Fighting to Survive Underground: Terrifying True Stories
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About this ebook
Nancy Dickmann
Nancy Dickmann has written more than 150 non-fiction books for children, specializing in science and history. Before becoming an author, she worked for many years as an editor and publisher of children’s books.
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Fighting to Survive Underground - Nancy Dickmann
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover
Title Page
Introduction
Chapter 1: The Girl in the Well
Chapter 2: Poisoned Air
Chapter 3: Earthquake!
Chapter 4: 69 Days
Chapter 5: Diving into Darkness
Glossary
Read More
Internet Sites
Source Notes
Bibliography
Index
About the Author
Copyright
Back Cover
INTRODUCTION
Earth’s surface is an amazing place. It’s covered with dense forests, hot deserts, tall mountains, and deep oceans. But it’s just as interesting below the surface. Dig deep enough, and you might find the remains of ancient animals or civilizations. There are natural wonders too. Caves can spread for miles below the ground. Some caverns are barely big enough to squeeze through, while others are the size of a cathedral. Earth also has underground rivers, pockets of natural gas, and melted rock.
Exploring Underground
People have been exploring this underground world for thousands of years. Prehistoric people in Spain and France painted cave walls to show their culture. In addition to exploring natural caves, ancient people also dug deep into the earth. The ancient Romans mined copper, tin, lead, and gold. These metals were used to make coins, weapons, jewelry, and pipes for carrying water. Other ancient civilizations also dug complex mines.
With modern technology, miners are able to dig deep through layers of hard rock. Divers also use high-tech breathing equipment to explore underwater caves. But even with modern technology, people have only explored a fraction of what is there. We live on Earth’s crust—the outermost layer of the planet. The crust ranges from 3 to 25 miles (5 to 40 kilometers) thick. The deepest hole humans ever dug made it only about halfway through the crust.
Buried Dangers
Traveling deep underground can be dangerous. The deeper you go, the hotter it gets. The air pressure also increases. Tunnels can easily flood as water seeps through the rocks. Mining uses heavy machinery and sometimes explosives. Both can trigger rockfalls and cave-ins. Caves can be especially dangerous. Some are like huge mazes. If something goes wrong deep in a flooded passageway, it can be a very long way out.
The people who travel underground know that they’re taking risks. They do their best to prepare for anything that can go wrong. But accidents still happen. The people in this book have all faced deadly situations underground—but they were all lucky enough to survive.
THE GIRL IN THE WELL
Jessica McClure
October 14, 1987, started off as a normal day in Midland, Texas. This medium-sized city was a center of oil and gas production. It was also once the hometown of President George H. W. Bush. But within days, Midland would quickly become a household name. People everywhere were gripped by the incredible story of Cissy and Chip McClure and their 18-month-old daughter, Jessica.
In the Blink of an Eye
That day little Jessica McClure was playing happily with four other children. She was in the backyard with her mother at her aunt Jamie’s house. When the phone rang in the house, Cissy went to answer it. She wasn’t inside for more than a couple of minutes when she and Jamie suddenly heard screams from the backyard. The two women raced outside to see what had happened. The rest