CHAPTER 2

A PISTOL IN SEARCH OF A CARTRIDGE

The destinies of the P.08 Luger pistol and 9mm Parabellum cartridge were on a collision course. In the beginning, the 9mm cartridge was not in search of a pistol, but a pistol, the P.08, was in search of a new cartridge. First came the Luger, then the 9mm.

German Beginning

Georg Luger essentially reworked the design of the Hugo Borchardt C-93 pistol to create the P.08 Luger. The C-93 was designed in 1893 and it, along with other self-loading pistols of the time, was a revelation to shooters, police, and military organizations. The revolver was the sidearm of choice, but self-loading pistols were the future. The C-93 was an awkward-looking thing with a 6.5-inch barrel, a nearly vertical grip that held an 8-round magazine, and a toggle lock system that stuck out the back of the pistol about 3 inches past the grip. Its toggle lock system wasn’t new by any means. A toggle system was used in the Maxim heavy machine gun in 1886. Borchardt compacted the design and placed the toggle on top rather than below, as in Hiram Maxim’s design. The toggle used a two-piece arm that bent like the knee on your leg when the gun fired. The toggle unlocked the breech, ejected the empty cartridge case, and shoved a fresh cartridge into the chamber. Many military organizations tested this high-tech pistol, and all said in no uncertain terms it was a great gun, but ultimately turned it down. The C-93 was too awkward and delicate for a combat pistol.

Georg Luger was a German designer who reworked the Borchardt pistol to create the Luger pistol. Luger made the pistol smaller and more compact. He also made it more reliable (relatively speaking) and chambered it in the 7.65x21mm, also known as 7.65 Parabellum and .30 Luger to us cartridgephiles. The year was 1898. Self-loading pistols, what we call semi-automatic today, were weapons of the future. The Luger used a toggle system, which was as odd to revolvers shooters of that time, just as polymer-frame pistols were odd to us shooters some 30 years ago.

An excellent example of a World War II Luger as issued to German Army troops. Photo: Rock Island Auction Company

Before we go further I should clear up some names, since the cartridge and the pistol are entwined and can be confused. The pistols designed by Georg Luger are called, among other names, the Luger, P.08, Pistole 08, Pistole 04, Pistole 1900, Lange Pistole 08, and Parabellum. The name Parabellum for the pistol was mostly used in Europe, like how we use Forty-Five in the U.S. The cartridge is most commonly referred to as the 9x19mm Parabellum, 9mm NATO, 9mm Luger, 9x19mm, 9mmP, and 9x19.The Swiss Army snapped up the new Luger in 7.65mm caliber and bought a crate full. Being the small, neutral country they were, the Swiss contract was not the payday DWM had in mind, but it was a start. The German military was the contract Georg Luger and his employer DWM most wanted. That deal would not only mean crates, but containers and railroad cars filled with pistols and ammunition. The German military wanted a bigger, more powerful cartridge, so DWM and Luger took the 7.65mm Parabellum cartridge case, shortened it, blew out the bottleneck to accept a larger diameter bullet and more powder, and a new cartridge was born. They named it the 9x19mm Parabellum, which we call today the 9mm.

The German Navy was sold on the new pistol and cartridge and adopted both in 1904. The German Army adopted the pistol and cartridge in 1908, hence the Pistole 08 and P.08 designations. It was pay dirt. DWM secured a lucrative military contract and, unknown to them at the time, introduced a pistol cartridge that would become popular around the globe. Other countries like Bolivia, Russia, Netherlands, Portugal, Norway, China, Spain, Turkey, and others all adopted the pistol and caliber.

LATIN LESSON: Si vis pacem, para bellum

The name Parabellum is derived from the Latin phrase: Si vis pacem, para bellum, which translated to English means If you seek peace, prepare for war. Deutsche Waffen- und Munitionsfabriken (DWM), the original manufacturer of the P.08 pistol, used the Latin phrase as its company motto.

By 1900, the Luger pistol chambered in 9mm was available in the U.S. The reception to the newfangled contraption was tepid at best. Civilian shooters purchased some, while cowboys and lawmen of the day posed with their high-tech Lugers along with Colt Single Action Army revolvers and Winchester lever-action rifles. The initial U.S. military response to seeing the Luger in field trials was promising, calling the pistol/caliber combination …far superior to any other handgun … well balanced, shoots very well and fast. What they disliked about the Luger was the magazine. Many who tried loading Luger magazines felt as though they had busted their thumbs, thanks to the stiff magazine spring. The U.S. Ordnance Department said that the pistol was too hard for a mounted soldier to load with cold fingers. This was the era when Calvary meant horses. But by this time the U.S. military wanted .45 caliber handguns and, in 1907, the U.S. Ordnance Department tested Lugers chambered in .45 ACP. But that never happened — Uncle Sam passed on the Luger and adopted the 1911, but that’s another story.

CHAPTER 3

BATTLE TESTED SINCE WORLD WAR I

The MP 40 submachine gun is chambered in 9mm and was used during WWII by German platoon squad leaders and paratroopers. It was advanced for the time in the 1940s and uses stamped-steel construction with a folding stock.

Photo: Rock Island Auction Company

The 9mm cartridge gained traction in 1904 when the German Navy ordered Lugers, which they officially called the Pistole 04. Such naval organizations were typically quicker to adopt new technology — think submarines — and the Luger pistol chambered in 9mm was cutting-edge weaponry at the time. The Pistole 04 is characterized by the German Navy’s specification of a 5.9-inch barrel and two-position rear sight with 100- and 200-meter adjustments. Armies typically take longer to adopt new weaponry, and in 1908 the German Army adopted the pistol and issued it to troops as the Pistole 08 or P.08. The Army requested a 3.9-inch barrel model. Other countries started to place orders for the new self-loading 9mm Luger.

Mauser and Steyr, competitors of DMW, knew that the acceptance of the Luger was due to the 9mm cartridge. They retooled the C96 and M1912 in 9mm. Others would follow suit. European firearm manufacturers soon offered even more pistols in what had become the popular chambering of the time.

The 9mm cartridge had its baptism by fire in the trenches of World War I, where it was employed via the Luger and other pistols. The Imperial German Army was in desperate need of sidearms. Production of the standard issue P.08 was slow, so the Germans contracted with Mauser to produce the C96 pistol in 9mm. This variant was named the Red 9 due to a large number 9 burned and painted red into the grip panels. This indicated it was chambered in 9mm and not 7.63mm, which was also used during the war.

This Mauser Model 1896 Cone Hammer Broomhandle was high-tech firepower circa 1900. The wooden stock also served as a holster.

Photo: Rock Island Auction Company

The Walther Model 6 was introduced by Walther around the same time, but it was more of a Ruby pistol on steroids. It used a simple blowback action and fired the then-new 9mm cartridge, but saw limited use and the design was scrapped shortly after it was introduced.

Revolvers were still the sidearm of choice for armies during the early 20th century, and when World War I started in 1914 the most popular sidearm was the Lebel M1892 revolver. It is a 6-shot, 8mm double-action/single-action revolver with about the same power as the .32 ACP. Officers in France, Belgium, Spain, Switzerland, and Czechoslovakia were armed with it.

The .32 ACP caliber was also very common at the time and many small, compact pistols were chambered in the caliber. Many of these semi-automatic handguns were generically called the Ruby pistol and were manufactured in France and Spain.

Of note is that a pistol was very much a status symbol in armies around the world during this era. A sidearm denoted rank and a commissioned officer. The typical enlisted man was not issued one. Non-commissioned officers in various armies across Europe purchased their own sidearms. In fact, many different pistols were used during the Great War. A common self-loading handgun was the aforementioned Ruby, which again was chambered in 7.65x17mm (.32 ACP). These small-caliber pistols were rugged and designed after the Colt M1903. Indeed, quality control was spotty with the Ruby. The advantage it had over other revolvers of the time was extra capacity. It held nine cartridges. The primary disadvantage of the Ruby was the stopping power of the cartridge. It was weak.

British forces were armed with 6-shot, break-top Webley Mk V revolvers chambered in .455 Webley. The revolver had been used with good success in the Boer War from 1899 to 1902. The caliber offered far more power than the French revolver and the numerous examples of Ruby self-loading pistols. The break-top design allowed it to be unloaded quickly and reloaded. As the Great War continued, the Webley MK IV evolved into the Mk V and Mk VI. All were chambered in .455 Webley.

When the U.S. entered World War I in 1917, the Colt M1911 in .45 ACP had been adopted, and while the demand for the M1911 was high, the supply on hand was low. There was plenty of .45 ACP ammo in U.S. Army inventory but not many pistols to fire it. Colt needed to gear up production on the M1911, but the Army decided to increase production of the M1917 revolver, which was produced by both Colt and Smith & Wesson. Even in the U.S., revolvers were the bread and butter of most handgun manufacturers during this time. The M1917 revolvers were chambered in .45 ACP and used moon clips to allow the semi-automatic pistol cartridges to be fired in the cylinders.

While the British and American revolvers offered more power, the revolver platforms were slower to shoot and reload than the German P.08. Fast shooting and reloading, light recoil, accuracy, and an 8+1-round capacity gave the P.08 advantages over British and French revolvers and pistols.

During trench fighting in World War I, armies became more aware of the 9mm pistol as a fighting tool. There was no ignoring the compactness and maneuverability of the new handguns within the confines of a trench.

A new, far more efficient weapon was being developed during World War I, and the 9mm cartridge was tapped to fuel it. The Bergmann MP 18 was the first successful submachine gun and was deployed late during the Great War. While the Maxim and Browning M1917 machine guns worked well for troops dug in and defending, the submachine gun was lighter and did not need a crew of men to operate it. Chambered in 9mm, it was the tool needed for newer 20th-century warfare tactics. As warfare changed from open battlefields to urban areas, the submachine gun became the tool of choice. The 9mm moved up in status — not only was it a cartridge for handguns but for lightweight, fully automatic carbines.

Employed late in the war, the Bergmann MP 18 proved its usefulness in the 1918 Spring Offensive. Though the Germans gained territory, their war machine was depleted. The MP 18, however, proved the submachine gun concept in trench fighting. Its basic design had a great influence on later submachine gun innovations. This small, compact weapon, capable of firing 500 rounds per minute and fed from a 32-round magazine, proved superior in modern urban warfare to the longer, heavier standard-issue infantry rifle. The MP 18 valued speed and mobility. The modern M4 and AK-47/74 are direct descendants of the submachine gun.

By the second World War, the 9mm was in use with many military forces across the globe: England, France, Spain, Belgium, Bulgaria, Finland, Poland, Sweden, Netherlands — fair to say nearly all of Europe, plus Canada and countries in South America like Brazil, Malaysia, China and more. Those not using the 9mm were the United States, some South American countries, Mexico, and a few others who opted for the .45 ACP in the M1911 or M1911A1 platform. The U.S.S.R. adopted the TT-30 pistol chambered in 7.62x25mm Tokarev. Meanwhile, the Empire of Japan issued the Nambu Model 14 in 8x22mm Nambu, and fascist Italy the Beretta M1934 in 9x17mm Court, what we call .380 ACP. Nazi Germany stuck with the nine. The Luger P.08 pistol, however, was dated.

The P.08 took time to build, for most of its parts were hand fitted. At peak production, DWM could produce 700 pistols a day. In 1944 it cost the Reich about $19 per pistol. Even though P.08 production was spread across many manufacturers, the demand for a 9mm semi-auto far exceeded the ability to produce the P.08.

The revolver as a combat handgun had conceded to more modern semi-automatic designs that were less expensive to manufacture and offered more firepower, meaning a higher magazine capacity and faster shooting, with reliable operating systems to boot. Semi-automatic pistols were in, revolvers were out. By 1930, Germany knew they needed a replacement for the P.08. Submachine guns followed suit. While the MP 18 saw use in the 1930s with German police and paramilitary, the future was in new, more modern designs. The modern submachine gun and pistol were about to be born.

In 1939, the Blitzkrieg was set in motion by Germany and countries around the globe were poised for another world war. Many armies took with them handguns chambered in 9mm. Germany adopted the Walther P.38 as an inexpensive alternative to the P.08 Luger. In 1944, the cost to the Reich for a P.38 was just over $14. The P.38 was a reliable pistol that was just as cutting edge as the Luger had been 40 years prior.

The P.38 was designed for mass production using stamped steel, alloys, and composite grips. The German military wanted a reliable, rugged pistol suitable for combat. Though the P.38 was designed for ease in manufacturing, the design introduced technical innovations that were cutting edge for 1938. Many current handgun designs use features that were first employed on the P.38.

Use of submachine guns peaked during WWII. Britain issued the Sten, Germany the MP40, Italy the Beretta Model 38, and Finland the Suomi M31. These were all chambered in 9mm. U.S. troops were issued the Thompson submachine gun and the less-costly M3, which was nicknamed the Grease Gun, as it looked like a mechanic’s ... grease gun. These weapons were chambered in .45 ACP.

Probably the most iconic of 9mm German weapons during the war was the MP 40 submachine gun. While the MP 18 proved the concept of compact, full-auto weapon, the MP 40, also called the Schmeisser, was the epitome of the modern combat weapon of the time.

Made of stamped steel and spot welded, the MP 40 is a simple open-bolt, blowback system. The stock folded under the receiver to make the weapon compact. The MP 40 had one mode of fire — full auto — but the slow rate of fire allowed experienced operators to squeeze off controlled bursts and single shots. The detachable, double-column, single-fed magazine holds 32 rounds of 9mm firepower and doubles as a grip for the support hand when firing. The MP 40 has an effective firing range of 100 to 200 meters, but it is most effective in close-range urban combat. During the Battle of Stalingrad, both Russian and German units effectively used submachine guns in street battles. Combat had changed from long distance encounters to engagements under 100 meters. The submachine gun in 9mm offered low recoil and controllable suppressive fire. The compromise was a pistol cartridge instead of a rifle round. The compact size of the MP 40 meant it was easier to maneuver in cramped environments like doorways, buildings, or in vehicles. The firepower the MP 40 could provide over the typical manually operated bolt-action rifle and even the M1 Garand semi-automatic is stunning. The typical German soldier carried six magazines for a total of 192 rounds. The 9mm shined in combat.

The TEC-9 and its variants were easily manufactured pistols made with a mix of polymer and stamped-steel parts.

Photo: Rock Island Auction Company

As mentioned, back in the U.S. the M1A1 Thompson and M3 Grease Gun were chambered in the same caliber as the 1911A1 — .45 ACP — but on the Allied side there were other 9mm submachine guns.

Great Britain introduced the Sten Gun into service in 1941. Built with simplicity and ease of production, the minimalist Sten used an open-bolt, blowback operating system. Cheaply made with stamped metal parts and welded together like the German MP, it required little manufacturing time. The Sten could be manufactured in about five hours. It is a spartan weapon compared to the German MP models and has a rate of fire of about 500 to 600 rounds per minute. The 32-round magazine is like that of the MP 28 and protrudes horizontally out the left side of the weapon. Early Sten Guns were not as reliable as the MPs but were produced in the millions. There are several variations, with the Mk II being the most common.

The other 9mm submachine gun worth noting at this time is the Suomi KP/-31 produced by Finland. The compact Suomi KP/-31 features a wood stock and a longer barrel than the MP and Sten. It also employs a 40- or 70-round drum magazine and fires at a staggering rate of 750 to 900 rounds per minute. Plus it can be fed from stick magazines. This weapon was reliable in some of the coldest environments encountered during the war and it was copied by the Soviets in the PPD-40 and PPSh-41 submachine guns, although the Soviet guns were chambered in 7.62x25mm Tokarev. The Suomi KP/-31 ushered in a submachine gun with a blistering rate of fire.

Europe was a hotbed of pistol development at the time with many 9mms being produced. In Poland, the Radom-manufactured FB Vis — basically a Browning 1911 design knockoff — was chambered in 9mm. Canada took to arms with the High Power and, as ironic and incomprehensible as war is, a small number of German units also carried the High Power after capturing the factory in Belgium. The Swiss had the SIG P210 — perhaps the most accurate of all 9mm pistols then and since. Italy, Britain, Japan, Soviet Union, and others used indigenous-caliber pistols during the war, but afterward there was a major trend for all modern standing armies to convert to the 9mm. The U.S. resisted, until 1985 when the U.S. Army finally adopted the 9mm.

After World War II, pistol designs in 9mm grew out of nearly every country not under Soviet influence. The Soviets had their own version of the 9mm, the 9x18mm Makarov, which uses a shorter case but same bullet diameter. In the mid- to late-20th century, SIG, FN Herstal, Steyr, Beretta, Smith & Wesson, Ruger, and nearly every other small arms manufacturer produced a 9mm pistol. And don’t forget Glock. They debuted their first pistol, the G17, in 9mm. Submachine guns evolved, too. The Israeli UZI and Heckler & Koch MP5 are just two of the more iconic submachine guns of recent history. Even the AR-15/M16 was adapted to fire the 9mm.

Machine pistols are literally pistols with select fire. They are highly concealable and can spray lead fast and furious. Two iconic machine pistols are the UZI and MAC-11/9. The MAC-11/9 (originally the MAC-10) was manufactured by Military Armament Corp — hence the MAC — and was used by security and special forces. The MAC-11/9 has a cyclic rate of 1,250 rounds per minute, or in other words, it will fire a 32-round magazine nearly instantly if you don’t control the trigger. The UZI pistol is a compact version of the already small UZI submachine gun. Using a closed bolt blowback system and equipped with a 20-round magazine, the UZI can be hidden as easily as a full-size pistol, yet it burps out bullets at a blistering rate.

On the civilian side, manufacturers like Intratec and Cobray Industries produced semi-automatic 9mm pistols that defied the conventional thinking of the day about such handguns. The TEC-9 and variants were easily manufactured pistols made with a mix of polymer and stamped steel parts. That in-and-of-itself was not new, nor was the simple blowback system. What set these pistols apart was firepower. The TEC-9 was produced from 1985 to 1994 and held a 20- or 32-round stick mag in front of the trigger guard. The magazine could be held with the support hand while the firing hand did all the work. I’ve shot the TEC-9, and let me tell you, the pistol was able to throw lead downrange at a ferocious rate. Unfortunately, the pistol was employed by gangs and was one of the more lethal weapons used in drive-by shootings. For better or for worst, the TEC-9 and similar pistols were banned by name in the now-expired Federal Assault Weapons Ban in 1994. The Cobray M11 saw a similar fate. The M11 is a semi-automatic version of the MAC-10, another stamped steel, blowback pistol but with the magazine housed in the grip. These pistols, among others, were specifically singled out in the ban.

CHAPTER 4

LAW ENFORCEMENT GEARS UP WITH THE 9MM

Currently in the U.S., over half of all law enforcement agencies — some 60 percent, including the FBI — use the 9mm. That wasn’t always the case. In law enforcement circles, the shift from revolver cartridges to the 9mm evolved slowly. When the 9mm was deemed inadequate and underpowered, law enforcement quickly changed gears and adopted the more powerful .40 S&W. Now, real-world use has the pendulum swinging back to the 9mm. In fact, the FBI switched back to the 9mm cartridge in 2015, which is ironic since the FBI was the agency that called the 9mm’s effectiveness into question in 1986 after the infamous Miami shootout.

The change from revolvers did not happen overnight in law enforcement circles. There were departments ahead of the curve, like the Illinois State Police, who adopted the S&W Model 39 in 1967, but by and large, most departments were equipped with .38 Special revolvers. I distinctly remember the Connecticut State Police adopting the .357 Magnum when I was growing up in the 1970s.

This Smith & Wesson Model 27 chambered in .357 Magnum is an example of the type of revolver used by law enforcement before switching to semi-automatic pistols. Photo: Smith & Wesson

Speer Gold Dot was the first handgun ammunition loaded with bonded-core bullets. The jacket is bonded to the core to virtually eliminate core-jacket separation. Photo: Speer

This move was smart. State Troopers typically encountered altercations with drivers. The .357 Magnum round could penetrate glass or vehicle doors. I also remember Connecticut State Troopers trading their service revolvers for Beretta 92SB pistols in 1981. The switch to semi-automatic pistols was gaining momentum around the country. Connecticut’s State Troopers were just one of many agencies around the country that made a major shift in weaponry. Even though the 9mm Beretta is not as powerful as the Smith & Wesson .357 Magnum revolvers, it offered more firepower. Troopers now had a handgun that carried 15 rounds in the magazine compared to six rounds in a revolver. They easily doubled ammunition in spare magazines on their duty belts. Why did law enforcement need to gun up? Cocaine.

In the 1980s cocaine was becoming a billion-dollar industry for drug cartels in South America. President George H.W. Bush declared a war on drugs in 1989, which was carried on by President Bill Clinton in the early 1990s. Drug cartels had lots of cash and could arm their smugglers and enforcers with top-of-the-line weaponry. U.S. law enforcement was forced to play catch-up. On the West Coast, the LAPD adopted 9mm Beretta 92 pistols in the 1980s. On the East Coast, the Miami Police Department adopted 9mm Glocks in 1987. Other agencies took longer. The headline of a New York Times article in August 1993 read, New York City Police to Replace Revolvers with Semiautomatics. According to that article, the NYPD, resisted the quicker, more powerful weapons, due to New York City’s crowded urban settings. Suffice it to say the semi-automatic pistol did eventually displace the revolver. However, following the 1986 shootout in Miami, the 9mm was labeled as ineffective.

The 1986 Miami shootout involved eight FBI agents and two bank robbers. During the shootout, two agents were killed, five were wounded. The suspects were also killed in the gunfight and the ensuing investigation found the 9mm pistols that agents used in the fight lacked penetration. The suspects were hit numerous times with 9mm rounds. The FBI needed a fix and fast. That resulted in the Bureau adopting the more powerful 10mm Auto cartridge, but it proved too powerful and difficult for the average agent to control. That debacle resulted in the 10mm being downsized to the .40 S&W, a cartridge that nearly drove the 9mm out of existence with LE agencies.

The most common load for law enforcement, prior to the development of the Federal Hydra-Shok load, was a 115-grain+P+ cartridge using a JHP bullet. Sometimes referred to as the Illinois State Police load, this cartridge offers a muzzle velocity of 1,300 fps and 432 ft/lbs. Some ammunition manufacturers still produce this load. The Illinois State Police was the first major law enforcement agency to adopt the 9mm cartridge and their S&W Model 39 pistols were loaded with the cartridge. Hydra-Shok bullets feature a center post and notched jacket with a non-bonded lead core. This bullet design offers more reliable and predictable expansion and deeper penetration than the hollowpoint bullets used back then.

FBI Protocol – Minimum Requirements

Minimum penetration into ballistic gelatin of 12 to 18 inches

Expansion of bullet to at least 1.5 times original diameter

100% weight retention of expanded bullet

What was the turning point that had major law enforcement agencies switching back to the 9mm after they shunned it? As FBI goes, law enforcement follows.

In 2015, the FBI announced it was reverting to the 9mm. Actually, the swinging back to the nine took several years. In fact, the FBI had been reconsidering the 9mm since 2007 because of advancements in ballistic technology. One of the facts the FBI considered in its evaluation of the cartridge is that law enforcement officers in an incident miss targets on average 70 to 80 percent. More ammo on hand can increase the hit rate, plus the 9mm has less recoil, so in theory, officers should shoot it more accurately.

The science of terminal ballistics (or wound ballistics) is what drove law enforcement and the FBI to look at the 9mm a second time. Terminal ballistics studies the behavior and