew it still employed nearly 1,500 men and would provide many of the crew and the boats for minesweeping for the Royal Navy during the war: trawlers were ideal boats for the job, the crews knew the areas they would work in and the war meant they could not fish anyway. In total, the Humber area provided 880 vessels and around 9,000 men.

Following the fishing industry’s growth, ancillary industries grew up which, in fact, employed more men than did the trawlers. These included fish curing and processing, ice manufacture, cod liver oil manufacture and fish manure production.

A postcard showing the coat of arms of the city of Kingston-upon-Hull. Its significance is unclear but it has been in use since the early 1400s.

King Edward Street around the turn of the century. In the background can be seen the Dock Offices and the William Wilberforce statue.

The Hull trawler fleet was used to danger at sea. In 1909 they had been shelled by the Russian Fleet in the North Sea that believed them to be Japanese naval ships. This shows the damage to the stern of the trawler Moulmein.

Victoria pier on a busy day. This was the start of the crossing to the Lincolnshire shore.

By the end of the nineteenth century, corn milling had grown from small independent millers to large companies, such as Rank, using steam mills and roller-grinding. This growth fuelled the import of foreign grain which benefited from relatively low dock dues and competitive railway rates, and made Hull a centre for grain arriving for other parts of the country. By 1911, imports were nearly 900,000 tons a year.

Running from Hull to Selby, where it joined the line to Leeds, the railway connected Hull with the West Riding. By 1849, Hull was only ten hours from London. Its success brought further development and the original station was replaced by the present Paragon station. The arrival of the ferry to New Holland cut travel time to London down to seven hours. With the planned development of east coast resorts, rail travel increased dramatically and the railways grew.

Side by side with the development of the railways came the increase in dock space. Junction Dock from 1829 was followed in 1846 by Railway Dock and Victoria Dock in 1850. Between 1869 and 1883 three further docks were built: the Albert Dock in 1869; the William Wright dock in 1880; and St Andrew’s in 1883, which became the fishing dock and moved the industry to Hessle Road. The resulting price war between the companies involved benefited the ship-owners and the town’s merchants. Before the war started, two further docks were constructed: Riverside in 1907 and King George in 1914. Although goods in Hull arrived from around the world, most of its trade came from the Baltic and northern Europe. At the start of the war, the port of Hull was third after London and Liverpool; its tonnage was 4,705,000 in 1913.

Two other products helped Hull’s economy: emigrants and coal. The Wilson line transported thousands of Scandinavians, Russians and Eastern Europeans who were looking for a better life, or in the case of Jewish migrants, escaping from persecution. These migrants landed in Hull and were very quickly transported on to Liverpool on their way to North America. Coal seams near Doncaster and Thorne were exploited between 1900 and 1910. Their closeness to Hull made it the economic choice for sending coal abroad as well as directly by rail to Hull. The size of the trade is shown by the tonnage shipped in 1913, over 4.5 million tons.

The port’s prosperity was at a zenith as the war began. 1913 had been a record for shipping tonnage at 6,692,000 and wheat imports reached almost a million tons in 1912. Hull’s economy was affected immediately the war began. Boats were held in German ports and some were unable to reach their destination. All trade with Germany, a major exporter through Hull, ceased, and trade with Russia was greatly reduced. By 1918, wheat imports were less than 250,000 tons, coal and other exports also fell as did the shipping tonnage. With the requisitioning of trawlers for mine-sweeping and submarine detection work, the fishing fleet suffered. Less than a quarter were left for fishing and regardless of their role during the war, losses in ships and men were high. Many Hull-owned ships were sunk, resulting in the merging of the Wilson and Ellerman lines.

Quayside in Hull. By the start of the war it was the third biggest, by tonnage, of the UK ports.

The relatively new City Hall, advertising a tramway men’s band concert. On the right is the Prudential Building destroyed in The Blitz.

Victoria Square in the city centre showing the dock offices and Queen Victoria’s statue.

Hand-in-hand with business development went some urban improvement, notably the provision of clean water from Anlaby that saved many lives, and a public park, Pearson Park, given by Alderman Pearson in 1860. This was followed by a public cemetery and road widening in the Old Town. Then came improvements in sanitation, although not without considerable effort by campaigners like William Hunt, editor of the Eastern Morning News. Its description of life on Hessle Road in an advanced nation like Britain is difficult to believe. The area was compared with the foulest slums in Constantinople, where space was shared with livestock, ‘sewage flowed from decrepit privies’ and there was ‘widespread abuse of women and children, of prostitution and incest.’

During the 1870s the infantile diarrhoea rate averaged 237 per thousand. Thirty years later it was 311 and rising. The rate payers refused to pay for the conversion to water closets of the privies that were causing the disease. At the start of the war, therefore, the housing of the working-classes of Hull was little improved on eighty years previously.

Hull was a busy and developing city. This shows Anlaby Road, one of the main arterial roads into the city, just before the war.

Education was also an issue. There were only three School Board ‘higher-grade’ schools before the end of the nineteenth century, well-equipped but short of qualified staff; only the middle-classes received secondary education. In the public sector, even after the 1902 Education Act class sizes were enormous and the schools badly underfunded. Hull also lagged behind in technical, commercial and teacher training education.

As part of the 1897 Jubilee celebrations, Hull was granted city status. It had a built-up area radiating out along the main roads for up to three miles. There were working-class suburbs and newer areas of middle-class housing, the richer merchants having left the city for the villages west of Hull. Transport around the city was made easier, first by horse-drawn, then steam-powered, and finally electric trams. Numerous grand public buildings were erected in the first years of the twentieth century and by 1900 most of the Queen’s Dock area squalor had gone. In the east, Sir James Reckitt initiated the development of the Garden Village, ‘setting much higher housing standards for future developments to follow’. In the west, new developments continued into the early war years.

Spring Bank in Edwardian times showing a wide street split by a row of trees with a tram in the distance.

In June 1914 the King and Queen visited the new Hull dock named after him.

Granted a licence to operate a telephone system in 1902, Hull was and still is the only independent telephone operator in the country. This independence provided the city with much needed money during the war. ‘Hull lacked the really wealthy families of places like Liverpool, Manchester and the West Riding and most members of the local council were from the middle and lower ranks of business and tradesmen. The workforce was characterised by dock related work. Over 35 per cent had jobs such as unloading ships, quayside activities, warehousing and shipyard engineering and a significant group of unskilled casual workers, typical of any port but…often out of work in winter because of Hull’s trade with the frozen Baltic ports. Hull was a poor town compared with other similar places in the British Isles and many wealthy families had moved to the East Riding to live in style.’

How did the above factors contribute to the large number of recruits raised in Hull? In simple terms, the war disrupted life in a profound way. ‘It disrupted the major industries like fishing as well as others depending on the Baltic Trade from which it took decades to recover. In addition, for the duration of the war, the government diverted cargo from Hull because of the strategic risk of enemy attack. With so many dependent on the docks for work, the War had an immediate impact on livelihoods and acted as an incentive for young men to join up.’

Holy Trinity Church in the centre of the city is the largest parish church in England. It survived the bombing of the city in two world wars.

Figures show the rapid reduction in work. ‘For the business community 1914 was not a bad year, but naturally not as good as 1913 when 6,151,000 tons of shipping had used the port. In 1914 the decline went no further than 5,307,000 tons. With a full year of war, 1915 was worse and the tonnage was down to 4,060,000. The Baltic was virtually closed, and the docks.’

Imports of timber dropped to just over a half and many Wilson Line ships were trapped in Petrograd. This would help explain why Hull’s reputation as a recruiting area was so high.

Residents in Hull were able to keep up to date with world and local events through the Eastern Morning News and the Hull Daily Mail in the evening, as well as the national dailies. There was also a weekly paper, the Hull Times, which covered news from across the East Riding and north Lincolnshire, with different editions focussing more on one area. This book is based on contemporary articles from these papers.

In this narrative there are stories of great heroism, patriotism – like that of Max Schultz, a British spy – and duty; at the other end of the spectrum of life, petty squabbles, drunkenness and murder. Life does not follow a linear path. The trivial and the deeply serious exist side-by-side, hand-in-hand. Sometimes the stories in this book are chronological, at other times grouped, related, linked across the year. In some cases they are one-offs, perhaps they stand alone, and sometimes they are visited again in a different context. They may be flippant, serious, statistical, trivial or of no apparent consequence. That they appear after each other is in no way meant to detract from the personal and national struggle they portray.

National papers provided international and national news, and the local papers explained how and what local people felt. Life is a messy business; the local papers gave a warts-and-all view of real life, with no air-brushing. What is gleaned from local papers is a picture of daily life, the experience of many reflecting how they saw the war, how they behaved and what they felt at the highest, lowest, saddest and happiest times in their war. I have tried to show that normal life in Hull was often mundane, that the war, while being all-pervasive, often touched people’s lives, with the exception of death and disability, only in transient, temporary ways.

Charles Charlton from Paull, near Hull, pictured before the war. A young man without a care, one of the many who joined the army and did not return. He was killed in 1916.

A wedding celebration in Anlaby during the summer of 1913. A year later the young man circled, the writer’s grandfather, would be one of the first Hull volunteers for Kitchener’s New Army. Also in the photo are his brothers. Five went to war and five returned.

As part of the city’s development, green spaces were created by public benefactors and Hull Corporation. East Park was provided by the council.

In many cases there seemed to be no war going on because nothing had really changed, or was the situation just slightly different? If you were already hungry, how would rationing affect you? If you had no job, no shelter, how were you affected?

What is also interesting is that the same war did not always have the same effect across the country. While it is obvious that Hull and for example, Reading, were in the same war on the surface, underneath the differences are considerable. Why, when both were essentially working class should there be such differences? Perhaps the underlying message is that, no matter when or why, ‘there’s nowt so queer as folk’.

CHAPTER 1

1914:

Eager for a Fight

What was life like in Hull just before the war? On the same day as the Austro-Hungarian populace were informed of the partial mobilisation of the army, the 25 July 1914 edition of the Hull Times, like other weekly newspapers, concentrated more on local events, leaving the dailies to report on world affairs. While most were aware of the assassination in Sarajevo, any war in the Balkans, and there had been previous wars in the area, would surely be of no consequence to Hull.

George Street showing the statue of Andrew Marvell, the famous Metaphysical poet and politician. It was placed there in 1902 and moved twenty years later.

Inside St Mary’s Church in Lowgate. The church dates back to the fourteenth century.

Keen to emulate their brothers, fathers, uncles and cousins, these boys show determination to be involved.

As war preparations were under way in Europe, the Hull Times of 25 July contained its usual wide range of articles that give a flavour of what was important locally, and, that very week, Hull’s population was stated as being 291,118. It included two military stories, both local and neither concerned the coming war. During a Territorial Drumhead service in the Pleasure Gardens at Skegness, Corporal Barwis, of the motor-cycle section of the Lincolnshire Yeomanry, was taken suddenly ill and expired almost immediately. He was overcome by the great heat. Across Europe it was a hot summer. The second story was also about part-time soldiers, this time the Lincolnshire Regiment Territorials. At the Humber Bank Range at Barton, shooting at distances of 200 and 500 yards, Barton G Company beat Scunthorpe E Company by 134 points. The best shot of the match was Captain Wilson of the Barton Company.

Other local news included railways, wills, housing, traffic, the Yorkshire Show, theft, violence and murder. On the national and international scene there were stories of the Ulster Conference, violence, death and shipping.

What did